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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tsongkhapa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsongkhapa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tsongkhapa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsongkhapa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Dalai_Lamas_and_spread_to_Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dalai_Lamas_and_spread_to_Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Dalai Lamas and spread to Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dalai_Lamas_and_spread_to_Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rule_of_the_Great_Fifth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rule_of_the_Great_Fifth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The rule of the Great Fifth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rule_of_the_Great_Fifth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17_and_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>17 and 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>The 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PRC_era,_diaspora_and_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PRC_era,_diaspora_and_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>PRC era, diaspora and the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PRC_era,_diaspora_and_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teachings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teachings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steps_of_the_path_(lam_rim)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steps_of_the_path_(lam_rim)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Steps of the path (<i>lam rim</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steps_of_the_path_(lam_rim)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_schema_of_the_three_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_schema_of_the_three_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>The schema of the three motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_schema_of_the_three_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_main_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_main_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Three main elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_main_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasoning_and_meditating_on_emptiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasoning_and_meditating_on_emptiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reasoning and meditating on emptiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasoning_and_meditating_on_emptiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vinaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Vinaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vajrayāna_(Secret_Mantra)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayāna_(Secret_Mantra)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Vajrayāna (Secret Mantra)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayāna_(Secret_Mantra)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unique_Oral_lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unique_Oral_lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Unique Oral lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unique_Oral_lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Study</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Study-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Study subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_topics_and_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_topics_and_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Main topics and texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_topics_and_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Course of study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monasteries_and_lineage_holders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monasteries_and_lineage_holders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Monasteries and lineage holders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monasteries_and_lineage_holders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monasteries and lineage holders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monasteries_and_lineage_holders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monasteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monasteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Monasteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monasteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Administration and lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gelug</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA" title="غيلوغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غيلوغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug-ph%C3%A0i" title="Gelug-phài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gelug-phài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3-%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Гелуг-па – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гелуг-па" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Гелугпа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гелугпа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="དགེ་ལུགས་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དགེ་ལུགས་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Гэлүгбэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гэлүгбэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelugpa" title="Gelugpa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gelugpa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelukpa_koolkond" title="Gelukpa koolkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gelukpa koolkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelugo" title="Gelugo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gelugo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelugpa" title="Gelugpa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gelugpa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%94%EB%A3%A9%ED%8C%8C" title="겔룩파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="겔룩파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="गेलुगपा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गेलुगपा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="გელუგპა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გელუგპა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelugpa" title="Gelugpa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gelugpa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelugpa" title="Gelugpa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gelugpa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Шарын шашин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шарын шашин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="गेलुग्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गेलुग्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="गेलुगपा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गेलुगपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E6%B4%BE" title="ゲルク派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルク派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੇਲੁਗ ਸੰਪਰਦਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੇਲੁਗ ਸੰਪਰਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelupa" title="Guelupa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guelupa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Гелугпа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гелугпа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geluk" title="Geluk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geluk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81" title="เกลุก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกลุก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gelug" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dominant school of Tibetan Buddhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the river in Romania, see <a href="/wiki/Gelug_(river)" title="Gelug (river)">Gelug (river)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsonkapa,_16th_century,_Collection_of_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tsonkapa%2C_16th_century%2C_Collection_of_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/240px-Tsonkapa%2C_16th_century%2C_Collection_of_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tsonkapa%2C_16th_century%2C_Collection_of_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/360px-Tsonkapa%2C_16th_century%2C_Collection_of_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tsonkapa%2C_16th_century%2C_Collection_of_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/480px-Tsonkapa%2C_16th_century%2C_Collection_of_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a>, the founder, and his two principal students (<a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang,_1st_Panchen_Lama" title="Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama">Kédrup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyaltsab_Je" title="Gyaltsab Je">Gyeltsap</a>) on his left and right with other lineage teachers and <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">protectors</a> of the Gelug tradition</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg/240px-DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg/360px-DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg/480px-DalaiLama0054_tiny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">The 14th Dalai Lama</a> (center), the most influential figure of the contemporary Gelug tradition, at the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> ceremony, <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodhgaya</a> (India)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Gelug</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, also <b>Geluk</b>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'virtuous')<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the newest of the four major schools of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a> (1357–1419), a <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">tantric</a> yogi and <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lama</a> and further expanded and developed by his disciples (such as <a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang,_1st_Panchen_Lama" title="Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama">Khedrup Je</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyaltsab_Je" title="Gyaltsab Je">Gyaltsap Je</a>, Dulzin Drakpa Gyaltsen, and <a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">Gendün Drubpa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gelug school is alternatively known as Kadam (<i>bKa’-gdams gsar-pa</i>), since it sees itself as a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atisha</a> (c. 11th century). The school of New Kadam, or New Kadampa is an offshoot of the Gelug-tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it is also called the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a> school, after the first <a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">monastery</a> established by Tsongkhapa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a> ("Ganden Throne Holder") is the official head of the school, though its most influential political figure is the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> ("Ocean Teacher"). Allying themselves with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Mongol Khans</a>, the Gelug school emerged as the dominant Buddhist school in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> since the end of the 16th century (religiously and politically). Another alternative name for this tradition is the <b>Yellow Hat school</b> or sect.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doctrinally, the Gelug school promotes <a href="/wiki/Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_according_to_Tsongkhapa" title="Prasaṅgika according to Tsongkhapa">a unique form of prasangika Madhyamaka</a> based on the works of Tsongkhapa. According to John Powers, Tsongkhapa's work "contains a comprehensive view of Buddhist philosophy and practice that integrates sutra and tantra, analytical reasoning, and yogic meditation."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Gelug</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;"><b>དགེ་ལུགས་པ་</b></span> </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a></th><td class="infobox-data">dge lugs pa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gêlug</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Lhasa</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">[ˈɡèluʔ]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><b>格魯派 / 黃教 / 新噶當派</b></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans"><b>格鲁派 / 黄教 / 新噶当派</b></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gélǔ Pài / Huáng Jiào / Xīn <a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Gádāng</a> Pài</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Ganden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden">Ganden</a>" is the Tibetan rendition of the Sanskrit name "<a href="/wiki/Tushita" title="Tushita">Tushita</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Pure land</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitreya Buddha">Maitreya Buddha</a>. At first, <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a>'s school was called "Ganden Choluk" meaning "the Spiritual Lineage of Ganden". By taking the first syllable of 'Ganden' and the second of 'Choluk', this was abbreviated to "Galuk" and then modified to the more easily pronounced "Gelug".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gelug school was also called the "New Kadam", because it saw itself a revival of the <a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a> school founded by <a href="/wiki/Atisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Atisha">Atisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tsongkhapa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gelug school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a>, an eclectic Buddhist monk and yogi who traveled Tibet studying under Kadam, <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> teachers. These include the Sakya scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rendawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rendawa (page does not exist)">Rendawa</a> (1349–1412), the Drikung Thil scholar Chenga Chokyi Gyalpo, the Kadam mystic Lama Umapa, the Jonang master Bodong Chokley Namgyal and the Dzogchen master Drupchen Lekyi Dorje.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CM6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A great admirer of the <a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a> school, Tsongkhapa merged the Kadam teachings of <a href="/wiki/Lojong" title="Lojong">lojong</a> (mind training) and <a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">lamrim</a> (stages of the path) with the Vajrayana teachings of the Sakya, Kaygu and Jonang schools.