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<div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia_ed_etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia_ed_etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia ed etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia_ed_etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fonti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tossicità_e_ruolo_biologico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tossicità_e_ruolo_biologico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tossicità e ruolo biologico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tossicità_e_ruolo_biologico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicazioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicazioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applicazioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicazioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietà_degli_elementi[6][7]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietà_degli_elementi[6][7]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proprietà degli elementi<sup><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup><sup><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietà_degli_elementi[6][7]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reattività_chimica_e_andamenti_nel_gruppo[6][7]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reattività_chimica_e_andamenti_nel_gruppo[6][7]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reattività chimica e andamenti nel gruppo<sup><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup><sup><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reattività_chimica_e_andamenti_nel_gruppo[6][7]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudoalogeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoalogeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pseudoalogeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoalogeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alogeni</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 111 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeen" title="Halogeen - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Halogeen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocheno" title="Halocheno - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Halocheno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هالوجين - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هالوجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xenu" title="Halóxenu - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Halóxenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenl%C9%99r" title="Halogenlər - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Halogenlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="هالوژن - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هالوژن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Галогендар - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Галогендар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halog%C3%A9n" title="Halogén - balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Halogén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Галагены - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галагены" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Галягены - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галягены" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Халоген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হ্যালোজেন - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যালোজেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BE%AD%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཚྭ་རྒྱུ། - tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚྭ་རྒྱུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeni_elementi" title="Halogeni elementi - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Halogeni elementi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%AB-s%C3%B3" title="Lū-só - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lū-só" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ھالۆجین - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھالۆجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeny" title="Halogeny - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Halogeny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Галоген - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Галоген" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogener" title="Halogener - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Halogener" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogene" title="Halogene - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Halogene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Αλογόνα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλογόνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeno" title="Halogeno - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Halogeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%B3genos" title="Halógenos - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Halógenos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeenid" title="Halogeenid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Halogeenid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeno" title="Halogeno - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Halogeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="هالوژن - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هالوژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeeni" title="Halogeeni - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Halogeeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halog%C3%A8ne" title="Halogène - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Halogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeen" title="Halogeen - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Halogeen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaigin" title="Halaigin - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Halaigin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="鹵素 - gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鹵素" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xeno" title="Halóxeno - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Halóxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="હેલોજન - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હેલોજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallageen" title="Hallageen - mannese" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hallageen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogens" title="Halogens - hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Halogens" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BB-su" title="Lû-su - hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lû-su" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F" title="הלוגן - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הלוגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हैलोजन - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैलोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - hindi figiano" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeni_elementi" title="Halogeni elementi - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Halogeni