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open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ruanda" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ruanda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ruanda (disambiguation)">Ruanda (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Rwanda,<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a> converge. Located a few degrees south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, Rwanda is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. It is highly elevated, giving it the <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> "land of a thousand hills" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: pays des mille collines), with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> to the southeast, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. It is the most densely populated mainland African country; among countries larger than 10,000 km2, it is the fifth-most densely populated country in the world. Its <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Rwanda</div><div class="ib-country-names">Repubulika y'u Rwanda (<a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinyarwanda language">Kinyarwanda</a>) République du Rwanda (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) Jamhuri ya Rwanda (<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Rwanda"><img alt="The flag of Rwanda: blue, yellow and green stripes with a yellow sun in top right corner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/125px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/188px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/250px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rwanda" title="Flag of Rwanda">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Rwanda"><img alt="The seal of Rwanda: central tribal devices, surmounted on a cog wheel and encircled by a square knot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="732"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Rwanda"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu" (English: "Unity, Work, Patriotism") (French: "Unité, Travail, Patriotisme") (Swahili: "Umoja, Kazi, Uzalendo")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Nziza" title="Rwanda Nziza">Rwanda Nziza</a>" (English: "Beautiful Rwanda") <div style="position: relative; top:0.2em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="139" data-mwtitle="Hymne_National_du_Rwanda.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Hymne_National_du_Rwanda.ogg/Hymne_National_du_Rwanda.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Hymne_National_du_Rwanda.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymne_National_du_Rwanda.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymne_National_du_Rwanda.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Rwanda_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Rwanda (dark blue) in Africa (light blue)"><img alt="Location of Rwanda (dark blue) in Africa (light blue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Location_Rwanda_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Rwanda_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Location_Rwanda_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Rwanda_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Location_Rwanda_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Rwanda_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Rwanda (dark blue)in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (light blue)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rwanda&params=1_56_38_S_30_3_34_E_type:city_region:RW-01">1°56′38″S 30°3′34″E / 1.94389°S 30.05944°E / -1.94389; 30.05944</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (1994)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>100% <a href="/wiki/Banyarwanda" title="Banyarwanda">Banyarwanda</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>85% <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a></li> <li>14% <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a></li> <li>1% <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Twa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">93.8% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.0% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.0% other<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Rwandan</li><li>Rwandese</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda" title="Politics of Rwanda">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a><a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Conversation-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_Restorative_Justice-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Rwanda">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rwanda" title="Prime Minister of Rwanda">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Ngirente" title="Édouard Ngirente">Édouard Ngirente</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Part of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1897–1916</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Part of <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1916–1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1959–1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Rwanda">Republic declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 September 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda" title="Constitution of Rwanda">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 May 2003</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">26,798<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> km2 (10,347 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">144th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.341</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Rwanda" title="Demographics of Rwanda">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,623,302<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">76th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">517/km2 (1,339.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">22nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $42.346 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RW-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">139th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $3,136<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RW-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">165th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $13.927 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RW-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">129th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1,031<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RW-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">167th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2016)</th><td class="infobox-data">43.7<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(XII)-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.548<a href="#cite_note-HDI-13">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">161st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">RWF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">CAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Rwanda" title="Telephone numbers in Rwanda">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B250" class="mw-redirect" title="+250">+250</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:RW" title="ISO 3166-2:RW">RW</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.rw" title=".rw">.rw</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherers</a> settled the territory in the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a>, followed later by <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a>. The population coalesced first into <a href="/wiki/Clans_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans of Rwanda">clans</a>, and then into kingdoms. In the 15th century, one kingdom, under King Gihanga, managed to incorporate several of its close neighbor territories establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a>. The Kingdom of Rwanda dominated from the mid-eighteenth century, with the Tutsi kings conquering others militarily, centralising power, and enacting unifying policies. In 1897, <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germany</a> colonized Rwanda as part of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, which took control in 1916 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Both European nations ruled through the Rwandan king and