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also emphasized monasticism and a strict adherence to <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a> (monastic discipline). He combined this with extensive and unique writings on <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">madhyamaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Buddhist epistemology</a>, and Buddhist practice. Tsongkhapa's numerous works on philosophy and tantric practice were widely influential and they marked a turning point in the history of Tibetan Buddhist philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsongkhapa and his disciples founded <a href="/wiki/Ganden_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden monastery">Ganden monastery</a> in 1409, which was followed by the founding of <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a> (1416) and <a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a> (in 1419), which became the "great three" Gelug monasteries (and eventually they would become some of the largest <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-:32_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sam van Schaik these Gelug centers "came to form a triumvirate of massive Gelug monasteries that would dominate the religious and political life of Central Tibet for centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_growth">Early growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khedrup_Je.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Khedrup_Je.jpg/220px-Khedrup_Je.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Khedrup_Je.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama (1385–1438 CE), the main leader of the Gelug school after Tsongkhapa's death</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gendun_Drup,_1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gendun_Drup%2C_1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg/220px-Gendun_Drup%2C_1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Gendun_Drup%2C_1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Gendun Drup, founder of <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a>, and the First Dalai Lama</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Tsongkhapa in 1419 (who at the time was already famous and had attracted numerous disciples) the Gelug (a.k.a. Ganden) order grew extremely quickly through the efforts of Tsongkhapa's disciples who founded numerous new monasteries and spread the doctrine throughout Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gelug school developed a reputation for strict adherence to monastic discipline (<a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a>) and rigorous scholarship as well as for tantric practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sam van Schaik, while Tsongkhapa himself did not work to establish a brand new school per se, it was Tsongkhapa's disciples who took up the project of formally constructing a new school of Buddhism. Furthermore, van Schaik writes that "much of the credit for defining and defending the new school must go to Tsongkhapa’s student Khedrup."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsongkhapa's three principal disciples were <a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang,_1st_Panchen_Lama" title="Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama">Khedrup Gelek Palsang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyaltsab_Je" title="Gyaltsab Je">Gyaltsap Darma Rinchen</a> and Dülzin Drakpa Gyaltsen.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important students of Tsongkhapa were Tokden Jampel Gyatso; Jamyang Chöjé and Jamchen Chöjé (the founders of Drepung and Sera monasteries, respectively); and Gendün Drup the <a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">First Dalai Lama</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several major monastic centers were founded in Tsang, including <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhünpo</a>, Segyü, Gyümé and <a href="/wiki/Gyuto_Order" title="Gyuto Order">Gyütö</a> college.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the fifteenth century, the collected works of Tsongkhapa had been set on <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock prints</a>. His works would later be collected together with the works of Gyaltsap and Khedrup (who wrote numerous commentaries on Indian classics and on the works of Tsongkhapa) to become the main unique canonical collection of the Gelug school which is known as the “Father and Sons Collected Works” (<i>jé yapsé ungbum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Thupten Jinpa, by the end of the fifteenth century, the "new Ganden tradition had spread through the entire <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan cultural area</a>, with monasteries upholding the tradition located in <a href="/wiki/Western_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Tibet">western Tibet</a>, in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a>, in central and southern Tibet, and in <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> in the east."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Powers also notes that during the following centuries the Gelug school "continued to produce an impressive number of eminent scholars and tantric adepts."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the fifteenth century, Tsongkhapa had come to be seen as a second Buddha among in the Gelug tradition, and various <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> were written by his disciples (like Khedrup Je and Tokden Jampel Gyatso). These texts developed the great myths of the Buddha Tsongkhapa (including stories of his previous births and his various mystical visions) and helped established the new identity of the Gelug school as an authentic lineage (traced back to <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, among the other Tibetan schools, Tsongkhapa now came to be considered "a force to be reckoned with, someone whose vision, ideas, and writings had to be understood in relation to their own cherished lineage and tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This initial period of growth also saw scholastic debates and exchanges between the new Gelug tradition and the earlier sects like the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> school, who wrote critiques of Tsongkhapa's philosophy, such as Rongton Shakya Gyaltsen (1367–1449) (and his work led to a response by <a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang,_1st_Panchen_Lama" title="Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama">Khedrup Je</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This debate over Tsongkhapa's madhyamaka interpretation was then taken up by a trio of Sakya school thinkers: Taktsang Lotsawa, <a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a>, and Shākya Chokden.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their critique would be countered by the works of numerous Gelug scholars, such as Lekpa Chöjor (a.k.a. Jamyang Galo, 1429–1503), the first <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> Lozang Chökyi Gyaltsen (1507–1662), Jetsun Chökyi Gyaltsen (1469–1544/46), Sera Jetsun Chökyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Delek Nyima and <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Zhepa" title="Jamyang Zhepa">Jamyang Zhepa</a> (1648–1751).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Dalai_Lamas_and_spread_to_Mongolia">The Dalai Lamas and spread to Mongolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Dalai Lamas and spread to Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonam_Gyatso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sonam_Gyatso.jpg/240px-Sonam_Gyatso.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sonam_Gyatso.jpg/360px-Sonam_Gyatso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sonam_Gyatso.jpg/480px-Sonam_Gyatso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The third Dalai Lama, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sönam Gyatso</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1577 <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sönam Gyatso</a>, who was considered to be the third incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Gyalwa_Gend%C3%BCn_Drup" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyalwa Gendün Drup">Gendün Drup</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed an alliance with the then most powerful <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Sönam Gyatso was designated as the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">3rd Dalai Lama</a>. "Dalai" is a translation into Mongolian of the Tibetan name "Gyatso" (ocean).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gendün Drup and <a href="/wiki/Gendun_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Gendun Gyatso">Gendun Gyatso</a> were posthumously recognized as the 1st and 2nd <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lamas</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sönam Gyatso was very active in proselytizing among the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Gelug tradition was to become the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">main religion of the Mongols</a> in the ensuing centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sönam Gyatso traveled to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and supported the establishment of monasteries and the translation of Buddhist texts to <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also worked against certain <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanistic</a> practices such as <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a> and blood sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This turn of events provided the Gelug school with powerful patrons who were to propel them to political pre-eminence in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gelug-Mongol alliance was further strengthened as after Sonam Gyatso's death, his incarnation was found to be Altan Khan's great-grandson, who became the <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of the Gelug school on Mongolian Buddhism remains strong today. According to Thupten Jinpa "an important legacy of this relationship has been the tradition of young Mongols studying at the great Geluk centers of learning in Amdo and central Tibet."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rule_of_the_Great_Fifth">The rule of the Great Fifth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The rule of the Great Fifth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png/220px-5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png/330px-5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png/440px-5th_Dalai_Lama_having_an_audience_with_Shunzhi.png 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="2499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> painting of the 5th Dalai Lama meeting the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1653</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potala_palace_-_Tibet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Potala_palace_-_Tibet.jpg/220px-Potala_palace_-_Tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Potala_palace_-_Tibet.jpg/330px-Potala_palace_-_Tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Potala_palace_-_Tibet.jpg/440px-Potala_palace_-_Tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following violent strife among the sects of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, the Gelug school emerged as the dominant one, with the military help of the Mongol <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshri_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Güshri Khan">Güshri Khan</a> who invaded Tibet in 1642 in order to defeat the king of <a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsang</a>. According to Tibetan historian <a href="/wiki/Samten_Karmay" title="Samten Karmay">Samten Karmay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Rapten" title="Sonam Rapten">Sonam Chophel</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1595–1657), treasurer of the Ganden Palace, was the prime architect of the Gelug's rise to political power. Later he received the title <i>Desi</i> [Wylie: <i>sde-sris</i>], meaning "Regent", which he would earn through his efforts to establish Gelugpa power.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a>, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682), was the first in his line to hold full political and spiritual power in Tibet. He established a formal <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> system of government, opened diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> China, built the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, institutionalized the Tibetan state <a href="/wiki/Nechung_Oracle" title="Nechung Oracle">Nechung Oracle</a>, and spurred a major renaissance in art and book printing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the period of the 5th Dalai Lama in the 17th century, the Dalai Lamas held political control over central Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core leadership of this government was also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a>. According to Thupten Jinpa, the 5th Dalai Lama's rule "would bring Tibet into a semblance of political unity for the first time since the collapse of the Tibetan empire some seven hundred years earlier."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fifth Dalai Lama was a prolific author and scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jinpa "the Fifth Dalai Lama was personally an ecumenist who revered Tibet’s other major Buddhist traditions, especially the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this he was influenced by his teacher Paljor Lhundrup who was a Gelug monk and master of the Nyingma <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Great Perfection (Dzogchen)</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Great Fifth" wrote numerous works and revealed a cycle of Dzogchen teachings. One of his students (and political successor as regent), <a href="/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatso" title="Desi Sangye Gyatso">Desi Sangye Gyatso</a> was also known as a great scholar who wrote various works on topics like <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan medicine</a>, astrology, biography and calligraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the author of the important Tibetan medical text, <i>The Mirror of Beryl,</i> commissioned a set of medical paintings and wrote a biography of the Fifth Dalai Lama.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the rule of the Fifth Dalai Lama that his teacher <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen">Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen</a> received the title "Panchen Bogd" from <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> and the Dalai Lama in 1645.