elementi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloj%C3%A8n" title="Alojèn - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alojèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halog%C3%A9nek" title="Halogének - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halogének" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հալոգեններ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հալոգեններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenos" title="Halogenos - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Halogenos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%B3gen" title="Halógen - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Halógen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC17%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第17族元素 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第17族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/klirylei" title="klirylei - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="klirylei" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჰალოგენები - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰალოგენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Галогендер - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Галогендер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%A0" title="할로젠 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="할로젠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Галогендер - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Галогендер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenia" title="Halogenia - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Halogenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeen" title="Halogeen - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Halogeen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alojen" title="Alojen - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alojen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenai" title="Halogenai - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Halogenai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halog%C4%93ni" title="Halogēni - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Halogēni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Халоген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഹാലൊജനുകൾ - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാലൊജനുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Галоген - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галоген" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဟေလိုဂျင် - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟေလိုဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Галогентне - erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Галогентне" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="ह्यालोजेन - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्यालोजेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeen" title="Halogeen - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Halogeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alog%C3%A8n" title="Alogèn - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alogèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੈਲੋਜਨ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਲੋਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorowce" title="Fluorowce - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fluorowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہالوجن - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہالوجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halog%C3%AAnio" title="Halogênio - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Halogênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachichaq" title="Kachichaq - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kachichaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Галогены - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галогены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeni_elementi" title="Halogeni elementi - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Halogeni elementi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1" title="හැලජන - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හැලජන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halog%C3%A9n" title="Halogén - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Halogén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_shtat%C3%ABmb%C3%ABdhjet%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i shtatëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i shtatëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Халоген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeni" title="Halogeni - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Halogeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆலசன் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆலசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హేలోజన్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హేలోజన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Ҳолуженҳо - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳолуженҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="แฮโลเจน - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฮโลเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alohino" title="Alohino - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alohino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halojen" title="Halojen - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halojen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Галогеннар - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галогеннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Галогени - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галогени" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہیلوجن - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیلوجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Halogen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="卤族元素 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卤族元素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="האלאגען - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האלאגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloj%C3%ADn" title="Halojín - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Halojín" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卤素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="鹵素 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鹵素" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3%CD%98-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Ló͘-sò͘ - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ló͘-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="鹵素 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鹵素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isakhatshiwo" title="Isakhatshiwo - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isakhatshiwo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19605#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alogeni" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussione:Alogeni&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina (la pagina non esiste) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div 