perpetuated a pro-Tutsi policy. The Hutu population <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">revolted</a> in 1959. They massacred numerous Tutsi and ultimately established an independent, Hutu-dominated republic in 1962 led by President <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Kayibanda" title="Grégoire Kayibanda">Grégoire Kayibanda</a>. A <a href="/wiki/1973_Rwandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Rwandan coup d'état">1973 military coup</a> overthrew Kayibanda and brought <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a> to power, who retained the pro-Hutu policy. The Tutsi-led <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (RPF) launched a <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">civil war</a> in 1990. Habyarimana was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">assassinated</a> in April 1994. Social tensions erupted in the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> that spanned one hundred days. The RPF ended the genocide with a military victory in July 1994. Rwanda has been governed by the RPF as a de facto <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> since 1994 with former commander <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> as President since 2000. The country has been governed by a series of centralized <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian governments</a> since precolonial times. Although Rwanda has low levels of corruption compared with neighbouring countries, it ranks among the lowest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties and quality of life. The population is <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Rwanda" title="Youth in Rwanda">young</a> and predominantly rural; Rwanda has one of the youngest populations in the world. Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group, the <a href="/wiki/Banyarwanda" title="Banyarwanda">Banyarwanda</a>. However, within this group there are three subgroups: the <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Twa</a>. The Twa are a forest-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy people">pygmy people</a> and are often considered descendants of Rwanda's earliest inhabitants. Christianity is the largest religion in the country; the principal and national language is <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, spoken by native Rwandans, with English, French and Swahili serving as additional official foreign languages. Rwanda's economy is based mostly on <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> are the major <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> that it exports. <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rwanda" title="Tourism in Rwanda">Tourism</a> is a fast-growing sector and is now the country's leading foreign exchange earner. As of the most recent survey in 2019/20, 48.8% of the population is affected by <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">multidimensional poverty</a> and an additional 22.7% vulnerable to it. The country is a member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> (one of few member states that does not have any historical links with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">COMESA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">OIF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Rwandan_genocide">1.1 Rwandan genocide</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Politics_and_government">2 Politics and government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">3 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geography">4 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Climate">4.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Biodiversity">4.2 Biodiversity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Media_and_communications">5.1 Media and communications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Infrastructure">5.2 Infrastructure</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Education">6.1 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Health">6.2 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Religion">6.3 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Languages">6.4 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Human_rights">6.5 Human rights</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Cuisine">7.1 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sport">7.2 Sport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Citations">10 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#General_and_cited_references">11 General and cited references</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History of Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a></div> Modern human settlement of what is now Rwanda dates from, at the latest, the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, either in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period around 8000 BC, or in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Subpluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Subpluvial">long humid period</a> which followed, up to around 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200344-17">[16]</a> Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of sparse settlement by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, followed by a larger population of early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> settlers, who produced dimpled <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and iron tools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorsey199436-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200345-19">[18]</a> These early inhabitants were the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Twa</a>, aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples" title="Pygmy peoples">pygmy</a> hunter-gatherers who remain in Rwanda today. Then by 3,000BC, <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Sudanic">Central Sudanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuliak_languages" title="Kuliak languages">Kuliak</a> farmers and herders began settling into Rwanda, followed by <a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South Cushitic</a> speaking herders in 2,000BC.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261-22">[21]</a> The forest-dwelling Twa lost much of their habitat and moved to the mountain slopes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200775-23">[22]</a> Between 800 BC and 1500 AD, a number of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> groups migrated into Rwanda, clearing forest land for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200358-24">[23]</a> Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the Bantu migrations; one theory is that the first settlers were <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> migrated later to form a distinct racial group, possibly of Nilo-hamitic origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199516-25">[24]</a> An alternative theory is that the migration was slow and steady, with incoming groups integrating into rather than conquering the existing society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200258-26">[25]</a> Under this theory, the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose later and was a class distinction rather than a racial one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200369-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShyaka10%E2%80%9311-28">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpg/220px-Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpg/220px-Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpg/330px-Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpg/440px-Rwanda_Nyanza_Mwami_Palace.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A reconstruction of the ancient King's Palace at <a href="/wiki/Nyanza,_Rwanda" title="Nyanza, Rwanda">Nyanza</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest form of social organisation in the area was the <a href="/wiki/Clans_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans of Rwanda">clan</a> (ubwoko).