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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_myth_and_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins in myth and legend </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_myth_and_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avalokiteśvara's_"Dalai_Lama_master_plan"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avalokiteśvara's_"Dalai_Lama_master_plan""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Avalokiteśvara's "Dalai Lama master plan" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avalokiteśvara's_"Dalai_Lama_master_plan"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Dalai_Lama_lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Dalai_Lama_lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Establishment of the Dalai Lama lineage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Dalai_Lama_lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1st Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2nd_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 2nd Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2nd_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3rd_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3rd_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 3rd Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3rd_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 4th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 5th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Re-unification_of_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-unification_of_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Re-unification of Tibet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-unification_of_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visit_to_Beijing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_to_Beijing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Visit to Beijing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_to_Beijing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 Relations with the Qing dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.4 Cultural development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_the_fifth_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_the_fifth_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.5 Death of the fifth Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_the_fifth_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 6th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 7th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dzungar_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dzungar_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.1 Dzungar invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dzungar_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enthronement_in_Lhasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enthronement_in_Lhasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.2 Enthronement in Lhasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enthronement_in_Lhasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_to_Kham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_to_Kham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.3 Exile to Kham </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_to_Kham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Lhasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Lhasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.4 Return to Lhasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Lhasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_as_Tibet's_political_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_as_Tibet's_political_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.5 Restoration as Tibet's political leader </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_as_Tibet's_political_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 8th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9th_to_12th_Dalai_Lamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9th_to_12th_Dalai_Lamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 9th to 12th Dalai Lamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9th_to_12th_Dalai_Lamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-9th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12.1 9th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12.2 10th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12.3 11th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12.4 12th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 13th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_Dalai_Lama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_Dalai_Lama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 14th Dalai Lama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_Dalai_Lama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Residences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Searching_for_the_reincarnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Searching_for_the_reincarnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Searching for the reincarnation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Searching_for_the_reincarnation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Searching for the reincarnation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Searching_for_the_reincarnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Dalai_Lamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Dalai_Lamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 List of Dalai Lamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Dalai_Lamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_of_the_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_of_the_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Future of the position </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_of_the_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dalai Lama</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دالاي لاما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دالاي لاما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Տալայ Լամա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տալայ Լամա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="দালাই লামা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দালাই লামা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalay_Lama" title="Dalay Lama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dalay Lama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="দলাই লামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দলাই লামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="दलाई लामा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दलाई लामा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Далай Лама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Далай Лама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B" title="ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalaj_Lama" title="Dalaj Lama – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dalaj Lama" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Далай лама – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Далай лама" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai-lama" title="Dalai-lama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dalai-lama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalajl%C3%A1ma" title="Dalajláma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dalajláma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="दलाई लामा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दलाई लामा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai-laama" title="Dalai-laama – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dalai-laama" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B9_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Δαλάι Λάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαλάι Λάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal%C3%A1i_lama" title="Dalái lama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dalái lama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai-lamao" title="Dalai-lamao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dalai-lamao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دالایی لاما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دالایی لاما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dala%C3%AF-lama" title="Dalaï-lama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dalaï-lama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="達賴喇嘛 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="達賴喇嘛" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Дала лам – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Дала лам" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4_%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88" title="달라이 라마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="달라이 라마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Դալայ Լամա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դալայ Լամա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="दलाई लामा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दलाई लामा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalaj_lama" title="Dalaj lama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dalaj lama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalay_Lama" title="Dalay Lama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dalay Lama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94" title="דלאי לאמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דלאי לאמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE" title="ದಲೈ ಲಾಮಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಲೈ ಲಾಮಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="დალაი-ლამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დალაი-ლამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Далай лама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Далай лама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_-_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Далай - лама – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Далай - лама" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalailama" title="Dalailama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dalailama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_lama" title="Dalai lama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dalai lama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_l%C3%A1ma" title="Dalai láma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dalai láma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="दलाई लामा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दलाई लामा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Далај-лама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Далај-лама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="ദലൈലാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദലൈലാമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="दलाई लामा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दलाई लामा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دالاى لاما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دالاى لاما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Далай лам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Далай лам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဒလိုင်းလားမား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒလိုင်းလားမား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_lama" title="Dalai lama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dalai lama" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="दलाई लामा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दलाई लामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E" title="ダライ・ラマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダライ・ラマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalaylama" title="Dalaylama – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dalaylama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦਲਾਈ ਲਾਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਲਾਈ ਲਾਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دلائی لاما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دلائی لاما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalajlama" title="Dalajlama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dalajlama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai-lama" title="Dalai-lama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dalai-lama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_lama" title="Dalai lama – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Dalai lama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Далай-лама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Далай-лама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Далай Лаама – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Далай Лаама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F" title="දලයි ලාමාතුමා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දලයි ලාමාතුමා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalajl%C3%A1ma" title="Dalajláma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dalajláma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalajlama" title="Dalajlama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dalajlama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalaj_Lama" title="Dalaj Lama – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dalaj Lama" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalaj_Lama" title="Dalaj Lama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dalaj Lama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai-lama" title="Dalai-lama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dalai-lama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_lama" title="Dalai lama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dalai lama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="தலாய் லாமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தலாய் லாமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="దలైలామా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దలైలామా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0" title="ทะไลลามะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะไลลามะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ದಲೈಲಾಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ದಲೈಲಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalay_Lama" title="Dalay Lama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dalay Lama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Далай-лама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Далай-лама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="دلائی لاما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دلائی لاما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1t-lai_L%E1%BA%A1t-ma" title="Đạt-lai Lạt-ma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đạt-lai Lạt-ma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="达赖喇嘛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="达赖喇嘛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="達賴喇嘛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="達賴喇嘛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="达赖喇嘛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="达赖喇嘛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Dalai Lama" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dalailama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dalailama (disambiguation)">Dalailama</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the current 14th Dalai Lama, see <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Dalai Lama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style>ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenzin_Gyatso_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tenzin_Gyatso_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG/220px-Tenzin_Gyatso_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tenzin_Gyatso_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG/330px-Tenzin_Gyatso_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tenzin_Gyatso_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG/440px-Tenzin_Gyatso_-_Trento_2013_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2403" /></a></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_Ganj" title="McLeod Ganj">McLeod Ganj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a>, India (1959–present)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> (1649–1959, winter residence)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a> (1783–1959, summer residence)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1391</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">Gendün Drubpa</a>, 1st Dalai Lama, posthumously awarded after 1578.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dalailama.com/">dalailama.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Dalai Lama (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdælaɪ ˈlɑːmə/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɑːlaɪ/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-ddef1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ddef-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: Tā la'i bla ma <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">[táːlɛː láma]</a>) is a title given by <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a>, the first Shunyi King of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a>. He offered it in appreciation to the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, Sonam Gyatso, who received it in 1578 at Yanghua Monastery.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> At that time, Sonam Gyatso had just given teachings to the Khan, and so the title of Dalai Lama was also given to the entire tulku lineage. Sonam Gyatso became the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">3rd Dalai Lama</a>, while the first two tulkus in the lineage, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">1st Dalai Lama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Dalai_Lama" title="2nd Dalai Lama">2nd Dalai Lama</a>, were posthumously awarded the title. All tulkus in the lineage of the Dalai Lamas are considered manifestations of the Buddha <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ddef-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ddef1-1">[1]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> of compassion.<a href="#cite_note-NW-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Since the time of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a> in the 17th century, the Dalai Lama has been a symbol of unification of the state of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The Dalai Lama was an important figure of the Gelug tradition, which was dominant in Central Tibet, but his religious authority went beyond sectarian boundaries, representing Buddhist values and traditions not tied to a specific school.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The Dalai Lama's traditional function as an ecumenical figure has been taken up by the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">fourteenth Dalai Lama</a>, who has worked to overcome sectarian and other divisions in the exile community and become a symbol of Tibetan nationhood for Tibetans in Tibet and in exile.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He is <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso</a>, who escaped from Lhasa in 1959 during the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a> and lives in exile in Dharamsala, India. From 1642 and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a> until 1951 and the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, the lineage was enjoined with the secular role of governing <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. During this period, the Dalai Lamas or their Kalons (or <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a>) led the Tibetan government in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a>. It governed all of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> while respecting varying degrees of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-smith107149-9">[9]</a> In 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama revoked Tibet's Seventeen Point Agreement with China, at which point he legally returned to the secular leadership position of governing Tibet. As both spiritual and secular leaders, the Dalai Lama tulku lineage also undertook <a href="/wiki/Priest_and_patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest and patron">priest and patron</a> relationships with neighbors, including Mongolian leaders, kings of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a>, and leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanates</a> (1642–1720). These relationships occurred simultaneously with the priest and patron relationship between <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and the emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1720–1912),<a href="#cite_note-smith107149-9">[9]</a> which officially continued until the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">collapse of the Qing empire</a> in 1912. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> 1578 AD, Dalai Lama. The title Dalai Lama is part of the full title "圣识一切瓦齐尔达喇达赖喇嘛" (Holy Knowing Everying <a href="/wiki/Vajradhara" title="Vajradhara">Vajradhara</a> Dalai Lama) given by <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a>. <a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> "Dalai Lama" is a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> word dalai ('ocean')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwieger201433-11">[11]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བླ་མ་ (bla-ma) ('master, guru').<a href="#cite_note-陈庆英2005_p16-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The word dalai corresponds to the Tibetan word gyatso<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> or rgya-mtsho,<a href="#cite_note-EB-15">[15]</a> and, according to Schwieger, was chosen by analogy with the Mongolian title Dalaiyin qan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwieger201433-11">[11]</a> or Dalaiin khan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Others suggest it may have been chosen in reference to the breadth of the Dalai Lama's wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Dalai Lama is also known in Tibetan as the Rgyal-ba Rin-po-che ('Precious Conqueror')<a href="#cite_note-EB-15">[15]</a> or simply as the Rgyal-ba.<a href="#cite_note-Petech-17">[17]</a>: 23  <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9C%B5%E5%85%92%E5%8F%AA%E5%94%B1%E5%9C%96%E8%A8%98.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%E6%9C%B5%E5%85%92%E5%8F%AA%E5%94%B1%E5%9C%96%E8%A8%98.png/220px-%E6%9C%B5%E5%85%92%E5%8F%AA%E5%94%B1%E5%9C%96%E8%A8%98.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/%E6%9C%B5%E5%85%92%E5%8F%AA%E5%94%B1%E5%9C%96%E8%A8%98.png 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng, seal of authority<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> 1587 AD, Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱). As requested by the third Shunyi King of Ming China, Chelike, Sonam Gyatso was given title Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱) by <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History of Tibet</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa </dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> <dl><dt>Gelugpa </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_myth_and_legend">Origins in myth and legend</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins in myth and legend">edit</a>]</div> Since the 11th century, it has been widely believed in Central Asian Buddhist countries that <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> of compassion, has a special relationship with the people of Tibet and intervenes in their fate by incarnating as benevolent rulers and teachers such as the Dalai Lamas.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Book of Kadam,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> the main text of the <a href="/wiki/Kadampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadampa">Kadampa</a> school from which the <a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">1st Dalai Lama</a> hailed, is said to have laid the foundation for the Tibetans' later identification of the Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It traces the legend of the bodhisattva's incarnations as <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">early Tibetan kings and emperors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a> and later as <a href="/wiki/Dromt%C3%B6npa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromtönpa">Dromtönpa</a> (1004–1064).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This lineage has been extrapolated by Tibetans up to and including the Dalai Lamas.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Thus, according to such sources, an informal line of succession of the present Dalai Lamas as incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> stretches back much further than the 1st Dalai Lama, <a href="/wiki/Gendun_Drub" class="mw-redirect" title="Gendun Drub">Gendun Drub</a>; as many as sixty persons are enumerated as earlier incarnations of Avalokiteśvara and predecessors in the same lineage leading up to Gendun Drub. These earlier incarnations include a mythology of 36 Indian personalities, ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">early Tibetan kings and emperors</a> all said to be previous incarnations of Dromtönpa, and fourteen further Nepalese and Tibetan yogis and sages.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In fact, according to the "Birth to Exile" article on the 14th Dalai Lama's website, he is "the seventy-fourth in a lineage that can be traced back to a Brahmin boy who lived in the time of Buddha Shakyamuni."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avalokiteśvara's_"Dalai_Lama_master_plan"">Avalokiteśvara's "Dalai Lama master plan"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Avalokiteśvara's "Dalai Lama master plan"">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, long ago Avalokiteśvara had promised the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> to guide and defend the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a>. In the late Middle Ages, his master plan to fulfill this promise was the stage-by-stage establishment of the Dalai Lama institution in Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-Laird138-31">[31]</a> First, Tsongkhapa established three great monasteries around Lhasa in the province of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C_(region)" title="Ü (region)">Ü</a> before he died in 1419.<a href="#cite_note-norb216-32">[32]</a> The 1st Dalai Lama soon became Abbot of the greatest one, <a href="/wiki/Drepung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepung">Drepung</a>, and developed a large popular power base in Ü. He later extended this to cover Tsang,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> where he constructed a fourth great monastery, <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Dalai_Lama" title="2nd Dalai Lama">2nd</a> studied there before returning to Lhasa,<a href="#cite_note-Laird138-31">[31]</a> where he became Abbot of Drepung.<a href="#cite_note-TN1-35">[35]</a> Having reactivated the 1st's large popular followings in Tsang and Ü,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> the 2nd then moved on to southern Tibet and gathered more followers there who helped him construct a new monastery, <a href="/wiki/Chokorgyel_Monastery" title="Chokorgyel Monastery">Chokorgyel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shak91-37">[37]</a> He established the method by which later Dalai Lama incarnations would be discovered through visions at the "oracle lake", <a href="/wiki/Lhamo_Lhatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhamo Lhatso">Lhamo Lhatso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-laird139-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">3rd</a> built on his predecessors' fame by becoming Abbot of the two great monasteries of Drepung and <a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-laird139-38">[38]</a> The Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a>, first Ming Shunyi King, hearing of his reputation, invited the 3rd to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> where the 3rd converted the King and his followers to Buddhism, covering a vast tract of central Asia. This brought most of Mongolia into the Dalai Lama's sphere of influence, founding a spiritual empire which largely survives to the modern age.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> After being given the Mongolian name 'Dalai',<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> he returned to Tibet to found the great monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Litang_County#History" title="Litang County">Lithang</a> in Kham, eastern Tibet and <a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a> in Amdo, north-eastern Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th</a> was then born in Mongolia as the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a>, cementing strong ties between Central Asia, the Dalai Lamas, the <a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugpa">Gelugpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th</a> in the succession used the vast popular power base of devoted followers built up by his four predecessors. By 1642, with the strategy provided by his chagdzo (manager) <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Rapten" title="Sonam Rapten">Sonam Rapten</a> and the military assistance of <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Gushri_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gushri Khan">Gushri Khan</a>, the 'Great 5th' founded the Dalai Lamas' religious and political reign over Tibet that survived for over 300 years.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_Dalai_Lama_lineage">Establishment of the Dalai Lama lineage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Dalai Lama lineage">edit</a>]</div> Gendun Drup (1391–1474), a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkapa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-陈庆英2005_p15-44">[44]</a> would eventually be known as the '<a href="/wiki/First_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="First Dalai Lama">First Dalai Lama</a>', but he would not receive this title until 104 years after he died.<a href="#cite_note-rich-45">[45]</a> There was resistance to naming him as such, since he was ordained a monk in the Kadampa tradition<a href="#cite_note-shak91-37">[37]</a> and for various reasons,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] the Kadampa school had eschewed the adoption of the tulku system to which the older schools adhered. Therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be an important Gelugpa lama, there was no search to identify his incarnation after his death in 1474.<a href="#cite_note-mull87-46">[46]</a> Despite this, 55 years after Tsongkhapa, the Tashilhunpo monks heard accounts that an incarnation of Gendun Drup had appeared nearby and repeatedly announced himself from the age of two.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The monastic authorities saw compelling evidence that convinced them the child in question was indeed the incarnation of their founder and felt obliged to break with their own tradition, and in 1487, the boy was renamed <a href="/wiki/Gendun_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Gendun Gyatso">Gendun Gyatso</a> and installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's tulku, albeit informally.<a href="#cite_note-mull956-48">[48]</a> Gendun Gyatso died in 1542, but the lineage of Dalai Lama tulkus became firmly established with the third incarnation, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam Gyatso</a> (1543–1588), who was formally recognised and enthroned at Drepung in 1546.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Gendun Gyatso was given the title "Dalai Lama" by the Tümed <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> in 1578,<a href="#cite_note-Tagliacozzo2015-50">[50]</a>: 153  and his two predecessors were then accorded the title posthumously, making Gendun now the third in the lineage.<a href="#cite_note-rich-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1st_Dalai_Lama">1st Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1st Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">1st Dalai Lama</a></div> Pema Dorje (1391–1474), who would eventually be posthumously declared the 1st Dalai Lama, was born in a cattle pen in Shabtod, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> in 1391.<a href="#cite_note-norb215-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-shak91-37">[37]</a> His family were goatherders, but when his father died in 1398, his mother entrusted him to his uncle for education as a Buddhist monk.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Pema Dorje was sent to <a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a>, a major Kadampa monastery near Shigatse, which ran the largest printing press in Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Its celebrated library attracted many scholars, so Pema Dorje received an education beyond the norm at the time as well as exposure to diverse spiritual schools and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-mull54-54">[54]</a> He studied Buddhist philosophy extensively. In 1405, ordained by Narthang's abbot, he took the name of Gendun Drup.<a href="#cite_note-shak91-37">[37]</a> He was recognised as an exceptionally gifted pupil, so the abbot tutored him personally and took special interest in his progress.<a href="#cite_note-mull54-54">[54]</a> In twelve years he passed the twelve grades of monkhood and took the highest vows.<a href="#cite_note-norb215-51">[51]</a> After completing his intensive studies at Narthang he left to continue at specialist monasteries in Central Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1415, Gendun Drup met <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugpa">Gelugpa</a> school, and became his student.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> After the death of Tsongkhapa's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang,_1st_Panchen_Lama" title="Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama Khedrup Je</a>, Gendun Drup became the leader of the Gelugpa.