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wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alogeni"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Alogeni" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Alogeni" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&oldid=136548805" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Alogeni&id=136548805&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlogeni"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlogeni"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Alogeni"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alogeni&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogens" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alogeni" hreflang="it"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19605" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Gli <b>alogeni</b> (dal greco <i>ἅλς (hàls) + γενος (ghenos)</i>, generatore di sali) o <b>elementi del gruppo 17</b> della <a href="/wiki/Tavola_periodica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavola periodica">tavola periodica</a> sono: <a href="/wiki/Fluoro" title="Fluoro">fluoro</a> (F), <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a> (Cl), <a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">bromo</a> (Br), <a href="/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio">iodio</a> (I) e <a href="/wiki/Astato" title="Astato">astato</a> (At). L'astato è un elemento <a href="/wiki/Radioattivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioattivo">radioattivo</a> molto raro. Anche l'elemento artificiale <a href="/wiki/Tennesso" title="Tennesso">tennesso</a> (Ts) appartiene a questo gruppo, ma ne sono stati prodotti solo pochi atomi e le sue proprietà chimiche sono poco note.<sup id="cite_ref-Ems11_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ems11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nella nomenclatura precedente questo gruppo era denominato <b>VIIB</b> o <b>VIIA</b> a seconda di diverse convenzioni usate in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> e negli <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti d'America</a>. Gli alogeni reagiscono con quasi tutti gli elementi della tavola periodica, e formano composti ionici o covalenti che sono spesso usati come materiali di partenza per la sintesi di altri composti sia inorganici che organici.<sup id="cite_ref-Cot91_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cot91-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="float:right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; width:311px; max-width: 100%"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column"> <div style="display: flex; gap: 3px; align-items: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg/150px-Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg/225px-Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg/300px-Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="305" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine_ampoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chlorine_ampoule.jpg/150px-Chlorine_ampoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chlorine_ampoule.jpg/225px-Chlorine_ampoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chlorine_ampoule.jpg/300px-Chlorine_ampoule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 3px; align-items: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromine_25ml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bromine_25ml.jpg/150px-Bromine_25ml.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bromine_25ml.jpg/225px-Bromine_25ml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bromine_25ml.jpg/300px-Bromine_25ml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iod_kristall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iod_kristall.jpg/150px-Iod_kristall.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iod_kristall.jpg/225px-Iod_kristall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Iod_kristall.jpg/300px-Iod_kristall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="249" /></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption">In senso orario partendo dall'immagine in alto a sinistra: <a href="/wiki/Fluoro" title="Fluoro">fluoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio">iodio</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">bromo</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Elemento</th> <th>molecola</th> <th>formula di struttura</th> <th>forma</th> <th><i>distanza</i> (X−X) (<a href="/wiki/Picometro" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometro">pm</a>)<br />(gas)</th> <th><i>distanza</i> (X−X) (<a href="/wiki/Picometro" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometro">pm</a>)<br />(solido) </th></tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Fluoro" title="Fluoro">fluoro</a></div></td> <td><div align="center">F<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td><div align="center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png/45px-Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png/68px-Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png/90px-Difluorine-2D-dimensions.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div></td> <td><div align="center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorine-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fluorine-3D-vdW.png/45px-Fluorine-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fluorine-3D-vdW.png/68px-Fluorine-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fluorine-3D-vdW.png/90px-Fluorine-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="862" /></a></span></div></td> <td><div align="center">143</div></td> <td><div align="center">149</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a></div></td> <td><div align="center">Cl<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td><div align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png/70px-Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png/105px-Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png/140px-Dichlorine-2D-dimensions.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div></td> <td><div align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chlorine-3D-vdW.png/63px-Chlorine-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chlorine-3D-vdW.png/95px-Chlorine-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chlorine-3D-vdW.png/126px-Chlorine-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></div></td> <td><div align="center">199</div></td> <td><div align="center">198</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">bromo</a></div></td> <td><div align="center">Br<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td><div align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png/80px-Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png/120px-Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png/160px-Dibromine-2D-dimensions.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td> <td><div align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromine-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bromine-3D-vdW.png/72px-Bromine-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bromine-3D-vdW.png/108px-Bromine-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bromine-3D-vdW.png/144px-Bromine-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="790" /></a></span></div></td> <td><div align="center">228</div></td> <td><div align="center">227</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio">iodio</a></div></td> <td><div align="center">I<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td><div align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png/70px-Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png/105px-Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png/140px-Diiodine-2D-dimensions.