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200388-29">[28]</a> The clans were not limited to genealogical lineages or geographical area, and most included Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200388%E2%80%9389-30">[29]</a> From the 15th century, the clans began to merge into kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003141-31">[30]</a> One kingdom, under King Gihanga, managed to incorporate several of its close neighbor territories establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a>. By 1700, around eight kingdoms had existed in the present-day Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003482-32">[31]</a> One of these, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a> ruled by the Tutsi <a href="/wiki/Nyiginya" title="Nyiginya">Nyiginya</a> clan, became increasingly dominant from the mid-eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003160-33">[32]</a> The kingdom reached its greatest extent during the nineteenth century under the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Kigeli_IV_Rwabugiri" title="Kigeli IV Rwabugiri">Kigeli Rwabugiri</a>. Rwabugiri conquered several smaller states, expanded the kingdom west and north,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003160-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200269-34">[33]</a> and initiated administrative reforms; these included <a href="/wiki/Ubuhake" title="Ubuhake">ubuhake</a>, in which Tutsi patrons ceded cattle, and therefore privileged status, to Hutu or Tutsi clients in exchange for economic and personal service,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199513%E2%80%9314-35">[34]</a> and uburetwa, a <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> system in which Hutu were forced to work for Tutsi chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200269-34">[33]</a> Rwabugiri's changes caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200269-34">[33]</a> The Twa were better off than in pre-Kingdom days, with some becoming dancers in the royal court,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200775-23">[22]</a> but their numbers continued to decline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier19956-36">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1884 assigned the territory to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, who declared it to be part of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>. In 1894, explorer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_von_G%C3%B6tzen" title="Gustav Adolf von Götzen">Gustav Adolf von Götzen</a> was the first European to cross the entire territory of Rwanda; he crossed from the south-east to Lake Kivu and met the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003217-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier19959-38">[37]</a> In 1897, Germany established a presence in Rwanda with the formation of an alliance with the king, beginning the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The Germans did not significantly alter the social structure of the country, but exerted influence by supporting the king and the existing hierarchy, and delegating power to local chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199525-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a> forces invaded Rwanda and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> in 1916, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and later, in 1922, they started to rule both Rwanda and Burundi as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> called <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> and started a period of more direct colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003260-42">[41]</a> The Belgians simplified and centralised the power structure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003270-43">[42]</a> introduced large-scale projects in education, health, public works, and agricultural supervision, including new crops and improved agricultural techniques to try to reduce the incidence of famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003276%E2%80%93277-44">[43]</a> Both the Germans and the Belgians, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a>, promoted Tutsi supremacy, considering the Hutu and Tutsi different <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">races</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010450-45">[44]</a> In 1935, Belgium introduced an identity card system, which labelled each individual as either Tutsi, Hutu, Twa or Naturalised. While it had been previously possible for particularly wealthy Hutu to become honorary Tutsi, the identity cards prevented any further movement between the classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourevitch200056%E2%80%9357-46">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_(1980).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of President Juvénal Habyarimana arriving with entourage at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, USA on 25 September 1980." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_%281980%29.jpg/170px-Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_%281980%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1287"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 239px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_%281980%29.jpg/170px-Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_%281980%29.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of President Juvénal Habyarimana arriving with entourage at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, USA on 25 September 1980." data-width="170" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_%281980%29.jpg/255px-Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_%281980%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_%281980%29.jpg/340px-Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_%281980%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a>, president from 1973 to 1994</figcaption></figure> Belgium continued to rule <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> (of which Rwanda formed the northern part) as a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">UN trust territory</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, with a mandate to oversee eventual <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(II)-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(III)-48">[47]</a> Tensions escalated between the Tutsi, who favoured early independence, and the Hutu emancipation movement, culminating in the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a>: Hutu activists began killing Tutsi and destroying their houses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindenLinden1977267-49">[48]</a> forcing more than 100,000 people to seek refuge in neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourevitch200058%E2%80%9359-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199551-51">[50]</a> In 1961, the suddenly pro-Hutu Belgians held <a href="/wiki/1961_Rwandan_monarchy_referendum" title="1961 Rwandan monarchy referendum">a referendum</a> in which the country voted to abolish the monarchy. Rwanda was separated from Burundi and gained independence on 1 July 1962,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199553-52">[51]</a> which is commemorated as Independence Day, a national holiday.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Cycles of violence followed, with exiled Tutsi attacking from neighbouring countries and the Hutu retaliating with large-scale slaughter and repression of the Tutsi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199556-54">[53]</a> In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a> took power in <a href="/wiki/1973_Rwandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Rwandan coup d'état">a military coup</a>. Pro-Hutu discrimination continued, but there was greater economic prosperity and a reduced amount of violence against Tutsi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199574%E2%80%9376-55">[54]</a> The Twa remained marginalised, and by 1990 were almost entirely forced out of the forests by the government; many became beggars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNPO2008History-56">[55]</a> Rwanda's population had increased from 1.6 million people in 1934 to 7.1 million in 1989, leading to competition for land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier19954-57">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/220px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/220px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/330px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/440px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Human skulls at the <a href="/wiki/Nyamata" title="Nyamata">Nyamata</a> Genocide Memorial</figcaption></figure> In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (RPF), a rebel group composed of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from their base in Uganda, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199593-58">[57]</a> The group condemned the Hutu-dominated government for failing to democratize and confront the problems facing these refugees. Neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage in the war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1995135%E2%80%93136-59">[58]</a> but by 1992 it had weakened Habyarimana's authority; mass demonstrations forced him into a coalition with the domestic opposition and eventually to sign the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Rwanda)" title="Arusha Accords (Rwanda)">Arusha Accords</a> with the RPF.