<a href="#cite_note-norb215-51">[51]</a> He rose to become Abbot of Drepung, the greatest Gelugpa monastery outside Lhasa.<a href="#cite_note-TN1-35">[35]</a> It was mainly due to Gendun Drup that Tsongkhapa's new school grew into an order capable of competing with others on an equal footing.<a href="#cite_note-snel182-57">[57]</a> Taking advantage of good relations with the nobility and a lack of determined opposition from rival orders, he founded Tashilhunpo Monastery at Shigatse, on the very edge of Karma Kagyu-dominated territory,<a href="#cite_note-snel182-57">[57]</a> and would serve as its Abbot until his death.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This monastery became the fourth great Gelugpa monastery in Tibet, after <a href="/wiki/Ganden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden">Ganden</a>, Drepung, and Sera, all founded in Tsongkhapa's time,<a href="#cite_note-norb216-32">[32]</a> and would later become the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchen Lamas">Panchen Lamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bell33-59">[59]</a> By establishing it at Shigatse in the middle of Tsang, Gendun Drup expanded the Gelugpa sphere of influence, and his own, from the Lhasa region of Ü to this province, which was the stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> school and their patrons, the rising <a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa</a> dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-norb216-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Tashilhunpo eventually become 'Southern Tibet's greatest monastic university'<a href="#cite_note-mull242-61">[61]</a> with a complement of 3,000 monks.<a href="#cite_note-shak91-37">[37]</a> Gendun Drup was said to be the greatest scholar-saint ever produced by <a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang Monastery</a><a href="#cite_note-mull242-61">[61]</a> and became 'the single most important lama in Tibet'.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Through hard work he became a leading lama, known as 'Perfecter of the Monkhood', 'with a host of disciples'.<a href="#cite_note-bell33-59">[59]</a> Famed for his Buddhist scholarship, he was also referred to as Panchen Gendun Drup, 'Panchen' being an honorary title designating 'great scholar'.<a href="#cite_note-shak91-37">[37]</a> By the great <a href="/wiki/Jonangpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonangpa">Jonangpa</a> master Bodong Chokley Namgyal<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> he was accorded the honorary title Tamchey Khyenpa meaning "The Omniscient One", an appellation that was later assigned to all Dalai Lama incarnations.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> At the age of 50, he entered meditation retreat at <a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a>. As he grew older, <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> adherents, finding their sect was losing too many recruits to the monkhood to burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugpa">Gelugpa</a> monasteries, tried to contain Gelug expansion by launching military expeditions against them.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> This led to decades of military and political power struggles between <a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa</a> dynasty forces and others across central Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In an attempt to ameliorate these clashes, Gendun Drup issued a poem of advice to his followers advising restraint from responding to violence with more violence and urged compassion and patience instead. The poem, entitled Shar Gang Rima, "The Song of the Eastern Snow Mountains", became one of his most enduring popular literary works.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Gendun Drup's spiritual accomplishments brought him substantial donations from devotees which he used to build and furnish new monasteries, as well as to print and distribute Buddhist texts and to maintain monks and meditators.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1474, at the age of 84, he went on a final teaching tour by foot to visit <a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang Monastery</a>. Returning to Tashilhunpo<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> he died 'in a blaze of glory, recognised as having attained Buddhahood'.<a href="#cite_note-bell33-59">[59]</a> His remains were interred in a bejewelled silver <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo Monastery</a>, which survived the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and can still be seen.<a href="#cite_note-mull87-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2nd_Dalai_Lama">2nd Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2nd Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2nd_Dalai_Lama" title="2nd Dalai Lama">2nd Dalai Lama</a></div> After Gendun Drup died, a boy called Sangyey Pel, born to Nyngma adepts at Yolkar in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-shak91-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> declared himself at the age of three to be Gendun Drup and asked to be 'taken home' to Tashilhunpo. He spoke in mystical verses, quoted classical texts spontaneously,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Dromt%C3%B6npa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromtönpa">Dromtönpa</a>, an earlier incarnation of the Dalai Lamas.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> When he saw monks from Tashilhunpo, he greeted the disciples of the late Gendun Drup by name.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Convinced by the evidence, the Gelugpa elders broke with the traditions of their school and recognised him as Gendun Drup's tulku at the age of eight.<a href="#cite_note-mull956-48">[48]</a> His father took him on teachings and retreats, training him in all the family <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> lineages.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> At twelve he was installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's incarnation, ordained, enthroned, and renamed <a href="/wiki/Gendun_Gyatso_Palzangpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo">Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo</a> (1475–1542).<a href="#cite_note-mull956-48">[48]</a> Tutored personally by the abbot, he made rapid progress, and in 1492 at the age of seventeen he was requested to teach all over Tsang, where thousands gathered to listen and give obeisance, including senior scholars and abbots.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Two years later, he met some opposition from the Tashilhunpo establishment when tensions arose over conflicts between advocates of the two types of succession: the traditional abbatial election through merit and incarnation. He therefore moved to central Tibet, where he was invited to Drepung and where his reputation as a brilliant young teacher quickly grew.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> This move had the effect of shifting central Gelug authority back to Lhasa. He was afforded all the loyalty and devotion that Gendun Drup had earned and the Gelug school remained as united as ever.<a href="#cite_note-norb216-32">[32]</a> Under his leadership, the sect continued growing in size and influence<a href="#cite_note-norb217-78">[78]</a> and its lamas were asked to mediate in disputes between other rivals.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Gendun Gyatso's popularity in Ü-Tsang grew as he went on pilgrimage, teaching and studying from masters such as the adept Khedrup Norzang Gyatso in the Olklha mountains.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> He also stayed in <a href="/wiki/Kongpo" title="Kongpo">Kongpo</a> and Dagpo<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and became known all over Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-laird139-38">[38]</a> He spent his winters in Lhasa, writing commentaries, and spent the rest of the year travelling and teaching many thousands of monks and laypeople.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 1509, he moved to southern Tibet to build Chokorgyel Monastery near the 'Oracle Lake', <a href="/wiki/Lhamo_Latso" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhamo Latso">Lhamo Latso</a>,<a href="#cite_note-laird139-38">[38]</a> completing it by 1511.<a href="#cite_note-mull111-83">[83]</a> That year he saw visions in the lake and 'empowered' it to impart clues to help identify incarnate lamas. All Dalai Lamas from the 3rd on were found with the help of such visions granted to regents.<a href="#cite_note-laird139-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> He was invited back to Tashilhunpo and given the residence built for Gendun Drup, to be occupied later by the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchen Lamas">Panchen Lamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shak91-37">[37]</a> He was made abbot of Tashilhunpo<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and stayed there teaching in Tsang for nine months.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Gendun Gyatso continued to travel widely and teach while based at Tibet's largest monastery, Drepung and became known as 'Drepung Lama',<a href="#cite_note-norb217-78">[78]</a> his fame and influence spreading all over Central Asia as the best students from hundreds of lesser monasteries in Asia were sent to Drepung for education.<a href="#cite_note-mull111-83">[83]</a> Throughout Gendun Gyatso's life, the Gelugpa were opposed and suppressed by older rivals, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> and their Ringpung clan patrons from Tsang, who felt threatened by their loss of influence.<a href="#cite_note-dhon456-87">[87]</a> In 1498, the Ringpung army captured Lhasa and banned the Gelugpa annual New Year <a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam Prayer Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dhon456-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-mull112-88">[88]</a> Gendun Gyatso was promoted to abbot of Drepung in 1517<a href="#cite_note-mull111-83">[83]</a> and that year Ringpung forces were forced to withdraw from Lhasa.<a href="#cite_note-dhon456-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Gendun Gyatso then went to the Gongma (King) <a href="/wiki/Drakpa_Jungne" title="Drakpa Jungne">Drakpa Jungne</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> to obtain permission for the festival to be held again.<a href="#cite_note-mull112-88">[88]</a> The next New Year, the Gongma was so impressed by Gendun Gyatso's performance leading the festival that he sponsored construction of a large new residence for him at Drepung, 'a monastery within a monastery'.<a href="#cite_note-mull112-88">[88]</a> It was called the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a>, a name later adopted by the Tibetan Government,<a href="#cite_note-shak91-37">[37]</a> and it served as home for Dalai Lamas until the Fifth moved to the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in 1645. In 1525, already abbot of Chokhorgyel, Drepung and Tashilhunpo, he was made abbot of Sera monastery as well, and worked to increase the number of monks there. Based at Drepung in winter and Chokorgyel in summer, he spent his remaining years composing commentaries, making regional teaching tours, visiting Tashilhunpo, and acting as abbot of these four great monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-mull113-91">[91]</a> As abbot, he made Drepung the largest monastery in the whole of Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-sr183-92">[92]</a> He attracted many students and disciples 'from Kashmir to China' as well as major patrons and disciples such as Gongma Nangso Donyopa of Droda who built a monastery at Zhekar Dzong in his honour and invited him to name it and be its spiritual guide.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-mull113-91">[91]</a> Gongma Gyaltsen Palzangpo of Khyomorlungand and his Queen, Sangyey Paldzomma, became his favorite patrons and disciples and he visited their area to carry out rituals as 'he chose it for his next place of rebirth'.<a href="#cite_note-mull1137-94">[94]</a> He died in meditation at Drepung in 1542 at the age of 67 and his reliquary stupa was constructed at Khyomorlung.<a href="#cite_note-mull120-95">[95]</a> It was said that, by the time he died, through his disciples and their students, his personal influence covered the whole of Buddhist Central Asia where 'there was nobody of any consequence who did not know of him.'<a href="#cite_note-mull120-95">[95]</a> The Dalai Lama title was posthumously granted to Gedun Gyatso after 1578. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3rd_Dalai_Lama">3rd Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 3rd Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">3rd Dalai Lama</a></div> The Third Dalai Lama, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam Gyatso</a> (1543–1588), was born in Tolung, near Lhasa,<a href="#cite_note-shak92-96">[96]</a> as predicted by his predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-mull1137-94">[94]</a> Claiming he was Gendun Gyatso and readily recalling events from his previous life, he was recognised as the incarnation, named 'Sonam Gyatso' and installed at Drepung, where 'he quickly excelled his teachers in knowledge and wisdom and developed extraordinary powers'.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Unlike his predecessors, he came from a noble family, connected with the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (tribe)">Sakya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phagmo_Drupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagmo Drupa">Phagmo Drupa</a> (Karma Kagyu affiliated) dynasties,<a href="#cite_note-sr183-92">[92]</a> and it is to him that the effective conversion of Mongolia to Buddhism is due.<a href="#cite_note-bell33-59">[59]</a> A brilliant scholar and teacher,<a href="#cite_note-rich41-98">[98]</a> he had the spiritual maturity to be made Abbot of Drepung,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> taking responsibility for the material and spiritual well-being of Tibet's largest monastery at the age of nine. At 10 he led the <a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam Prayer Festival</a>, giving daily discourses to the assembly of all Gelugpa monks.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> His influence grew so quickly that soon the monks at Sera Monastery also made him their Abbot<a href="#cite_note-laird139-38">[38]</a> and his mediation was being sought to prevent fighting between political power factions. At 16, in 1559, he was invited to <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AAdong_(village)" title="Nêdong (village)">Nedong</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Tashi_Drakpa" title="Ngawang Tashi Drakpa">Ngawang Tashi Drakpa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> supporter, and became his personal teacher.<a href="#cite_note-shak92-96">[96]</a> At 17, when fighting broke out in Lhasa between Gelug and Kagyu parties and efforts by local lamas to mediate failed, Sonam Gyatso negotiated a peaceful settlement. At 19, when the <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_River" title="Lhasa River">Kyichu River</a> burst its banks and flooded Lhasa, he led his followers to rescue victims and repair the dykes. He then instituted a custom whereby on the last day of <a href="/wiki/Monlam" class="mw-redirect" title="Monlam">Monlam</a>, all the monks would work on strengthening the flood defences.<a href="#cite_note-shak92-96">[96]</a> Gradually, he was shaping himself into a national leader.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> His popularity and renown became such that in 1564 when the Nedong King died, it was Sonam Gyatso at the age of 21 who was requested to lead his funeral rites, rather than his own Kagyu lamas.<a href="#cite_note-laird139-38">[38]</a> Required to travel and teach without respite after taking full ordination in 1565, he still maintained extensive meditation practices in the hours before dawn and again at the end of the day.<a href="#cite_note-mull142-102">[102]</a> In 1569, at age 26, he went to Tashilhunpo to study the layout and administration of the monastery built by his predecessor Gendun Drup. Invited to become the Abbot he declined, already being Abbot of Drepung and Sera, but left his deputy there in his stead.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> From there he visited <a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a>, the first monastery of Gendun Drup and gave numerous discourses and offerings to the monks in gratitude.<a href="#cite_note-mull142-102">[102]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a>, chief of all the Mongol tribes near China's borders, had heard of Sonam Gyatso's spiritual prowess and repeatedly invited him to Mongolia.<a href="#cite_note-sr183-92">[92]</a> By 1571, when Altan Khan received a title of Shunyi Wang (King) from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> of China<a href="#cite_note-Dardess2012_p16-104">[104]</a> and swore allegiance to Ming,<a href="#cite_note-蔡東藩2015-105">[105]</a> Although he remained de facto quite independent,<a href="#cite_note-Tagliacozzo2015-50">[50]</a>: 106  he had fulfilled his political destiny and a nephew advised him to seek spiritual salvation, saying that "in Tibet dwells <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a>", referring to Sonam Gyatso, then 28 years old.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> China was also happy to help Altan Khan by providing necessary translations of holy scripture, and also lamas.<a href="#cite_note-Dardess2012_p17-107">[107]</a> At the second invitation, in 1577–78 Sonam Gyatso travelled 1,500 miles to Mongolia to see him. They met in an atmosphere of intense reverence and devotion<a href="#cite_note-sr184-108">[108]</a> and their meeting resulted in the re-establishment of strong Tibet-Mongolia relations after a gap of 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-sr183-92">[92]</a> To Altan Khan, Sonam Gyatso identified himself as the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a>, and Altan Khan as that of <a href="/wiki/Kubilai_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubilai Khan">Kubilai Khan</a>, thus placing the Khan as heir to the <a href="/wiki/Chingizid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chingizid">Chingizid</a> lineage whilst securing his patronage.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1996,_p._106-109">[109]</a> Altan Khan and his followers quickly adopted Buddhism as their state religion, replacing the prohibited traditional <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rich41-98">[98]</a> Mongol law was reformed to accord with Tibetan Buddhist law. From this time Buddhism spread rapidly across Mongolia<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1996,_p._106-109">[109]</a> and soon the Gelugpa had won the spiritual allegiance of most of the Mongolian tribes.<a href="#cite_note-rich41-98">[98]</a> As proposed by Sonam Gyatso, Altan Khan sponsored the building of Thegchen Chonkhor Monastery at the site of Sonam Gyatso's open-air teachings given to the whole Mongol population. He also called Sonam Gyatso "Dalai", Mongolian for 'Gyatso' (Ocean).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In October 1587, as requested by the family of Altan Khan, Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso was promoted to Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (Chinese:朵儿只唱) by the emperor of China, seal of authority and golden sheets were granted.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-111">[111]</a> The name "Dalai Lama", by which the lineage later became known throughout the non-Tibetan world, was thus established and it was applied to the first two incarnations retrospectively.<a href="#cite_note-rich-45">[45]</a> In 1579, the Ming allowed the third Dalai Lama to pay regular tribute.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Returning eventually to Tibet by a roundabout route and invited to stay and teach all along the way, in 1580 Sonam Gyatso was in <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a> [or <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>], not far from Beijing, when the Chinese Emperor summoned him to his court.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-shak96-114">[114]</a> By then he had established a religious empire of such proportions that it was unsurprising the Emperor wanted to summon him and grant him a diploma.<a href="#cite_note-sr184-108">[108]</a> Through Altan Khan, the 3rd Dalai Lama requested to pay tribute to the Emperor of China in order to raise his State Tutor ranking, and the Ming imperial court of China agreed with the request.<a href="#cite_note-Wang尼玛坚赞1997-115">[115]</a> In 1582, he heard Altan Khan had died and invited by his son Dhüring Khan he decided to return to Mongolia. Passing through <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>, he founded a second great monastery, <a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a>, at the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chinghai_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinghai Lake">Kokonor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shak96-114">[114]</a> Further on, he was asked to adjudicate on border disputes between Mongolia and China. It was the first time a Dalai Lama had exercised such political authority.<a href="#cite_note-norb220-116">[116]</a> Arriving in Mongolia in 1585, he stayed 2 years with Dhüring Khan, teaching Buddhism to his people<a href="#cite_note-shak96-114">[114]</a> and converting more Mongol princes and their tribes. Receiving a second invitation from the Emperor in Beijing he accepted, but died en route in 1588.<a href="#cite_note-Laird147-117">[117]</a> As he was dying, his Mongolian converts urged him not to leave them, as they needed his continuing religious leadership. He promised them he would be incarnated next in Mongolia, as a Mongolian.<a href="#cite_note-norb220-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4th_Dalai_Lama">4th Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 4th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama</a></div> The Fourth Dalai Lama, <a href="/wiki/Yonten_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonten Gyatso">Yonten Gyatso</a> (1589–1617) was a Mongol, the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a><a href="#cite_note-Dardess2012-118">[118]</a> who was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tümed">Tümed</a> Mongols who had already been converted to Buddhism by the Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588).<a href="#cite_note-TN1-35">[35]</a> This strong connection caused the Mongols to zealously support the Gelugpa sect in Tibet, strengthening their status and position but also arousing intensified opposition from the Gelugpa's rivals, particularly the Tsang Karma Kagyu in Shigatse and their Mongol patrons and the Bönpo in Kham and their allies.<a href="#cite_note-TN1-35">[35]</a> Being the newest school, unlike the older schools the Gelugpa lacked an established network of Tibetan clan patronage and were thus more reliant on foreign patrons.<a href="#cite_note-TN2-119">[119]</a> At the age of 10 with a large Mongol escort he travelled to Lhasa where he was enthroned. He studied at Drepung and became its abbot but being a non-Tibetan he met with opposition from some Tibetans, especially the Karma Kagyu who felt their position was threatened by these emerging events; there were several attempts to remove him from power.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Seal of authority was granted in 1616 by <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli Emperor</a> of Ming.<a href="#cite_note-Biography_of_the_4th_Dalai_Lama-121">[121]</a> Yonten Gyatso died at the age of 27 under suspicious circumstances and his chief attendant <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Rapten" title="Sonam Rapten">Sonam Rapten</a> went on to discover the 5th Dalai Lama, became his chagdzo or manager and after 1642 he went on to be his regent, the Desi.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5th_Dalai_Lama">5th Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 5th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jokhang,Gushi_Khan_Fresco.Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jokhang%2CGushi_Khan_Fresco.Color.jpg/200px-Jokhang%2CGushi_Khan_Fresco.Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jokhang%2CGushi_Khan_Fresco.Color.jpg/300px-Jokhang%2CGushi_Khan_Fresco.Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jokhang%2CGushi_Khan_Fresco.Color.jpg/400px-Jokhang%2CGushi_Khan_Fresco.Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_XVII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mongolia_XVII.png/200px-Mongolia_XVII.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mongolia_XVII.png/300px-Mongolia_XVII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mongolia_XVII.png/400px-Mongolia_XVII.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="532" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map showing the extent of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a>, 1642–1717, after the Unification of Tibet under the 5th Dalai Lama with Sonam Chöphel and Güshi Khan</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibet-claims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tibet-claims.jpg/200px-Tibet-claims.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tibet-claims.jpg/300px-Tibet-claims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tibet-claims.jpg/400px-Tibet-claims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="305" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">'Greater Tibet' as claimed by exiled groups</div></div></div></div></div> The death of the Fourth Dalai Lama in 1617 led to open conflict breaking out between various parties.<a href="#cite_note-TN2-119">[119]</a> Firstly, the <a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa</a> dynasty, rulers of Central Tibet from Shigatse, supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a> school and rivals to the <a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugpa">Gelugpa</a>, forbade the search for his incarnation.<a href="#cite_note-SK-123">[123]</a> However, in 1618 <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Rapten" title="Sonam Rapten">Sonam Rabten</a>, the former attendant of the 4th Dalai Lama who had become the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> treasurer, secretly identified the child,<a href="#cite_note-shak101-124">[124]</a> who had been born to the noble Zahor family at Tagtse castle, south of Lhasa. Then, the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>, in Shigatse, negotiated the lifting of the ban, enabling the boy to be recognised as <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsang Gyatso">Lobsang Gyatso</a>, the 5th Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-SK-123">[123]</a> Also in 1618, the Tsangpa King, Karma Puntsok Namgyal, whose Mongol patron was <a href="/wiki/Choghtu_Khong_Tayiji" title="Choghtu Khong Tayiji">Choghtu Khong Tayiji</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha Mongols</a>, attacked the Gelugpa in Lhasa to avenge an earlier snub and established two military bases there to control the monasteries and the city. This caused Sonam Rabten who became the 5th Dalai Lama's changdzo or manager,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> to seek more active Mongol patronage and military assistance for the Gelugpa while the Fifth was still a boy.<a href="#cite_note-TN2-119">[119]</a> So, in 1620, Mongol troops allied to the Gelugpa who had camped outside Lhasa suddenly attacked and destroyed the two Tsangpa camps and drove them out of Lhasa, enabling the Dalai Lama to be brought out of hiding and publicly enthroned there in 1622.<a href="#cite_note-shak101-124">[124]</a> In fact, throughout the 5th's minority, it was the influential and forceful Sonam Rabten who inspired the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungar Mongols</a> to defend the Gelugpa by attacking their enemies. These enemies included other Mongol tribes who supported the Tsangpas, the Tsangpa themselves and their Bönpo allies in Kham who had also opposed and persecuted Gelugpas. Ultimately, this strategy led to the destruction of the Tsangpa dynasty, the defeat of the Karmapas and their other allies and the Bönpos, by armed forces from the Lhasa valley aided by their Mongol allies, paving the way for Gelugpa political and religious hegemony in Central Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-SK-123">[123]</a> Apparently by general consensus, by virtue of his position as the Dalai Lama's changdzo (chief attendant, minister), after the Dalai Lama became absolute ruler of Tibet in 1642 Sonam Rabten became the "Desi" or "Viceroy", in fact, the de facto regent or day-to-day ruler of Tibet's governmental affairs. During these years and for the rest of his life (he died in 1658), "there was little doubt that politically Sonam Chophel [Rabten] was more powerful than the Dalai Lama".<a href="#cite_note-GM199-126">[126]</a> As a young man, being 22 years his junior, the Dalai Lama addressed him reverentially as "Zhalngo", meaning "the Presence".<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> During the 1630s Tibet was deeply entangled in rivalry, evolving power struggles and conflicts, not only between the Tibetan religious sects but also between the rising <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> and the various rival <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> factions, who were also vying for supremacy amongst themselves and on behalf of the religious sects they patronised.<a href="#cite_note-TN2-119">[119]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Ligdan_Khan" title="Ligdan Khan">Ligdan Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahars</a>, a Mongol subgroup who supported the Tsang Karmapas, after retreating from advancing Manchu armies headed for <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Kokonor</a> intending destroy the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a>. He died on the way, in 1634.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> His vassal <a href="/wiki/Choghtu_Khong_Tayiji" title="Choghtu Khong Tayiji">Choghtu Khong Tayiji</a>, continued to advance against the Gelugpas, even having his own son Arslan killed after Arslan changed sides, submitted to the Dalai Lama and become a Gelugpa monk.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> By the mid-1630s, thanks again to the efforts of Sonam Rabten,<a href="#cite_note-SK-123">[123]</a> the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a> had found a powerful new patron in Güshi Khan of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> Mongols, a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a>, who had recently migrated to the Kokonor area from <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TN2-119">[119]</a> He attacked <a href="/wiki/Choghtu_Khong_Tayiji" title="Choghtu Khong Tayiji">Choghtu Khong Tayiji</a> at Kokonor in 1637 and defeated and killed him, thus eliminating the Tsangpa and the Karmapa's main Mongol patron and protector.<a href="#cite_note-TN2-119">[119]</a> Next, Donyo Dorje, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6npo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bönpo">Bönpo</a> king of Beri in <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> was found writing to the Tsangpa king in Shigatse to propose a co-ordinated 'pincer attack' on the Lhasa Gelugpa monasteries from east and west, seeking to utterly destroy them once and for all.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The intercepted letter was sent to Güshi Khan who used it as a pretext to invade central Tibet in 1639 to attack them both, the Bönpo and the Tsangpa. By 1641 he had defeated Donyo Dorje and his allies in Kham and then he marched on Shigatse where after laying siege to their strongholds he defeated <a href="/wiki/Karma_Tenkyong" title="Karma Tenkyong">Karma Tenkyong</a>, broke the power of the Tsang Karma Kagyu in 1642 and ended the Tsangpa dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Güshi Khan's attack on the Tsangpa was made on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Rapten" title="Sonam Rapten">Sonam Rapten</a> while being publicly and robustly opposed by the Dalai Lama, who, as a matter of conscience, out of compassion and his vision of tolerance for other religious schools, refused to give permission for more warfare in his name after the defeat of the Beri king.<a href="#cite_note-GM199-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-shak106-132">[132]</a> Sonam Rabten deviously went behind his master's back to encourage Güshi Khan, to facilitate his plans and to ensure the attacks took place;<a href="#cite_note-SK-123">[123]</a> for this defiance of his master's wishes, Rabten was severely rebuked by the 5th Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-shak106-132">[132]</a> After Desi <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Rapten" title="Sonam Rapten">Sonam Rapten</a> died in 1658, the following year the 5th Dalai Lama appointed his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Depa_Norbu" title="Depa Norbu">Depa Norbu</a> (aka Nangso Norbu) as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> However, after a few months, Norbu betrayed him and led a rebellion against the Ganden Phodrang Government. With his accomplices he seized Samdruptse fort at Shigatse and tried to raise a rebel army from Tsang and Bhutan, but the Dalai Lama skilfully foiled his plans without any fighting taking place and Norbu had to flee.