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div></td> <td><div align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iodine-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Iodine-3D-vdW.png/84px-Iodine-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Iodine-3D-vdW.png/126px-Iodine-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Iodine-3D-vdW.png/168px-Iodine-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div></td> <td><div align="center">266</div></td> <td><div align="center">272</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Astato" title="Astato">astato</a></div></td> <td><div align="center">At<sub>2</sub></div></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia_ed_etimologia">Storia ed etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia ed etimologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia ed etimologia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nel 1842 il <a href="/wiki/Chimico" title="Chimico">chimico</a> <a href="/wiki/Svezia" title="Svezia">svedese</a> barone <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> propose il termine "alogeni" – ἅλς (<i>háls</i>), "sale" o "mare", e γεν- (<i>ghen-</i>), da γίγνομαι (<i>ghíghnomai</i>), "generare" – per i quattro elementi (fluoro, cloro, bromo e iodio) che formano composti chiamati <a href="/wiki/Sale" title="Sale">sali</a> con i metalli.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La parola "alogeno" in realtà era stata proposta per la prima volta nel 1811 da <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schweigger" title="Johann Schweigger">Johann Schweigger</a> come nome per il <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a>, appena scoperto. Per questo elemento, però, fu scelto il termine proposto da <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a> mentre la parola sostenuta da Schweigger fu tenuta, su suggerimento di Berzelius, come nome per il gruppo di elementi che contiene il cloro.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonti">Fonti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Fonti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Fonti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il fluoro è l'alogeno più abbondante sulla <a href="/wiki/Crosta_terrestre" title="Crosta terrestre">crosta terrestre</a>, dove è il 13º elemento per abbondanza ed è presente solo come ione <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro" title="Fluoruro">fluoruro</a>. La concentrazione di fluoruro nel mare è invece solo 1,3 <a href="/wiki/Parti_per_milione" title="Parti per milione">ppm</a>, perché i fluoruri sono tipicamente sali insolubili. Il fluoro e i suoi composti si ottengono principalmente dal minerale <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a> CaF<sub>2</sub>. Il cloro è invece il 20º elemento per abbondanza sulla crosta terrestre, mentre è presente nel mare con una concentrazione circa 1,8%. Tramite il <a href="/wiki/Processo_cloro-soda" title="Processo cloro-soda">processo cloro-soda</a> a partire da <a href="/wiki/Salamoie" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamoie">salamoie</a> si producono ogni anno 40 milioni di tonnellate di cloro, e circa altrettante di <a href="/wiki/Soda_caustica" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda caustica">soda caustica</a>. Il bromo è il 62º elemento per abbondanza sulla crosta terrestre (≈0,4 ppm); nel mare la concentrazione è invece 65 ppm. Il bromo è ricavato da salamoie o dal mare; annualmente se ne produce una quantità che è circa un centesimo rispetto al cloro. Lo iodio è il 64º elemento per abbondanza sulla crosta terrestre, mentre nel mare la concentrazione è solo 0,06 ppm. Si ricava da salamoie o dal <a href="/wiki/NaIO3" class="mw-redirect" title="NaIO3">NaIO<sub>3</sub></a> contenuto nel <a href="/wiki/Nitrato_del_Cile" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrato del Cile">nitrato del Cile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ems11_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ems11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tossicità_e_ruolo_biologico"><span id="Tossicit.C3.A0_e_ruolo_biologico"></span>Tossicità e ruolo biologico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Tossicità e ruolo biologico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tossicità e ruolo biologico"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il fluoro elementare è estremamente tossico. Sotto forma di fluoruro è meno tossico, ma sempre molto velenoso. In piccole quantità il fluoruro è essenziale per l'uomo; un corpo umano ne contiene circa <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997300000000000000♠"></span>3-6 <a href="/wiki/Grammo" title="Grammo">g</a></span>, distribuito principalmente nelle ossa e nei denti. Il fluoro viene utilizzato nei dentifrici in basse concentrazioni, poiché lo ione fluoruro tende a corrodere lo smalto dei denti trasformandolo in fluoruro di calcio insolubile, che va a depositarsi sopra lo smalto stesso rinforzandolo. Il cloro gassoso è tossico, mentre lo ione <a href="/wiki/Cloruro" title="Cloruro">cloruro</a> è essenziale per molte specie, compreso l'uomo. Ad esempio, gli ioni cloruro hanno un ruolo nel <a href="/wiki/Cervello" title="Cervello">cervello</a> nel mediare l'azione dei <a href="/wiki/Recettore_(biochimica)" title="Recettore (biochimica)">recettori</a> <a href="/wiki/GABA" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA">GABA</a> e sono usati nello stomaco per produrre <a href="/wiki/Acido_cloridrico" title="Acido cloridrico">acido cloridrico</a>. Un corpo umano contiene circa <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998950000000000000♠"></span>95 <a href="/wiki/Grammo" title="Grammo">g</a></span> di cloro. Il cloruro entra nella nostra dieta soprattutto come <a href="/wiki/NaCl" class="mw-redirect" title="NaCl">NaCl</a>, il comune sale da cucina. Il bromo elementare è molto tossico, mentre come ione <a href="/wiki/Bromuro" title="Bromuro">bromuro</a> la tossicità è minore; un corpo umano ne contiene circa <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996259999999999999♠"></span>260 <a href="/wiki/Grammo" title="Grammo">mg</a></span>. Lo ione bromuro è presente in piccole quantità in tutti gli esseri viventi; nell'uomo sembra non avere alcun ruolo biologico. Lo iodio elementare è fortemente tossico; come ione <a href="/wiki/Ioduro" title="Ioduro">ioduro</a> è poco pericoloso, ma in quantità eccessiva provoca <a href="/wiki/Ipertiroidismo" title="Ipertiroidismo">ipertiroidismo</a>. Lo iodio è un elemento essenziale per l'uomo e gli animali, ma non per le piante. Un corpo umano ne contiene circa <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995099999999999999♠"></span>10-20 <a href="/wiki/Grammo" title="Grammo">mg</a></span> per lo più concentrati nella <a href="/wiki/Tiroide" title="Tiroide">tiroide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ems11_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ems11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In quantità eccessiva gli alogeni hanno un effetto immunosoppressore ed indeboliscono le capacità cognitive e di coordinamento delle persone. Gli alogeni sono considerati utili per ottimizzare le cosiddette proprietà <a href="/wiki/ADME" title="ADME">ADME</a>T (Assorbimento, Distribuzione, Metabolismo, Escrezione, Tossicità) di potenziali farmaci: migliorano l'assorbimento orale e agevolano l'attraversamento delle barriere biologiche; sono utili per il riempimento delle piccole cavità idrofobiche presenti in molte proteine bersaglio, e prolungano la durata del farmaco.