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1995190%E2%80%93191-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwandan_genocide">Rwandan genocide</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rwandan genocide" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutu_regime_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutu regime in Rwanda">Hutu regime in Rwanda</a></div> The cease-fire ended on 6 April 1994 when <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">Habyarimana's plane was shot down</a> near Kigali Airport, killing him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(III)2010-61">[60]</a> The shooting down of the plane served as the catalyst for the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, which began within a few hours. Over the course of approximately 100 days, between 500,000 and 1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenley2007-62">[61]</a> Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu were killed in well-planned attacks on the orders of the interim government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005386-63">[62]</a> Many Twa were also killed, despite not being directly targeted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNPO2008History-56">[55]</a> The Tutsi RPF restarted their offensive, and took control of the country methodically, gaining control of the whole country by mid-July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005299-64">[63]</a> The international response to the genocide was limited, with major powers reluctant to strengthen the already overstretched <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">UN peacekeeping force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005364-65">[64]</a> When the RPF took over, approximately two million Hutu <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">fled to neighbouring countries</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Za%C3%AFre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaïre">Zaïre</a>, fearing reprisals;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1995312-66">[65]</a> additionally, the RPF-led army was a key belligerent in the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(V)2010-67">[66]</a> Within Rwanda, a period of reconciliation and justice began, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (ICTR) and the reintroduction of <a href="/wiki/Gacaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Gacaca">Gacaca</a>, a traditional village court system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowcott2014-68">[67]</a> Since 2000 Rwanda's economy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(X)-69">[68]</a> tourist numbers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(XI)-70">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> have grown rapidly;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNDP_(I)2010-71">[70]</a> between 2006 and 2011 the poverty rate reduced from 57% to 45%,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda2012-72">[71]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> rose from 46.6 years in 2000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNDP_(V)20132-73">[72]</a> to 65.4 years in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> In 2009, Rwanda joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, although the country was never part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics and government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda" title="Politics of Rwanda">Politics of Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Rwanda" title="Foreign relations of Rwanda">Foreign relations of Rwanda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Rwanda Defence Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Kagame_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of Paul Kagame, taken in Busan, South Korea, in 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Paul_Kagame_2014.jpg/170px-Paul_Kagame_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="2531"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Paul_Kagame_2014.jpg/170px-Paul_Kagame_2014.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of Paul Kagame, taken in Busan, South Korea, in 2014" data-width="170" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Paul_Kagame_2014.jpg/255px-Paul_Kagame_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Paul_Kagame_2014.jpg/340px-Paul_Kagame_2014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rwandan President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a></figcaption></figure> Rwanda is a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a><a href="#cite_note-Yale_University_Press-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Conversation-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Handbook_of_Restorative_Justice-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-8">[8]</a> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (RPF) and its leader <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> continuously since the end of the civil war in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Although Rwanda is nominally democratic, elections are manipulated in various ways, which include banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The RPF is a <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>-dominated party but receives support from other communities as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2010-78">[77]</a> The constitution was adopted following a national referendum in 2003, replacing the transitional constitution which had been in place since 1994.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanapress2003-79">[78]</a> The constitution mandates a multi-party system of government, with politics based on democracy and elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_52-80">[79]</a> However, the constitution places conditions on how political parties may operate. Article 54 states that "political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on race, ethnic group, tribe, clan, region, sex, religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_54-81">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Rwanda">president of Rwanda</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_98-82">[81]</a> and has broad powers including creating policy in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Rwanda" title="Cabinet of Rwanda">Cabinet of Rwanda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_117-83">[82]</a> commanding the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Defence Forces">armed forces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_110-84">[83]</a> negotiating and ratifying treaties,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_189-85">[84]</a> signing presidential orders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_112-86">[85]</a> and declaring war or a state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_110-84">[83]</a> The president is elected <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rwanda" title="Elections in Rwanda">every seven years</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003articles_100%E2%80%93101-87">[86]</a> and appoints the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rwanda" title="Prime Minister of Rwanda">prime minister</a> and all other members of the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_116-88">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Parliament</a> consists of two <a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">chambers</a>. It makes legislation and is empowered by the constitution to oversee the activities of the president and the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_62-89">[88]</a> The lower chamber is the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, which has 80 members serving five-year terms. Twenty-four of these seats are reserved for women, elected through a joint assembly of local government officials; another three seats are reserved for youth and disabled members; the remaining 53 are elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_76-90">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RwandaParliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of the Chamber of Deputies with highway in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RwandaParliament.jpg/220px-RwandaParliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RwandaParliament.jpg/220px-RwandaParliament.