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Four other Desis were appointed after Depa Norbu: Trinle Gyatso, Lozang Tutop, Lozang Jinpa and <a href="/wiki/Sangye_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangye Gyatso">Sangye Gyatso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Re-unification_of_Tibet">Re-unification of Tibet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Re-unification of Tibet">edit</a>]</div> Having thus defeated all the Gelugpa's rivals and resolved all regional and sectarian conflicts Güshi Khan became the undisputed patron of a unified Tibet and acted as a "Protector of the Gelug",<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> establishing the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a> which covered almost the entire Tibetan plateau, an area corresponding roughly to '<a href="/wiki/Greater_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Tibet">Greater Tibet</a>' including <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>, as claimed by exiled groups (see maps). At an enthronement ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a> he conferred full sovereignty over Tibet on the Fifth Dalai Lama,<a href="#cite_note-bell273-137">[137]</a> unified for the first time since the collapse of the Tibetan Empire exactly eight centuries earlier.<a href="#cite_note-TN2-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-TN3-138">[138]</a> Güshi Khan then retired to <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Kokonor</a> with his armies<a href="#cite_note-TN2-119">[119]</a> and [according to Smith] ruled Amdo himself directly thus creating a precedent for the later separation of Amdo from the rest of Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-TN3-138">[138]</a> In this way, Güshi Khan established the Fifth Dalai Lama as the highest spiritual and political authority in Tibet. 'The Great Fifth' became the temporal ruler of Tibet in 1642 and from then on the rule of the Dalai Lama lineage over some, all or most of Tibet lasted with few breaks for the next 317 years, until 1959, when the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> fled to India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014210-139">[139]</a> In 1645, the Great Fifth began the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in Lhasa.<a href="#cite_note-mull201-140">[140]</a> Güshi Khan died in 1655 and was succeeded by his descendants <a href="/wiki/Dayan_Khan_(Khoshut)" title="Dayan Khan (Khoshut)">Dayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Dalai_Khan" title="Tenzin Dalai Khan">Tenzin Dalai Khan</a> and Tenzin Wangchuk Khan. However, Güshi Khan's other eight sons had settled in Amdo but fought amongst themselves over territory so the Fifth Dalai Lama sent governors to rule them in 1656 and 1659, thereby bringing <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> and thus the whole of Greater Tibet under his personal rule and Gelugpa control. The Mongols in Amdo became absorbed and Tibetanised.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visit_to_Beijing">Visit to Beijing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Visit to Beijing">edit</a>]</div> In 1636 the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> proclaimed their dynasty as the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and by 1644 they had completed <a href="/wiki/Qing_conquest_of_the_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing conquest of the Ming">their conquest of China</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">prince regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon">Dorgon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The following year their forces approached <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> on northern Tibet, causing the Oirat and Khoshut Mongols there to submit in 1647 and send tribute. In 1648, after quelling a rebellion of Tibetans of Gansu-Xining, the Qing invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to visit their court at Beijing since they wished to engender Tibetan influence in their dealings with the Mongols. The Qing were aware the Dalai Lama had extraordinary influence with the Mongols and saw relations with the Dalai Lama as a means to facilitate submission of the <a href="/wiki/Khalka_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalka Mongols">Khalka Mongols</a>, traditional patrons of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> sect.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_pp._108–113-143">[143]</a> Similarly, since the Tibetan Gelugpa were keen to revive a <a href="/wiki/Priest-patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest-patron">priest-patron</a> relationship with the dominant power in China and Inner Asia, the Qing invitation was accepted. After five years of complex diplomatic negotiations about whether the emperor or his representatives should meet the Dalai Lama inside or outside the Great Wall, when the meeting would be astrologically favourable, how it would be conducted and so on, it eventually took place in Beijing in 1653.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_pp._108–113-143">[143]</a> The Shunzhi Emperor was then 16 years old, having in the meantime ascended the throne in 1650 after the death of Dorgon. For the Qing, although the Dalai Lama was not required to <a href="/wiki/Kowtow" title="Kowtow">kowtow</a> to the emperor, who rose from his throne and advanced 30 feet to meet him, the significance of the visit was that of nominal political submission by the Dalai Lama since Inner Asian heads of state did not travel to meet each other but sent envoys. For Tibetan Buddhist historians, however, it was interpreted as the start of an era of independent rule of the Dalai Lamas, and of Qing patronage alongside that of the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_pp._108–113-143">[143]</a> When the 5th Dalai Lama returned, he was granted by the emperor of China a golden seal of authority and golden sheets with texts written in Manchu, Tibetan and Han Chinese languages.<a href="#cite_note-陈庆英2005_p41-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-K309-145">[145]</a> The 5th Dalai Lama wanted to use the golden seal of authority right away.<a href="#cite_note-陈庆英2005_p41-144">[144]</a> However, Lobzang Gyatsho noted that "The Tibetan version of the inscription of the seal was translated by a Mongol translator but was not a good translation". After correction, it read: "The one who resides in the Western peaceful and virtuous paradise is unalterable Vajradhara, Ocean Lama, unifier of the doctrines of the Buddha for all beings under the sky". The words of the diploma ran: "Proclamation, to let all the people of the western hemisphere know".<a href="#cite_note-K309-145">[145]</a> Tibetan historian Nyima Gyaincain points out that based on the texts written on golden sheets, Dalai Lama was only a subordinate of the Emperor of China.<a href="#cite_note-王家伟尼玛坚赞1997-146">[146]</a> However, despite such patronising attempts by Chinese officials and historians to symbolically show for the record that they held political influence over Tibet, the Tibetans themselves did not accept any such symbols imposed on them by the Chinese with this kind of motive. For example, concerning the above-mentioned 'golden seal', the Fifth Dalai Lama comments in Dukula, his autobiography, on leaving China after this courtesy visit to the emperor in 1653, that "the emperor made his men bring a golden seal for me that had three vertical lines in three parallel scripts: Chinese, Mongol and Tibetan". He also criticised the words carved on this gift as being faultily translated into Tibetan, writing that "The Tibetan version of the inscription of the seal was translated by a Mongol translator but was not a good translation".<a href="#cite_note-K309-145">[145]</a> Furthermore, when he arrived back in Tibet, he discarded the emperor's famous golden seal and made a new one for important state usage, writing in his autobiography: "Leaving out the Chinese characters that were on the seal given by the emperor, a new seal was carved for stamping documents that dealt with territorial issues. The first imprint of the seal was offered with prayers to the image of Lokeshvara ...".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty">Relations with the Qing dynasty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relations with the Qing dynasty">edit</a>]</div> The 17th-century struggles for domination between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the various Mongol groups spilled over to involve Tibet because of the Fifth Dalai Lama's strong influence over the Mongols as a result of their general adoption of Tibetan Buddhism and their consequent deep loyalty to the Dalai Lama as their guru. Until 1674, the Fifth Dalai Lama had mediated in <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar Mongol</a> affairs whenever they required him to do so, and the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>, who had succeeded the Shunzhi Emperor in 1661, would accept and confirm his decisions automatically.<a href="#cite_note-TN6-148">[148]</a> For the Kangxi Emperor, the alliance between the Dzungar Mongols and the Tibetans was unsettling because he feared it had the potential to unite all the other Mongol tribes together against the Qing Empire, including those tribes who had already submitted. Therefore, in 1674, the Kangxi Emperor, annoyed by the Fifth's less than full cooperation in quelling a rebellion against the Qing in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, ceased deferring to him as regards Mongol affairs and started dealing with them directly.<a href="#cite_note-TN6-148">[148]</a> In the same year, 1674, the Dalai Lama, then at the height of his powers and conducting a foreign policy independent of the Qing, caused Mongol troops to occupy the border post of <a href="/wiki/Dartsedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartsedo">Dartsedo</a> between Kham and Sichuan, further annoying the Kangxi Emperor who (according to Smith) already considered Tibet as part of the Qing Empire. It also increased Qing suspicion about Tibetan relations with the Mongol groups and led him to seek strategic opportunities to oppose and undermine Mongol influence in Tibet and eventually, within 50 years, to defeat the Mongols militarily and to establish the Qing as sole 'patrons and protectors' of Tibet in their place.<a href="#cite_note-TN6-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_development">Cultural development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultural development">edit</a>]</div> The time of the Fifth Dalai Lama, who reigned from 1642 to 1682 and founded the government known as the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a>, was a period of rich cultural development.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> His reign and that of <a href="/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatso" title="Desi Sangye Gyatso">Desi Sangye Gyatso</a> are noteworthy for the upsurge in literary activity and of cultural and economic life that occurred. The same goes for the great increase in the number of foreign visitors thronging Lhasa during the period as well as for the number of inventions and institutions that are attributed to the 'Great Fifth', as the Tibetans refer to him.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The most dynamic and prolific of the early Dalai Lamas, he composed more literary works than all the other Dalai Lamas combined. Writing on a wide variety of subjects he is specially noted for his works on history, classical Indian poetry in Sanskrit and his biographies of notable personalities of his epoch, as well as his own two autobiographies, one spiritual in nature and the other political (see <a href="#Further_reading">Further Reading</a>).<a href="#cite_note-mull83244-151">[151]</a> He also taught and travelled extensively, reshaped the politics of Central Asia, unified Tibet, conceived and constructed the Potala Palace and is remembered for establishing systems of national medical care and education.<a href="#cite_note-mull83244-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_of_the_fifth_Dalai_Lama">Death of the fifth Dalai Lama</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death of the fifth Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> The Fifth Dalai Lama died in 1682. Tibetan historian Nyima Gyaincain points out that the written wills from the fifth Dalai Lama before he died explicitly said his title and authority were from the Emperor of China, and he was subordinate of the Emperor of China .<a href="#cite_note-王家伟尼玛坚赞1997-146">[146]</a> The Fifth Dalai Lama's death in 1682 was kept secret for fifteen years by his regent <a href="/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatso" title="Desi Sangye Gyatso">Desi Sangye Gyatso</a>. He pretended the Dalai Lama was in retreat and ruled on his behalf, secretly selecting the 6th Dalai Lama and presenting him as someone else. Tibetan historian Nyima Gyaincain points out that Desi Sangye Gyatso wanted to consolidate his personal status and power by not reporting the death of the fifth Dalai Lama to the Emperor of China, and also collude with the rebellion group of the Qing dynasty, Mongol <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a> tribe in order to counter influence from another Mongol <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> tribe in Tibet. Being afraid of prosecution by the Kangxi Emperor of China, Desi Sangye Gyatso explained with fear and trepidation the reason behind his action to the Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-王家伟尼玛坚赞1997-146">[146]</a> In 1705, Desi Sangye Gyatso was killed by <a href="/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan" title="Lha-bzang Khan">Lha-bzang Khan</a> of the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> tribe because of his actions including his illegal action of selecting the 6th Dalai Lama. Since the Kangxi Emperor was not happy about Desi Sangye Gyatso's action of not reporting, the Emperor gave <a href="/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan" title="Lha-bzang Khan">Lha-bzang Khan</a> additional title and golden seal. The Kangxi Emperor also ordered <a href="/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan" title="Lha-bzang Khan">Lha-bzang Khan</a> to arrest the 6th Dalai Lama and send him to Beijing, the 6th Dalai Lama died when he was en route to Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-王家伟尼玛坚赞1997-146">[146]</a> Journalist Thomas Laird argues that it was apparently done so that construction of the Potala Palace could be finished, and it was to prevent Tibet's neighbors, the Mongols and the Qing, from taking advantage of an interregnum in the succession of the Dalai Lamas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006181–182-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="6th_Dalai_Lama">6th Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 6th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">6th Dalai Lama</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">Sixth Dalai Lama</a> (1683–1706) was born near <a href="/wiki/Tawang" title="Tawang">Tawang</a>, now in India. After death of the 5th Dalai Lama, the regent <a href="/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatso" title="Desi Sangye Gyatso">Desi Sangye Gyatso</a> kept death of the 5th Dalai Lama a secret, this allowed him to continue to use the authority of the Fifth Dalai Lama to manage the affairs of the Gelug. Tsangyang Gyatso was picked out in 1685, but his parents were not informed. In 1696, while suppressing the Dzungar rebellion, <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> accidentally learned from the captives that the 5th Dalai Lama had died many years ago. Kangxi severely rebuke the regent for his mistake, the regent admitted his mistake and sent people to Monpa to welcome the <a href="/wiki/Reincarnated_soul_boy" title="Reincarnated soul boy">reincarnated soul boy</a> in 1697. After 16 years of study as a novice monk, in 1702 in his 20th year he rejected full ordination and gave up his monk's robes and monastic life, preferring the lifestyle of a layman.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In 1703 <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a>'s ruling grandson Tenzin Wangchuk Khan was murdered by his brother <a href="/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan" title="Lha-bzang Khan">Lhazang Khan</a> who usurped the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a>'s Tibetan throne, but unlike his four predecessors he started interfering directly in Tibetan affairs in Lhasa; he opposed the Fifth Dalai Lama's regent, <a href="/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatso" title="Desi Sangye Gyatso">Desi Sangye Gyatso</a> for his deceptions and in the same year, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>, he forced him out of office. When Lhazang was requested by the Tibetans to leave Lhasa politics to them and to retire to Kokonor like his predecessors, he quit the city. Desi Sangye Gyatso decided to kill Lhazang, he secretly sent someone to poison the food of Lhazang, but was discovered. Lhazang was furious and immediately mobilized a large army to defeat the Tibetan army and killed Desi Sangye Gyatso. In 1705, he wrote a letter to the Qing government, reporting Desi Sangye Gyatso's rebellion and that the sixth Dalai Lama, appointed by Desi Sangye Gyatso, was addicted to wine and sex and ignored religious affairs. He reported the Dalai Lama was not a real Dalai Lama and requested emperor to demote and revoke him. He used the Sixth's escapades as an excuse to seize full control of Tibet. Most Tibetans, though, still supported their Dalai Lama despite his behaviour and deeply resented Lhazang Khan's interference.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_p._121-156">[156]</a> But Emperor Kangxi then issued an edict: "Because Lhazang Khan reported to depose the sixth Dalai Lama appointed by Desi Sangye Gyatso, the sixth Dalai Lama is ordered to be sent to capital Beijing."<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_p._121-156">[156]</a> In 1706 with the compliance of the Kangxi Emperor, the Sixth Dalai Lama was deposed and arrested by Lhazang who considered him to be an impostor set up by the regent. <a href="/wiki/Lhazang_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhazang Khan">Lhazang Khan</a>, now acting as the only outright foreign ruler that Tibet had ever had, then sent him to Beijing under escort to appear before the emperor but he died mysteriously on the way near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Qinghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Qinghai">Lake Qinghai</a>, ostensibly from illness, he was 24 years' old.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarperCollins-160">[160]</a> Having discredited and deposed the Sixth Dalai Lama, whom he considered an impostor, and having removed the regent, Lhazang Khan pressed the Lhasa Gelugpa lamas to endorse a new Dalai Lama in <a href="/wiki/Tsangyang_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsangyang Gyatso">Tsangyang Gyatso</a>'s place as the true incarnation of the Fifth. They eventually nominated one Pekar Dzinpa, a monk but also rumored to be Lhazang's son,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and Lhazang had him installed as the 'real' Sixth Dalai Lama, endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> and named <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Gyatso" title="Yeshe Gyatso">Yeshe Gyatso</a> in 1707.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> This choice was in no way accepted by the Tibetan people, however, nor by Lhazang's princely Mongol rivals in Kokonor who resented his usurpation of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> Tibetan throne as well as his meddling in Tibetan affairs.<a href="#cite_note-HarperCollins-160">[160]</a> The Kangxi Emperor concurred with them, after sending investigators, initially declining to recognize <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Gyatso" title="Yeshe Gyatso">Yeshe Gyatso</a>. He recognized him in 1710, after sending a Qing official party to assist Lhazang in 'restoring order'. These were the first Chinese representatives of any sort to officiate in Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-HarperCollins-160">[160]</a> At the same time, while this puppet 'Dalai Lama' had no political power, the Kangxi Emperor secured from Lhazang Khan in return for this support the promise of regular payments of tribute; this was the first time tribute had been paid to the Manchu by the Mongols in Tibet and the first overt acknowledgment of Qing supremacy over Mongol rule in Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7th_Dalai_Lama">7th Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 7th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">7th Dalai Lama</a></div> In 1708, in accordance with an indication given by the <a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">6th Dalai Lama</a> when quitting Lhasa, a child called Kelzang Gyatso had been born at <a href="/wiki/Litang_County" title="Litang County">Lithang</a> in eastern Tibet who was soon claimed by local Tibetans to be his incarnation. After going into hiding out of fear of Lhazang Khan, he was installed in Lithang monastery. Along with some of the Kokonor Mongol princes, rivals of Lhazang, in defiance of the situation in Lhasa the Tibetans of <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> duly recognised him as the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Dalai Lama">Seventh Dalai Lama</a> in 1712, retaining his birth-name of <a href="/wiki/Kelzang_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelzang Gyatso">Kelzang Gyatso</a>. For security reasons he was moved to <a href="/wiki/Derge" title="Derge">Derge</a> monastery and eventually, in 1716, now also backed and sponsored by the Kangxi Emperor of China.<a href="#cite_note-Mullin_2001,_p.276-281-164">[164]</a> The Tibetans asked Dzungars to bring a true Dalai Lama to Lhasa, but the Manchu Chinese did not want to release Kelsan Gyatso to the Mongol Dzungars. The Regent Taktse Shabdrung and Tibetan officials then wrote a letter to the Manchu Chinese Emperor that they recognized Kelsang Gyatso as the Dalai Lama. The Emperor then granted Kelsang Gyatso a golden seal of authority.<a href="#cite_note-Society-165">[165]</a> The Sixth Dalai Lama was taken to Amdo at the age of 8 to be installed in <a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum Monastery</a> with great pomp and ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Mullin_2001,_p.276-281-164">[164]</a> According to Smith, the Kangxi Emperor now arranged to protect the child and keep him at Kumbum monastery in Amdo in reserve just in case his ally Lhasang Khan and his 'real' Sixth Dalai Lama, were overthrown.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> According to Mullin, however, the emperor's support came from genuine spiritual recognition and respect rather than being politically motivated.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dzungar_invasion">Dzungar invasion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dzungar invasion">edit</a>]</div> In any case, the Kangxi Emperor took full advantage of having Kelzang Gyatso under Qing control at <a href="/wiki/Kumbum" title="Kumbum">Kumbum</a> after other Mongols from the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungar tribes</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Tsewang_Rabtan" title="Tsewang Rabtan">Tsewang Rabtan</a> who was related to his supposed ally <a href="/wiki/Lhazang_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhazang Khan">Lhazang Khan</a>, deceived and betrayed the latter by invading Tibet and capturing Lhasa in 1717.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> These Dzungars, who were Buddhist, had supported the Fifth Dalai Lama and his regent. They were secretly petitioned by the Lhasa <a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugpa">Gelugpa</a> lamas to invade with their help in order to rid them of their foreign ruler Lhazang Khan and to replace the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Gyatso" title="Yeshe Gyatso">Sixth Dalai Lama pretender</a> with the young Kelzang Gyatso. This plot suited the devious Dzungar leaders' ambitions and they were only too happy to oblige.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Early in 1717, after conspiring to undermine Lhazang Khan through treachery they entered Tibet from the northwest with a large army, sending a smaller force to <a href="/wiki/Kumbum" title="Kumbum">Kumbum</a> to collect Kelzang Gyatso and escort him to Lhasa.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_pp._123–4-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mullin_2001,_pp._286–7-173">[173]</a> By the end of the year, with Tibetan connivance they had captured Lhasa, killed Lhazang and all his family and deposed <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Gyatso" title="Yeshe Gyatso">Yeshe Gyatso</a>. Their force sent to fetch Kelzang Gyatso, however, was intercepted and destroyed by Qing armies alerted by Lhazang. In Lhasa, the unruly Dzungar not only failed to produce the boy but also went on the rampage, looting and destroying the holy places, abusing the populace, killing hundreds of Nyingma monks, causing chaos and bloodshed and turning their Tibetan allies against them. The Tibetans were soon appealing to the Kangxi Emperor to rid them of the Dzungars.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_pp._123–4-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mullin_2001,_pp._286–7-173">[173]</a> When the Dzungars had first attacked, the weakened Lhazang sent word to the Qing for support and they quickly dispatched two armies to assist, the first Chinese armies ever to enter Tibet, but they arrived too late. In 1718 they were halted not far from Lhasa to be defeated and then ruthlessly annihilated by the triumphant Dzungars in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stein_1972,_p._85-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enthronement_in_Lhasa">Enthronement in Lhasa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Enthronement in Lhasa">edit</a>]</div> This humiliation only determined the Kangxi Emperor to expel the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a> from Tibet once and for all and he set about assembling and dispatching a much larger force to march on Lhasa, bringing the emperor's <a href="/wiki/Trump_(card_games)#Metaphorical_uses" title="Trump (card games)">trump card</a> the young Kelzang Gyatso with it. On the imperial army's stately passage from <a href="/wiki/Kumbum" title="Kumbum">Kumbum</a> to Lhasa with the boy being welcomed adoringly at every stage, <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> Mongols and Tibetans were happy (and well paid) to join and swell its ranks.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> By the autumn of 1720, the marauding <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar Mongols</a> had been vanquished from Tibet. Qing imperial forces had entered Lhasa triumphantly with the 12-year-old, acting as patrons of the Dalai Lama, liberators of Tibet, allies of the Tibetan anti-Dzungar forces led by <a href="/wiki/Khangchenn%C3%A9" title="Khangchenné">Kangchenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polhan%C3%A9_S%C3%B6nam_Topgy%C3%A9" title="Polhané Sönam Topgyé">Polhanas</a>, and allies of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> Mongol princes. The delighted Tibetans enthroned him as the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Dalai Lama">Seventh Dalai Lama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> A new Tibetan government was established consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a> or cabinet of Tibetan ministers headed by <a href="/wiki/Khangchenn%C3%A9" title="Khangchenné">Kangchenas</a>. Kelzang Gyatso, too young to participate in politics, studied Buddhism. He played a symbolic role in government, and, being profoundly revered by the Mongols, he exercised much influence with the Qing who now had now taken over Tibet's <a href="/wiki/Priest-patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest-patron">patronage and protection</a> from them.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exile_to_Kham">Exile to Kham</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Exile to Kham">edit</a>]</div> Having vanquished the Dzungars, the Qing army withdrew leaving the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Dalai Lama">Seventh Dalai Lama</a> as a political figurehead and only a <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha Mongol">Khalkha Mongol</a> as the Qing <a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">amban</a> or representative and a garrison in Lhasa.<a href="#cite_note-Mullin_2001,_p.291-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-TN7-181">[181]</a> After the Kangxi Emperor died in 1722 and was succeeded by his son, the <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a>, these were also withdrawn, leaving the Tibetans <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">to rule autonomously</a> and showing the Qing were interested in an alliance, not conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Mullin_2001,_p.291-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-TN7-181">[181]</a> In 1723, after brutally quelling a major rebellion by zealous Tibetan patriots and disgruntled <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> Mongols from Amdo who attacked <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>, the Qing intervened again, splitting Tibet by putting <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> under their own more direct control.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Continuing Qing interference in <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibet">Central Tibetan</a> politics and religion incited an anti-Qing faction to quarrel with the Qing-sympathising Tibetan nobles in power in Lhasa, led by <a href="/wiki/Khangchenn%C3%A9" title="Khangchenné">Kanchenas</a> who was supported by <a href="/wiki/Pholhane" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholhane">Polhanas</a>. This led eventually to the murder of <a href="/wiki/Khangchenn%C3%A9" title="Khangchenné">Kanchenas</a> in 1727 and a civil war that was resolved in 1728 with the canny <a href="/wiki/Pholhane" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholhane">Polhanas</a>, who had sent for Qing assistance, the victor. When the Qing forces did arrive they punished the losers and exiled the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Dalai Lama">Seventh Dalai Lama</a> to Kham, under the pretence of sending him to Beijing, because his father had assisted the defeated, anti-Qing faction. He studied and taught Buddhism there for the next seven years.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_to_Lhasa">Return to Lhasa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Return to Lhasa">edit</a>]</div> In 1735 he was allowed back to Lhasa to study and teach, but still under strict control, being mistrusted by the Qing, while <a href="/wiki/Polhan%C3%A9_S%C3%B6nam_Topgy%C3%A9" title="Polhané Sönam Topgyé">Polhanas</a> ruled <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibet">Central Tibet</a> under nominal Qing supervision. Meanwhile, the Qing had promoted the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Panchen_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Panchen Lama">Fifth Panchen Lama</a> to be a rival leader and reinstated the ambans and the Lhasa garrison. Polhanas died in 1747. He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Gyurme_Namgyal" title="Gyurme Namgyal">Gyurme Namgyal</a>, the last dynastic ruler of Tibet, who was far less cooperative with the Qing. He built a Tibetan army and started conspiring with the Dzungars to rid Tibet of Qing influence.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In 1750, when the ambans realised this, they invited him and personally assassinated him. Despite the Dalai Lama's attempts to calm the angered populace, a vengeful Tibetan mob assassinated the ambans, along with most of their escort.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restoration_as_Tibet's_political_leader">Restoration as Tibet's political leader</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Restoration as Tibet's political leader">edit</a>]</div> The Qing sent yet another force 'to restore order' but when it arrived the situation had already been stabilised under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">7th Dalai Lama</a> who was now seen to have demonstrated loyalty to the Qing. Just as Güshi Khan had done with the Fifth Dalai Lama, they therefore helped reconstitute the government with the Dalai Lama presiding over a <a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a> of four Tibetans, reinvesting him with temporal power in addition to his already established spiritual leadership. This arrangement, with a Kashag under the Dalai Lama or his regent, outlasted the Qing dynasty which collapsed in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The ambans and their garrison were reinstated to observe and to some extent supervise affairs. Their influence generally waned with the power of their empire, which gradually declined after 1792 along with its influence over Tibet, a decline aided by a succession of corrupt or incompetent ambans.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Moreover, there was soon no reason for the Qing to fear the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a>; by the time the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Dalai Lama">Seventh Dalai Lama</a> died in 1757 at the age of 49, the entire <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar people</a> had been practically exterminated through years of genocidal campaigns by Qing armies, and deadly smallpox epidemics, with the survivors being forcibly transported into China. Their emptied lands were then awarded to other peoples.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> According to Mullin, despite living through such violent times Kelzang Gyatso was perhaps 'the most spiritually learned and accomplished of any Dalai Lama', his written works comprising several hundred titles including 'some of Tibet's finest spiritual literary achievements'.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Despite his apparent lack of zeal in politics, Kelzang Gyatso is credited with establishing in 1751 the reformed government of Tibet headed by the Dalai Lama, which continued over 200 years until the 1950s, and then in exile.