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applicazioni">Applicazioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Applicazioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Applicazioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il fluoro elementare è usato principalmente nella sintesi di <a href="/wiki/UF6" class="mw-redirect" title="UF6">UF<sub>6</sub></a> per l'<a href="/wiki/Arricchimento_dell%27uranio" class="mw-redirect" title="Arricchimento dell'uranio">arricchimento dell'uranio</a>, di <a href="/wiki/SF6" class="mw-redirect" title="SF6">SF<sub>6</sub></a> come isolante in trasformatori elettrici, e di <a href="/wiki/ClF3" class="mw-redirect" title="ClF3">ClF<sub>3</sub></a> per produrre <a href="/wiki/Fluorocarburi" title="Fluorocarburi">fluorocarburi</a>. Il cloro gassoso è usato in una miriade di applicazioni. Le principali sono: reagente nell'industria chimica, produzione di <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trattamento_delle_acque" class="mw-disambig" title="Trattamento delle acque">trattamento delle acque</a>, produzione di <a href="/wiki/Solventi" class="mw-redirect" title="Solventi">solventi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Decolorante" title="Decolorante">sbiancanti</a>. Il bromo e i suoi composti, anche organici, sono usati per molte applicazioni, tra cui <a href="/wiki/Coloranti" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloranti">coloranti</a>, disinfettanti, prodotti farmaceutici, agrochimici e antifiamma. Lo iodio viene usato in varie applicazioni, tra cui prodotti farmaceutici, mangimi per animali, inchiostri e coloranti, catalizzatori.<sup id="cite_ref-Ems11_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ems11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietà_degli_elementi[6][7]"><span id="Propriet.C3.A0_degli_elementi.5B6.5D.5B7.5D"></span>Proprietà degli elementi<sup id="cite_ref-Gre97_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gre97-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hou08_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hou08-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Proprietà degli elementi[6][7]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietà degli elementi[6][7]"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halogens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halogens.jpg/220px-Halogens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halogens.jpg/330px-Halogens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halogens.jpg/440px-Halogens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Da sinistra a destra: <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">bromo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio">iodio</a> a temperatura ambiente. Il cloro è allo stato gassoso, il bromo allo stato liquido e lo iodio allo stato solido.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gli alogeni hanno una <a href="/wiki/Configurazione_elettronica" title="Configurazione elettronica">configurazione elettronica</a> di tipo [Y] ns<sup>2</sup> np<sup>5</sup>, dove Y è il <a href="/wiki/Gas_nobili" title="Gas nobili">gas nobile</a> del periodo precedente, e manca un solo elettrone per completare l'<a href="/wiki/Regola_dell%27ottetto" title="Regola dell'ottetto">ottetto</a>. Tutti gli alogeni allo stato elementare formano molecole biatomiche volatili. A differenza di quanto si osserva nei precedenti gruppi <a href="/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementi del gruppo 13">13</a>-<a href="/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_16" title="Elementi del gruppo 16">16</a>, gli alogeni tornano a formare un gruppo sostanzialmente omogeneo, in modo simile al <a href="/wiki/Elementi_del_gruppo_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementi del gruppo 1">gruppo 1</a>, con proprietà che variano in modo regolare e prevedibile (vedi Tabella 1). Ad esempio, le dimensioni atomiche crescono regolarmente lungo il gruppo, come pure le temperature di fusione e di ebollizione. Di conseguenza il fluoro è un <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> (giallo pallido), il cloro è ancora un gas (giallo–verde), il bromo è un <a href="/wiki/Liquido" title="Liquido">liquido</a> (rosso scuro) e lo iodio è un <a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solido</a> (nero lucido). Gli alogeni sono gli elementi più elettronegativi dei rispettivi periodi della tavola periodica. L'elettronegatività cala regolarmente lungo il gruppo, e anche l'energia di prima ionizzazione mostra l'andamento atteso, e diminuisce al crescere del numero atomico. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Tabella 1. Alcune proprietà degli alogeni </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Alogeno </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peso_atomico" class="mw-redirect" title="Peso atomico">Peso atomico</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_massa_atomica" title="Unità di massa atomica">u</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Wie01_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wie01-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punto_di_fusione" title="Punto di fusione">Punto di fusione</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punto_di_fusione" title="Punto di fusione">Punto di fusione</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius">°C</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punto_di_ebollizione" title="Punto di ebollizione">Punto di ebollizione</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Lid03_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lid03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punto_di_ebollizione" title="Punto di ebollizione">Punto di ebollizione</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius">°C</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Lid03_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lid03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A0" title="Densità">Densità</a><br />(g/cm<sup>3</sup>a 25 °C) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elettronegativit%C3%A0" title="Elettronegatività">Elettronegatività</a><br />(Pauling) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Energia_di_ionizzazione" title="Energia di ionizzazione">Energia di prima ionizzazione</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mole" title="Joule per mole">kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Raggio_covalente" title="Raggio covalente">Raggio