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of the Chamber of Deputies with highway in the foreground" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RwandaParliament.jpg/330px-RwandaParliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RwandaParliament.jpg/440px-RwandaParliament.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda">Chamber of Deputies building</a></figcaption></figure> Rwanda's legal system is largely based on <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Belgium" title="Law of Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> The judiciary is independent of the executive branch,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_140-91">[90]</a> although the president and the Senate are involved in the appointment of Supreme Court judges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_148-92">[91]</a> Human Rights Watch has praised the Rwandan government for progress made in the delivery of justice including the abolition of the death penalty,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_WatchWells2008I._Summary-93">[92]</a> but also alleges interference in the judicial system by members of the government, such as the politically motivated appointment of judges, misuse of prosecutorial power, and pressure on judges to make particular decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_WatchWells2008VIII._Independence_of_the_Judiciary-94">[93]</a> The constitution provides for two types of courts: ordinary and specialised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_143-95">[94]</a> Ordinary courts are the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Rwanda" title="Supreme Court of Rwanda">Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Court of Rwanda (page does not exist)">High Court</a>, and regional courts, while specialised courts are military courts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_143-95">[94]</a> and a system of commercial courts created in 2011 to expedite commercial litigations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamere2011-96">[95]</a> Between 2004 and 2012, a system of <a href="/wiki/Gacaca_court" title="Gacaca court">Gacaca courts</a> was in operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(VIII)2015-97">[96]</a> Gacaca, a Rwandan traditional court operated by villages and communities, was revived to expedite the trials of genocide suspects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerMarch_2004-98">[97]</a> The court succeeded in clearing the backlog of genocide cases, but was criticised by human rights groups as not meeting legal fair standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(IX)2012-99">[98]</a> Rwanda has low corruption levels relative to most other African countries; in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> ranked Rwanda as the fifth-cleanest out of 47 countries in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> and 55th-cleanest out of 175 in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETransparency_International2014-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgutamba2014-101">[100]</a> The constitution provides for an <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a>, whose duties include prevention and fighting of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_182-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Ombudsman-103">[102]</a> Public officials (including the president) are required by the constitution to declare their wealth to the ombudsman and to the public; those who do not comply are suspended from office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsiimwe2011-104">[103]</a> Despite this, Human Rights Watch notes extensive political repression throughout the country, including illegal and arbitrary detention, threats or other forms of intimidation, disappearances, politically motivated trials, and the massacre of peacefully protesting civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-105">[104]</a> Rwanda is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(I)-106">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">Francophonie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancophonie-107">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger2007-108">[107]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2009-109">[108]</a> For many years during the Habyarimana regime, the country maintained close ties with France, as well as Belgium, the former colonial power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199589-110">[109]</a> Under the RPF government, however, Rwanda has sought closer ties with neighbouring countries in the East African Community and with the English-speaking world. Diplomatic relations with France were suspended in 2006 following the indictment of Rwandan officials by a French judge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2008-111">[110]</a> and despite their restoration in 2010, as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit">[update]</a> relations between the countries remain strained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXinhua_News_Agency2015-112">[111]</a> Relations with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> were tense following Rwanda's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(V)2010-67">[66]</a> the Congolese army alleged Rwandan attacks on their troops, while Rwanda blamed the Congolese government for failing to suppress Hutu rebels in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a> provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSA_Today2008-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl_Jazeera2007-114">[113]</a> In 2010, the United Nations released a report accusing the Rwandan army of committing wide scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a>, charges denied by the Rwandan government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2010-115">[114]</a> Relations soured further in 2012, as Kinshasa accused Rwanda of supporting the <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion</a>, an insurgency in the eastern Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(X)2012-116">[115]</a> In 2015 peace has been restored and relations were improving,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgence_Africaine_de_Presse2015-117">[116]</a> but by January 2025 renewed Rwandan support for the M23 rebellion caused DR Congo to sever diplomatic relations in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive" title="2025 Goma offensive">2025 Goma offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Rwanda's relationship with <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> was also tense for much of the 2000s following a 1999 clash between the two countries' armies as they backed opposing rebel groups in the Second Congo War,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuler2011-119">[118]</a> but improved significantly in the early 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(VI)2011-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaboja2015-121">[120]</a> In 2019, relations between the two countries deteriorated, with Rwanda closing its borders with Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Decentralization_in_Rwanda" title="Decentralization in Rwanda">Decentralization in Rwanda</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Rwanda" title="Provinces of Rwanda">Provinces of Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RwandaGeoProvinces.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of Rwanda showing the five provinces in various colours, as well as major cities, lakes, rivers, and areas of neighbouring countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/RwandaGeoProvinces.png/220px-RwandaGeoProvinces.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="317"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/RwandaGeoProvinces.png/220px-RwandaGeoProvinces.png" data-alt="Map of Rwanda showing the five provinces in various colours, as well as major cities, lakes, rivers, and areas of neighbouring countries" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/RwandaGeoProvinces.