<sup id="cite_ref-bogd_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bogd-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> tulku line, who traditionally rules <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> region from his base at <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institutions of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama each participate in the process of recognizing each other's reincarnations.<sup id="cite_ref-choosing_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choosing-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen was a prolific scholar and a great yogi who is particularly known for his writings on Gelug <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a> (mainly his root text <i>Highway of the Conquerors</i> and its auto-commentary <i>Lamp re-illuminating Mahamudra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zanabanzar_self-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Zanabanzar_self-portrait.jpg/220px-Zanabanzar_self-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Zanabanzar_self-portrait.jpg/330px-Zanabanzar_self-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Zanabanzar_self-portrait.jpg/440px-Zanabanzar_self-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Zanabanzar, self-portrait, late 17th or early 18th century, Museum of Fine Arts, <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulan Bator</a></figcaption></figure><p>The Fifth Dalai Lama is also known for having recognized <a href="/wiki/Zanabazar" title="Zanabazar">Zanabazar</a> (1635–1723) as the first official <a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu" title="Jebtsundamba Khutuktu">Jebtsundamba Khutuktu</a>, the spiritual leader (<i>Bogd Gegeen</i>) of the Mongolian Gelug tradition. Zanabazar was a great Mongolian polymath who excelled in painting, sculpture, poetry, scholarship and languages. He is credited with having launched a renaissance of Mongolian culture in the seventeenth century, with having created the <a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo script</a> and with widely promoting Buddhism among the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zanabazar also oversaw the construction of numerous major Gelug monasteries in Mongolia, such as <a href="/wiki/Shankh_Monastery" title="Shankh Monastery">Shankh Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6vkh%C3%B6n_Monastery" title="Tövkhön Monastery">Tövkhön Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erdene_Zuu_Monastery" title="Erdene Zuu Monastery">Erdene Zuu Monastery</a>. </p><p>The rule of the 5th Dalai Lama also oversaw the repression of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism who were political enemies of the Gelug school and had supported the Tsang dynasty. After the war, many Kagyu and Jonang monasteries were forcefully converted to Gelug monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writings of the Jonang school as well any literature from the Sakya masters who had attacked Tsongkhapa were also banned and their woodblock prints were locked away.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dalai Lama's attitude towards Nyingma was different, and he supported the collection and preservation of Nyingma texts, as well as personally patronizing the Mindroling monastery and their leaders Terdag Lingpa and Lochen Dharmashri.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17_and_18th_centuries">17 and 18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 17 and 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">Sixth Dalai Lama</a> (1683–1706) was an unconventional figure who liked to live as a layperson, refused monastic vows, drank alcohol, slept with women and write love poems and <a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic poems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His verses are an important part of Tibetan poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, the <a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">7th Dalai Lama</a>, was also a noted poet, but he wrote mainly on Buddhist and spiritual themes. The 7th Dalai Lama Kelzang Gyatso was a highly learned Buddhist scholar and wrote hundreds of titles on various Buddhist topics.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the time of the 7th, Tibet also became a protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> (r. 1661–1722).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 8th, 9th, 10th. 11th and 12th Dalai Lamas all died young and were not significant figures. Tibet was ruled by a series of regents during this period and experienced much political instability.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th and 18th centuries, Gelug figures continued to produce new scholastic works. The development of the "tenets" (<a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tib</a>. <i>grub mtha'</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skt</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Siddhanta" title="Siddhanta">siddhanta</a></i>) genre (a form of <a href="/wiki/Doxography" title="Doxography">doxography</a>) became a particularly important element of Gelug education and scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most influential Gelug doxographer was the great scholar <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Zhepa" title="Jamyang Zhepa">Jamyang Shéba</a> (1648– 1721), who wrote <i>Roar of the Five-Faced [Lion],</i> a series of verses on tenets<i>,</i> and a huge commentary to this root text (around 530 folios), called <i>Great Exposition on Tenets</i>. According to Daniel Cozort, Jamyang's works "are the most comprehensive of the tenets texts" (in Tibetan Buddhism).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reincarnation, Gönchok Jikmé Ongpo (1728–1791), is also known for his shorter tenets text called <i>Precious Garland of Tenets</i> as well as other works on the bodhisattva path.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other key Gelug scholars of this period include <a href="/wiki/Changkya_R%C3%B6lp%C3%A9_Dorj%C3%A9" title="Changkya Rölpé Dorjé">Changkya Rölpé Dorjé</a> (1717–1786), who wrote <i>Presentation of Tenets</i>, and Ngawang Belden (b. 1797), who wrote a major commentary on Jamyang’s <i>Great Exposition</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Changkya_R%C3%B6lp%C3%A9_Dorj%C3%A9" title="Changkya Rölpé Dorjé">Changkya Rölpé Dorjé</a> is also known for his knowledge of languages and translation work and for being the main teacher in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing court</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>. Changkya oversaw the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a> into <a href="/wiki/Classical_Mongolian_language" title="Classical Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>, compiled a collection of the canon in four languages (Chinese, Manchurian, Mongolian and Tibetan) and also supervised the translation of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a> into Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 18th century, Thuken Losang Chökyi Nyima (1737–1802), a student of Changkya, took the tenets genre one step further with his <i>Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Systems.</i> According to Roger R. Jackson, this text is "arguably the widest-ranging account of religious philosophies ever written in pre-modern Tibet." This work of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative philosophy">comparative philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> discusses all schools of Tibetan Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese religions</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a> religious systems.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_19th_century">The 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabkar_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shabkar_detail.jpg/220px-Shabkar_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shabkar_detail.jpg/330px-Shabkar_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shabkar_detail.jpg/440px-Shabkar_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shabkar_Tsokdruk_Rangdrol" title="Shabkar Tsokdruk Rangdrol">Shabkar Tsokdruk Rangdrol</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 19th century saw the great figure of <a href="/wiki/Shabkar_Tsokdruk_Rangdrol" title="Shabkar Tsokdruk Rangdrol">Shabkar Tsokdruk Rangdrol</a> (1781–1851) who was an influential Gelug monk, poet and <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> yogi who is particularly known for his non-sectarian study of various Tibetan Buddhist traditions, especially the Gelug and <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> traditions. His writings on non-sectarianism prefigure the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rime movement</a> by about three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His autobiography and other works integrate the teachings of the Gelug tradition with that of the Nyingma school.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Gelug master who was associated with non-sectarian activity was Minyak Kunzang Sonam (1823–1905). He was a Dzogchen practitioner and one of the four great Dharma heirs of the Nyingma master <a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the era of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a> (1876–1933) Tibet reclaimed its independence from China and went through some reforms and modernization activities. The 13th focused on centralizing and modernizing the Tibetan state through developing a modern tax system, military, police and administration. These changes brought about some conflict from the elite Gelug institutions who were used to running their own finances, the most shocking of which was when the <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Choekyi_Nyima,_9th_Panchen_Lama" title="Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama">9th Panchen Lama</a> fled for China after losing a power struggle with the Dalai lama.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 13th Dalai Lama also launched a new modern printing of the Tibetan Buddhist canon.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 20th century saw several influential figures emerge from Gelug institutions, including <a href="/wiki/Gend%C3%BCn_Ch%C3%B6phel" title="Gendün Chöphel">Gendün Chöphel</a> (1903–1951) and <a href="/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo" title="Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo">Pabongkha Déchen Nyingpo</a> (1878–1941). During the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Dorje_Shugden_controversy" title="Dorje Shugden controversy">Dorje Shugden controversy</a>" began, spearheaded by the sectarian tendencies of Pabongkha. This division within the Gelug order was based on the worship of a protector deity named <a href="/wiki/Dorje_Shugden" title="Dorje Shugden">Dorje Shugden</a> who was said to punish Gelugs who entered into practices from other Buddhist schools.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 13th Dalai Lama (who himself practiced <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> Dzogchen and the deity <a href="/wiki/Vajrakilaya" title="Vajrakilaya">Vajrakilaya</a>) opposed this sectarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PRC_era,_diaspora_and_the_West"><span id="PRC_era.2C_diaspora_and_the_West"></span>PRC era, diaspora and the West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: PRC era, diaspora and the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajesh_Kasturirangan_at_Mind_and_Life.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rajesh_Kasturirangan_at_Mind_and_Life.jpg/240px-Rajesh_Kasturirangan_at_Mind_and_Life.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rajesh_Kasturirangan_at_Mind_and_Life.jpg/360px-Rajesh_Kasturirangan_at_Mind_and_Life.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rajesh_Kasturirangan_at_Mind_and_Life.jpg/480px-Rajesh_Kasturirangan_at_Mind_and_Life.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Kasturirangan" title="Rajesh Kasturirangan">Rajesh Kasturirangan</a> with the 14th Dalai Lama, <a href="/wiki/Geshe_Thupten_Jinpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Geshe Thupten Jinpa">Thupten Jinpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mind_and_Life_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind and Life Institute">Mind and Life Institute</a> XXVI conference, 2013. The Mind and Life institute has been a series of dialogues on Buddhism and science, and these have influenced the field of <a href="/wiki/Contemplative_neuroscience" title="Contemplative neuroscience">contemplative science</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a> and thousands of Tibetan monasteries were destroyed or damaged (mainly during the <a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> of 1966–1976), and many Gelug monks, including the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> fled the country to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a>. The three major Gelug monastic colleges (Sera, Drepung and Ganden) were recreated in India. The Dalai Lama's current seat is <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal Monastery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a>, this monastery also maintains a branch monastery in <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> is a central leader of the modern Tibetan diaspora and continues to advocate for Tibetan autonomy and human rights as well as continuing to teach Tibetan Buddhism throughout the world. The Dalai Lama has met with numerous political and religious leaders, as well as scientists and philosophers and promotes <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith dialogue</a>, and the dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Buddhism and science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> has become one of the world's most admired religious figures.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous other Gelug teachers now teach in the West and Gelug centers have become a regular part of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western Buddhism.</a> Perhaps the largest religious organization associated with the Gelug tradition is the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Mahayana_Tradition" title="Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition">Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition</a>, founded in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Zopa_Rinpoche" title="Thubten Zopa Rinpoche">Thubten Zopa Rinpoche</a>. The organization runs numerous meditation centers, several monasteries such as <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_Monastery_(France)" title="Nalanda Monastery (France)">Nalanda monastery</a> in France and as well <a href="/wiki/Maitripa_College" title="Maitripa College">Maitripa College</a>. Other influential Gelug lamas who have taught western Buddhists include <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Wangyal" title="Ngawang Wangyal">Ngawang Wangyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhundub_Sopa" title="Lhundub Sopa">Lhundub Sopa</a> (who founded <a href="/wiki/Deer_Park_Buddhist_Center_and_Monastery" title="Deer Park Buddhist Center and Monastery">Deer Park Buddhist Center and Monastery</a>), <a href="/wiki/Geshe_Rabten" title="Geshe Rabten">Geshe Rabten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyabje_Choden_Rinpoche" title="Kyabje Choden Rinpoche">Choden Rinpoche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ling_Rinpoche" title="Ling Rinpoche">Kyabje Yongzin Ling Rinpoche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geshe_Lhakdor" title="Geshe Lhakdor">Geshe Lhakdor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhardo_Rimpoche" title="Dhardo Rimpoche">Dhardo Rinpoche.