covalente</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Picometro" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometro">pm</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Sla64_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sla64-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Potenziale_standard_di_riduzione" title="Potenziale standard di riduzione">Potenziale standard di riduzione</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoro" title="Fluoro">Fluoro</a></td> <td>18,9984032(5)</td> <td>53,53</td> <td>−219,62</td> <td>85,03</td> <td>−188,12</td> <td>0,0017</td> <td>3,98</td> <td>1681,0</td> <td>71</td> <td>2,866 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">Cloro</a></td> <td>[35,446; 35,457]</td> <td>171,6</td> <td>−101,5</td> <td>239,11</td> <td>−34,04</td> <td>0,0032</td> <td>3,16</td> <td>1251,2</td> <td>99</td> <td>1,395 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">Bromo</a></td> <td>79,904(1)</td> <td>265,8</td> <td>−7,3</td> <td>332,0</td> <td>58,8</td> <td>3,1028</td> <td>2,96</td> <td>1139,9</td> <td>114</td> <td>1,087 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio">Iodio</a></td> <td>126,90447(3)</td> <td>386,85</td> <td>113,7</td> <td>457,4</td> <td>184,3</td> <td>4,933</td> <td>2,66</td> <td>1008,4</td> <td>133</td> <td>0,615 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astato" title="Astato">Astato</a></td> <td>[210]</td> <td>575</td> <td>302</td> <td>? 610</td> <td>? 337</td> <td>? 6,2–6,5<sup id="cite_ref-Bon81_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bon81-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2,2</td> <td>? 887,7</td> <td>?</td> <td>≈0,3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reattività_chimica_e_andamenti_nel_gruppo[6][7]"><span id="Reattivit.C3.A0_chimica_e_andamenti_nel_gruppo.5B6.5D.5B7.5D"></span>Reattività chimica e andamenti nel gruppo<sup id="cite_ref-Gre97_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gre97-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hou08_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hou08-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Reattività chimica e andamenti nel gruppo[6][7]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Reattività chimica e andamenti nel gruppo[6][7]"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gli alogeni hanno una chimica completamente non metallica. Nello stato elementare formano molecole biatomiche X<sub>2</sub>, facilmente volatili. A partire dalla configurazione elettronica ns<sup>2</sup> np<sup>5</sup> si possono prevedere i <a href="/wiki/Stato_di_ossidazione" title="Stato di ossidazione">numeri di ossidazione</a> –1, +1, +3, +5, +7. Il più comune e più stabile è –1, che è anche l'unico per il fluoro. Non si osservano invece cationi semplici tipo X<sup>+</sup>, mentre esistono cationi tipo Br<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>, I<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>, Cl<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>, e molti altri cationi per lo iodio. Cloro, bromo e iodio assumono numero di ossidazione positivo combinandosi con l'ossigeno o con alogeni più leggeri. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-top:0; margin-left:1em; text-align:center; font-size:10pt; line-height:11pt; width:25%;"> <caption style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Energia di legame degli alogeni (kJ/mol) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>X </th> <th>X<sub>2</sub> </th> <th>HX </th> <th>BX<sub>3</sub> </th> <th>AlX<sub>3</sub> </th> <th>CX<sub>4</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#ff9;"><i><b>F</b></i> </th> <td style="background:#ff9;"><i>159</i> </td> <td style="background:#ff9;"><i>574</i> </td> <td style="background:#ff9;"><i>645</i> </td> <td style="background:#ff9;"><i>582</i> </td> <td style="background:#ff9;"><i>456</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b>Cl</b> </th> <td>243 </td> <td>428 </td> <td>444 </td> <td>427 </td> <td>327 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b>Br</b> </th> <td>193 </td> <td>363 </td> <td>368 </td> <td>360 </td> <td>272 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b>I</b> </th> <td>151 </td> <td>294 </td> <td>272 </td> <td>285 </td> <td>239 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In generale tutti gli alogeni sono molto reattivi, e in quantità sufficienti possono essere letali per gli organismi biologici. La reattività degli alogeni cala lungo il gruppo. Il fluoro è l'elemento più reattivo della tavola periodica, e in condizioni opportune si combina direttamente e spesso violentemente con tutti gli elementi tranne <a href="/wiki/Elio" title="Elio">elio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> e <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>. Attacca molti composti chimici trasformandoli in fluoruri; i composti organici spesso bruciano infiammandosi a contatto con il fluoro. Anche i metalli sono attaccati; blocchi di metalli spesso si ricoprono di una pellicola di fluoruri che arresta la reazione, ma metalli in polvere possono bruciare violentemente. La grande reattività del fluoro è in parte attribuibile alla bassa energia di dissociazione del legame F–F (159 kJ/mol), probabilmente dovuta a effetti di repulsione delle coppie di elettroni non coinvolti nel legame. Inoltre, le reazioni del fluoro con gli altri elementi sono fortemente esotermiche. Questi fattori energetici sono naturalmente collegati alle piccole dimensioni e all'elevata elettronegatività dell'atomo di fluoro. Il fluoro è l'alogeno che ha la maggior tendenza a formare lo ione X<sup>–</sup> in soluzione, come mostrato dall'andamento dei potenziali di riduzione per la reazione X<sub>2</sub> + 2e<sup>–</sup> ⇄ 2X<sup>–</sup>. Notare che il potenziale del fluoro lo rende instabile in acqua. F<sub>2</sub> è quindi un fortissimo ossidante, che può facilmente produrre stati di ossidazione molto elevati e anche inusuali negli elementi con i quali reagisce (ad esempio <a href="/wiki/Eptafluoruro_di_iodio" title="Eptafluoruro di iodio">IF<sub>7</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_zolfo" title="Esafluoruro di zolfo">SF<sub>6</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Esafluoruro_di_platino" title="Esafluoruro di platino">PtF<sub>6</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_bismuto" title="Pentafluoruro di bismuto">BiF<sub>5</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_argento(II)" title="Fluoruro di argento(II)">AgF<sub>2</sub></a>), aiutato dalle piccole dimensioni che permettono di raggiungere numeri di coordinazione elevati. D'altra parte l'energia di ionizzazione del fluoro è particolarmente elevata: per questo il fluoro non può formare cationi. </p><p>Gli altri elementi del gruppo sono notevolmente meno reattivi del fluoro, ma restano comunque tra gli elementi più reattivi della tavola periodica. La loro reattività cala lungo il gruppo; ad esempio il cloro non reagisce direttamente con <a href="/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio">carbonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a>, come può fare il fluoro. Scendendo lungo il gruppo cala l'energia di ionizzazione, rendendo possibili stati di ossidazione positivi sempre più stabili. Per lo iodio si formano facilmente anche cationi come I<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>, I<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>, I<sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup> e