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Provinces of Rwanda</figcaption></figure> Before western colonization, the Rwandan government system had a quasi-system of political pluralism and power sharing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOAU200014-124">[123]</a> Despite there being a strict hierarchy, the pre-colonial system achieved an established, combined system of "centralized power and decentralized autonomous units." Under the monarch, the elected Chief governed a province that was divided into multiple districts. Two other officials appointed by head Chief governed the districts; one official was allocated power over the land while the other oversaw cattle. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Rwanda" title="List of kings of Rwanda">king</a> (mwami) exercised control through a system of provinces, districts, hills, and neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvern20045-125">[124]</a> As of 2003, the constitution <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Rwanda" title="Subdivisions of Rwanda">divided</a> Rwanda into <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Rwanda" title="Provinces of Rwanda">provinces</a> (intara), <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Rwanda" title="Districts of Rwanda">districts</a> (uturere), cities, municipalities, towns, <a href="/wiki/Sectors_of_Rwanda" title="Sectors of Rwanda">sectors</a> (imirenge), cells (utugari), and villages (imidugudu); the larger divisions, and their borders, are established by Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_3-126">[125]</a> In January 2006, Rwanda was reorganized such that twelve provinces were merged to create five, and 106 districts were merged into thirty.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The present borders drawn in 2006 aimed at decentralising power and removing associations with the old system and the genocide. The previous structure of twelve provinces associated with the largest cities was replaced with five provinces based primarily on geography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(I)2006-128">[127]</a> These are <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Northern Province, Rwanda">Northern Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Southern Province, Rwanda">Southern Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Eastern Province, Rwanda">Eastern Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Rwanda" title="Western Province, Rwanda">Western Province</a>, and the Municipality of Kigali in the centre. The five provinces act as intermediaries between the national government and their constituent districts to ensure that national policies are implemented at the district level. The Rwanda Decentralisation Strategic Framework developed by the Ministry of Local Government assigns to provinces the responsibility for "coordinating governance issues in the Province, as well as monitoring and evaluation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINALOC20078-129">[128]</a> Each province is headed by a governor, appointed by the president and approved by the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern_Province-130">[129]</a> The districts are responsible for coordinating public service delivery and economic development. They are divided into sectors, which are responsible for the delivery of public services as mandated by the districts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINALOC20079-131">[130]</a> Districts and sectors have directly elected councils, and are run by an executive committee selected by that council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINALOC2004-132">[131]</a> The cells and villages are the smallest political units, providing a link between the people and the sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINALOC20079-131">[130]</a> All adult resident citizens are members of their local cell council, from which an executive committee is elected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINALOC2004-132">[131]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> is a provincial-level authority, which coordinates urban planning within the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINALOC20078-129">[128]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Geography of Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwanda_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rwanda_Topography.png/290px-Rwanda_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 228px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rwanda_Topography.png/290px-Rwanda_Topography.png" data-width="290" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rwanda_Topography.png/435px-Rwanda_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rwanda_Topography.png/580px-Rwanda_Topography.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Topography of Rwanda</figcaption></figure> At 26,338 square kilometres (10,169 sq mi), Rwanda is the world's 149th-largest country,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(II)-133">[132]</a> and the fourth smallest on the African mainland after <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(II)-133">[132]</a> It is comparable in size to <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1994-134">[133]</a> The entire country is at a high altitude: the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_lowest_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by lowest point">lowest point</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Rusizi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusizi River">Rusizi River</a> at 950 metres (3,117 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> Rwanda is located in Central/Eastern Africa, and is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> It lies a few degrees south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_State2004-135">[134]</a> The capital, Kigali, is located near the centre of Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica2010-136">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congo-Nile_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo-Nile Divide">watershed</a> between the major <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nile_Basin" title="Nile Basin">Nile</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a> runs from north to south through Rwanda, with around 80% of the country's area draining into the Nile and 20% into the Congo via the <a href="/wiki/Rusizi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusizi River">Rusizi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENile_Basin_Initiative2010-137">[136]</a> The country's longest river is the <a href="/wiki/Nyabarongo_River_Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyabarongo River Wetlands">Nyabarongo</a>, which rises in the south-west, flows north, east, and southeast before merging with the <a href="/wiki/Ruvubu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruvubu River">Ruvubu</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Kagera_River" title="Kagera River">Kagera</a>; the Kagera then flows due north along the eastern border with Tanzania. The Nyabarongo-Kagera eventually drains into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a>, and its source in Nyungwe Forest is a contender for the as-yet undetermined overall <a href="/wiki/Source_(river_or_stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source (river or stream)">source</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(II)2006-138">[137]</a> Rwanda has many lakes, the largest being <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Lake Kivu</a>. This lake occupies the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</a> along most of the length of Rwanda's western border, and with a maximum depth of 480 metres (1,575 ft),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ%C3%B8rgensen200593-139">[138]</a> it is one of the twenty <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_depth" title="List of lakes by depth">deepest lakes in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth2006153-140">[139]</a> Other sizeable lakes include <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burera" title="Lake Burera">Burera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ruhondo" title="Lake Ruhondo">Ruhondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Muhazi" title="Lake Muhazi">Muhazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Rweru" title="Lake Rweru">Rweru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ihema" title="Lake Ihema">Ihema</a>, the last being the largest of a string of lakes in the eastern plains of <a href="/wiki/Akagera_National_Park" title="Akagera National Park">Akagera National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodd1994522-141">[140]</a> Mountains dominate central and western Rwanda and the country is sometimes called "Pays des mille collines" in French ("Land of a thousand hills").