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a>, the 'Summer Palace' of the Dalai Lamas in Lhasa was started during Kelzang Gyatso's reign.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8th_Dalai_Lama">8th Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 8th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">8th Dalai Lama</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Dalai Lama">Eighth Dalai Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamphel_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamphel Gyatso">Jamphel Gyatso</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> in 1758 and died aged 46 having taken little part in Tibetan politics, mostly leaving temporal matters to his <a href="/wiki/Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="Regents">regents</a> and the ambans.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The Emperor of China exempted him from the lot-drawing ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-陈庆英2005_106-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang尼玛坚赞1997_p70-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> officially accepted Gyiangbai as the 8th Dalai Lama when the 6th Panchen Erdeni came to congratulate the emperor on his 70th birthday in 1780. The emperor granted the 8th Dalai Lama a jade seal of authority and jade sheets of confirmation of authority.<a href="#cite_note-陈庆英2005_p55-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang尼玛坚赞1997_p62-197">[197]</a> The confirmation of authority says: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">You, the Dalai Lama, are the legal incarnation of Zhongkapa. You are granted the jade certificate of confirmation of authority and jade seal of authority, which you enshrine in the Potala monastery to guard the gate of Buddhism forever. All documents sent for the country's important ceremonies must be stamped with this seal, and all the other reports can be stamped with the original seal. Since you enjoy such honor, you have to make efforts to promote self-cultivation, study and propagate Buddhism, and help me promote Buddhism and goodness of the previous generation of the Dalai Lama for the people, and for the long life of our country.<a href="#cite_note-qing_emperor_gaozong-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang尼玛坚赞1997_p62-197">[197]</a></blockquote> The Dalai Lama, his later generations and the local government cherished both the seal of authority and the sheets of authority. They were preserved as the root of their power.<a href="#cite_note-Wang尼玛坚赞1997_p62-197">[197]</a> The 8th Dalai Lama lived almost as long as the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Dalai Lama">Seventh</a>, but was overshadowed by many contemporary lamas in terms of both religious and political accomplishment. According to Mullin, the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> has pointed to certain indications that Jamphel Gyatso might have been the incarnation not of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">7th Dalai Lama</a> but of Jamyang Chojey, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a> and founder of Drepung monastery who was also reputed to be an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a>. In any case, he lived a quiet and unassuming life as a devoted and studious monk, uninvolved in the kind of dramas that had surrounded his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Nevertheless, Jamphel Gyatso was said to possess all the signs of being the true incarnation of the Seventh. This was claimed to have been confirmed by many portents clear to the Tibetans and so, in 1762, at age five, he was enthroned as the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Dalai Lama">Eighth Dalai Lama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> At age 23 he was persuaded to assume the throne as ruler of Tibet with a regent to assist him and after three years of this, when the regent went to Beijing as ambassador in 1784, he ruled alone for four more years. But feeling unsuited to worldly affairs and unhappy in this role, he then retired from public office to concentrate on religious activities until his death in 1804.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> He is also credited with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a> "Summer Palace" started by his predecessor and with ordaining 10,000 monks in his efforts to foster monasticism.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9th_to_12th_Dalai_Lamas">9th to 12th Dalai Lamas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 9th to 12th Dalai Lamas">edit</a>]</div> Hugh Richardson's summary of the period covering the four short-lived, 19th-century Dalai Lamas: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After him [the <a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">8th Dalai Lama</a>, Jamphel Gyatso], the <a href="/wiki/9th_Dalai_Lama" title="9th Dalai Lama">9th</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_Dalai_Lama" title="10th Dalai Lama">10th Dalai Lamas</a> died before attaining their majority: one of them is credibly stated to have been murdered and strong suspicion attaches to the other. The <a href="/wiki/11th_Dalai_Lama" title="11th Dalai Lama">11th</a> and <a href="/wiki/12th_Dalai_Lama" title="12th Dalai Lama">12th</a> were each enthroned but died soon after being invested with power. For 113 years, therefore, supreme authority in Tibet was in the hands of a Lama Regent, except for about two years when a lay noble held office and for short periods of nominal rule by the 11th and 12th Dalai Lamas.<a href="#cite_note-203">[note 1]</a> It has sometimes been suggested that this state of affairs was brought about by the Ambans—the Imperial Residents in Tibet—because it would be easier to control the Tibet through a Regent than when a Dalai Lama, with his absolute power, was at the head of the government. That is not true. The regular ebb and flow of events followed its set course. The Imperial Residents in Tibet, after the first flush of zeal in 1750, grew less and less interested and efficient. Tibet was, to them, exile from the urbanity and culture of Peking; and so far from dominating the Regents, the Ambans allowed themselves to be dominated. It was the ambition and greed for power of Tibetans that led to five successive Dalai Lamas being subjected to continuous tutelage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson198459–60-204">[203]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Thubten Jigme Norbu</a>, the elder brother of the 14th Dalai Lama, described these unfortunate events as follows, although there are few, if any, indications that any of the four were said to be 'Chinese-appointed imposters': <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is perhaps more than a coincidence that between the seventh and the thirteenth holders of that office, only one reached his majority. The eighth, Gyampal Gyatso, died when he was in his thirties, Lungtog Gyatso when he was eleven, Tsultrim Gyatso at eighteen, Khadrup Gyatso when he was eighteen also, and Krinla Gyatso at about the same age. The circumstances are such that it is very likely that some, if not all, were poisoned, either by loyal Tibetans for being Chinese-appointed impostors, or by the Chinese for not being properly manageable. Many Tibetans think that this was done at the time when the young [Dalai Lama] made his ritual visit to the Lake Lhamtso. ... Each of the four [Dalai Lamas] to die young expired shortly after his visit to the lake. Many said it was because they were not the true reincarnations, but imposters imposed by the Chinese. Others tell stories of how the cooks of the retinue, which in those days included many Chinese, were bribed to put poison in the [Dalai Lama's] food. The 13th [Dalai Lama] did not visit Lhamtso until he was 25 years old. He was adequately prepared by spiritual exercise and he also had faithful cooks. The Chinese were disappointed when he did not die like his predecessors, and he was to live long enough to give them much more cause for regret.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbuTurnbull1968311–312-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[note 2]</a></blockquote> According to Mullin, on the other hand, it is improbable that the <a href="/wiki/Manchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchus">Manchus</a> would have murdered any of these four for being 'unmanageable' since it would have been in their best interests to have strong Dalai Lamas ruling in Lhasa, he argues, agreeing with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Edward_Richardson" title="Hugh Edward Richardson">Richardson</a> that it was rather "the ambition and greed for power of Tibetans" that might have caused the Lamas' early deaths.<a href="#cite_note-207">[note 3]</a> Further, if Tibetan nobles murdered any of them, it would more likely have been in order to protect or enhance their family interests rather than out of suspicion that the Dalai Lamas were seen as Chinese-appointed imposters as suggested by Norbu. They could also have died from illnesses, possibly contracted from diseases to which they had no immunity, carried to Lhasa by the multitudes of pilgrims visiting from nearby countries for blessings. Finally, from the Buddhist point of view, Mullin says, "Simply stated, these four Dalai Lamas died young because the world did not have enough good karma to deserve their presence".<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Tibetan historian K. Dhondup, however, in his history The Water-Bird and Other Years, based on the Tibetan minister Surkhang Sawang Chenmo's historical manuscripts,<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> disagrees with Mullin's opinion that having strong Dalai Lamas in power in Tibet would have been in China's best interests. He notes that many historians are compelled to suspect Manchu foul play in these serial early deaths because the Ambans had such latitude to interfere; the Manchu, he says, "to perpetuate their domination over Tibetan affairs, did not desire a Dalai Lama who will ascend the throne and become a strong and capable ruler over his own country and people". The life and deeds of the 13th Dalai Lama [in successfully upholding de facto Tibetan independence from China from 1912 to 1950] serve as the living proof of this argument, he points out.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> This account also corresponds with TJ Norbu's observations above. Finally, while acknowledging the possibility, the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> himself doubts they were poisoned. He ascribes the probable cause of these early deaths to negligence, foolishness and lack of proper medical knowledge and attention. "Even today" he is quoted as saying, "when people get sick, some [Tibetans] will say: 'Just do your prayers, you don't need medical treatment.'"<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="9th_Dalai_Lama">9th Dalai Lama</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 9th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/9th_Dalai_Lama" title="9th Dalai Lama">9th Dalai Lama</a></div> Born in Kham in 1805–6 amidst the usual miraculous signs the <a href="/wiki/9th_Dalai_Lama" title="9th Dalai Lama">Ninth Dalai Lama, Lungtok Gyatso</a> was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/7th_Panchen_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Panchen Lama">7th Panchen Lama</a>'s search team at the age of two and enthroned in the Potala in 1808 at an impressive ceremony attended by representatives from China, Mongolia, Nepal and Bhutan. Exemption from using <a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a> was approved by the Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Tibetan historian Nyima Gyaincain and Wang Jiawei point out that the 9th Dalai Lama was allowed to use the seal of authority given to the late 8th Dalai Lama by the Emperor of China<a href="#cite_note-Wang尼玛坚赞1997_p71-214">[211]</a> His second Regent Demo Tulku was the biographer of the 8th and 9th Dalai Lamas and though the 9th died at the age of 9, his biography is as lengthy as those of many of the early Dalai Lamas.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> In 1793 under Manchu pressure, Tibet had closed its borders to foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> In 1811, a British Sinologist, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Manning_(sinologist)" title="Thomas Manning (sinologist)">Thomas Manning</a> became the first Englishman to visit Lhasa. Considered to be 'the first Chinese scholar in Europe'<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> he stayed five months and gave enthusiastic accounts in his journal of his regular meetings with the Ninth Dalai Lama whom he found fascinating: "beautiful, elegant, refined, intelligent, and entirely self-possessed, even at the age of six".<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> Three years later in March 1815 the young Lungtok Gyatso caught a severe cold and, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> to preside over the <a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam Prayer Festival</a>, he contracted pneumonia from which he soon died.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="10th_Dalai_Lama">10th Dalai Lama</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 10th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/10th_Dalai_Lama" title="10th Dalai Lama">10th Dalai Lama</a></div> Like the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Dalai Lama">Seventh Dalai Lama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/10th_Dalai_Lama" title="10th Dalai Lama">Tenth, Tsultrim Gyatso</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Litang_County" title="Litang County">Lithang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a>, where the Third Dalai Lama had built a monastery. It was 1816 and Regent Demo Tulku and the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Panchen_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Panchen Lama">Seventh Panchen Lama</a> followed indications from <a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a>, the 'state oracle' which led them to appoint him at the age of two. He passed all the tests and was brought to Lhasa but official recognition was delayed until 1822 when he was enthroned and ordained by the Seventh Panchen Lama. There are conflicting reports about whether the Chinese '<a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a>' was utilised by drawing lots to choose him, but lot-drawing result was reported and approved by emperor.<a href="#cite_note-S138-222">[219]</a> The 10th Dalai Lama mentioned in his biography that he was allowed to use the golden seal of authority based on the convention set up by the late Dalai Lama. At the investiture, decree of the Emperor of China was issued and read out.<a href="#cite_note-陈庆英2005_p85-223">[220]</a> After 15 years of intensive studies and failing health he died, in 1837, at the age of 20 or 21.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> He identified with ordinary people rather than the court officials and often sat on his verandah in the sunshine with the office clerks. Intending to empower the common people he planned to institute political and economic reforms to share the nation's wealth more equitably. Over this period his health had deteriorated, the implication being that he may have suffered from slow poisoning by Tibetan aristocrats whose interests these reforms were threatening.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> He was also dissatisfied with his Regent and the <a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a> and scolded them for not alleviating the condition of the common people, who had suffered much in small ongoing regional civil wars waged in <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Kokonor</a> between Mongols, local Tibetans and the government over territory, and in <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> to extract unpaid taxes from rebellious Tibetan communities.<a href="#cite_note-S138-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="11th_Dalai_Lama">11th Dalai Lama</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 11th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/11th_Dalai_Lama" title="11th Dalai Lama">11th Dalai Lama</a></div> Born in Gathar, <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> in 1838 and soon discovered by the official search committee with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Nechung_Oracle" title="Nechung Oracle">Nechung Oracle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/11th_Dalai_Lama" title="11th Dalai Lama">Eleventh Dalai Lama</a> was brought to Lhasa in 1841 and recognised, enthroned and named <a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Khedrup Gyatso">Khedrup Gyatso</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> on April 16, 1842, seal of authority and golden sheets were granted on the same date.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitting-in-the-bed" title="Sitting-in-the-bed">Sitting-in-the-bed</a> ceremony was held in July 1844.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> After that he was immersed in religious studies under the Panchen Lama, amongst other great masters. Meanwhile, there were court intrigues and ongoing power struggles taking place between the various Lhasa factions, the Regent, the <a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a>, the powerful nobles and the abbots and monks of the three great monasteries. The Tsemonling Regent<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> became mistrusted and was forcibly deposed, there were machinations, plots, beatings and kidnappings of ministers and so forth, resulting at last in the Panchen Lama being appointed as interim Regent to keep the peace. Eventually the Third Reting Rinpoche was made Regent, and in 1855, Khedrup Gyatso, appearing to be an extremely promising prospect, was requested to take the reins of power at the age of 17. He was enthroned as ruler of Tibet in 1855,<a href="#cite_note-M361-7-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-S176-81-232">[229]</a> on orders of the <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-陈庆英2005_p91-233">[230]</a> He died after just 11 months, no reason for his sudden and premature death being given in these accounts, Shakabpa and Mullin's histories both being based on untranslated Tibetan chronicles. The respected Reting Rinpoche was recalled once again to act as Regent and requested to lead the search for the next incarnation, the twelfth.<a href="#cite_note-M361-7-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-S176-81-232">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="12th_Dalai_Lama">12th Dalai Lama</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 12th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/12th_Dalai_Lama" title="12th Dalai Lama">12th Dalai Lama</a></div> In 1856, a child was born in south <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibet">central Tibet</a> with all the usual extraordinary signs. He came to the notice of the search team, was investigated, passed the traditional tests and was recognised as the <a href="/wiki/12th_Dalai_Lama" title="12th Dalai Lama">12th Dalai Lama</a> in 1858. The use of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a> at the insistence of the regent, who was later accused of being a Chinese lackey, confirmed this choice to everyone's satisfaction. He was renamed <a href="/wiki/Trinley_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinley Gyatso">Trinley Gyatso</a> and enthroned on July 3, 1860, after the emperor's edict from <a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a> was announced.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> He underwent 13 years of intensive tutelage and training before becoming Tibet's ruler at age 17.<a href="#cite_note-M367-235">[232]</a> His minority seems to have been a time of even deeper Lhasan political intrigue and power struggles than his predecessor's. In 1862 Wangchuk Shetra, a minister the regent had banished for conspiring against him, led a coup. Shetra contrived to return, deposed the regent, who fled to China, and seized power, appointing himself "Desi", or Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-M367-235">[232]</a> He then ruled with "absolute power" for three years,<a href="#cite_note-S188-236">[233]</a> quelling a major rebellion in northern Kham in 1863 and reestablishing Tibetan control over significant <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a>-held territory there.<a href="#cite_note-Sm140-237">[234]</a> Shetra died in 1864 and the <a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a> reassumed power. The retired 76th <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a>, Khyenrab Wangchuk, was appointed regent but his role was limited to supervising and mentoring Trinley Gyatso.<a href="#cite_note-M367-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-S188-236">[233]</a> In 1868 Shetra's coup organiser, a semi-literate <a href="/wiki/Ganden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden">Ganden</a> monk named Palden Dondrup, seized power in another coup and ruled as a cruel despot for three years, putting opponents to death by having them "sewn into fresh animal skins and thrown in the river".<a href="#cite_note-S188-236">[233]</a> In 1871, at the request of officials outraged after Dondrup had done that to one minister and imprisoned several others, he was ousted and committed suicide after a counter-coup coordinated by the supposedly powerless regent Khyenrab Wangchuk.<a href="#cite_note-S188-236">[233]</a> As a result, Tibetans fondly remember Khyenrab Wangchuk, who died the next year, as saviour of the Dalai Lama and the nation. The Kashag and the Tsongdu or National Assembly were reinstated, and, presided over by a Dalai Lama or his regent, ruled without further interruption until 1959.<a href="#cite_note-M367-235">[232]</a> But according to Smith, during Trinley Gyatso's minority, an alliance of monks and officials called Gandre Drungche (Ganden and Drepung Monks Assembly) deposed the regent in 1862 for abuse of authority and closeness with China; this body then ruled Tibet for ten years until it dissolved when a National Assembly of monks and officials called the Tsongdu was created and took over. Smith makes no mention of Shetra or Dondrup acting as usurpers and despots in this period.<a href="#cite_note-Sm140-237">[234]</a> In any case, Trinley Gyatso died within three years of assuming power. In 1873, at age 20, "he suddenly became ill and passed away".<a href="#cite_note-M367-235">[232]</a> Accounts of his cause of death diverge. Mullin relates an interesting theory, based on Tibetan sources: out of concern for the monastic tradition, Trinley Gyatso chose to die and reincarnate as the <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a> rather than marry a woman called Rigma Tsomo from Kokonor and leaving an heir to "oversee Tibet's future".<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> On the other hand, without citing sources, Shakabpa notes that Trinley Gyatso was influenced and manipulated by two close acquaintances who were subsequently accused of having a hand in his fatal illness and imprisoned, tortured, and exiled as a result.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_Dalai_Lama">13th Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 13th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Throne_awaiting_Dalai_Lama%27s_return._Summer_residence_Nechung._1993.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Throne_awaiting_Dalai_Lama%27s_return._Summer_residence_Nechung._1993.JPG/170px-Throne_awaiting_Dalai_Lama%27s_return._Summer_residence_Nechung._1993.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Throne_awaiting_Dalai_Lama%27s_return._Summer_residence_Nechung._1993.JPG/255px-Throne_awaiting_Dalai_Lama%27s_return._Summer_residence_Nechung._1993.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Throne_awaiting_Dalai_Lama%27s_return._Summer_residence_Nechung._1993.JPG/340px-Throne_awaiting_Dalai_Lama%27s_return._Summer_residence_Nechung._1993.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Throne awaiting Dalai Lama's return. Summer residence of 14th Dalai Lama, <a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a>, Tibet.</figcaption></figure> In 1877, request to exempt Lobu Zangtab Kaijia Mucuo (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 罗布藏塔布开甲木措) from using lot-drawing process <a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a> was approved by the Central Government.<a href="#cite_note-Guangxu_1877-240">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a> assumed ruling power from the monasteries, which previously had great influence on the Regent, in 1895. Due to his two periods of exile in 1904–1909 to escape the British invasion of 1904, and from 1910–1912 to escape a Chinese invasion, he became well aware of the complexities of international politics and was the first Dalai Lama to become aware of the importance of foreign relations. After his return from exile in India and <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> during January 1913, he assumed control of foreign relations and dealt directly with the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a>, with the British Political officer in Sikkim and with the king of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> – rather than letting the Kashag or parliament do it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheel198924,_29-241">[238]</a> The Great Thirteenth Thubten Gyatso then published the Tibetan Declaration of Independence for the entirety of Tibet in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> Tibet's independence was never recognized by the Chinese (who claimed all land ever administered by the Manchus) but was recognized by the Kingdom of Nepal, who would use Tibet as one of its first references regarding its independent status when submitting an application to join the UN in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] According to a Tibetan website, Nepal listed Tibet as a country just as independent and sovereign, with no mention of Chinese 'suzerainty'. Its relations with Tibet were apparently second in significance only to its relations with Britain, and even more significant than its relations with the USA or even India.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">third-party source needed</a>] Nepal established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1955 and recognized Tibet as a part of China.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Furthermore, Tibet and Mongolia both signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet</a>. Neither countries' independence statuses were ever recognized by the KMT government in China, who would continue to completely claim both as Chinese territory. He expelled the <a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">ambans</a> and all Chinese civilians in the country and instituted many measures to modernize Tibet. These included provisions to curb excessive demands on peasants for provisions by the monasteries and tax evasion by the nobles, setting up an independent police force, the abolition of the death penalty, extension of secular education, and the provision of electricity throughout the city of Lhasa in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbuTurnbull1968317–318-246">[243]</a> He died in 1933. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_Dalai_Lama">14th Dalai Lama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 14th Dalai Lama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Holiness_giving_teachings_at_Sissu,_Lahaul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/His_Holiness_giving_teachings_at_Sissu%2C_Lahaul.jpg/220px-His_Holiness_giving_teachings_at_Sissu%2C_Lahaul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/His_Holiness_giving_teachings_at_Sissu%2C_Lahaul.jpg/330px-His_Holiness_giving_teachings_at_Sissu%2C_Lahaul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/His_Holiness_giving_teachings_at_Sissu%2C_Lahaul.jpg/440px-His_Holiness_giving_teachings_at_Sissu%2C_Lahaul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Dalai Lama giving teachings at <a href="/wiki/Sissu" title="Sissu">Sissu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahaul">Lahaul</a></figcaption></figure> The 14th Dalai Lama was born on 6 July 1935 on a straw mat in a cowshed to a farmer's family in a remote part of Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> According to most Western journalistic sources<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> he was born into a humble family of farmers as one of 16 children, and one of the three reincarnated rinpoches in the same family.<a href="#cite_note-Committee2008-250">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> On 5 February 1940, the Central Government approved the request to exempt Lhamo Thondup (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 拉木登珠) from the lot-drawing process to become the 14th Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-yuan-254">[251]</a> The 14th Dalai Lama was not formally enthroned until 17 November 1950, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a> with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. On 18 April 1959, he issued a statement<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> that in 1951, the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government were pressured into accepting the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement_for_the_Peaceful_Liberation_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet">Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet</a> by which it became formally incorporated into the People's Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> The United States already informed the Dalai Lama in 1951 that in order to receive its assistance and support he must leave Tibet and publicly disavow "agreements concluded under duress" between Tibetan and Chinese representatives.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein2007-257">[254]</a> Fearing for his life in the wake of a <a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">revolt in Tibet in 1959</a>, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India, where he led a <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan government in exile">government in exile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> With the aim of launching <a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">guerrilla operations against the Chinese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> funded the Dalai Lama's administration with US$1.7 million a year in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> In 2001, the 14th Dalai Lama ceded his partial power over the government to an elected parliament of Tibetan exiles. His original goal was <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">full independence for Tibet</a>, but by the late 1980s he sought high-level autonomy instead.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> He continued to seek greater autonomy from China, but Dolma Gyari, deputy speaker of the parliament-in-exile, said: "If the middle path fails in the short term, we will be forced to opt for complete independence or self-determination as per the UN charter".<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> The 14th Dalai Lama became one of the two most popular world leaders by 2013 (tied with <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>), according to a poll by <a href="/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Insights & Analytics">Harris Interactive</a> of New York, which sampled public opinion in the U.S. and six major European countries.<a href="#cite_note-Harrispoll-263">[260]</a> In 2014 and 2016, he said that Tibet wants to be part of China but China should let Tibet preserve its culture and script.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> In 2018, he said that "Europe belongs to the Europeans" and that Europe has a moral obligation to aid refugees whose lives are in peril. He added that Europe should receive, help, and educate refugees but that they should ultimately return to develop their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> He made similar comments in an interview the next year. He also said, "If female Dalai Lama comes, then [she] should be more attractive" because if she looked a certain way people would "prefer not see … that face".<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> In 2019, the Dalai Lama spoke out about his successor, saying that after his death he is likely to be reincarnated in India. He also warned that any Chinese interference in succession should be considered invalid.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> In 2020, he said he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said "I prefer the concept of a 'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, The Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs. We can live in harmony".<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> In 2021, he praised <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as a role model for religious harmony in the world.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> In 2023, a video showed the Dalai Lama in the city of <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, asking a boy for a kiss on the lips, and then to suck his tongue.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> He later apologized and expressed regret through a statement that claimed he "often teases people he meets in an innocent and playful way, even in public and before cameras" and "regrets the incident".<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Residences">Residences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Residences">edit</a>]</div> The first Dalai Lama was based at <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo Monastery</a>, which he founded. The Second to the Fifth Dalai Lamas were mainly based at Drepung Monastery outside Lhasa. In 1645, after the unification of Tibet, the Fifth moved to the ruins of a royal fortress or residence on top of Marpori ('Red Mountain') in Lhasa and decided to build a palace on the same site. This ruined palace, called Tritse Marpo, was originally built around A.D. 636 by the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a> for his Nepalese wife.