altri; cloro e bromo danno alcune specie simili, ma risultano più instabili. Gli alogeni sono tutti solubili in acqua, ma l'entità della reazione con l'acqua e i meccanismi delle reazioni variano. Il fluoro è un ossidante così forte da reagire violentemente sviluppando ossigeno: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {F2(aq) + H2O(l) -> 2H+(aq) + 2F^{-}(aq) + 1/2 O2(g)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>l</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {F2(aq) + H2O(l) -> 2H+(aq) + 2F^{-}(aq) + 1/2 O2(g)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d18bdb44abb1529712bf304091442f54deb30b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:52.722ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {F2(aq) + H2O(l) -> 2H+(aq) + 2F^{-}(aq) + 1/2 O2(g)}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Il cloro ha un potenziale di riduzione sufficiente per reagire nello stesso modo, ma questa reazione è molto lenta per motivi cinetici, e avviene invece una rapida reazione di <a href="/wiki/Disproporzione" class="mw-redirect" title="Disproporzione">disproporzione</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) <=> H+(aq) + Cl^{-}(aq) + HClO(aq)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>l</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>HClO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) <=> H+(aq) + Cl^{-}(aq) + HClO(aq)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7be8ac12cae446882fc93cd025d4d82519bbe334" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.373ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) <=> H+(aq) + Cl^{-}(aq) + HClO(aq)}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>l'equilibrio è spostato a sinistra in ambiente acido e a destra in ambiente basico. Passando a bromo e iodio si hanno simili reazioni di disproporzione, ma in grado sempre più ridotto. </p><p>Gli alogeni formano tra loro moltissimi composti detti <i><a href="/wiki/Interalogeno" title="Interalogeno">interalogeni</a></i>, di formula generica XY<sub><i>n</i></sub>, dove X è più pesante di Y e <i>n</i> può essere 1, 3, 5 o 7. In teoria si potrebbero avere tutte le possibili combinazioni, ma per motivi sterici si formano composti con <i>n</i> > 1 solo tra alogeni di dimensioni abbastanza diverse, e per <i>n</i> = 7 esiste solo <a href="/wiki/Eptafluoruro_di_iodio" title="Eptafluoruro di iodio">IF<sub>7</sub></a>. Alcuni altri composti interalogeni importanti sono <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_cloro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoruro di cloro">ClF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifluoruro_di_cloro" title="Trifluoruro di cloro">ClF<sub>3</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoruro_di_bromo(I)" title="Fluoruro di bromo(I)">BrF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloruro_di_bromo" title="Cloruro di bromo">BrCl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentafluoruro_di_bromo" title="Pentafluoruro di bromo">BrF<sub>5</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Monocloruro_di_iodio" title="Monocloruro di iodio">ICl</a>. Sono tutti composti molecolari, diamagnetici, ossidanti, spesso instabili. La forma delle varie specie è quella prevedibile in base alla <a href="/wiki/Teoria_VSEPR" title="Teoria VSEPR">teoria VSEPR</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudoalogeni">Pseudoalogeni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Pseudoalogeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Pseudoalogeni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Pseudoalogeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoalogeni">Pseudoalogeni</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Con il termine pseudoalogeno si indica un insieme di specie chimiche che possiedono proprietà molto simili a quelle degli alogeni. Pseudoalogeni sono ad esempio il <a href="/wiki/Cianogeno" title="Cianogeno">cianogeno</a> (CN)<sub>2</sub> e il <a href="/wiki/Tiocianogeno" title="Tiocianogeno">tiocianogeno</a> (SCN)<sub>2</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references colonne_strette"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ems11-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ems11_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ems11_1-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ems11_1-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Ems11_1-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFEms11">Emsley 2011</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cot91-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Cot91_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFCot91">Cotton et al. 1991</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFOnl16">Online Etymology Dictionary 2016</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFSne71">Snelders 1971</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFWil13">Wilcken et al. 2013</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gre97-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Gre97_6-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Gre97_6-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGre97">Greenwood e Earnshaw 1997</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hou08-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Hou08_7-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Hou08_7-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFHou08">Housecroft e Sharpe 2008</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wie01-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Wie01_8-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFWie01">Wieser e Coplen 2011</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lid03-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Lid03_9-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Lid03_9-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFLid03">Lide 2003</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sla64-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Sla64_10-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFSla64">Slater 1964</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bon81-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Bon81_11-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFBon81">Bonchev e Kamenska 1981</a></cite>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBon81" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Danaiò Bonchev; Verginia Kamenska, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j150609a021"><span style="font-style:italic;">Predicting the properties of the 113–120 transactinide elements</span></a>, vol. 85, ACS Publications, 1981, 1177–86, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fj150609a021">10.1021/j150609a021</a>. <small>URL consultato il 6 maggio 2013</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCot91" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson e P. L. Gaus, <span style="font-style:italic;">Principi di chimica inorganica</span>, Milano, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 1991.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEms11" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) J. Emsley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4"><span style="font-style:italic;">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.)