<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> They are part of the Albertine Rift Mountains that flank the Albertine branch of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>, which runs from north to south along Rwanda's western border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWWF2001Location_and_General_Description-143">[142]</a> The highest peaks are found in the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga</a> volcano chain in the northwest; this includes <a href="/wiki/Mount_Karisimbi" title="Mount Karisimbi">Mount Karisimbi</a>, Rwanda's highest point, at 4,507 metres (14,787 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehtaKatee200537-144">[143]</a> This western section of the country lies within the <a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift_montane_forests" title="Albertine Rift montane forests">Albertine Rift montane forests</a> ecoregion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWWF2001Location_and_General_Description-143">[142]</a> It has an elevation of 1,500 to 2,500 metres (4,921 to 8,202 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunyakaziNtagaramba20057-145">[144]</a> The centre of the country is predominantly rolling hills, while the eastern border region consists of <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, plains and swamps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunyakaziNtagaramba200518-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of a lake with one of the Virunga mountains behind, partially in cloud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg/220px-RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg/220px-RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of a lake with one of the Virunga mountains behind, partially in cloud" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg/330px-RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg/440px-RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lake and volcano in the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> Rwanda has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical highland</a> climate, with lower temperatures than are typical for equatorial countries because of its high elevation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_State2004-135">[134]</a> Kigali, in the centre of the country, has a typical daily temperature range between 15 and 28 °C (59 and 82 °F), with little variation through the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Meteorological_Organization-147">[146]</a> There are some temperature variations across the country; the mountainous west and north are generally cooler than the lower-lying east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest_Country_Reports2007-148">[147]</a> There are two rainy seasons in the year; the first runs from February to June and the second from September to December. These are separated by two <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a>: the major one from June to September, during which there is often no rain at all, and a shorter and less severe one from December to February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200710-149">[148]</a> Rainfall varies geographically, with the west and northwest of the country receiving more precipitation annually than the east and southeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle20071-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> has caused a change in the pattern of the rainy seasons. According to a report by the Strategic Foresight Group, change in climate has reduced the number of rainy days experienced during a year, but has also caused an increase in frequency of torrential rains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrategic_Foresight_Group201329-151">[150]</a> Both changes have caused difficulty for farmers, decreasing their productivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucyensenge2014-152">[151]</a> Strategic Foresight also characterise Rwanda as a fast warming country, with an increase in average temperature of between 0.7 °C to 0.9 °C over fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrategic_Foresight_Group201329-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biodiversity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Rwanda" title="Wildlife of Rwanda">Wildlife of Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_gorilla_from_Susa_Group_in_Karisimbi_thicket_of_Volcanoes_National_Park_in_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mountain_gorilla_from_Susa_Group_in_Karisimbi_thicket_of_Volcanoes_National_Park_in_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg/220px-Mountain_gorilla_from_Susa_Group_in_Karisimbi_thicket_of_Volcanoes_National_Park_in_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mountain_gorilla_from_Susa_Group_in_Karisimbi_thicket_of_Volcanoes_National_Park_in_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg/220px-Mountain_gorilla_from_Susa_Group_in_Karisimbi_thicket_of_Volcanoes_National_Park_in_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mountain_gorilla_from_Susa_Group_in_Karisimbi_thicket_of_Volcanoes_National_Park_in_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg/330px-Mountain_gorilla_from_Susa_Group_in_Karisimbi_thicket_of_Volcanoes_National_Park_in_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mountain_gorilla_from_Susa_Group_in_Karisimbi_thicket_of_Volcanoes_National_Park_in_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg/440px-Mountain_gorilla_from_Susa_Group_in_Karisimbi_thicket_of_Volcanoes_National_Park_in_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Volcanoes National Park">Volcanoes National Park</a> is the home of the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain gorillas">mountain gorillas</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> In prehistoric times, <a href="/wiki/Montane_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forest">montane forest</a> occupied one-third of the territory of present-day Rwanda. Naturally occurring vegetation is now mostly restricted to the <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Rwanda" title="National parks of Rwanda">three national parks</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terraced agriculture</a> dominating the rest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth20063%E2%80%934-153">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_Forest" title="Nyungwe Forest">Nyungwe</a>, the largest remaining tract of forest, contains 200 species of tree as well as <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Begonia" title="Begonia">begonias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200711-154">[153]</a> Vegetation in the <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Volcanoes National Park">Volcanoes National Park</a> is mostly <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and moorland, with small areas of forest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth20063%E2%80%934-153">[152]</a> By contrast, Akagera has a <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> ecosystem in which <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a> dominates the flora. There are several rare or endangered plant species in Akagera, including <a href="/wiki/Markhamia_lutea" title="Markhamia lutea">Markhamia lutea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eulophia_guineensis" title="Eulophia guineensis">Eulophia guineensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEREMA_(Chapter_5)20093-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The greatest diversity of large mammals is found in the three national parks, which are designated conservation areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Rwanda_(II)-157">[156]</a> Akagera contains typical savanna animals such as giraffes and elephants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERDB_(III)-158">[157]</a> while Volcanoes is home to an estimated one-third