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Amongst the ruins there was just a small temple left where <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a> had given a teaching when he arrived in Lhasa in the 1380s.<a href="#cite_note-Laird_2006,_p._177-278">[275]</a> The Fifth Dalai Lama began construction of the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> on this site in 1645,<a href="#cite_note-Laird_2006,_p._177-278">[275]</a> carefully incorporating what was left of his predecessor's palace into its structure.<a href="#cite_note-mull201-140">[140]</a> From then on and until today, unless on tour or in exile the Dalai Lamas have always spent their winters at the Potala Palace and their summers at the <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a> palace and park. Both palaces are in Lhasa and approximately 3 km apart. Following the failed <a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a>, the 14th Dalai Lama sought refuge in India. Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> allowed in the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government officials. The Dalai Lama has since lived in exile in <a href="/wiki/McLeod_Ganj" title="McLeod Ganj">McLeod Ganj</a>, in the Kangra district of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> in northern India, where the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> is established. His residence on the Temple Road in McLeod Ganj is called the <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Dalai Lama Temple</a> and is visited by people from across the globe. Tibetan refugees have constructed and opened many schools and Buddhist temples in Dharamshala.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Potala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potala Palace"><img alt="Potala Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Potala.jpg/220px-Potala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Potala.jpg/330px-Potala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Potala.jpg/440px-Potala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norbulinka._August,_1993.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Norbulingka"><img alt="Norbulingka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Norbulinka._August%2C_1993.JPG/151px-Norbulinka._August%2C_1993.JPG" decoding="async" width="151" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Norbulinka._August%2C_1993.JPG/227px-Norbulinka._August%2C_1993.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Norbulinka._August%2C_1993.JPG/303px-Norbulinka._August%2C_1993.JPG 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="738" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Searching_for_the_reincarnation">Searching for the reincarnation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Searching for the reincarnation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DLHaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DLHaus.jpg/220px-DLHaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DLHaus.jpg/330px-DLHaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/DLHaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The search for the 14th Dalai Lama took the High Lamas to <a href="/wiki/Taktser" title="Taktser">Taktser</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palden_Lhamo,_Tawang_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Palden_Lhamo%2C_Tawang_Monastery.jpg/170px-Palden_Lhamo%2C_Tawang_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Palden_Lhamo%2C_Tawang_Monastery.jpg/255px-Palden_Lhamo%2C_Tawang_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Palden_Lhamo%2C_Tawang_Monastery.jpg/340px-Palden_Lhamo%2C_Tawang_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palden_Lhamo" title="Palden Lhamo">Palden Lhamo</a>, the female guardian spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred lake">sacred lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a>, who promised Gendun Drup the 1st Dalai Lama in one of his visions that "she would protect the 'reincarnation' lineage of the Dalai Lamas"</figcaption></figure> By the Himalayan tradition, <a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">phowa</a> is the discipline that is believed to transfer the mindstream to the intended body. Upon the death of the Dalai Lama and consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Nechung_Oracle" title="Nechung Oracle">Nechung Oracle</a>, a search for the Lama's yangsi, or <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, is conducted.<a href="#cite_note-sdpcnw-280">[277]</a> The government of the People's Republic of China has stated its intention to be the ultimate authority on the selection of the next Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> High Lamas may also claim to have a vision by a dream or if the Dalai Lama was cremated, they will often monitor the direction of the smoke as an 'indication' of the direction of the expected rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-sdpcnw-280">[277]</a> If there is only one boy found, the High Lamas will invite Living Buddhas of the three great monasteries, together with secular clergy and monk officials, to 'confirm their findings' and then report to the Central Government through the Minister of Tibet. Later, a group consisting of the three major servants of Dalai Lama, eminent officials,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] and troops[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] will collect the boy and his family and travel to Lhasa, where the boy would be taken, usually to Drepung Monastery, to study the Buddhist sutra in preparation for assuming the role of spiritual leader of Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-sdpcnw-280">[277]</a> If there are several possible claimed reincarnations, however, regents, eminent officials, monks at the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a> in Lhasa, and the Minister to Tibet have historically decided on the individual by putting the boys' names inside an urn and drawing one lot in public if it was too difficult to judge the reincarnation initially.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> In his autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_Exile" title="Freedom in Exile">Freedom in Exile</a>, the Dalai Lama states that after he dies it is possible that his people will no longer want a Dalai Lama, in which case there would be no search for the Lama's reincarnation. "So, I might take rebirth as an insect, or an animal - whatever would be of most value to the largest number of sentient beings" (p. 237). The Dalai Lama is thought to be a type of "living [Buddhist] god".<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Dalai_Lamas">List of Dalai Lamas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: List of Dalai Lamas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">List of Dalai Lamas</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> There have been 14 recognised incarnations of the Dalai Lama: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Name</th> <th>Picture</th> <th>Lifespan</th> <th>Recognised</th> <th>Enthronement</th> <th>Seal of Authority from Central Government</th> <th>Approval from Central Government</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th> <th>Alternative spellings </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">Gendun Drup</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg/60px-1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg/90px-1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg/120px-1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="449" /></a></td> <td>1391–1474</td> <td>–</td> <td>N/A<a href="#cite_note-posthumous-284">[281]</a></td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དགེ་འདུན་འགྲུབ་ dge 'dun 'grub</td> <td>Gêdün Chub 根敦朱巴</td> <td>Gedun Drub Gedün Drup </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_Dalai_Lama" title="2nd Dalai Lama">Gendun Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Dalai_Lama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Second_Dalai_Lama.jpg/60px-Second_Dalai_Lama.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Second_Dalai_Lama.jpg/90px-Second_Dalai_Lama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Second_Dalai_Lama.jpg/120px-Second_Dalai_Lama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1210" /></a></td> <td>1475–1542</td> <td>1483</td> <td>N/A<a href="#cite_note-posthumous-284">[281]</a></td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དགེ་འདུན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ dge 'dun rgya mtsho</td> <td>Gêdün Gyaco 根敦嘉措</td> <td>Gedün Gyatso Gendün Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_III.png/60px-%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_III.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_III.png/90px-%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_III.png/120px-%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_III.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="290" /></a></td> <td>1543–1588</td> <td>1546</td> <td>1578</td> <td>Yes <a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-111">[111]</a></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བསོད་ནམས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ bsod nams rgya mtsho</td> <td>Soinam Gyaco 索南嘉措</td> <td>Sönam Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">Yonten Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:4DalaiLama_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/4DalaiLama_cropped.jpg/60px-4DalaiLama_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/4DalaiLama_cropped.jpg/90px-4DalaiLama_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/4DalaiLama_cropped.jpg/120px-4DalaiLama_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="449" /></a></td> <td>1589–1617</td> <td>1601</td> <td>1603</td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Biography_of_the_4th_Dalai_Lama-121">[121]</a></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཡོན་ཏན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ yon tan rgya mtsho</td> <td>Yoindain Gyaco 雲丹嘉措</td> <td>Yontan Gyatso, Yönden Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:5th_Dalai_Lama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/5th_Dalai_Lama.jpg/60px-5th_Dalai_Lama.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/5th_Dalai_Lama.jpg/90px-5th_Dalai_Lama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/5th_Dalai_Lama.jpg/120px-5th_Dalai_Lama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="511" /></a></td> <td>1617–1682</td> <td>1618</td> <td>1622</td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-K309-145">[145]</a></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བློ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ blo bzang rgya mtsho</td> <td>Lobsang Gyaco 羅桑嘉措</td> <td>Lobzang Gyatso Lopsang Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">Tsangyang Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:VI_Dalai_Lama.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VI_Dalai_Lama.JPG/60px-VI_Dalai_Lama.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VI_Dalai_Lama.JPG/90px-VI_Dalai_Lama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VI_Dalai_Lama.JPG/120px-VI_Dalai_Lama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="453" /></a></td> <td>1683–1706</td> <td>1688</td> <td>1697</td> <td>No</td> <td>Yes, in 1721 after death</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཚངས་དབྱངས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ tshang dbyangs rgya mtsho</td> <td>Cangyang Gyaco 倉央嘉措</td> <td>Tsañyang Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">Kelzang Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:7DalaiLama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/7DalaiLama.jpg/60px-7DalaiLama.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/7DalaiLama.jpg/90px-7DalaiLama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/7DalaiLama.jpg/120px-7DalaiLama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="400" /></a></td> <td>1707–1757</td> <td>1712</td> <td>1720</td> <td>Yes</td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བསྐལ་བཟང་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ bskal bzang rgya mtsho</td> <td>Gaisang Gyaco 格桑嘉措</td> <td>Kelsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">Jamphel Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jamphel_Gyatso,_8th_Dalai_Lama_-_AMNH_-_DSC06244.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jamphel_Gyatso%2C_8th_Dalai_Lama_-_AMNH_-_DSC06244.JPG/60px-Jamphel_Gyatso%2C_8th_Dalai_Lama_-_AMNH_-_DSC06244.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jamphel_Gyatso%2C_8th_Dalai_Lama_-_AMNH_-_DSC06244.JPG/90px-Jamphel_Gyatso%2C_8th_Dalai_Lama_-_AMNH_-_DSC06244.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jamphel_Gyatso%2C_8th_Dalai_Lama_-_AMNH_-_DSC06244.JPG/120px-Jamphel_Gyatso%2C_8th_Dalai_Lama_-_AMNH_-_DSC06244.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></td> <td>1758–1804</td> <td>1760</td> <td>1762</td> <td>Yes <a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བྱམས་སྤེལ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ byams spel rgya mtsho</td> <td>Qambê Gyaco 強白嘉措</td> <td>Jampel Gyatso Jampal Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_Dalai_Lama" title="9th Dalai Lama">Lungtok Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lungtok_Gyatso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lungtok_Gyatso.jpg/60px-Lungtok_Gyatso.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lungtok_Gyatso.jpg/90px-Lungtok_Gyatso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lungtok_Gyatso.jpg/120px-Lungtok_Gyatso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td> <td>1805–1815</td> <td>1807</td> <td>1808</td> <td>Yes <a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a></td> <td>Yes <a href="#cite_note-ChenQingying-287">[284]</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལུང་རྟོགས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ lung rtogs rgya mtsho</td> <td>Lungdog Gyaco 隆朵嘉措</td> <td>Lungtog Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_Dalai_Lama" title="10th Dalai Lama">Tsultrim Gyatso</a></td> <td></td> <td>1816–1837</td> <td>1822</td> <td>1822</td> <td></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ tshul khrim rgya mtsho</td> <td>Cüchim Gyaco 楚臣嘉措</td> <td>Tshültrim Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_Dalai_Lama" title="11th Dalai Lama">Khendrup Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_11th_Dalai_Lama,_mural_in_the_Utse_in_Samye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_11th_Dalai_Lama%2C_mural_in_the_Utse_in_Samye.jpg/57px-The_11th_Dalai_Lama%2C_mural_in_the_Utse_in_Samye.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_11th_Dalai_Lama%2C_mural_in_the_Utse_in_Samye.jpg/85px-The_11th_Dalai_Lama%2C_mural_in_the_Utse_in_Samye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_11th_Dalai_Lama%2C_mural_in_the_Utse_in_Samye.jpg/114px-The_11th_Dalai_Lama%2C_mural_in_the_Utse_in_Samye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1339" /></a></td> <td>1838–1856</td> <td>1841</td> <td>1842</td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">མཁས་གྲུབ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ mkhas grub rgya mtsho</td> <td>Kaichub Gyaco 凱珠嘉措</td> <td>Kedrub Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_Dalai_Lama" title="12th Dalai Lama">Trinley Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Twelfth_Dalai_Lama,_Trinle_Gyatso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Twelfth_Dalai_Lama%2C_Trinle_Gyatso.jpg/60px-Twelfth_Dalai_Lama%2C_Trinle_Gyatso.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Twelfth_Dalai_Lama%2C_Trinle_Gyatso.jpg/90px-Twelfth_Dalai_Lama%2C_Trinle_Gyatso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Twelfth_Dalai_Lama%2C_Trinle_Gyatso.jpg/120px-Twelfth_Dalai_Lama%2C_Trinle_Gyatso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="535" /></a></td> <td>1857–1875</td> <td>1858</td> <td>1860</td> <td></td> <td>Yes <a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">འཕྲིན་ལས་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ 'phrin las rgya mtsho</td> <td>Chinlai Gyaco 成烈嘉措</td> <td>Trinle Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">Thubten Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:13th_Dalai_Lama_Thubten_Gyatso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/13th_Dalai_Lama_Thubten_Gyatso.jpg/60px-13th_Dalai_Lama_Thubten_Gyatso.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/13th_Dalai_Lama_Thubten_Gyatso.jpg/90px-13th_Dalai_Lama_Thubten_Gyatso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/13th_Dalai_Lama_Thubten_Gyatso.jpg/120px-13th_Dalai_Lama_Thubten_Gyatso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="400" /></a></td> <td>1876–1933</td> <td>1878</td> <td>1879</td> <td></td> <td>Yes <a href="#cite_note-Guangxu_1877-240">[237]</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ thub bstan rgya mtsho</td> <td>Tubdain Gyaco 土登嘉措</td> <td>Thubtan Gyatso Thupten Gyatso </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dalai_Lama_at_WhiteHouse_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dalai_Lama_at_WhiteHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Dalai_Lama_at_WhiteHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dalai_Lama_at_WhiteHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Dalai_Lama_at_WhiteHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dalai_Lama_at_WhiteHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Dalai_Lama_at_WhiteHouse_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="150" /></a></td> <td>born 1935</td> <td>1939<a href="#cite_note-ohhdl-290">[287]</a></td> <td>1940<a href="#cite_note-ohhdl-290">[287]</a> (in exile since 1959)</td> <td></td> <td>Yes <a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ bstan 'dzin rgya mtsho</td> <td>Dainzin Gyaco 丹增嘉措</td> <td>Tenzin Gyatso </td></tr></tbody></table> There was also a non-recognised Dalai Lama, <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Gyatso" title="Yeshe Gyatso">Ngawang Yeshe Gyatso</a>, declared 28 June 1707, when he was 25 years old, by <a href="/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan" title="Lha-bzang Khan">Lha-bzang Khan</a> as the "true" 6th Dalai Lama. He was never accepted as such by the majority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Stein_1972,_p._85-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mullin276-293">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_of_the_position">Future of the position</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Future of the position">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_14th_Dalai_Lama" title="Succession of the 14th Dalai Lama">Succession of the 14th Dalai Lama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalai_lama_teaching_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dalai_lama_teaching_room.jpg/220px-Dalai_lama_teaching_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dalai_lama_teaching_room.jpg/330px-Dalai_lama_teaching_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dalai_lama_teaching_room.jpg/440px-Dalai_lama_teaching_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The main teaching room of the Dalai Lama in <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharamshala</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg/220px-DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg/330px-DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg/440px-DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>14th Dalai Lama</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the mid-1970s, Tenzin Gyatso told a Polish newspaper that he thought he would be the last Dalai Lama. In a later interview published in the English language press he stated, "The Dalai Lama office was an institution created to benefit others. It is possible that it will soon have outlived its usefulness."<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> These statements caused a furore amongst Tibetans in India. Many could not believe that such an option could even be considered. It was further felt that it was not the Dalai Lama's decision to reincarnate. Rather, they felt that since the Dalai Lama is a national institution it was up to the people of Tibet to decide whether the Dalai Lama should reincarnate.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a></blockquote> The government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) has claimed the power to approve the naming of "high" reincarnations in Tibet, based on a precedent set by the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> The Qianlong Emperor instituted a system of selecting the Dalai Lama and the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> by a lottery that used a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a> with names wrapped in clumps of barley. This method was used a few times for both positions during the 19th century, but eventually fell into disuse.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> In 1995, the Dalai Lama chose to proceed with the selection of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Panchen_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Panchen Lama">11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama</a> without the use of the Golden Urn, while the Chinese government insisted that it must be used.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> This has led to two rival Panchen Lamas: <a href="/wiki/Gyaincain_Norbu" title="Gyaincain Norbu">Gyaincain Norbu</a> as chosen by the Chinese government's process, and <a href="/wiki/Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima" title="Gedhun Choekyi Nyima">Gedhun Choekyi Nyima</a> as chosen by the Dalai Lama. However, Nyima was abducted by the Chinese government shortly after being chosen as the Panchen Lama and has not been seen in public since 1995.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> In September 2007, the Chinese government said <a href="/wiki/State_Religious_Affairs_Bureau_Order_No._5" title="State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5">all high monks must be approved by the government</a>, which would include the selection of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Dalai Lama">15th Dalai Lama</a> after the death of <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChinaDaily-301">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-302">[299]</a> Since by tradition, the Panchen Lama must approve the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, that is another possible method of control. Consequently, the Dalai Lama has alluded to the possibility of a referendum to determine the 15th Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-302">[299]</a> In response to this scenario, <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Wangdi" title="Tashi Wangdi">Tashi Wangdi</a>, the representative of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, replied that the Chinese government's selection would be meaningless. "You can't impose an <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a>, saints, any religion...you can't politically impose these things on people", said Wangdi. "It has to be a decision of the followers of that tradition. The Chinese can use their political power: force. Again, it's meaningless. Like their Panchen Lama. And they can't keep their Panchen Lama in Tibet. They tried to bring him to his monastery many times but people would not see him. How can you have a religious leader like that?"<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> The 14th Dalai Lama said as early as 1969 that it was for the Tibetans to decide whether the institution of the Dalai Lama "should continue or not".<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> He has given reference to a possible vote occurring in the future for all Tibetan Buddhists to decide whether they wish to recognize his rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> In response to the possibility that the PRC might attempt to choose his successor, the Dalai Lama said he would not be reborn in a country controlled by the People's Republic of China or any other country which is not free.<a href="#cite_note-sdpcnw-280">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan" title="Robert D. Kaplan">Robert D. Kaplan</a>, this could mean that "the next Dalai Lama might come from the Tibetan cultural belt that stretches across Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, presumably making him even more pro-Indian and hence anti-Chinese".<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> The 14th Dalai Lama supported the possibility that his next incarnation could be a woman.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> As an "engaged Buddhist" the Dalai Lama has an appeal straddling cultures and political systems making him one of the most recognized and respected moral voices today.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> "Despite the complex historical, religious and political factors surrounding the selection of incarnate masters in the exiled Tibetan tradition, the Dalai Lama is open to change", author <a href="/wiki/Michaela_Haas" title="Michaela Haas">Michaela Haas</a> writes.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> Despite the tradition of selecting young children, the 14th Dalai Lama can also name an adult as his next incarnation. Doing so would have the advantage that the successor would not need to spend decades studying Buddhism and could immediately be taken seriously as a leader by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Discourse_of_Lama" title="The Discourse of Lama">The Discourse of Lama</a>"</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">List of Dalai Lamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_spirituality" title="Engaged spirituality">Engaged spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> According to Mullin, Smith and Shakabpa, however, the 12th Dalai Lama's Regent, Reting Rinpoche, was deposed in 1862 in a coup by Gyalpo Shetra and Tibet was ruled by despots or assemblies of abbots and ministers for the next eleven years, that is until 1873 when the 12th Dalai Lama assumed power. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> According to their biographies, the <a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">Eighth, Jamphel Gyatso</a> lived to 46 years old, the <a href="/wiki/9th_Dalai_Lama" title="9th Dalai Lama">Ninth, Lungtok Gyatso</a> to 9 years, the <a href="/wiki/10th_Dalai_Lama" title="10th Dalai Lama">Tenth, Tsultrim Gyatso</a> to 21, the <a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Khedrup Gyatso">Eleventh, Khedrup Gyatso</a> to 17 and the <a href="/wiki/Trinley_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinley Gyatso">Twelfth, Trinley Gyatso</a> to 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Considering what occurred in Lhasa after the Chinese ambans murdered <a href="/wiki/Gyurme_Namgyal" title="Gyurme Namgyal">Gyurme Namgyal</a> in 1750, however, the Manchus would have been particularly reluctant to murder a Dalai Lama. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ddef1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ddef1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ddef1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727211946/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Dalai-Lama">"Definition of Dalai Lama in English"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Dalai-Lama">the original</a> on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2015. <q>The spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and, until the establishment of Chinese communist rule, the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet. Each Dalai Lama is believed to be the reincarnation of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, reappeared in a child when the incumbent Dalai Lama dies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Dalai+Lama+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2FDalai-Lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ddef-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ddef_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ddef_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dalai%20lama">"Dalai lama"</a>. Dictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226010015/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dalai%20lama">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014. <q>(formerly) the ruler and chief monk of Tibet, believed to be a reincarnation of Avalokitesvara and sought for among newborn children after the death of the preceding Dalai Lama</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalai+lama&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdalai%2520lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈庆英2003" class="citation book cs1">陈庆英 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NYY36cUr9EC&pg=PA17">达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制</a>. 五洲传播出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0272-4"><bdi>978-7-5085-0272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%B6&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0272-4&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NYY36cUr9EC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> 达赖喇嘛的名号产生于公元1578年。当时格鲁派大活佛索南嘉措应土默特蒙古首领顺义王俺达汗邀请到蒙古地方弘扬佛法。在青海仰华寺,索南嘉措对藏传佛教的理论进行了广泛的阐述,使这位蒙古首领对他产生了仰慕之心,于是赠给尊号“圣识一切瓦齐尔达喇达赖喇嘛”的称号. The name Dalai Lama was created in 1578 AD, in that year, Sonam Gyatso was invited by Anda (Altan Khan), the leader of the Tümed Mongols, to Mongol area (蒙古地方) to promote Buddhism. At Yanghua Monastery in [sic] Qinghai, Sonam Gyatso gave an extensive exposition of the theories of Tibetan Buddhism, which made the Mongol leader admire him and gave him the title "Holy Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama" title. </li> <li id="cite_note-NW-4"><a href="#cite_ref-NW_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Popham2015" class="citation web cs1">Peter Popham (29 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/relentless-dalai-lama-heart-steel-302768.html">"Relentless: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Steel"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429134822/http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/relentless-dalai-lama-heart-steel-302768.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015. <q>His mystical legitimacy – of huge importance to the faithful – stems from the belief that the Dalai Lamas are manifestations of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Relentless%3A+The+Dalai+Lama%27s+Heart+of+Steel&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.au=Peter+Popham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2015%2F02%2F06%2Frelentless-dalai-lama-heart-steel-302768.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Laird 2006, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2016" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Linda (2016). Religions in the Modern World. Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85881-6"><bdi>978-0-415-85881-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-85881-6&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. Taylor and Francis. Kindle locations 2519–2522.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+the+Modern+World%3A+Traditions+and+Transformations&rft.pages=Kindle+locations+2519-2522&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantwell_and_Kawanami2016" class="citation book cs1">Cantwell and Kawanami (2016). Religions in the Modern World. Routledge. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85880-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85880-9"><bdi>978-0-415-85880-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-85880-9&rft.au=Cantwell+and+Kawanami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith107149-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith107149_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith107149_9-1">b</a> Smith 1997, pp. 107–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈庆英2003" class="citation book cs1">陈庆英 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NYY36cUr9EC&pg=PA17">达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制</a>. 五洲传播出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0272-4"><bdi>978-7-5085-0272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%B6&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0272-4&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NYY36cUr9EC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> 于是赠给尊号“圣识一切瓦齐尔达喇达赖喇嘛”的称号，“圣”，是超凡入圣，即超出尘世间之意；“识一切”，是藏传佛教对在显宗方面取得最高成就的僧人的尊称； “识一切”，是藏传佛教对在显宗方面取得最高成就的僧人的尊称；“瓦齐尔达喇“，是梵文Vajradhra的音译，译成藏语是 rdo- rje- vchange (多吉绛)，译成汉语是执金刚，这是藏传佛教对于在密宗方面取得早高成就的僧人的尊称。 So he was given the title of "Holy Knowing Everything Vazirdala Dalai Lama". "Holy" means transcending the ordinary and entering the holy, that is, beyond the world; "Knowing Everything" is a Tibetan Buddhist title for monks who have achieved the highest achievements in the exoteric teachings; "Vazirdala" is the transliteration of the Sanskrit word Vajradhra, which is translated into Tibetan as rdo-rje-vchange (Dojijiang) and translated into Chinese as Vajra, which is a Tibetan Buddhist title for monks who have achieved high achievements in the esoteric teachings. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwieger201433-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwieger201433_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwieger201433_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwieger2014">Schwieger 2014</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-陈庆英2005_p16-12"><a href="#cite_ref-陈庆英2005_p16_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈庆英2005" class="citation book cs1">陈庆英 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haMIsdC3iZwC&pg=PA16">达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英</a>. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3"><bdi>978-7-5085-0745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%B6%E8%8B%B1&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0745-3&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaMIsdC3iZwC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2019" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Joan Duncan (April 2019). Buddhism: An Introduction to the Buddha's Life, Teachings, and Practices (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">St. Martin's Essentials</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-31368-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-31368-3"><bdi>978-1-250-31368-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Buddha%27s+Life%2C+Teachings%2C+and+Practices&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Essentials&rft.date=2019-04&rft.isbn=978-1-250-31368-3&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Joan+Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Laird 2006, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_15-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150076">Dalai Lama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dalai-Lama">"Dalai Lama | Meaning, People, Facts, & History | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 10 July 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+%7C+Meaning%2C+People%2C+Facts%2C+%26+History+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDalai-Lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petech-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Petech_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetech1977" class="citation book cs1">Petech, Luciano (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf">The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D.</a> (PDF). Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Ladakh%2C+c.+950%E2%80%931842+A.D.&rft.pub=Instituto+Italiano+Per+il+Medio+ed+Estremo+Oriente&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Petech&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F48901732%2F1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/2023-11/24/content_42609192.htm">http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/2023-11/24/content_42609192.htm</a> “朵儿只唱”图记是一枚明代象牙图章，方形印面，配以狮钮，高6.1厘米、边长5.2厘米，原收藏于西藏罗布林卡，现收藏于西藏博物馆 The "Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng" seal is an ivory seal from the Ming Dynasty. It has a square seal face and a lion button. It is 6.1 cm high and 5.2 cm long. It was originally collected in the Norbulingka in Tibet and is now collected in the Tibet Museum. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Blzk5WjeZWUC&dq=%E6%9C%B5%E5%84%BF%E5%8F%AA%E5%94%B1&pg=PA102">历史的见证</a>. 五洲传播出版社. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80113-884-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80113-884-2"><bdi>978-7-80113-884-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%81%E8%AF%81&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-7-80113-884-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBlzk5WjeZWUC%26dq%3D%25E6%259C%25B5%25E5%2584%25BF%25E5%258F%25AA%25E5%2594%25B1%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988">俺答汗的孙子扯力克袭封顺义王，即向明朝政府写信，请求赐给索南嘉措“朵儿只唱”的封号。 Altan Khan's grandson Chelik inherited the title of Shunyi King and wrote a letter to the Ming government, requesting that Sonam Gyatso be granted the title of "Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng". </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> 《明实录》又载：“万历十五年（1587）十月丁卯……番僧答赖（即达赖）准升‘朵儿只唱名号，仍给敕命、图书……” <a href="/wiki/Ming_Veritable_Records" title="Ming Veritable Records">Ming Veritable Records</a>: "In the 15th year of the Wanli reign (1587), on October 11, the foreign monk Dalai (i.e., the Dalai Lama) was allowed to be promoted to the title of 'Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng' and was still given imperial edicts and books... </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jinpa2008" class="citation book cs1">Thubten Jinpa (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">"Introduction"</a>. The Book of Kadam. Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-441-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174226/http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015. <q>Available textual evidence points strongly toward the 11th and 12th centuries as the period during which the full myth of Avalokiteśvara's special destiny with Tibet was established. During this era, the belief that this compassionate spirit intervenes in the fate of the Tibetan people by manifesting as benevolent rulers and teachers took firm root</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kadam&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-441-4&rft.au=Thubten+Jinpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdompubs.org%2Fbook%2Fbook-kadam%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jinpa2008" class="citation book cs1">Thubten Jinpa (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam">The Book of Kadam</a>. Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-441-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174200/http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kadam&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-441-4&rft.au=Thubten+Jinpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdompubs.org%2Fbook%2Fbook-kadam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jinpa2008" class="citation book cs1">Thubten Jinpa (4 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">"Introduction"</a>. The Book of Kadam. Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-441-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174226/http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015. <q>Perhaps the most important legacy of the book, at least for the Tibetan people as a whole, is that it laid the foundation for the later identification of Avalokiteśvara with the lineage of the Dalai Lama</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kadam&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-04&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-441-4&rft.au=Thubten+Jinpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdompubs.org%2Fbook%2Fbook-kadam%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuttle,_GraySchaeffer,_Curtis_R.2013" class="citation book cs1">Tuttle, Gray; Schaeffer, Curtis R. (2013). The Tibetan History Reader. Columbia University Press. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51354-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51354-8"><bdi>978-0-231-51354-8</bdi></a>. <q>In Atiśa's telling, Dromtön was not only Avalokiteśvara but also a reincarnation of former Buddhist monks, laypeople, commoners, and kings. Furthermore, these reincarnations were all incarnations of that very same being, Avalokiteśvara. Van der Kuijp takes us on a tour of literary history, showing that the narrative attributed to Atiśa became a major source for both incarnation and reincarnation ideology for centuries to come." From: "The Dalai Lamas and the Origins of Reincarnate Lamas. Leonard W. J. van der Kuijp"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+History+Reader&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51354-8&rft.au=Tuttle%2C+Gray&rft.au=Schaeffer%2C+Curtis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jinpa2008" class="citation book cs1">Thubten Jinpa (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">"Introduction"</a>. The Book of Kadam. Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-441-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174226/http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015. <q>'The Book' gives ample evidence of the existence of an ancient, mythological Tibetan narrative placing the Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Dromtönpa, of his predecessors and of <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kadam&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-441-4&rft.au=Thubten+Jinpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdompubs.org%2Fbook%2Fbook-kadam%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jinpa2008" class="citation book cs1">Thubten Jinpa (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">"Introduction"</a>. The Book of Kadam. Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-441-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174226/http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015. <q>For the Tibetans, the mythic narrative that began with Avalokiteśvara's embodiment in the form of Songtsen Gampo in the seventh century—or even earlier with the mythohistorical figures of the first king of Tibet, Nyatri Tsenpo (traditionally calculated to have lived around the fifth century B.C.E.), and Lha Thothori Nyentsen (ca. third-century c.e.), during whose reign some sacred Buddhist scriptures are believed to have arrived in Tibet... continued with Dromtönpa in the eleventh century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kadam&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-441-4&rft.au=Thubten+Jinpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdompubs.org%2Fbook%2Fbook-kadam%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jinpa2008" class="citation book cs1">Thubten Jinpa (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">"Introduction"</a>. The Book of Kadam. Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-441-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-441-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174226/http://www.wisdompubs.org/book/book-kadam/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015. <q>For the Tibetans, the mythic narrative... continues today in the person of His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kadam&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-441-4&rft.au=Thubten+Jinpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdompubs.org%2Fbook%2Fbook-kadam%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Stein (1972), p. 138–139|quote=the Dalai Lama is ... a link in the chain that starts in history and leads back through legend to a deity in mythical times. The First Dalai Lama, Gedün-trup (1391–1474), was already the 51st incarnation; the teacher Dromtön, Atiśa's disciple (eleventh century), the 45th; whilst with the 26th, one Gesar king of India, and the 27th, a hare, we are in pure legend </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dalailama.com/biography/from-birth-to-exile">"The Dalai Lama – Birth to Exile"</a>. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. Office of the Dalai Lama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307105420/http://www.dalailama.com/biography/from-birth-to-exile">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2015. <q>Thus His Holiness is also believed to be a manifestation of Chenrezig, in fact the seventy-fourth in a lineage that can be traced back to a Brahmin boy who lived in the time of Buddha Shakyamuni</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=His+Holiness+the+14th+Dalai+Lama+of+Tibet&rft.atitle=The+Dalai+Lama+%E2%80%93+Birth+to+Exile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dalailama.com%2Fbiography%2Ffrom-birth-to-exile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laird138-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laird138_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laird138_31-1">b</a> Laird 2006, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-norb216-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-norb216_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-norb216_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-norb216_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-norb216_32-3">d</a> Norbu 1968, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-TN1-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TN1_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN1_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN1_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN1_35-3">d</a> Smith 1997, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Laird 2006, p. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-shak91-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shak91_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shak91_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shak91_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shak91_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shak91_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shak91_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shak91_37-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shak91_37-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shak91_37-8">i</a> Shakabpa 1984, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-laird139-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laird139_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laird139_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laird139_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laird139_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laird139_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laird139_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laird139_38-6">g</a> Laird 2006, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Laird 2006, pp. 140–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> MacKay 2003, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Laird 2006, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Laird 2006, pp. 147–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Laird 2006, pp. 149–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-陈庆英2005_p15-44"><a href="#cite_ref-陈庆英2005_p15_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈庆英2005" class="citation book cs1">陈庆英 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haMIsdC3iZwC&pg=PA15">达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英</a>. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3"><bdi>978-7-5085-0745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%B6%E8%8B%B1&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0745-3&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaMIsdC3iZwC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rich-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rich_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rich_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rich_45-2">c</a> Richardson 1984, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-mull87-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mull87_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mull87_46-1">b</a> Mullin 2001, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 90–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-mull956-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mull956_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mull956_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mull956_48-2">c</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 137–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tagliacozzo2015-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tagliacozzo2015_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tagliacozzo2015_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Tagliacozzo2015" class="citation book cs1">Eric Tagliacozzo (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rKLrBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT153">Asia Inside Out: Changing Times</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96694-9"><bdi>978-0-674-96694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Inside+Out%3A+Changing+Times&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-674-96694-9&rft.au=Eric+Tagliacozzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrKLrBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-norb215-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-norb215_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-norb215_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-norb215_51-2">c</a> Norbu 1968, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 52–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> David-Neel 2007, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-mull54-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mull54_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mull54_54-1">b</a> Mullin 2001, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 54, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Dhondub 1984, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-snel182-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snel182_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snel182_57-1">b</a> Snellgrove & Richardson 1986, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Richardson 1984, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-bell33-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bell33_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bell33_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bell33_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bell33_59-3">d</a> Bell 1946, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Smith 1997, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-mull242-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mull242_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mull242_61-1">b</a> Mullin 1983, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodong_Chogle_Namgyel" class="extiw" title="de:Bodong Chogle Namgyel">de:Bodong Chogle Namgyel</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 58–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Dhondup 1984, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 6.9 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 90–93. </li> <li 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207235713/http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf">"The Great Fifth"</a> (PDF). The Newsletter. Research. Winter 2005 (39). Leiden, the Netherlands: International Institute for Asian Studies: 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2015. <q>Over time the region's Mongols were completely Tibetanized but continued to enjoy prestige among the Tibetans as Gushri Khan's descendants and played a significant role in the Gelug Order's expansion in Amdo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Great+Fifth&rft.volume=Winter+2005&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Karmay%2C+Samten+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iias.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FIIAS_NL39_1213.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHang2016" class="citation book cs1">Hang, Henry Choi Sze (2016). "China, imperial: 8. Qing or Manchu dynasty period, 1636-1911". The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe287">10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118455074" title="Special:BookSources/9781118455074"><bdi>9781118455074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%2C+imperial%3A+8.+Qing+or+Manchu+dynasty+period%2C+1636-1911&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Empire&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe287&rft.isbn=9781118455074&rft.aulast=Hang&rft.aufirst=Henry+Choi+Sze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1997,_pp._108–113-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1997,_pp._108–113_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1997,_pp._108–113_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1997,_pp._108–113_143-2">c</a> Smith 1997, pp. 108–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-陈庆英2005_p41-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-陈庆英2005_p41_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-陈庆英2005_p41_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈庆英2005" class="citation book cs1">陈庆英 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haMIsdC3iZwC&pg=PA41">达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英</a>. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 41–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3"><bdi>978-7-5085-0745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%B6%E8%8B%B1&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0745-3&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaMIsdC3iZwC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-K309-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K309_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K309_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K309_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K309_145-3">d</a> Karmay 2014, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-王家伟尼玛坚赞1997-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王家伟尼玛坚赞1997_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-王家伟尼玛坚赞1997_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-王家伟尼玛坚赞1997_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-王家伟尼玛坚赞1997_146-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF王家伟尼玛坚赞1997" class="citation book cs1">王家伟; 尼玛坚赞 (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWCa0NSILSsC&pg=PA38">中国西藏的历史地位</a>. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 38–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80113-303-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80113-303-8"><bdi>978-7-80113-303-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D&rft.pages=38-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-7-80113-303-8&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%BC%9F&rft.au=%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%9B%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeWCa0NSILSsC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Karmay 2014, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-TN6-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TN6_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN6_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN6_148-2">c</a> Smith 1997, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Snellgrove & Richardson 1968, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Stein 1972, p. 84–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-mull83244-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mull83244_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mull83244_151-1">b</a> Mullin 1983, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006181–182-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006181–182_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaird2006">Laird 2006</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/249874340_100094486">"史上最美"情僧"，六世达赖仓央嘉措因何被废？_西藏"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sohu&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E7%BE%8E%22%E6%83%85%E5%83%A7%22%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E4%BB%93%E5%A4%AE%E5%98%89%E6%8E%AA%E5%9B%A0%E4%BD%95%E8%A2%AB%E5%BA%9F%EF%BC%9F_%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F249874340_100094486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988">桑结嘉措，为了继续利用五世达赖的权威掌管藏传佛教格鲁派（黄教）事务，秘不发丧，向外界宣布... 1696年，康熙皇帝在平定准噶尔的叛乱中，从俘虏那里偶然得知西藏五世达赖已圆寂多年。 In order to continue to use the authority of the Fifth Dalai Lama to manage the affairs of the Gelugpa (Yellow Sect) of Tibetan Buddhism, Sangye Gyatso kept the death a secret and announced it to the outside world.... In 1696, while suppressing the rebellion of Dzungar, Emperor Kangxi accidentally learned from the captives that the Fifth Dalai Lama of Tibet had passed away many years ago. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 245–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Karenina Kollmar-Paulenz, Kleine Geschichte Tibets, München 2006, pp. 109–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1997,_p._121-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1997,_p._121_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1997,_p._121_156-1">b</a> Smith 1997, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/249874340_100094486">"史上最美"情僧"，六世达赖仓央嘉措因何被废？_西藏"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sohu&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E7%BE%8E%22%E6%83%85%E5%83%A7%22%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E4%BB%93%E5%A4%AE%E5%98%89%E6%8E%AA%E5%9B%A0%E4%BD%95%E8%A2%AB%E5%BA%9F%EF%BC%9F_%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F249874340_100094486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> 桑结嘉措终于决定先下手为强，他秘密派人在和硕特首领拉藏汗的饭中下毒，却被发现，拉藏汗大怒，立刻调集大军击溃藏军，杀死桑结嘉措，并致书清政府，奏报桑结嘉措谋反，又报告说桑结嘉措所立的六世达赖仓央嘉措沉溺酒色，不理教务，不是真正的达赖，请予贬废。康熙皇帝于是下旨：“拉藏汗因奏废桑结所立六世达赖，诏送京师。” Sangye Gyatso finally decided to strike first. He secretly sent someone to poison the food of Khoshut leader Lhazang Khan, but was discovered. Lhazang Khan was furious and immediately mobilized a large army to defeat the Tibetan army and kill Sangye Gyatso. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/249874340_100094486">"史上最美"情僧"，六世达赖仓央嘉措因何被废？_西藏"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sohu&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E7%BE%8E%22%E6%83%85%E5%83%A7%22%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E4%BB%93%E5%A4%AE%E5%98%89%E6%8E%AA%E5%9B%A0%E4%BD%95%E8%A2%AB%E5%BA%9F%EF%BC%9F_%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F249874340_100094486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> 1706年，仓央嘉措在押解途中，行至青海湖畔去世，据《圣祖实录》记载：“拉藏送来假达赖喇嘛，行至西宁口外病故”，时年24岁。 In 1706, Tsangyang Gyatso died on the shore of Qinghai Lake while being escorted. According to the "Records of the Emperor Kangxi", "Lazang sent a fake Dalai Lama, who died of illness outside Xining." He was 24 years old. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 260–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-HarperCollins-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarperCollins_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarperCollins_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarperCollins_160-2">c</a> Smith 1997, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> McKay 2003, p. 569. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Richardson 1984, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullin_2001,_p.276-281-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mullin_2001,_p.276-281_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullin_2001,_p.276-281_164-1">b</a> Mullin 2001, p. 276–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-Society-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Society_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestern_Shugden_Society" class="citation book cs1">Western Shugden Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uySE2XJVq4C&pg=PP161">A Great Deception: The Ruling Lamas' Policies</a>. Tharpa Publications US. pp. 161–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9563918-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9563918-8-9"><bdi>978-0-9563918-8-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+Deception%3A+The+Ruling+Lamas%27+Policies&rft.pages=161-&rft.pub=Tharpa+Publications+US&rft.isbn=978-0-9563918-8-9&rft.au=Western+Shugden+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-uySE2XJVq4C%26pg%3DPP161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Smith 1997, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 285–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Smith 1997, pp. 123–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Smith 1997, pp. 122–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1997,_pp._123–4-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1997,_pp._123–4_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1997,_pp._123–4_172-1">b</a> Smith 1997, pp. 123–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullin_2001,_pp._286–7-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mullin_2001,_pp._286–7_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullin_2001,_pp._286–7_173-1">b</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 286–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Richardson 1984, pp. 48–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein_1972,_p._85-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_1972,_p._85_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_1972,_p._85_175-1">b</a> Stein 1972, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 287–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Smith 1997, pp. 124–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Smith 1997, pp. 124–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullin_2001,_p.291-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mullin_2001,_p.291_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mullin_2001,_p.291_180-1">b</a> Mullin 2001, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-TN7-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TN7_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN7_181-1">b</a> Smith 1997, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Smith 1997, pp. 125–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Smith 1997, pp. 129–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Shakabpa 1967, pp. 147–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Smith 1997, p. 130–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Van Schaik 2011, p. 144; Shakabpa 1967, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Smith 1997, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Smith 1997, p. 132–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 302, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuhasini_Haidar2014" class="citation news cs1">Suhasini Haidar (1 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/at-lhasa-tibetans-still-pray-for-dalai-lamas-return/article6367393.ece">"At Lhasa, Tibetans still pray for Dalai Lama's return"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903220607/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/at-lhasa-tibetans-still-pray-for-dalai-lamas-return/article6367393.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=At+Lhasa%2C+Tibetans+still+pray+for+Dalai+Lama%27s+return&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.au=Suhasini+Haidar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fat-lhasa-tibetans-still-pray-for-dalai-lamas-return%2Farticle6367393.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721213614/http://worldheritage.routes.travel/world-heritage-site/the-potala-palace-jokhang-temple-and-norbulingka-tibet/">"Introduction to The Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka, Tibet"</a>. World Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldheritage.routes.travel/world-heritage-site/the-potala-palace-jokhang-temple-and-norbulingka-tibet/">the original</a> on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015. <q>Norbulingka was built in the 1700s by the seventh Dalai Lama and served as the regular dwelling of future Dalai Lamas. It is also referred to as the Summer Palace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+The+Potala+Palace%2C+Jokhang+Temple+and+Norbulingka%2C+Tibet&rft.pub=World+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldheritage.routes.travel%2Fworld-heritage-site%2Fthe-potala-palace-jokhang-temple-and-norbulingka-tibet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Smith 1997, pp. 133, 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-陈庆英2005_106-194"><a href="#cite_ref-陈庆英2005_106_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈庆英2005" class="citation book cs1">陈庆英 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haMIsdC3iZwC&pg=PA106">达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英</a>. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 106–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3"><bdi>978-7-5085-0745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%B6%E8%8B%B1&rft.pages=106-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0745-3&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaMIsdC3iZwC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang尼玛坚赞1997_p70-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Wang尼玛坚赞1997_p70_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiawei_Wang尼玛坚赞1997" class="citation book cs1">Jiawei Wang; 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Retrieved 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Treasury+of+Lives&rft.atitle=The+Second+Tsemonling%2C+Ngawang+Jampel+Tsultrim+Gyatso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreasuryoflives.org%2Fbiographies%2Fview%2FTrichen-73-Ngawang-Jampel-Tsultrim-Gyatso%2F6979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M361-7-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M361-7_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M361-7_231-1">b</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 361–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-S176-81-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S176-81_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S176-81_232-1">b</a> Shakabpa 1984, pp. 176–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-陈庆英2005_p91-233"><a href="#cite_ref-陈庆英2005_p91_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈庆英_(Chen_Qingying)2005" class="citation book cs1">陈庆英 (Chen Qingying) (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haMIsdC3iZwC&pg=PA91">达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英</a>. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 91–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3"><bdi>978-7-5085-0745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%B6%E8%8B%B1&rft.pages=91-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0745-3&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1+%28Chen+Qingying%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaMIsdC3iZwC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/2022-08/29/content_42086423.htm">"【活佛转世】陈庆英等：认定十一世、十二世达赖喇嘛的经过"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%90%E6%B4%BB%E4%BD%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E3%80%91%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1%E7%AD%89%EF%BC%9A%E8%AE%A4%E5%AE%9A%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E3%80%81%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%8F%E8%BF%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibetology.ac.cn%2F2022-08%2F29%2Fcontent_42086423.