</span></a>, New York, Oxford University Press, 2011, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-960563-7">978-0-19-960563-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGre97" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) N. N. Greenwood e A. Earnshaw, <span style="font-style:italic;">Chemistry of the elements</span>, 2ª ed., Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-7506-3365-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHou08" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) C. E. Housecroft e A. G. Sharpe, <span style="font-style:italic;">Inorganic chemistry</span>, 3ª ed., Harlow (England), Pearson Education Limited, 2008, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-13-175553-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-13-175553-6">978-0-13-175553-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLid03" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Lide, D. R. (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</span>, 84th, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2003.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOnl16" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=halogen"><span style="font-style:italic;">halogen</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Online Etymology Dictionary</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º marzo 2016</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSla64" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) J. C. Slater, <span style="font-style:italic;">Atomic Radii in Crystals</span>, vol. 41, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Physics" title="Journal of Chemical Physics">Journal of Chemical Physics</a>, 1964, 3199–3205.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSne71" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Snelders, H. A. M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1086/350763"><span style="font-style:italic;">J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Isis</span>, vol. 62, n. 3, 1971, pp. 328-338, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F350763">10.1086/350763</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWie01" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Michael E. Wieser; Tyler B. Coplen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8302x0359.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), vol. 83, <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a>, 2011, pp. 359-396, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REP-10-09-14">10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14</a>. <small>URL consultato il 5 dicembre 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWil13" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) R. Wilcken, M. O. Zimmermann, A. Lange, A. C. Joerger e F. M. Boeckler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1021/jm3012068"><span style="font-style:italic;">Principles and Applications of Halogen Bonding in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">J. Med. Chem.</span>, vol. 56, n. 4, 2013, pp. 1363-1388, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm3012068">10.1021/jm3012068</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alogenazione" title="Alogenazione">Alogenazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alogenuro" title="Alogenuro">Alogenuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legame_ad_alogeno" title="Legame ad alogeno">Legame ad alogeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavola_periodica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavola periodica">Tavola periodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_metallo" title="Non metallo">Non metallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallo" title="Metallo">Metallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalloide" title="Metalloide">Metalloide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alogeni" class="extiw" title="q:Alogeni">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Halogens"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogens?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni di o su <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alogeni" class="extiw" title="q:Alogeni">alogeni</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halogens?uselang=it">alogeni</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Stefan Schneider, Viktor Gutmann e Karl Christe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/halogen-element"><span style="font-style:italic;">halogen</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19605#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=11718">11718</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85058508">sh85058508</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4158874-5">4158874-5</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11982008r">cb11982008r</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11982008r">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548385105171">987007548385105171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562982">00562982</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/25px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/38px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/50px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Chimica" title="Portale:Chimica">Portale Chimica</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Fisica" title="Portale:Fisica">Portale Fisica</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&oldid=136548805">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alogeni&oldid=136548805</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Gruppi_della_tavola_periodica" title="Categoria:Gruppi della tavola periodica">Gruppi della tavola periodica</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie nascoste: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_modulo_citazione_e_parametro_pagine" title="Categoria:Voci con modulo citazione e parametro pagine">Voci con modulo citazione e parametro pagine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P1417_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P1417 letta da Wikidata">P1417 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_Thesaurus_BNCF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF">Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_LCCN" title="Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN">Voci con codice LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_GND" title="Categoria:Voci con codice GND">Voci con codice GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_BNF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice BNF">Voci con codice BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_J9U" title="Categoria:Voci con codice J9U">Voci con codice J9U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_NDL" title="Categoria:Voci con codice NDL">Voci con codice NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_non_biografiche_con_codici_di_controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Categoria:Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità">Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 21 nov 2023 alle 20:46.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; 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