</a> Some Gelug lamas also went on to receive a modern western <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">university education</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">published academics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gelek_Rimpoche" title="Gelek Rimpoche">Gelek Rinpoche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thupten_Jinpa" title="Thupten Jinpa">Geshe Thupten Jinpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geshe_Gyeltsen" title="Geshe Gyeltsen">Geshe Gyeltsen</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonam_Thakchoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonam Thakchoe (page does not exist)">Sonam Thakchoe</a>. </p><p>Some western students of diaspora Gelug lamas (some of which spent time as monastics) have also become scholars of Buddhism as well as translators and teachers, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berzin_(scholar)" title="Alexander Berzin (scholar)">Alexander Berzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._Alan_Wallace" title="B. Alan Wallace">B. Alan Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thurman" title="Robert Thurman">Robert Thurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robina_Courtin" title="Robina Courtin">Robina Courtin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hopkins" title="Jeffrey Hopkins">Jeffrey Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Donald S. Lopez Jr.</a>, José Cabezón, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Newland" title="Guy Newland">Guy Martin Newland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vreeland" title="Nicholas Vreeland">Nicholas Vreeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Kerzin" title="Barry Kerzin">Barry Kerzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_H._Mullin" title="Glenn H. Mullin">Glenn H. Mullin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Sparham" title="Gareth Sparham">Gareth Sparham</a>. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> Gelug <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">bhiksuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a>, is the founder and abbess of <a href="/wiki/Sravasti_Abbey" title="Sravasti Abbey">Sravasti Abbey</a>, the only Tibetan Buddhist training monastery for Western <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">bhiksunis</a> (fully ordained female monastics) and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkus">bhikkus</a> (fully ordained male monastics) in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the brutal repression of Buddhism during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">Maoist</a> period, three Gelug scholars became important figures in the revival of Tibetan studies in the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>. These were known as the “Three Polymaths”, which were Tséten Zhabdrung (1910–1985), Mugé Samten (1914–1993), and Dungkar Lozang Trinlé (1927–1997).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mongolian Gelug school under by the <a href="/wiki/9th_Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu" title="9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu">9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu</a>, led <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia#Democracy_since_the_1990_revolution" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">the revival of Mongolian Buddhism</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">fall of communist rule in Mongolia in 1990</a>. The Gelug tradition also has a strong traditional presence in modern Russian Republics like <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanka_-_Google_Art_Project_(434620).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thanka_-_Google_Art_Project_%28434620%29.png/220px-Thanka_-_Google_Art_Project_%28434620%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thanka_-_Google_Art_Project_%28434620%29.png/330px-Thanka_-_Google_Art_Project_%28434620%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Thanka_-_Google_Art_Project_%28434620%29.png/440px-Thanka_-_Google_Art_Project_%28434620%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>Gelug Lineage <a href="/wiki/Refuge_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge Tree">Refuge Tree</a> <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a> depicting Je Tsongkapa at the center of the tree surrounded by Indian and Tibetan Buddhist masters. Thangkas like these are often used as a focus for taking <a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">refuge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steps_of_the_path_(lam_rim)"><span id="Steps_of_the_path_.28lam_rim.29"></span>Steps of the path (<i>lam rim</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Steps of the path (lam rim)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsongkhapa's works contain a systematic synthesis of Buddhist doctrine which provides a comprehensive vision of the Buddhist path, based on classical Indian Mahayana and Vajrayana.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main Mahayana teachings are found in various texts such as Tsongkhapa's the <i>Great Exposition of the Graded Path</i> (<i>Lam rim chen mo</i>), the <i>Middling Graded Path (Lam rim ‘bring ba),</i> and the <i>Small Graded Path</i> (<i>Lam rim chung ngu</i>)<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Other related works include <i>The Three Principles of the Path, The Foundation of All Good Qualities.</i> There are also various other expositions of the Lamrim by other figures such as the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">3rd Dalai Lama</a>'s <i>Essence of Refined Gold</i> and <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen,_4th_Panchen_Lama" title="Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, 4th Panchen Lama">Panchen Losang Chökyi Gyaltsen</a>'s <i>Easy Path</i> (<i>de lam</i>). </p><p>These Lamrim works are based on the teachings of the Indian master <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a> (c. 11th century) in <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipathaprad%C4%ABpa" title="Bodhipathapradīpa">A Lamp for the Path to Awakening</a></i> as well on the works of <a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a> and other Indian Madhyamaka authors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gelug scholastics, Tsongkhapa's presentation of the stages of the path is traced through Atisha back to <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> (who received it from Manjushri). Tsongkhapa is also said to have incorporated elements from <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga's</a> presentation of the path (as taught to him by <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presentation of <a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">samatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vipa%C5%9Byan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipaśyanā">vipaśyanā</a> in Tsongkhapa's <i>Lamrim</i> is also based on eighth-century Indian teacher <a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81van%C4%81krama" title="Bhāvanākrama">Bhāvanākrama</a></i> (Stages of Meditation).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important text in Gelug is the <i>Book of Kadam</i> also known as the <i>Kadam Emanation Scripture</i> which includes teachings from Kadam masters like Atisha and <a href="/wiki/Dromt%C3%B6n" title="Dromtön">Dromton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_schema_of_the_three_motivations">The schema of the three motivations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The schema of the three motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the name indicates, this is a gradual path model in which the practitioner accomplishes varying stages of contemplation and training based on classical Indian <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism. The presentation of the Buddhist path begins with beings on the lowest level (those who have <a href="/wiki/View_(Buddhism)" title="View (Buddhism)">wrong view</a> and are filled with <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">afflictions</a>) and provides a gradual, step by step path out of this state through diligent training, ethical action and contemplation.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Powers "the path is envisioned as proceeding in hierarchically arranged stages, and trainees are expected to complete each level before moving on to the next one."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lamrim teachings are commonly organized based on three main graduated scopes of motivation:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The lowest scope suitable for those who delight in cyclic existence (<i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsara</a></i>) and desire to seek a good <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a> in higher realms. Spiritual practices that are taught for this motivation include contemplating the preciousness of our human rebirth, turning away from the eight worldly concerns, contemplating the suffering of lower rebirths, <a href="/wiki/Mara%E1%B9%87asati" title="Maraṇasati">contemplation of death</a>, the preciousness of human life, and <a href="/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">impermanence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">taking refuge in the three jewels</a> and contemplating the karmic law of cause and effect. Another important element for this level is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics"><abbr>ethical self-discipline</abbr></a> (<i>sila</i>) by avoiding the ten harmful actions and cultivating <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics#Ten_wholesome_actions" title="Buddhist ethics">the ten wholesome actions</a>.</li> <li>The middle scope of those who are seeking <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">liberation</a> from the round of rebirths for themselves (the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na" title="Śrāvakayāna">Sravaka</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a> motivation). The focus of this middle scope is cultivating <a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">renunciation</a> and a desire for true freedom. This comes from contemplating how all forms of rebirth (even the highest forms) are unsatisfactory (<i><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">duḥkha</a></i>) as well as practicing the three trainings of ethics (<i>sila</i>), meditative stabilization (<i><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a></i>) and insight (<i><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">vipasyana</a></i>). This level also includes contemplating the <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">six root delusions</a> (<i>kleśa</i>) that give rise to samsara (attachment, anger, pride, ignorance, wrong views, and doubt) as well as the analysis of samsara contained in the 12 links of <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">dependent origination</a>. Though this level also includes insight into emptiness (<i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">shunyata</a></i>), it is not as thoroughly explained as in the Mahayana.</li> <li>The highest scope suitable for those who have great compassion and thus seek to attain <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">full Buddhahood</a> so as to aid the liberation of others (<a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> motivation). This begins with the generation of the mind of awakening (<i><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a></i>), and the cultivation of love (<i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">maitrī</a></i>) and compassion (<i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">karuṇā</a></i>) towards all beings, and proceeds on to the cultivation of practices like the <a href="/wiki/Lojong" title="Lojong">seven point mind training</a>, "exchanging ourselves and others", <a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">tonglen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">bodhisattva vows</a> and the six <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">paramitas</a></i> (including <a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">samatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">vipasyana</a> meditation), culminating with the direct realization of emptiness.</li></ul> <p>The highest scope of <i>Lamrim</i> culminates in the <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> methods to aid in the speedy attainment of Buddhahood. Higher motivations are said to build on, but not to subvert the foundation of the earlier ones.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_main_elements">Three main elements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Three main elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <i>The Three Principles of the Path</i>, Tsongkhapa outlines the three main elements of the path to awakening as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The intention definitely to leave cyclic existence, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">renunciation</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">naiṣkramya</a></i>)</li> <li>Generating the intention to attain <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> for the sake of all sentient beings (<i><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a>,</i> the awakening mind)</li> <li>The correct view (<i><a href="/wiki/View_(Buddhism)" title="View (Buddhism)">samyak dṛṣṭi</a></i>), i.e. a proper understanding of emptiness (<i><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">shunyata</a></i>).</li></ol> <p>According to Tsongkhapa, these three elements contain the essence of all Buddhist teachings and practices and are the common goal of all scriptures, treatises and tantras.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, according to Tsongkhapa, these are not just introductory or partial elements, but essential foundations for all Buddhist practices, sutric (i.e. non-tantric Mahayana) or tantric.