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M367-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M367_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M367_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M367_235-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M367_235-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M367_235-4">e</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 367–373. </li> <li id="cite_note-S188-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S188_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S188_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S188_236-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S188_236-3">d</a> Shakabpa 1984, pp. 188–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sm140-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sm140_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sm140_237-1">b</a> Smith 1997, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Mullin 2001, pp. 373–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Shakabpa 1984, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-Guangxu_1877-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guangxu_1877_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guangxu_1877_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">光绪三年（一八七七年），由八世班禅丹白旺秀和摄政王公德林呼图克图、三大寺和扎什伦布寺的全体僧俗官员，联名要求驻藏大臣转奏朝廷，以只选定了一名灵童，且经各方公认，请免予金瓶制签。当年三月，光绪帝谕旨:"贡噶仁钦之子罗布藏塔布开甲木措，即作为达赖喇嘛之呼毕勒罕，毋庸制签，钦此。"</bdi> [In the third year of Guangxu (1877), the eighth Panchen Lama Danbai Wangxiu and the regent Delin Hutuktu, all monks and lay officials from the Three Great Temples and Tashilhunpo Monastery jointly asked the Minister in Tibet to transfer to the court. Since only one soul boy has been selected, and it has been recognized by all parties, please be exempt from signing the golden bottle. In March of that year, Emperor Guangxu issued a decree: "Lob Zangtab, son of Gongga Rinqin, opened Jiamucuo, that is, as the call of the Dalai Lama, Bielehan, there is no need to make a lottery."]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%B1%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85%E4%B8%B9%E7%99%BD%E6%97%BA%E7%A7%80%E5%92%8C%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%BE%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%91%BC%E5%9B%BE%E5%85%8B%E5%9B%BE%E3%80%81%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%92%8C%E6%89%8E%E4%BB%80%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%AF%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E5%83%A7%E4%BF%97%E5%AE%98%E5%91%98%EF%BC%8C%E8%81%94%E5%90%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E9%A9%BB%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E8%BD%AC%E5%A5%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%AA%E9%80%89%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%80%E5%90%8D%E7%81%B5%E7%AB%A5%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%94%E7%BB%8F%E5%90%84%E6%96%B9%E5%85%AC%E8%AE%A4%EF%BC%8C%E8%AF%B7%E5%85%8D%E4%BA%88%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E5%88%B6%E7%AD%BE%E3%80%82%E5%BD%93%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%89%E7%BB%AA%E5%B8%9D%E8%B0%95%E6%97%A8%3A%22%E8%B4%A1%E5%99%B6%E4%BB%81%E9%92%A6%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%90%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%83%E8%97%8F%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%80%E7%94%B2%E6%9C%A8%E6%8E%AA%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%B3%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%91%BC%E6%AF%95%E5%8B%92%E7%BD%95%EF%BC%8C%E6%AF%8B%E5%BA%B8%E5%88%B6%E7%AD%BE%EF%BC%8C%E9%92%A6%E6%AD%A4%E3%80%82%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheel198924,_29-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheel198924,_29_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheel1989">Sheel 1989</a>, pp. 24, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darjeeling-unlimited.com/declaration.html">Darjeeling Unlimited :: Tibetan Declaration of Independence</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026171012/http://www.darjeeling-unlimited.com/declaration.html">archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021, retrieved 24 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darjeeling+Unlimited+%3A%3A+Tibetan+Declaration+of+Independence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darjeeling-unlimited.com%2Fdeclaration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509122054/https://sites.google.com/site/legalmaterialsontibet/home/nepal-un-app">Nepal UN App - Legal Materials on Tibet</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/legalmaterialsontibet/home/nepal-un-app">the original</a> on 9 May 2022, retrieved 24 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal+UN+App+-+Legal+Materials+on+Tibet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Flegalmaterialsontibet%2Fhome%2Fnepal-un-app&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bodrigpunda.org/the-forgotten-history-of-tibets-role-in-nepals-1949-un-application/">The Forgotten History of Tibet's Role in Nepal's 1949 UN Application | Bodrigpunda Association</a>, 4 September 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410220253/https://bodrigpunda.org/the-forgotten-history-of-tibets-role-in-nepals-1949-un-application/">archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023, retrieved 24 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+History+of+Tibet%27s+Role+in+Nepal%27s+1949+UN+Application+%26%23124%3B+Bodrigpunda+Association&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbodrigpunda.org%2Fthe-forgotten-history-of-tibets-role-in-nepals-1949-un-application%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/nepals-cautious-approach-to-the-tibetan-question/">"Nepal's Cautious Approach to the Tibetan Question"</a>. thediplomat.com. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130607/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/27/china.jamessturcke">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+defies+China+over+successor&rft.aulast=Sturcke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fnov%2F27%2Fchina.jamessturcke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagle2014" class="citation book cs1">Nagle, Jeanne (15 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9I0gBAAAQBAJ&q=dalai+lama+family+humble+origins&pg=PT9">The Dalai Lama: Spiritual Leader of the Tibetan People</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781622754410" title="Special:BookSources/9781622754410"><bdi>9781622754410</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410220310/https://books.google.com/books?id=9I0gBAAAQBAJ&q=dalai+lama+family+humble+origins&pg=PT9">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dalai+Lama%3A+Spiritual+Leader+of+the+Tibetan+People&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.isbn=9781622754410&rft.aulast=Nagle&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9I0gBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddalai%2Blama%2Bfamily%2Bhumble%2Borigins%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Committee2008-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Committee2008_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain:_Parliament:_House_of_Commons:_Foreign_Affairs_Committee2008" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee (20 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7dJbld9PzQC&pg=PA124">Human Rights Annual Report 2007: Ninth Report of Session 2007–08, Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence</a>. The Stationery Office. pp. 124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-215-52193-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-215-52193-4"><bdi>978-0-215-52193-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Annual+Report+2007%3A+Ninth+Report+of+Session+2007%E2%80%9308%2C+Report%2C+Together+with+Formal+Minutes%2C+Oral+and+Written+Evidence&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2008-07-20&rft.isbn=978-0-215-52193-4&rft.au=Great+Britain%3A+Parliament%3A+House+of+Commons%3A+Foreign+Affairs+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7dJbld9PzQC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ymhKAQAAIAAJ">統一論壇</a>. 統一論壇雜誌社. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87&rft.pub=%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DymhKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> |quote=据统计,民主改革前,十四世达赖喇嘛家族在西藏占有 27 座庄园、 30 个牧场,拥有农牧奴 6000 多人 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF司仁格旺1977" class="citation book cs1">司仁; 格旺 (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etOVRV2Lr6oC&pg=PA23">十四世达赖喇嘛</a>. 五洲传播出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787801132987" title="Special:BookSources/9787801132987"><bdi>9787801132987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9787801132987&rft.au=%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%81&rft.au=%E6%A0%BC%E6%97%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetOVRV2Lr6oC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> |quote=拉萨西北50公里处的堆龙德庆县色村，民主改革前是十四世达赖喇嘛家的庄园。当时庄囩里20户差巴(农奴)。 </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">1940年2月5日，国民政府正式颁发命令："青海灵童拉木登珠，慧性湛深，灵异特著，查系第十三辈达赖喇嘛转世，应即免予抽签，特准继任为第十四辈达赖喇嘛。此令。"</bdi> [On February 5, 1940, the National Government formally issued an order: "The Qinghai soul boy, Lamu Dengzhu, has profound wisdom, and a special book. The reincarnation of the 13th generation of the Dalai Lama should be exempted from drawing lots and succeeded to the 14th generation of Dalai Lama. By order."]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1940%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%885%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E9%A2%81%E5%8F%91%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%EF%BC%9A%22%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%81%B5%E7%AB%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%A8%E7%99%BB%E7%8F%A0%EF%BC%8C%E6%85%A7%E6%80%A7%E6%B9%9B%E6%B7%B1%EF%BC%8C%E7%81%B5%E5%BC%82%E7%89%B9%E8%91%97%EF%BC%8C%E6%9F%A5%E7%B3%BB%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E8%BE%88%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%8C%E5%BA%94%E5%8D%B3%E5%85%8D%E4%BA%88%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%BE%EF%BC%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%87%86%E7%BB%A7%E4%BB%BB%E4%B8%BA%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E8%BE%88%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E3%80%82%E6%AD%A4%E4%BB%A4%E3%80%82%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yuan-254"><a href="#cite_ref-yuan_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930211113/http://www.livingbuddha.us.com/view-a4a452dadc42426184aa073f08dd26fb.html">"Executive Yuan's Report to the National Government Regarding the Request to Approve Lhamo Thondup to Succeed the Fourteenth Dalai lama and to Appropriate Expenditure for His Enthronement"</a>. The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingbuddha.us.com/view-a4a452dadc42426184aa073f08dd26fb.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reincarnation+of+Living+Buddhas&rft.atitle=Executive+Yuan%27s+Report+to+the+National+Government+Regarding+the+Request+to+Approve+Lhamo+Thondup+to+Succeed+the+Fourteenth+Dalai+lama+and+to+Appropriate+Expenditure+for+His+Enthronement&rft.date=1940&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingbuddha.us.com%2Fview-a4a452dadc42426184aa073f08dd26fb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/590418_Tezpur_Statement.pdf">"Statement issued at Tezpur"</a> (PDF). The Dalai Lama's Press Statements. 18 April 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111232212/http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/590418_Tezpur_Statement.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dalai+Lama%27s+Press+Statements&rft.atitle=Statement+issued+at+Tezpur&rft.date=1959-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archieve.claudearpi.net%2Fmaintenance%2Fuploaded_pics%2F590418_Tezpur_Statement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Powers, John. History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China (2004) Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517426-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517426-7">978-0-19-517426-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein2007-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein2007_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvyn_C._Goldstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Melvyn C. Goldstein (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wg6RXkS_3M0C&pg=PA232">A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951–1955</a>. University of California Press. pp. 232–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24941-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24941-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606092602/https://books.google.com/books?id=wg6RXkS_3M0C&pg=PA232%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2021. <q>Your Holiness will understand, of course, that the readiness of the United States to render you the assistance and support outlined above is conditional upon your departure from Tibet, upon your public disavowal of agreements concluded under duress between the representatives of Tibet and those of the Chinese Communist aggression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tibet%2C+Volume+2%3A+The+Calm+Before+the+Storm%3A+1951%E2%80%931955&rft.pages=232-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007-08&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24941-7&rft.au=Melvyn+C.+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwg6RXkS_3M0C%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tibet.net/en/index.php?id=9">Tibet in Exile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222005721/http://tibet.net/en/index.php?id=9">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CTA Official website. Retrieved 15 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrolic.com/dalai-lama-intends-to-retire-as-head-of-tibetan-state-in-exile-148540/">Dalai Lama Intends To Retire As Head of Tibetan State In Exile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727135808/http://www.metrolic.com/dalai-lama-intends-to-retire-as-head-of-tibetan-state-in-exile-148540/">Archived</a> 27 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Mihai-Silviu Chirila (23 November 2010), Metrolic. Retrieved 2010-12-15. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/02/world/world-news-briefs-dalai-lama-group-says-it-got-money-from-cia.html">"Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A."</a> The New York Times. 2 October 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014181454/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/02/world/world-news-briefs-dalai-lama-group-says-it-got-money-from-cia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+Group+Says+It+Got+Money+From+C.I.A.&rft.date=1998-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F10%2F02%2Fworld%2Fworld-news-briefs-dalai-lama-group-says-it-got-money-from-cia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2008" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Denis (27 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204114944/http://atimes.com/atimes/China/JK27Ad01.html">"Tibetans stick to the 'middle way'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a>. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Tibetans+stick+to+the+%27middle+way%27&rft.date=2008-11-27&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FChina%2FJK27Ad01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxena2009" class="citation news cs1">Saxena, Shobhan (31 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/The-burden-of-being-Dalai-Lama/articleshow/5183939.cms">"The burden of being Dalai Lama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103054830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-31/india/28072137_1_tawang-14th-dalai-lama-lhasa">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2010. <q>If the middle path fails in the short term, we will be forced to opt for complete independence or self-determination as per the UN charter</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+burden+of+being+Dalai+Lama&rft.date=2009-10-31&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=Shobhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FThe-burden-of-being-Dalai-Lama%2Farticleshow%2F5183939.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrispoll-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrispoll_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegina_A._Corso2013" class="citation web cs1">Regina A. Corso (29 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040958/http://www.theharrispoll.com/politics/The_Dalai_Lama__President_Obama_and_Pope_Francis_at_Highest_Levels_of_Popularity_in_U_S__and_Five_Largest_European_Countries.html">"The Dalai Lama, President Obama and Pope Francis at Highest Levels of Popularity in U.S. and Five Largest European Countries"</a>. New York: Harris, A Nielsen Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theharrispoll.com/politics/The_Dalai_Lama__President_Obama_and_Pope_Francis_at_Highest_Levels_of_Popularity_in_U_S__and_Five_Largest_European_Countries.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dalai+Lama%2C+President+Obama+and+Pope+Francis+at+Highest+Levels+of+Popularity+in+U.S.+and+Five+Largest+European+Countries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harris%2C+A+Nielsen+Company&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.au=Regina+A.+Corso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theharrispoll.com%2Fpolitics%2FThe_Dalai_Lama__President_Obama_and_Pope_Francis_at_Highest_Levels_of_Popularity_in_U_S__and_Five_Largest_European_Countries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dalai-lama-says-tibet-wants-to-remain-part-of-china/1/341687.html">"Dalai Lama says Tibet wants to remain part of China"</a>. 4 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315000855/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dalai-lama-says-tibet-wants-to-remain-part-of-china/1/341687.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dalai+Lama+says+Tibet+wants+to+remain+part+of+China&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Fdalai-lama-says-tibet-wants-to-remain-part-of-china%2F1%2F341687.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/international/5282-we-want-to-stay-within-china-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-of-tibet">"We want to stay within China: His Holiness the Dalai Lama of Tibet"</a>. 19 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315003852/http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/international/5282-we-want-to-stay-within-china-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-of-tibet">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+want+to+stay+within+China%3A+His+Holiness+the+Dalai+Lama+of+Tibet&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetibetpost.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F5282-we-want-to-stay-within-china-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-of-tibet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20180912-dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-europeans">"Dalai Lama says 'Europe belongs to Europeans'"</a>. France 24. 12 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314054736/https://www.france24.com/en/20180912-dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-europeans">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+says+%27Europe+belongs+to+Europeans%27&rft.date=2018-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20180912-dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-europeans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/dalai-lama-europe-refugee-crisis-immigration-eu-racism-tibet-buddhist-a8537221.html">"Dalai Lama says 'Europe belongs to the Europeans' and suggests refugees return to native countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 14 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319203152/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/dalai-lama-europe-refugee-crisis-immigration-eu-racism-tibet-buddhist-a8537221.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+says+%27Europe+belongs+to+the+Europeans%27+and+suggests+refugees+return+to+native+countries&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdalai-lama-europe-refugee-crisis-immigration-eu-racism-tibet-buddhist-a8537221.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/27/world/dalai-lama-female-successor-europe-trump-bbc-trnd/index.html">"The Dalai Lama just said some (more) controversial things about women and migrants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 27 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205171137/http://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/27/world/dalai-lama-female-successor-europe-trump-bbc-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Dalai+Lama+just+said+some+%28more%29+controversial+things+about+women+and+migrants&rft.date=2019-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F06%2F27%2Fworld%2Fdalai-lama-female-successor-europe-trump-bbc-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tibet-dalai-lama-exclusive/exclusive-dalai-lama-contemplates-chinese-gambit-after-his-death-idUSKCN1QZ1NS">"Exclusive: Dalai Lama contemplates Chinese gambit after his death"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Dalai+Lama+contemplates+Chinese+gambit+after+his+death&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-tibet-dalai-lama-exclusive%2Fexclusive-dalai-lama-contemplates-chinese-gambit-after-his-death-idUSKCN1QZ1NS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dalai-lama-contemplates-chinese-gambit-after-his-death/articleshow/68475487.cms">"Dalai Lama contemplates Chinese gambit after his death"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+contemplates+Chinese+gambit+after+his+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fdalai-lama-contemplates-chinese-gambit-after-his-death%2Farticleshow%2F68475487.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXia" class="citation web cs1">Xia, Xiaohua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002230324/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/hx1-10022020091411.html">"The Dalai Lama emphasizes that he does not support Tibetan independence and hopes to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner"</a>. RFA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/hx1-10022020091411.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFA&rft.atitle=The+Dalai+Lama+emphasizes+that+he+does+not+support+Tibetan+independence+and+hopes+to+visit+China+as+a+Nobel+Prize+winner&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Xiaohua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fmandarin%2Fyataibaodao%2Fshaoshuminzu%2Fhx1-10022020091411.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dalai-lama-dalai-lama-news-what-dalai-lama-said-on-indias-role-in-religious-harmony-in-the-world-2659307">"What Dalai Lama Said On India's Role In World's Religious Harmony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. 19 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312233226/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dalai-lama-dalai-lama-news-what-dalai-lama-said-on-indias-role-in-religious-harmony-in-the-world-2659307">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. 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Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dalai+Lama+apologizes+for+video+of+him+kissing+boy&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Fworld%2F2023%2F04%2F10%2Fdalai-lama-kiss-young-boy-apology-vedika-sud-ovn-intl-ldn-vpx.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/dalai-lama-apologises-after-video-asking-boy-suck-my-tongue-2023-04-10/">"Dalai Lama apologises after video asking boy to suck his tongue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 10 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410094340/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/dalai-lama-apologises-after-video-asking-boy-suck-my-tongue-2023-04-10/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+apologises+after+video+asking+boy+to+suck+his+tongue&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Findia%2Fdalai-lama-apologises-after-video-asking-boy-suck-my-tongue-2023-04-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/10/india/dalai-lama-apology-kissing-boy-video-intl-hnk/index.html">"Dalai Lama apologizes after video asking child to 'suck' his tongue sparks outcry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 10 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410083241/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/10/india/dalai-lama-apology-kissing-boy-video-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+apologizes+after+video+asking+child+to+%27suck%27+his+tongue+sparks+outcry&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F04%2F10%2Findia%2Fdalai-lama-apology-kissing-boy-video-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Shakabpa 1984, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-Laird_2006,_p._177-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laird_2006,_p._177_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laird_2006,_p._177_278-1">b</a> Laird 2006, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklynrail.org/2008/04/express/dispatches-from-the-tibetan-front-dharamsala-india">"Dispatches from the Tibetan Front: Dharamshala, India,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423072304/http://www.brooklynrail.org/2008/04/express/dispatches-from-the-tibetan-front-dharamsala-india">Archived</a> 23 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Litia Perta, The Brooklyn Rail, 4 April 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-sdpcnw-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sdpcnw_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdpcnw_280-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdpcnw_280-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdpcnw_280-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/people/dalailama_1.shtml">"The Dalai Lama"</a>. BBC. 21 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104192733/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/people/dalailama_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dalai+Lama&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fbuddhism%2Fpeople%2Fdalailama_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley,_Chris2015" class="citation web cs1">Buckley, Chris (11 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/12/world/asia/chinas-tensions-with-dalai-lama-spill-into-the-afterlife.html">"China's Tensions With Dalai Lama Spill into the Afterlife"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/12/world/asia/chinas-tensions-with-dalai-lama-spill-into-the-afterlife.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Tensions+With+Dalai+Lama+Spill+into+the+Afterlife&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F12%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchinas-tensions-with-dalai-lama-spill-into-the-afterlife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331073155/http://www.tibettravel.info/tibetan-buddhism/confirmation-of-reincarnation.html">"Dalai Lama's confirmation of reincarnation"</a>. Tibet Travel info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibettravel.info/tibetan-buddhism/confirmation-of-reincarnation.html">the original</a> on 31 March 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dalai+Lama%27s+confirmation+of+reincarnation&rft.pub=Tibet+Travel+info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibettravel.info%2Ftibetan-buddhism%2Fconfirmation-of-reincarnation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16689779">"Tibet profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 25 August 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tibet+profile&rft.date=2023-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-16689779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-posthumous-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-posthumous_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-posthumous_284-1">b</a> The title "Dalai Lama" was conferred posthumously to the 1st and 2nd Dalai Lamas. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiquekeeper.ca/?p=109828">"趟徉历史的长廊：净心之旅西行漫记奔向世界屋脊西藏（6-2）布达拉宫和藏传佛教 – [临渊阁]天地一家春"</a>. October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B6%9F%E5%BE%89%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E9%95%BF%E5%BB%8A%EF%BC%9A+%E5%87%80%E5%BF%83%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85+%E8%A5%BF%E8%A1%8C%E6%BC%AB%E8%AE%B0+%E5%A5%94%E5%90%91%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%B1%8B%E8%84%8A%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%EF%BC%886-2%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AB%E5%92%8C%E8%97%8F%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99+%E2%80%93+%26%2391%3B%E4%B8%B4%E6%B8%8A%E9%98%81%26%2393%3B%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%B6%E6%98%A5&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquekeeper.ca%2F%3Fp%3D109828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> 乾隆皇帝颁给八世达赖喇嘛的金印 གོང་མ་གནམ་སྐྱོང་གིས་ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་སྐུ་ཕྲེང་བརྒྱད་པར་གནང་བའི་གསེར་ཐམ། Golden seal conferred upon the Eighth Dalai Lama by Emperor Qianlong 金汉、藏、满、蒙文约清乾隆四十六年（1781）10.5×10厘米民族文化宫博物馆藏 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang尼玛坚赞1997" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Jiawei; 尼玛坚赞 (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak3SQTVS7acC&pg=PA71">The Historical Status of China's Tibet</a>. 五洲传播出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80113-304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80113-304-5"><bdi>978-7-80113-304-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Status+of+China%27s+Tibet&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-7-80113-304-5&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Jiawei&rft.au=%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%9B%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak3SQTVS7acC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> The 9th Dalai Lama was allowed to use the seal of authority given to the late 8th Dalai Lama by the Emperor of China </li> <li id="cite_note-ChenQingying-287"><a href="#cite_ref-ChenQingying_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenQingying2005" class="citation book cs1">ChenQingying (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haMIsdC3iZwC&pg=PA80">The System of the Dalai Lama Reincarnation</a>. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 80–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3"><bdi>978-7-5085-0745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+System+of+the+Dalai+Lama+Reincarnation&rft.pages=80-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0745-3&rft.au=ChenQingying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaMIsdC3iZwC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陈庆英Chen2005" class="citation book cs1">陈庆英; Chen, Qingying (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haMIsdC3iZwC&pg=PA89">The System of the Dalai Lama Reincarnation</a>. 五洲传播出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3"><bdi>978-7-5085-0745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+System+of+the+Dalai+Lama+Reincarnation&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0745-3&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1&rft.au=Chen%2C+Qingying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaMIsdC3iZwC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> The soul boy worshipped to the east on bended kneeds on a cusion, accepted the golden sheets of confirmation and golden seal of authority awarded by the Emperor, reverently listened to the decree, and exchanged hada scarves with the High Commissioners. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Biography of the 12th Dalai Lama </li> <li id="cite_note-ohhdl-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohhdl_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohhdl_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dalailama.com/biography/chronology-of-events">"Chronology of Events"</a>. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401120625/http://dalailama.com/biography/chronology-of-events">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=His+Holiness+the+14th+Dalai+Lama+of+Tibet&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dalailama.com%2Fbiography%2Fchronology-of-events&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiquekeeper.ca/?p=109828">"趟徉历史的长廊：净心之旅西行漫记奔向世界屋脊西藏（6-2）布达拉宫和藏传佛教 – [临渊阁]天地一家春"</a>. October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B6%9F%E5%BE%89%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E9%95%BF%E5%BB%8A%EF%BC%9A+%E5%87%80%E5%BF%83%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85+%E8%A5%BF%E8%A1%8C%E6%BC%AB%E8%AE%B0+%E5%A5%94%E5%90%91%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%B1%8B%E8%84%8A%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%EF%BC%886-2%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AB%E5%92%8C%E8%97%8F%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99+%E2%80%93+%26%2391%3B%E4%B8%B4%E6%B8%8A%E9%98%81%26%2393%3B%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%B6%E6%98%A5&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquekeeper.ca%2F%3Fp%3D109828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> 《国民政府特准拉木登珠免予掣签继任十四世达赖喇嘛及拨发坐床大典经费令》The National Government's Decree on the Special Approval of Recognizing La mo don grub as the Fourteenth Dalai Lama with An Exemption of Drawing Lots and the Appropriation of the Expenditure for His Enthronement </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <a href="/wiki/F._Spencer_Chapman" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Spencer Chapman">Chapman, F. Spencer</a>. (1940). Lhasa: The Holy City, p. 127. Readers Union Ltd. London. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullin276-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Mullin276_293-0">^</a> Mullin 2001, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_H._Mullin" title="Glenn H. Mullin">Glenn H. Mullin</a>, "Faces of the Dalai Lama: Reflections on the Man and the Tradition," Quest, vol. 6, no. 3, Autumn 1993, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Verhaegen 2002, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3743742/dalai-lama-china-reincarnation-tibet-buddhism/">"China Says It Will Decide Who the Dalai Lama Shall Be Reincarnated As"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 13 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218233702/http://time.com/3743742/dalai-lama-china-reincarnation-tibet-buddhism/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=China+Says+It+Will+Decide+Who+the+Dalai+Lama+Shall+Be+Reincarnated+As&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3743742%2Fdalai-lama-china-reincarnation-tibet-buddhism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/murder-in-tibets-high-places-62805827">"Murder in Tibet's High Places"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. 10 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223010656/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/murder-in-tibets-high-places-62805827/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Murder+in+Tibet%27s+High+Places&rft.date=2012-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fmurder-in-tibets-high-places-62805827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dalailama.com/messages/statement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his-reincarnation">"Reincarnation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>. 24 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514084334/http://www.dalailama.com/messages/statement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his-reincarnation">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reincarnation&rft.pub=14th+Dalai+Lama&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dalailama.com%2Fmessages%2Fstatement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his-reincarnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis-Petersencorrespondent2021" class="citation news cs1">Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; correspondent, Hannah Ellis-Petersen South Asia (31 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/31/tibet-and-china-clash-over-next-reincarnation-of-the-dalai-lama">"Tibet and China clash over next reincarnation of the Dalai Lama"</a>. The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Tibet+and+China+clash+over+next+reincarnation+of+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.date=2021-07-31&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Ellis-Petersen&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=correspondent%2C+Hannah+Ellis-Petersen+South+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjul%2F31%2Ftibet-and-china-clash-over-next-reincarnation-of-the-dalai-lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/79313edf55b390fb26ce1652bc9fb1d5">"China says boy picked by Dalai Lama now a college graduate"</a>. AP NEWS. 19 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520084828/https://apnews.com/79313edf55b390fb26ce1652bc9fb1d5">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=China+says+boy+picked+by+Dalai+Lama+now+a+college+graduate&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F79313edf55b390fb26ce1652bc9fb1d5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaDaily-301"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaDaily_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-08/04/content_5448242.htm">"Reincarnation of living Buddha needs gov't approval"</a>. China Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325155356/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-08/04/content_5448242.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Reincarnation+of+living+Buddha+needs+gov%27t+approval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2007-08%2F04%2Fcontent_5448242.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRameshWatts2007" class="citation news cs1">Ramesh, Randeep; Watts, Jonathan (28 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/28/china.religion">"Dalai Lama challenges China – with a referendum on reincarnation"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/28/china.religion">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dalai+Lama+challenges+China+%E2%80%93+with+a+referendum+on+reincarnation&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft.aulast=Ramesh&rft.aufirst=Randeep&rft.au=Watts%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fnov%2F28%2Fchina.religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama%27s_representative_talks_about_China,_Tibet,_Shugden_and_the_next_Dalai_Lama" class="extiw" title="n:Dalai Lama's representative talks about China, Tibet, Shugden and the next Dalai Lama">Interview with Tashi Wangdi</a>, David Shankbone, <a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a>, 14 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712112849/http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html">"Dalai's reincarnation will not be found under Chinese control"</a>. Government of Tibet in Exile. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dalai%27s+reincarnation+will+not+be+found+under+Chinese+control&rft.pub=Government+of+Tibet+in+Exile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibet.com%2FDL%2Fnext-reincarnation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22838048-25837,00.html">Dalai Lama may forgo death before reincarnation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201142125/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22838048-25837,00.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jeremy Page, <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>, 29 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712112849/http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html">"Dalai's reincarnation will not be found under Chinese control"</a>. Government of Tibet in Exile ex Indian Express 6 July 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.com/DL/next-reincarnation.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dalai%27s+reincarnation+will+not+be+found+under+Chinese+control&rft.pub=Government+of+Tibet+in+Exile+ex+Indian+Express+6+July+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibet.com%2FDL%2Fnext-reincarnation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Kaplan, Robert D. (May–June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2010-05-01/geography-chinese-power">"The Geography of Chinese Power"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909001817/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2010-05-01/geography-chinese-power">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+Chinese+Power&rft.date=2010-05%2F2010-06&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fchina%2F2010-05-01%2Fgeography-chinese-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas2013" class="citation news cs1">Haas, Michaela (18 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/why-is-there-no-female-dalai-lama/2013/03/18/75ac132c-8fee-11e2-9cfd-36d6c9b5d7ad_story.html">"Why is there no female Dalai Lama?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228090157/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/why-is-there-no-female-dalai-lama/2013/03/18/75ac132c-8fee-11e2-9cfd-36d6c9b5d7ad_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+is+there+no+female+Dalai+Lama%3F&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Michaela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fon-faith%2Fwhy-is-there-no-female-dalai-lama%2F2013%2F03%2F18%2F75ac132c-8fee-11e2-9cfd-36d6c9b5d7ad_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Puri, Bharati (2006) "Engaged Buddhism – The Dalai Lama's Worldview" New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Haas, Michaela (2013). "Dakini Power: Twelve Extraordinary Women Shaping the Transmission of Tibetan Buddhism in the West." Shambhala Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1559394072" title="Special:BookSources/1559394072">1559394072</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3279375/why-minority-languages-are-disappearing-some-classrooms-xinjiang-not-tibet">"Ethnic minorities expert on China's treatment of Uygurs, and Han chauvinism"</a>. South China Morning Post. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Ethnic+minorities+expert+on+China%E2%80%99s+treatment+of+Uygurs%2C+and+Han+chauvinism&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3279375%2Fwhy-minority-languages-are-disappearing-some-classrooms-xinjiang-not-tibet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bell, Sir Charles (1946). Portrait of the Dalai Lama Wm. Collins, London. 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/086171055X" title="Special:BookSources/086171055X">086171055X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2014" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2014). Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism.&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15786-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantwellKawanami2016" class="citation book cs1">Cantwell, C.; Kawanami, H. (2016). "Buddhism". In Woodhead, L.; Partridge, C.; Kawanami, H. (eds.). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415858816" title="Special:BookSources/9780415858816"><bdi>9780415858816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism&rft.btitle=Religions+in+the+Modern+World%3A+Traditions+and+Transformations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780415858816&rft.aulast=Cantwell&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Kawanami%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_David-Neel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra David-Neel">David-Neel, A.</a> (1965). Magic & Mystery in Tibet. Corgi Books.London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-552-08745-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-552-08745-9">0-552-08745-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhondup1984" class="citation book cs1">Dhondup, K. (1984). The Water-Horse and Other Years. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Water-Horse+and+Other+Years&rft.place=Dharamsala&rft.pub=Library+of+Tibetan+Works+and+Archives&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Dhondup&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhondup1986" class="citation book cs1">Dhondup, K. (1986). The Water-Bird and Other Years. New Delhi: Rangwang Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Water-Bird+and+Other+Years&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Rangwang+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Dhondup&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowman1988" class="citation book cs1">Dowman, Keith (1988). The power-places of Central Tibet : the pilgrim's guide. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-1370-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-1370-0"><bdi>0-7102-1370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+power-places+of+Central+Tibet+%3A+the+pilgrim%27s+guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7102-1370-0&rft.aulast=Dowman&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kapstein, Matthew (2006). The Tibetans. Malden, MA, USA. Blackwell Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631225744" title="Special:BookSources/9780631225744">9780631225744</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Illusive Play: The Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama [aka 'Dukula']. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Samten_Karmay" title="Samten Karmay">Karmay, Samten G.</a> Serindia Publications. Chicago. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-67-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-67-5"><bdi>978-1-932476-67-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illusive+Play%3A+The+Autobiography+of+the+Fifth+Dalai+Lama+%5Baka+%27Dukula%27%5D&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications.+Chicago&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-67-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaird2006" class="citation book cs1">Laird, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyoftibetconv00lair">The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama</a> (1st ed.). New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1"><bdi>978-0-8021-1827-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Tibet+%3A+Conversations+with+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1827-1&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryoftibetconv00lair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay,_A.2003" class="citation book cs1">McKay, A. (2003). History of Tibet. RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1508-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1508-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-1508-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Tibet&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1508-4&rft.au=McKay%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mullin, Glenn H. (1982). Selected Works of the Dalai Lama VII: Songs of Spiritual Change (2nd ed., 1985). Snow Lion Publications, Inc. New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937938-30-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-937938-30-0">0-937938-30-0</a>.</li> <li>Mullin, Glenn H. (1983). Selected Works of the Dalai Lama III: Essence of Refined Gold (2nd ed., 1985). Snow Lion Publications, Inc. New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937938-29-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-937938-29-7">0-937938-29-7</a>.</li> <li>Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, NM. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3">1-57416-092-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbuTurnbull1968" class="citation book cs1">Norbu, Thubten Jigme; Turnbull, Colin M. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tibet0000thub">Tibet</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20559-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20559-5"><bdi>0-671-20559-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-671-20559-5&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Thubten+Jigme&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Colin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftibet0000thub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1984" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet and its history (2nd ed., rev. and updated. ed.). Boston: Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-376-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-376-8"><bdi>978-0-87773-376-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+its+history&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=2nd+ed.%2C+rev.+and+updated.&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-87773-376-8&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Van Schaik, Sam (2011), Tibet. A History. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulemann1958" class="citation book cs1">Schulemann, Günther (1958). Die Geschichte der Dalai Lamas. Leipzig: Veb Otto Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-530-50001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-530-50001-1"><bdi>978-3-530-50001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+der+Dalai+Lamas&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Veb+Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-3-530-50001-1&rft.aulast=Schulemann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwieger2014" class="citation book cs1">Schwieger, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHoyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China: A Political History of the Tibetan Institution of Reincarnation</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53860-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53860-2"><bdi>978-0-231-53860-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905914446">905914446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dalai+Lama+and+the+Emperor+of+China%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+Tibetan+Institution+of+Reincarnation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905914446&rft.isbn=978-0-231-53860-2&rft.aulast=Schwieger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHoyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shakabpa, Tsepon W.D. (1967), Tibet: A Political History. New York: Yale University Press, and (1984), Singapore: Potala Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0961147415" title="Special:BookSources/0961147415">0961147415</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakabpa2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shakabpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakabpa">Shakabpa</a>, Tsepon W.D. (2010). One Hundred Thousand Moons. An Advanced Political History of Tibet (2 vols). Leiden (Netherlands), Boston (USA): Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004177321" title="Special:BookSources/9789004177321"><bdi>9789004177321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Thousand+Moons.+An+Advanced+Political+History+of+Tibet+%282+vols%29&rft.place=Leiden+%28Netherlands%29%2C+Boston+%28USA%29&rft.pub=Brill%27s+Tibetan+Studies+Library&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004177321&rft.aulast=Shakabpa&rft.aufirst=Tsepon+W.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheel1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sheel, R N Rahul (1989). "The Institution of the Dalai Lama". The Tibet Journal. 14 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Institution+of+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Sheel&rft.aufirst=R+N+Rahul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Warren W. (1997). Tibetan Nation; A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations. New Delhi: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3155-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3155-2"><bdi>0-8133-3155-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Nation%3B+A+History+of+Tibetan+Nationalism+and+Sino-Tibetan+Relations.&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8133-3155-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Warren+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnellgrove,_DavidRichardson,_Hugh1986" class="citation book cs1">Snellgrove, David; Richardson, Hugh (1986). A Cultural History of Tibet. Boston & London: Shambala Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-354-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-354-6"><bdi>0-87773-354-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Tibet&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambala+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87773-354-6&rft.au=Snellgrove%2C+David&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1972" class="citation book cs1">Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan civilization ([English ed.]. ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0901-7"><bdi>0-8047-0901-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+civilization&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.edition=%5BEnglish+ed.%5D.&rft.pub=Stanford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8047-0901-7&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiki_Tsering2001" class="citation book cs1">Diki Tsering (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dalailamamyson00diki">Dalai Lama, my son : a mother's story</a>. London: Virgin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0571-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7535-0571-1"><bdi>0-7535-0571-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dalai+Lama%2C+my+son+%3A+a+mother%27s+story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Virgin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7535-0571-1&rft.au=Diki+Tsering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdalailamamyson00diki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeraegen2002" class="citation book cs1">Veraegen, Ardy (2002). The Dalai Lamas : the Institution and its history. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8124602027" title="Special:BookSources/978-8124602027"><bdi>978-8124602027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dalai+Lamas+%3A+the+Institution+and+its+history&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=D.K.+Printworld&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8124602027&rft.aulast=Veraegen&rft.aufirst=Ardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYa1991" class="citation book cs1">Ya, Hanzhang (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biodalailamasyahanzhang">The Biographies of the Dalai Lamas</a> (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Language Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7119012674" title="Special:BookSources/978-7119012674"><bdi>978-7119012674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographies+of+the+Dalai+Lamas&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Foreign+Language+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-7119012674&rft.aulast=Ya&rft.aufirst=Hanzhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiodalailamasyahanzhang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shambhala.com/his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama">A Reader's Guide to the Works of the Dalai Lama (Shambhala Publications)</a></li> <li>Dalai Lama. (1991) Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama. San Francisco, CA.</li> <li>Goodman, Michael H. (1986). The Last Dalai Lama. Shambhala Publications. Boston, MA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Harrer" title="Heinrich Harrer">Harrer, Heinrich</a> (1951) <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years_in_Tibet" title="Seven Years in Tibet">Seven Years in Tibet</a>: My Life Before, During and After</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samten_Karmay" title="Samten Karmay">Karmay, Samten G.</a> (Translator) (1988). Secret visions of the Fifth Dalai Lama. Serindia Publications, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B906026%2B20%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/0+906026+20+2">0 906026 20 2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2005" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Murray (2005). When Elvis Meets the Dalai Lama (1st ed.). Savannah, GA: Bonaventture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9724224-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9724224-4-4"><bdi>978-0-9724224-4-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Elvis+Meets+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.place=Savannah%2C+GA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bonaventture&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9724224-4-4&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalai+Lama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg/80px-1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Gendun Drup, 1st Dalai Lama</figcaption></figure></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">Gendun Drup</a> (1391–1474)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Dalai_Lama" title="2nd Dalai Lama">Gendun Gyatso</a> (1475–1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam</a> (1543–1588)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">Yonten</a> (1589–1617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">Lozang</a> (1617–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">Tsangyang</a> (1683–1706)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">Kelzang</a> (1708–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">Jamphel</a> (1758–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Dalai_Lama" title="9th Dalai Lama">Lungtok</a> (1805–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Dalai_Lama" title="10th Dalai Lama">Tsultrim</a> (1816–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Dalai_Lama" title="11th Dalai Lama">Khedrup</a> (1838–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Dalai_Lama" title="12th Dalai Lama">Trinley</a> (1857–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">Thubten</a> (1876–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin</a> (1935–present)</li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama"><img alt="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg/33px-Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg/50px-Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg/66px-Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1234" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="4" style="background: #B00760; color: #FFD700;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">List of Dalai Lamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug Yellow Hat sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Podrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibetan_Buddhism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#990000;color:yellow;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:yellow">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template talk:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:yellow">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:yellow">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibetan_Buddhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kālacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamdre" title="Lamdre">Lamdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala#Vajrayana" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Buddhism" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">Preparatory practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Roots">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81#Buddhism" title="Sādhanā">Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Yogas_of_Naropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Yogas of Naropa">Six Dharmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tibetan tantric practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_merit" title="Transfer of merit">Transfer of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo" title="Khenpo">Khenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngakpa" title="Ngakpa">Ngakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigdzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigdzin">Rigdzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara_(Buddhism)" title="Vidyadhara (Buddhism)">Vidyadhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nyingma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" title="Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje_(2nd_Dudjom_Rinpoche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (2nd Dudjom Rinpoche)">Dudjom Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sakya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6n_K%C3%B6nchok_Gyalpo" title="Khön Könchok Gyalpo">Khön Könchok Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kagyu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo" title="Thang Tong Gyalpo">Thang Tong Gyalpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gelug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akong_Rinpoche" title="Akong Rinpoche">Akong Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Govinda" title="Anagarika Govinda">Anagarika Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Arjia_Rinpoche" title="8th Arjia Rinpoche">Arija Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagdud_Tulku_Rinpoche" title="Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche">Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatral_Sangye_Dorje" title="Chatral Sangye Dorje">Chatral Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetsang_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetsang Rinpoche">Chetsang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Nyima_Rinpoche" title="Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche">Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampa_Sangye" title="Dampa Sangye">Dampa Sangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhung_Rinpoche" title="Dezhung Rinpoche">Dezhung Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse" title="Dilgo Khyentse">Dilgo Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Kunley" title="Drukpa Kunley">Drukpa Kunley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzigar_Kongtrul_Rinpoche" title="Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche">Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Ponlop_Rinpoche" title="Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche">Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche">Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Khyentse_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Lodr%C3%B6" title="Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö">Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampopa" title="Gampopa">Gampopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa Sonam Sengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalwang_Drukpa" title="Gyalwang Drukpa">Gyalwang Drukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Rinpoche" title="Kalu Rinpoche">Kalu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Thinley_Rinpoche" title="Karma Thinley Rinpoche">Karma Thinley Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamtrul_Rinpoche" title="Khamtrul Rinpoche">Khamtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandro_Rinpoche" title="Khandro Rinpoche">Khandro Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo_Tsultrim_Gyamtso_Rinpoche" title="Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche">Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_Jampa_Thaye" title="Lama Jampa Thaye">Lama Jampa Thaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ling_Rinpoche" title="Ling Rinpoche">Ling Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa Lotsawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miky%C3%B6_Dorje,_8th_Karmapa_Lama" title="Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama">Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoshul_Khenpo_Rinpoche" title="Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche">Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Chokgyur_Lingpa" title="Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa">Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Tobgyal" title="Orgyen Tobgyal">Orgyen Tobgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo" title="Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo">Phabongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Lingpa" title="Pema Lingpa">Pema Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Penor Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmo_Drupa_Dorje_Gyalpo" title="Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo">Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratna_Vajra_Sakya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratna Vajra Sakya">Ratna Vajra Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechung_Dorje_Drakpa" title="Rechung Dorje Drakpa">Rechung Dorje Drakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reting_Rinpoche" title="Reting Rinpoche">Reting Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Chokden" title="Sakya Chokden">Sakya Chokden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Beru_Khyentse" title="Second Beru Khyentse">Second Beru Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Situpa" title="Tai Situpa">Tai Situpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku" title="Tarthang Tulku">Tarthang Tulku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenga_Rinpoche" title="Tenga Rinpoche">Tenga Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Palmo" title="Tenzin Palmo">Tenzin Palmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche" title="Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche">Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita" title="Tenzin Ösel Hita">Tenzin Ösel Hita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinley_Norbu" title="Thinley Norbu">Thinley Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Zopa_Rinpoche" title="Thubten Zopa Rinpoche">Thubten Zopa Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traleg_Kyabgon_Rinpoche" title="Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche">Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijang_Lobsang_Yeshe_Tenzin_Gyatso" title="Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso">Trijang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trulshik_Rinpoche" title="Trulshik Rinpoche">Trulshik Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangny%C3%B6n_Heruka" title="Tsangnyön Heruka">Tsangnyön Heruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsele_Natsok_Rangdr%C3%B6l" title="Tsele Natsok Rangdröl">Tsele Natsok Rangdröl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudra_Nyingpo" title="Yudra Nyingpo">Yudra Nyingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zong_Rinpoche" title="Zong Rinpoche">Zong Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Gyubum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6da" class="mw-redirect" title="Chöda">Chöda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phurba" title="Phurba">Phurba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serkyem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serkyem (page does not exist)">Serkyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">Yidam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Monastery" title="Dzongsar Monastery">Dzongsar Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathok_Monastery" title="Kathok Monastery">Kathok Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdroling_Monastery" title="Namdroling Monastery">Namdroling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palyul" class="mw-redirect" title="Palyul">Palyul Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechen_Monastery" title="Shechen Monastery">Shechen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala#Establishment_of_Tibetan_exile_community" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala" title="Shambhala">Shambhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva#Religion" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_topics" title="Template talk:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibet_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory (Neolithic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire (7th–9th century)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang (618–907)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation (9th–13th century)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song (960–1279)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule (1270–1350)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming (1368–1644)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule (1720–1912)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal-Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata">Khata (ceremonial scarf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibet" title="Category:Tibet">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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