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasoning_and_meditating_on_emptiness">Reasoning and meditating on emptiness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reasoning and meditating on emptiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Gelug, the achievement of the perfection of wisdom (<i><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">prajñaparamita</a></i>) requires a proper understanding of the view of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a>. In the <i>Lamrim chenmo,</i> Tsongkhapa rejects the idea that all intellectual effort, concepts, and mental activity are obstacles to spiritual understanding. He also rejects certain views of emptiness, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong"><i>shentong</i></a> (other emptiness) view, which is seen as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Sassatavada" title="Sassatavada">eternalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essentialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proper view of emptiness in the Gelug school is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">prāsangika</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81dhyamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mādhyamika">mādhyamika</a> philosophy of Nagarjuna and <a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Chandrakirti</a> as <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa#Philosophy" title="Je Tsongkhapa">interpreted by Tsongkhapa</a>. According to Jay Garfield, Tsongkhapa's view is "a synthesis of the epistemology and logic of <a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a> with the metaphysics of <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The correct view of emptiness is initially established through study and reasoning in order to ascertain if phenomena are the way they appear. Gelug texts contain many explanations to help one obtain a conceptual understanding of emptiness and to practice insight meditation (<i><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">vipasyana</a></i>). Gelug meditation includes an analytical kind of insight practice which is "the point-by-point contemplation of the logical arguments of the teachings, culminating in those for the voidness of self and all phenomena."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to John Powers:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The initial use of reasoning enables the meditator to recognize that all phenomena are empty of inherent existence, and the fact that one is able to demonstrate this through reasoned proofs makes the conviction unshakable. Merely gaining a conceptual apprehension, however, is not enough: one must deepen the understanding of emptiness through repeated familiarization. The more one trains in emptiness, the deeper one’s discernment becomes, until one transcends the need for conceptual thought, and one’s awareness of emptiness reaches the level of direct perception, such that when one considers a phenomenon in meditation, one immediately apprehends its absence of inherent existence.</p></blockquote><p>For Tsongkhapa, the training in insight and wisdom is closely associated with training in compassion. Training in insight into emptiness deepens compassion and vice verse. Both reinforce and strengthen each other.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinaya">Vinaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vinaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gelug school focuses on ethics and monastic discipline of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a></i> as the central plank of spiritual practice. In particular, the need to pursue spiritual practice in a graded, sequential manner is emphasized. Arguably, Gelug is the only school of vajrayāna Buddhism that prescribes monastic ordination as a necessary qualification and basis in its teachers (lamas / gurus).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lay people are usually not permitted to give initiations if there are teachers with monastic vows within close proximity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajrayāna_(Secret_Mantra)"><span id="Vajray.C4.81na_.28Secret_Mantra.29"></span>Vajrayāna (Secret Mantra)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vajrayāna (Secret Mantra)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/220px-Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/330px-Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/440px-Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinit%C3%A0_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8384" data-file-height="9970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Guhyasamāja Tantra">Guhyasamāja</a> mandala with Mañjuvajra as the central deity</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">tantric practices</a> of the Gelug school are also integrated into the stages of the path model by Tsongkhapa's <i>The Great Exposition of Secret Mantra</i>. This is combined with the <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">tantric deity yogas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anuttarayoga_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayoga Tantra">Anuttarayoga Tantras</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhyasamāja tantra">Guhyasamāja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasaṃvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra"><i>Kālacakra</i></a> tantras.<sup id="cite_ref-CM6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CM6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Tsongkhapa, Vajrayana practice requires <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a> and insight into emptiness (through <i>vipaśyanā</i> meditation) as a foundation, and thus, non-tantric Mahayana (and its three principal aspects of renunciation, bodhicitta and insight into emptiness) is seen as indispensable for Vajrayana in Gelug.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, according to Tsongkhapa, without having ascertained emptiness, one cannot practice the tantric yogas of Vajrayana.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gelug school also follows Tsongkhapa's view that Vajrayana is only differentiated from sutra by its special method, the esoteric practice of <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a>, which is considered to be a much faster method than the practice of the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">six perfections</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsongkhapa's tantric practice and theory focuses on the <i>Guhyasamāja tantra</i>, a text which he considered to be the "king of tantras".<sup id="cite_ref-:32_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsongkhapa referred to himself as a "<i>Guhyasamāja</i> yogi" and saw himself as a reviver and reformer of the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the <i>Guhyasamāja tantra</i> is the principal tantra for the Gelug school. As the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> remarks:<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is a saying in the Gelug, "If one is on the move it is Guhyasamāja. If one is still, it is Guhyasamāja. If one is meditating, it should be upon Guhyasamāja." Therefore, whether one is engaged in study or practice, Guhyasamāja should be one's focus.</p></blockquote> <p>Tsongkhapa also incorporated the tantric practice of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Yogas_of_Naropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Yogas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Dagpo_Kagyu" title="Dagpo Kagyu">Dagpo Kagyu</a> lineages. This tradition was continued by the <a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang,_1st_Panchen_Lama" title="Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama">first Panchen Lama</a>, who composed <i>A Root Text for the Precious Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamudra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gelug tradition also maintains <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> teachings; <a href="/wiki/Lozang_Gyatso,_5th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama">Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama</a> (1617–1682), <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Gyatso,_13th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama">Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama</a> ( 1876–1933), and <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama</a> are some Gelug-pa Dzogchen masters.<sup id="cite_ref-GD_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GD-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise the practice of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a> was taught by Gelug-pas such as Kyabje Zong Rinpoche. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unique_Oral_lineage">Unique Oral lineage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unique Oral lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situ_Panchen._Manjushri._From_Painting_Set_of_Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_(Palpung)_18th_century_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Situ_Panchen._Manjushri._From_Painting_Set_of_Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_%28Palpung%29_18th_century_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Situ_Panchen._Manjushri._From_Painting_Set_of_Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_%28Palpung%29_18th_century_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Situ_Panchen._Manjushri._From_Painting_Set_of_Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_%28Palpung%29_18th_century_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Situ_Panchen._Manjushri._From_Painting_Set_of_Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_%28Palpung%29_18th_century_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Situ_Panchen._Manjushri._From_Painting_Set_of_Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_%28Palpung%29_18th_century_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Situ_Panchen._Manjushri._From_Painting_Set_of_Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_%28Palpung%29_18th_century_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Mañjuśrī, 18th century, Rubin Museum of Art</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gelug tradition also has a unique lineage of oral instructions which is traced back to the teachings received by Tsongkhapa from the bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a> (Tib. <i>Jampalyang</i>). There are two main lineages of this Ganden Mañjuśrī cycle of oral instructions, these are the Ensa tradition (stemming from Gyalwa Ensapa Losang Dondrup) and the Segyu lineage (stemming from Je Sherab Sengye). The teachings of the popular Lama Chöpa practice come down through the Ensa lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to David Gonsalez:<sup id="cite_ref-:7_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Manjushri instructed Tsongkhapa to combine the teachings on the clear light and illusory body from the <i>Guhyasamāja</i> Tantra, the teachings on inner fire and the use of an action mudra from the <i>Cakrasaṃvara</i> Tantra, and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Vajrabhairava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrabhairava">Vajrabhairava</a>, using these as a means of increasing wisdom and overcoming obstacles. With this as the foundation for his tantric practice he should establish a basis of <a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">lamrim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lojong" title="Lojong">lojong</a> that is centered on the practice of guru yoga. Manjushri proceeded to give Tsongkhapa detailed teachings on all aspects of the aforementioned teachings and advised him to consolidate them all into a single practice. This was the impetus for the origins of Lama Chöpa. From these instructions there arose a very secret system of guru yoga that was transmitted orally from guru to disciple.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study">Study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/220px--Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery,_2013.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery,_2013.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Monks debating at <a href="/wiki/Sera_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sera monastery">Sera monastery</a>, Tibet, 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_topics_and_texts">Main topics and texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Main topics and texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gelug school developed a highly structured system of scholastic study which was based on the memorization and study of key texts as well as formal debate. The primary topics and texts used in study are:<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Monastic discipline (<i>’dul ba</i>, <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a>): <i>Vinaya-sutra</i> by Gunaprabha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmakosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakosha">Abhidharmakosha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> (<i>tshad ma</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">pramana</a>): which is based on <a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Pramanavarttika" title="Pramanavarttika">Pramanavarttika</a></i>, a Commentary on <a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignaga’s</a> <i>‘Compendium of Pramana’,</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> (<i>dbu-ma</i>): <a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Chandrakirti</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakāvatāra">Madhyamakāvatāra</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita</a> (<i>phar-phyin</i>): <a href="/wiki/Maitreya-n%C4%81tha" title="Maitreya-nātha">Maitreya's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Abhisamayalankara" title="Abhisamayalankara">Abhisamayalankara</a></i>.</li></ol> <p>All Gelug colleges study commentaries to these texts written by Tsongkhapa, Gyaltsab Je and Kedrub Je.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six texts by Tsongkhapa are also a prime source for the studies of the Gelug tradition: </p> <ol><li><i>The Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path</i> (<i>Lam-rim chen-mo</i>)</li> <li><i>The Great Exposition of Secret Mantra</i> (<i>sNgag-rim chenmo</i>)</li> <li><i>The Essence of Eloquence on the Interpretive and Definitive Teachings</i> (<i>Drnng-nges legs-bshad snying-po</i>)</li> <li><i>The Praise of Dependent Origination</i> (<i>rTen-'brel bstodpa</i>)</li> <li><i>The Clear Exposition of the Five Stages of Guhyasamāja</i> (<i>gSang-'dus rim-lnga gsal-sgron</i>) and</li> <li><i>The Golden Rosary</i> (<i>gSer-phreng</i>)</li></ol> <p>Each Gelug monastery also uses its own set of commentarial textbooks (<i>yig-cha</i>) which were written to explain further scholastic details and interpretative issues. The various sets of Gelug textbooks differ on numerous fine points of interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major textbook sets include:<sup id="cite_ref-:8_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Jetsun Chokyi Gyaltsen's (1469–1544) textbooks, studied at Ganden Jangtse, <a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a> Je and Sera <abbr>Ngagpa</abbr></li> <li>Kedrub Tendarwa's texts (1493–1568), studied at Sera Me College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Sonam_Dragpa" title="Panchen Sonam Dragpa">Panchen Sonam Dragpa's</a> texts (1478–1554) which are studied at <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a> Losel Ling, <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a> Shartse, <a href="/wiki/Gyuto_Order" title="Gyuto Order">Gyütö</a> and Ratö colleges,</li> <li>Kunkyen Jamyang Zhepa (1648–1721), studied at Drepung Gomang College, Drepung Deyang College, Labrang <abbr>Monastery, and most monasteries in Inner and Outer Mongolia, Buryatia, Kalmykia, and Tuva.</abbr></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course_of_study">Course of study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Course of study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sera_Monastery7.jpg/220px-Sera_Monastery7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sera_Monastery7.jpg/330px-Sera_Monastery7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sera_Monastery7.jpg/440px-Sera_Monastery7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption>Monks debating in Sera monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Georges Dreyfus,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>For each topic studied, the procedure is similar. The process starts with the heuristic <a href="/wiki/Memorization" title="Memorization">memorization</a> of the root text and sometimes of its commentaries. It continues with the interpretation of the root text through commentaries, and culminates in dialectical <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debate</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>After the study of the exoteric texts, a monk may then enter the esoteric study and practice of <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">tantric</a> texts, particularly the Guhyasamāja, Yamāntaka, and <a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasamvara</a> tantras.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A monk who has completed all his studies may then attempt a <a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">geshe</a> degree, a title rare and difficult to obtain which can take 15 to 25 years to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Powers_(academic)" title="John Powers (academic)">John Powers</a>, "although the Gélukpa tradition recognizes some people as tülkus—beings who are reincarnations of great lamas—the various levels of scholarly achievement are open to any male who is able to complete the program successfully."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no major restrictions on a monk's ability to attain the various scholastic ranks and geshe degrees other than skill, and they may come from any social class, family or region. Several Westerners have completed the degree in the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Powers_(academic)" title="John Powers (academic)">Powers</a> also writes that:<sup id="cite_ref-:9_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>the primary method of examination is oral debate, in which a monk must be able quickly to evaluate a wide range of philosophical positions, defend any of them against any other, and triumph (or at least hold his own) in a no-holds-barred intellectual contest. The debates are generally very lively...The stated purpose of the exercise is to develop the intellects of the monks, and it is felt that direct dialectical confrontation accomplishes this goal by training them to defend philosophical positions, to think on their feet, and to critically examine their doctrines and positions.</p></blockquote><p>Alexander Berzin notes that in Tibet, there used to only be two examinations (rgyugs-sprod): memorization exam (blo-rgyugs) and debate exams (rtsod-rgyugs). However, according to Berzin, "since the reforms of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama in India, they must also pass each year a written exam (bri-rgyugs), a poetry composition exam (rtsom-bri), and a Tibetan culture and religious history exam (rgyal-rabs chos-byung)."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_103-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After attaining a monastic degree, it is common to enter a long meditation retreat, often lasting three years or proceed to tantric (Vajrayana) studies. According to Powers "the logic behind this system is based on the idea that one should first gain a thorough grounding in Buddhist scriptures, philosophy, doctrines, and practice before engaging in full-time meditation. Trainees who thoroughly understand what they are meditating on will be less likely to go astray in meditation than those whose understanding is merely superficial."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monasteries_and_lineage_holders">Monasteries and lineage holders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Monasteries and lineage holders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganden_monastery,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ganden_monastery%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Ganden_monastery%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ganden_monastery%2C_2013.jpg/330px-Ganden_monastery%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ganden_monastery%2C_2013.jpg/440px-Ganden_monastery%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ganden_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden monastery">Ganden monastery</a>, Tibet, 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Mey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sera_Mey.jpg/220px-Sera_Mey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sera_Mey.jpg/330px-Sera_Mey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sera_Mey.jpg/440px-Sera_Mey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Sera Mey, <a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera Monastery</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monasteries">Monasteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Monasteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsongkhapa founded the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a> in 1409 as his main seat. <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a> was founded by Jamyang Choje, <a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera Monastery</a> was founded by Chöje Shakya Yeshe, and <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo Monastery</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Gedun_Drub,_1st_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama">Gyalwa Gendün Drup</a>, the 1st Dalai Lama. These four were the largest and most powerful Gelug monasteries in Tibet. Before the Chinese occupation Ganden and Sera each had about 5,000 monks, while Drepung housed over 7,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang Monastery</a>, in Xiahe County in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu province</a> (and in the traditional Tibetan province of <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>), was founded in 1709 by the first Jamyang Zhaypa, Ngawang Tsondru. Many Gelug monasteries and temples were also built throughout Tibet as well as in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. Notable Gelug monasteries in <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> include Lithang,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bathang, <a href="/wiki/Sershul_Monastery" title="Sershul Monastery">Sershul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dargye_Monastery" title="Dargye Monastery">Dargye</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Gyalrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyalrong">Gyalrong</a> region one finds some of the oldest Gelug monasteries on the eastern plateau such as Dhe-Tsang.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_lineage">Administration and lineage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Administration and lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_ganden_tripa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/6th_ganden_tripa.jpg/220px-6th_ganden_tripa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/6th_ganden_tripa.jpg/330px-6th_ganden_tripa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/6th_ganden_tripa.jpg/440px-6th_ganden_tripa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>6th ganden tripa Chokyi Gyeltsen (1402–1473)</figcaption></figure> <p>After Tsongkhapa's passing, his teachings were held and spread by Gyaltsab Je and Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, who were his successors as abbots of <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a>. These were the first "<a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a>" (<i>dGa’-ldan khri-pa</i>, Ganden Throne Holder), an office which became the official head of the entire Gelug school. The lineage is still held by the present holder is <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Nyima_Lungtok_Tenzin_Norbu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thubten Nyima Lungtok Tenzin Norbu">Thubten Nyima Lungtok Tenzin Norbu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 102nd Ganden Tripa (and not, as often misunderstood, by the Dalai Lama). </p><p>Ganden Tripa is an elected position held by the most senior ex-abbots of Gyume and Gyuto Upper and Lower Tantric Colleges. The office lasts for seven years only.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to the other Tibetan schools, who are led either by specific <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulkus</a> (reincarnation lineages like the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapas</a>) or by a specific clan (like the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> school, led by the <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6n_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Khön family">Khön family</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the main lineage holders of the Gelug are: </p> <ul><li>The successive incarnations of the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> (also commonly referred to as "Gyalwa Rinpoche")</li> <li>The succession of the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>, the Chagkya Dorje Chang, Ngachen Könchok Gyaltsen, Kyishö Tulku Tenzin Thrinly, Jamyang Shepa, Phurchok Jampa Rinpoche, Jamyang Dewe Dorje, Takphu Rinpoche, Khachen Yeshe Gyaltsen</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu" title="Jebtsundamba Khutuktu">Jebtsundamba Khutuktus</a>, the spiritual heads of Mongolian Buddhism</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Changkya_Khutukhtu" title="Changkya Khutukhtu">Changkya Khutukhtus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tatsag" title="Tatsag">Tatsag Rinpoches</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Reting_Rinpoche" title="Reting Rinpoche">Reting Rinpoches</a></li> <li>Successive incarnations of Kyabje Yongzin <a href="/wiki/Ling_Rinpoche" title="Ling Rinpoche">Ling Rinpoche</a></li> <li>Successive incarnations of Kyabje Yongzin <a href="/wiki/Trijang_Lobsang_Yeshe_Tenzin_Gyatso" title="Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso">Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Mahayana_Tradition" title="Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition">Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushnishasitatapattra" title="Ushnishasitatapattra">Ushnishasitatapattra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow shamanism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GD-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GD_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/ganden-tripa/the-shugden-affair-i">Georges Dreyfus, <i>The Shugden Affair: Origins of a Controversy (Part I)</i>. Official website of the Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103131534/http://dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/ganden-tripa/the-shugden-affair-i">Archived</a> 2013-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kay, David N. (2007). <i>Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, Development and Adaptation,</i> p. 39. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaik, Sam van. <i>Tibet: A History</i>. Yale University Press 2011, page 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info-buddhismus.de/new_kadampa_tradition.html">"The Setting of the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT) / Kadampa Meditation Centres (KMC), Dorje Shugden & Dalai Lama protests"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Setting+of+the+New+Kadampa+Tradition+%28NKT%29+%2F+Kadampa+Meditation+Centres+%28KMC%29%2C+Dorje+Shugden+%26+Dalai+Lama+protests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo-buddhismus.de%2Fnew_kadampa_tradition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Berzin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-tibet/the-origin-of-the-yellow-hat">The Origin of the Yellow Hat</a>, Berzin Archives, retrieved 18 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, John (2007) <i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i>, p. 467. Snow Lion Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin 2001, p.367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, Reginald. Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism, Ch. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsong khapa (2006). <i>Ocean of Reasoning: A Great Commentary on Nagarjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakarika</i>, pp. ix–x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, John (2007) <i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i>, p. 469. Snow Lion Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CM6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CM6_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CM6_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crystal Mirror VI : 1971, Dharma Publishing, page 464, 0-913546-59-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Life of Shabkar: The Autobiography of a Tibetan yogin by Źabs-dkar Tshogs-drug-raṅ-grol, Matthieu Ricard. State University of New York Press: 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1835-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1835-9">0-7914-1835-9</a> pg 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Schaik. The Spirit of Tibetan Buddhism, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jinpa, Thupten. <i>Self, Reality and Reason in Tibetan Philosophy</i>. Routledge 2002, page 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lama Tsongkhapa, Lamrim Chenmo V3 Pp 224–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sparham, Gareth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/tsongkhapa/">"Tsongkhapa"</a>, <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, p. 109. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jinpa, Thupten (2019). <i>Tsongkhapa: A Buddha in the Land of Snows</i>. Boulder, CO: Shambhala Publications. pp. 329–365. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-646-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-646-5">978-1-61180-646-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, John (2007), <i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i>, p. 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, pp. 104–105. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jinpa, Thupten (2019). <i>Tsongkhapa: A Buddha in the Land of Snows</i>. Boulder, CO: Shambhala Publications. p. 365. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-646-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-646-5">978-1-61180-646-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jinpa, Thupten (2019). <i>Tsongkhapa: A Buddha in the Land of Snows</i>. Boulder, CO: Shambhala Publications. pp. 365–372. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-646-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-646-5">978-1-61180-646-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, John (2007), <i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, p. 107. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettit, John W. (2013). <i>Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzogchen, the Great Perfection,</i> p. 136. Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:19_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgon Mipham, Padmakara Translation Group (2017). <i>The Wisdom Chapter: Jamgön Mipham's Commentary on the Ninth Chapter of The Way of the Bodhisattva.</i> p. 30. Shambhala Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:20_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgon Mipham, Padmakara Translation Group (2017). <i>The Wisdom Chapter: Jamgön Mipham's Commentary on the Ninth Chapter of The Way of the Bodhisattva.</i> p. 31. Shambhala Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200318_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay2003">McKay 2003</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay200319_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay2003">McKay 2003</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird, Thomas (2006). <i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i>, p. 144. Grove Press, N.Y. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1827-1">978-0-8021-1827-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin M. (1968). <i>Tibet: An account of the history, religion and the people of Tibet</i>, p. 219. Touchstone Books, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20099-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20099-2">0-671-20099-2</a> (hbk); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20559-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-20559-5">0-671-20559-5</a> (pbk).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also Sonam Choephel or Sonam Rabten</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408234449/http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf">Samten G. Karmay, <i>The Great Fifth</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell1895" class="citation book cs1">Waddell, L. Austine (1895). <i>The Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism: with its Mystic Cults, Symbolism and Mythology, and in its Relation to Indian Buddhism</i>. London. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475275688">475275688</a>. <q>And as we have seen in the previous chapter, the Ge-lug-pa sect in 1640, under its fifth Grand Lama, leapt into temporal power as the dominant sect in Tibet, and has ever since remained the Established Church for the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhism+of+Tibet+or+Lamaism%3A+with+its+Mystic+Cults%2C+Symbolism+and+Mythology%2C+and+in+its+Relation+to+Indian+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475275688&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=L.+Austine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer</i>, p. 249. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter, (1986): Wisdom Publications, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2">0-86171-045-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, p. 119. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, p. 133. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sangye Desi Gyatso; Kilty, Gavin (translator) (2016) <i>The Mirror of Beryl: A Historical Introduction to Tibetan Medicine,</i> p. 1. Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bogd-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bogd_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuluunBulag2013" class="citation book cs1">Chuluun, Sampildondov; Bulag, Uradyn E. (2013). <i>The Thirteenth Dalai Lama on the Run (1904–1906): Archival Documents from Mongolia</i>. BRILL. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25455-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25455-8"><bdi>978-90-04-25455-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteenth+Dalai+Lama+on+the+Run+%281904%E2%80%931906%29%3A+Archival+Documents+from+Mongolia&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25455-8&rft.aulast=Chuluun&rft.aufirst=Sampildondov&rft.au=Bulag%2C+Uradyn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/267"><i>A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951–1955</i></a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/267">267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24941-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24941-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tibet%2C+Volume+2%3A+The+Calm+Before+the+Storm%3A+1951%E2%80%931955&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24941-7&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernt00melv%2Fpage%2F267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-choosing-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-choosing_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21526388">"China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=China%2C+Tibet+and+the+Dalai+Lama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21526388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Roger, "The dGe ldan-bKa' brgyud Tradition of Mahamudra How Much dGe ldan? How Much bKa' brgyud?" in <i>Newland, Guy, Changing Minds: Contributions to the Study of Buddhism and Tibet in Honor of Jeffrey Hopkins 2001 p. 155</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, Vesna A. (2015). <i>Buddhism in Mongolian History, Culture, and Society</i> (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. xix. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-995866-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-995866-5">978-0-19-995866-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, pp. 122–123. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, p. 128. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yu Dawchyuan, "<i>Love Songs of the Sixth Dalai Lama</i>", <i>Academia Sinica Monograph</i>, Series A, No.5, 1930</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul D. Williams (2005)<i>. Songs of Love, Poems of Sadness: The Erotic Verse of the Sixth Dalai Lama.</i> I. B. Tauris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thubten Samphel and Tendar. Roli & Janssen (2004). <i>The Dalai Lamas of Tibet</i>, p. 101. New Delhi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). <i>The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation</i>. pp. 302–308. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, NM. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3">1-57416-092-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, pp. 140–141. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). <i>The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation</i>. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, NM. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3">1-57416-092-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Changkya Rölpai Dorjé; Lopez, Donald (translator) (2019). <i>Beautiful Adornment of Mount Meru</i>, Introduction. Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blo-bzaṅ-dkon-mchog, Daniel Cozort, Craig Preston (2003). <i>Buddhist Philosophy: Losang Gönchok's Short Commentary to Jamyang Shayba's Root Text on Tenets,</i> pp. xi–xii. Snow Lion Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Samuel, Geoffrey</a> (2012). <i>Introducing Tibetan Buddhism</i>. Introducing World Religions. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 249. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45664-7">978-0-415-45664-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuken Losang Chokyi Nyima, Jackson, Roger (editor) (2017). <i>The Crystal Mirror of Philosophical Systems: A Tibetan Study of Asian Religious Thought.</i> Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel H. Pang, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_30_01.pdf">“The Rimé Activities of Shabkar Tsokdruk Rangdrol (1781–1851)”</a>,</i> Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, no. 29, Avril 2014, pp. 5–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettit, John W. (2013). <i>Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzogchen, the Great Perfection,</i> p. 12. Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Minyak-Kunzang-Sonam/6470">"Minyak Kunzang Sonam"</a>. <i>The Treasury of Lives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Treasury+of+Lives&rft.atitle=Minyak+Kunzang+Sonam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreasuryoflives.org%2Fbiographies%2Fview%2FMinyak-Kunzang-Sonam%2F6470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunzang Pelden (2010). <i>The Nectar of Manjushri's Speech: A Detailed Commentary on Shantideva's Way of the Bodhisattva</i>, p. xiv. Shambhala Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, pp. 196–200. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam van Schaik (2011). <i>Tibet: A History</i>, pp. 200–201. Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kay, David N. (2004). <i>Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation</i>, p. 43. 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Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bultrini, Raimondo (2013). <i>The Dalai Lama and the King Demon,</i> Part Five, The Old Togen, note 121<i>.</i> Hay House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517161630/https://www.namgyal.org/about/overview-of-namgyal-ithaca/">"Overview of Namgyal Ithaca – Namgyal Monastery Institute of Buddhist Studies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namgyal.org/about/overview-of-namgyal-ithaca/">the original</a> on 2021-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Sound of Two Hands Clapping The Education of a Tibetan Buddhist Monk, 2003, page 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, John (2007) <i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i>, p. 478. Snow Lion Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, John (2007) <i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i>, p. 479. Snow Lion Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, John (2007) <i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i>, p. 480. Snow Lion Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pamela-logan.com/history/lithang-monastery-cycles-of-destruction-and-renewal/">"Lithang Monastery: Cycles of Destruction and Renewal"</a>. 9 Jan 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithang+Monastery%3A+Cycles+of+Destruction+and+Renewal&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pamela-logan.com%2Fhistory%2Flithang-monastery-cycles-of-destruction-and-renewal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pamela-logan.com/history/dhe-tsang-monastery">"Built Heritage on the Eastern Tibetan plateau: Dhe-Tsang Monastery"</a>. 8 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Built+Heritage+on+the+Eastern+Tibetan+plateau%3A+Dhe-Tsang+Monastery&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pamela-logan.com%2Fhistory%2Fdhe-tsang-monastery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804125310/http://www.loselingmonastery.org/index.php?id=48&type=p">"Loselingmonastery -"</a>. <i>Loselingmonastery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loselingmonastery.org/index.php?id=48&type=p">the original</a> on 2012-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loselingmonastery&rft.atitle=Loselingmonastery+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loselingmonastery.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D48%26type%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/abhidharma-tenet-systems/the-tibetan-traditions/special-features-of-the-gelug-tradition">"Special Features of the Gelug Tradition"</a>. <i>studybuddhism.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=studybuddhism.com&rft.atitle=Special+Features+of+the+Gelug+Tradition&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fen%2Fadvanced-studies%2Fabhidharma-tenet-systems%2Fthe-tibetan-traditions%2Fspecial-features-of-the-gelug-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Ri-Me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet by Ringu Tulku, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59030-286-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59030-286-9">1-59030-286-9</a>, Shambhala Publications</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abuddhistlibrary.com/Buddhism/A%20-%20Tibetan%20Buddhism/Authors/Ringu%20Tulku/The%20Rime%20Movement/THE%20RIME%20(%20Ris-med%20)%20MOVEMENT.htm">Ringu Tulku: The Rimé (Ris-med) movement of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great</a> Paper given on 7th Conference of International Association For Tibetan Studies in June 1995</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2003" class="citation cs2">McKay, A., ed. (2003), <i>History of Tibet</i>, RoutledgeCurzon, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1508-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1508-8"><bdi>0-7007-1508-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Tibet&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7007-1508-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGelug" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). <i>The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation</i>. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, NM. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3">1-57416-092-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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aria-labelledby="Tibetan_Buddhism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#990000;color:yellow;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:yellow">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template talk:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:yellow">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:yellow">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibetan_Buddhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bön</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kālacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamdre" title="Lamdre">Lamdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala#Vajrayana" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Buddhism" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">Preparatory practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Roots">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81#Buddhism" title="Sādhanā">Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Yogas_of_Naropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Yogas of Naropa">Six Dharmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tibetan tantric practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_merit" title="Transfer of merit">Transfer of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo" title="Khenpo">Khenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngakpa" title="Ngakpa">Ngakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigdzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigdzin">Rigdzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara_(Buddhism)" title="Vidyadhara (Buddhism)">Vidyadhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nyingma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" title="Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje_(2nd_Dudjom_Rinpoche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (2nd Dudjom Rinpoche)">Dudjom Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sakya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6n_K%C3%B6nchok_Gyalpo" title="Khön Könchok Gyalpo">Khön Könchok Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kagyu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo" title="Thang Tong Gyalpo">Thang Tong Gyalpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gelug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akong_Rinpoche" title="Akong Rinpoche">Akong Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Govinda" title="Anagarika Govinda">Anagarika Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Arjia_Rinpoche" title="8th Arjia Rinpoche">Arija Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagdud_Tulku_Rinpoche" title="Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche">Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatral_Sangye_Dorje" title="Chatral Sangye Dorje">Chatral Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetsang_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetsang Rinpoche">Chetsang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Nyima_Rinpoche" title="Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche">Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampa_Sangye" title="Dampa Sangye">Dampa Sangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhung_Rinpoche" title="Dezhung Rinpoche">Dezhung Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse" title="Dilgo Khyentse">Dilgo Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Kunley" title="Drukpa Kunley">Drukpa Kunley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzigar_Kongtrul_Rinpoche" title="Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche">Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Ponlop_Rinpoche" title="Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche">Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche">Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Khyentse_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Lodr%C3%B6" title="Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö">Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampopa" title="Gampopa">Gampopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa Sonam Sengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalwang_Drukpa" title="Gyalwang Drukpa">Gyalwang Drukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Rinpoche" title="Kalu Rinpoche">Kalu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Thinley_Rinpoche" title="Karma Thinley Rinpoche">Karma Thinley Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamtrul_Rinpoche" title="Khamtrul Rinpoche">Khamtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandro_Rinpoche" title="Khandro Rinpoche">Khandro Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo_Tsultrim_Gyamtso_Rinpoche" title="Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche">Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_Jampa_Thaye" title="Lama Jampa Thaye">Lama Jampa Thaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ling_Rinpoche" title="Ling Rinpoche">Ling Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa Lotsawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miky%C3%B6_Dorje,_8th_Karmapa_Lama" title="Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama">Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoshul_Khenpo_Rinpoche" title="Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche">Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Chokgyur_Lingpa" title="Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa">Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Tobgyal" title="Orgyen Tobgyal">Orgyen Tobgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo" title="Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo">Phabongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Lingpa" title="Pema Lingpa">Pema Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Penor Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmo_Drupa_Dorje_Gyalpo" title="Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo">Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratna_Vajra_Sakya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratna Vajra Sakya">Ratna Vajra Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechung_Dorje_Drakpa" title="Rechung Dorje Drakpa">Rechung Dorje Drakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reting_Rinpoche" title="Reting Rinpoche">Reting Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Chokden" title="Sakya Chokden">Sakya Chokden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Beru_Khyentse" title="Second Beru Khyentse">Second Beru Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Situpa" title="Tai Situpa">Tai Situpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku" title="Tarthang Tulku">Tarthang Tulku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenga_Rinpoche" title="Tenga Rinpoche">Tenga Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Palmo" title="Tenzin Palmo">Tenzin Palmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche" title="Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche">Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita" title="Tenzin Ösel Hita">Tenzin Ösel Hita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinley_Norbu" title="Thinley Norbu">Thinley Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Zopa_Rinpoche" title="Thubten Zopa Rinpoche">Thubten Zopa Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traleg_Kyabgon_Rinpoche" title="Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche">Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijang_Lobsang_Yeshe_Tenzin_Gyatso" title="Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso">Trijang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trulshik_Rinpoche" title="Trulshik Rinpoche">Trulshik Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangny%C3%B6n_Heruka" title="Tsangnyön Heruka">Tsangnyön Heruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsele_Natsok_Rangdr%C3%B6l" title="Tsele Natsok Rangdröl">Tsele Natsok Rangdröl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudra_Nyingpo" title="Yudra Nyingpo">Yudra Nyingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zong_Rinpoche" title="Zong Rinpoche">Zong Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Gyubum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6da" class="mw-redirect" title="Chöda">Chöda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phurba" title="Phurba">Phurba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serkyem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serkyem (page does not exist)">Serkyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">Yidam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Monastery" title="Dzongsar Monastery">Dzongsar Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathok_Monastery" title="Kathok Monastery">Kathok Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdroling_Monastery" title="Namdroling Monastery">Namdroling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palyul" class="mw-redirect" title="Palyul">Palyul Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechen_Monastery" title="Shechen Monastery">Shechen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala#Establishment_of_Tibetan_exile_community" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala" title="Shambhala">Shambhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva#Religion" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template 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href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage 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decoding="async" width="40" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg/60px-1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg/80px-1st_Dalai_Lama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Gendun Drup, 1st Dalai Lama</figcaption></figure></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Dalai_Lama" title="1st Dalai Lama">Gendun Drup</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1391–1474)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Dalai_Lama" title="2nd Dalai Lama">Gendun Gyatso</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1475–1542)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543–1588)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">Yonten</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589–1617)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">Lozang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1617–1682)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">Tsangyang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1706)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">Kelzang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1708–1757)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">Jamphel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1758–1804)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Dalai_Lama" title="9th Dalai Lama">Lungtok</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1805–1815)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Dalai_Lama" title="10th Dalai Lama">Tsultrim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1816–1837)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Dalai_Lama" title="11th Dalai Lama">Khedrup</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1838–1856)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Dalai_Lama" title="12th Dalai Lama">Trinley</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1857–1875)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">Thubten</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935–present)</span></li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama"><img alt="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg/33px-Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg/50px-Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg/66px-Dalai_Lama_1430_Luca_Galuzzi_2007crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="4" style="background: #B00760; color: #FFD700;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">List of Dalai Lamas</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Gelug Yellow Hat sect</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Ganden Podrang</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Potala Palace</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Norbulingka</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Panchen_Lamas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #B00760; color: #FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Panchen_Lamas" title="Template:Panchen Lamas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FFD700">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Panchen_Lamas" title="Template talk:Panchen Lamas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FFD700">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Panchen_Lamas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Panchen Lamas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FFD700">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Panchen_Lamas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Panchen Lamas</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang,_1st_Panchen_Lama" title="Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama">Khedrup Gelek Pelzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6nam_Choklang,_2nd_Panchen_Lama" title="Sönam Choklang, 2nd Panchen Lama">Sönam Choklang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensapa_Lobsang_D%C3%B6ndrup,_3rd_Panchen_Lama" title="Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup, 3rd Panchen Lama">Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen,_4th_Panchen_Lama" title="Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, 4th Panchen Lama">Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Yeshe,_5th_Panchen_Lama" title="Lobsang Yeshe, 5th Panchen Lama">Lobsang Yeshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Palden_Yeshe,_6th_Panchen_Lama" title="Lobsang Palden Yeshe, 6th Panchen Lama">Lobsang Palden Yeshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palden_Tenpai_Nyima,_7th_Panchen_Lama" title="Palden Tenpai Nyima, 7th Panchen Lama">Palden Tenpai Nyima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenpai_Wangchuk,_8th_Panchen_Lama" title="Tenpai Wangchuk, 8th Panchen Lama">Tenpai Wangchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Choekyi_Nyima,_9th_Panchen_Lama" title="Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama">Thubten Chökyi Nyima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/11th_Panchen_Lama_controversy" title="11th Panchen Lama controversy">Disputed</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima" title="Gedhun Choekyi Nyima">Gedhun Choekyi Nyima</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">CTA</a>)</span> / <a href="/wiki/Gyaincain_Norbu" title="Gyaincain Norbu">Gyaincain Norbu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">PRC</a>)</span></li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khedrup_Je.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khedrup Je, 1st Panchen Lama"><img alt="Khedrup Je, 1st Panchen Lama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Khedrup_Je.jpg/40px-Khedrup_Je.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Khedrup_Je.jpg/60px-Khedrup_Je.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Khedrup_Je.jpg/80px-Khedrup_Je.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Khedrup Je, 1st Panchen Lama</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background: #B00760; color: #FFD700;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">List of Panchen Lamas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">Tashilhunpo Monastery</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Panchen_Lama_controversy" title="11th Panchen Lama controversy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFD700">11th Panchen Lama controversy</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_topics" title="Template talk:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibet_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size:85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size:85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal-Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size:85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related 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