of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorilla</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERDB_(I)2010-159">[158]</a> Nyungwe Forest boasts thirteen primate species including <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">common chimpanzees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_colobus" title="Black-and-white colobus">Ruwenzori colobus</a> arboreal monkeys; the Ruwenzori colobus move in groups of up to 400 individuals, the largest troop size of any primate in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth2006140-160">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talk_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Talk_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg/170px-Talk_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 251px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Talk_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg/170px-Talk_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Talk_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg/255px-Talk_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Talk_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg/340px-Talk_-_Flickr_-_askmeaks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Giraffe in Akagera National Park</figcaption></figure> Rwanda's population of <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> was destroyed in the aftermath of the genocide of 1994, as national parks were turned into camps for displaced people and the remaining animals were poisoned by cattle herders. In June 2015, two South African parks donated seven lions to <a href="/wiki/Akagera_National_Park" title="Akagera National Park">Akagera National Park</a>, reestablishing a lion population in Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2015-161">[160]</a> The lions were held initially in a fenced-off area of the park, and then collared and released into the wild a month later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_Times2015-162">[161]</a> Eighteen endangered black rhinos were brought to Rwanda in 2017 from South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> After positive results, five more black rhinos were delivered to Akagera National Park from zoos all over Europe in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Similarly, the white rhino population is growing in Rwanda. In 2021, Rwanda received 30 white rhinos from South Africa with the goal of Akagera being a safe breeding ground for the near-threatened species.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> There are 670 <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Rwanda" title="List of birds of Rwanda">bird species in Rwanda</a>, with variation between the east and the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200715-167">[166]</a> Nyungwe Forest, in the west, has 280 recorded species, of which 26 are endemic to the Albertine Rift;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200715-167">[166]</a> endemic species include the <a href="/wiki/Rwenzori_turaco" title="Rwenzori turaco">Rwenzori turaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handsome_spurfowl" title="Handsome spurfowl">handsome spurfowl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWCS-168">[167]</a> Eastern Rwanda, by contrast, features savanna birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Black-headed_gonolek" title="Black-headed gonolek">black-headed gonolek</a> and those associated with swamps and lakes, including <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200715-167">[166]</a> Recent entomological work in the country has revealed a rich diversity of <a href="/wiki/Praying_mantises" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying mantises">praying mantises</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETedrow2015-169">[168]</a> including a new species Dystacta tigrifrutex, dubbed the "bush tiger mantis".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaynard2014-170">[169]</a> Rwanda contains three terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift_montane_forests" title="Albertine Rift montane forests">Albertine Rift montane forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Basin_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic">Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori-Virunga_montane_moorlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands">Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-171">[170]</a> The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 3.85/10, ranking it 139th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-172">[171]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Economy of Rwanda</a></div> Rwanda's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 genocide, with widespread loss of life, failure to maintain infrastructure, looting, and neglect of important cash crops. This caused a large drop in GDP and destroyed the country's ability to attract private and external investment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> The economy has since strengthened, with per-capita <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a> estimated at <a href="/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary–Khamis dollar">$</a>909.9 in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-imf_data-173">[172]</a> compared with $127 in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF_(I)-174">[173]</a> As of the most recent survey in 2019/20, 48.8% of the population continues to be affected by <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">multidimensional poverty</a> and an additional 22.7% vulnerable to it.<a href="#cite_note-:122-175">[174]</a> Major export markets include China, Germany, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> The economy is managed by the central <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Rwanda" title="National Bank of Rwanda">National Bank of Rwanda</a> and the currency is the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</a>; in December 2023, the exchange rate was 1250 francs to one United States dollar.<a href="#cite_note-:0-176">[175]</a> Rwanda joined the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> in 2007, and has ratified a plan for <a href="/wiki/Monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary union">monetary union</a> amongst the seven member nations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsiimwe2014-177">[176]</a> which could eventually lead to a common <a href="/wiki/East_African_shilling#Second_East_African_shilling" title="East African shilling">East African shilling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2008-178">[177]</a> Rwanda is a country of few natural resources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_State2004-135">[134]</a> and the economy is based mostly on <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> by local farmers using simple tools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFAO_/_WFP1997-179">[178]</a> An estimated 90% of the working population farms, and agriculture constituted an estimated 32.5% of GDP in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> Farming techniques are basic, with small plots of land and steep slopes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOur_Africa-180">[179]</a> Since the mid-1980s, farm sizes and food production have been decreasing, due in part to the resettlement of displaced people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWRI2006-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_State2004-135">[134]</a> Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, and food imports are required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> However, in recent years with the growth of agriculture, the situation has improved.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transporting_bananas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transporting_bananas.jpg/220px-Transporting_bananas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transporting_bananas.jpg/220px-Transporting_bananas.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transporting_bananas.jpg/330px-Transporting_bananas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transporting_bananas.jpg/440px-Transporting_bananas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rwanda produced 2.6 million tonnes of banana in 2019, its largest cash crop.<a href="#cite_note-Rwanda_production_in_2019,_by_FAO-183">[182]</a></figcaption></figure> Subsistence crops grown in the country include <a href="/wiki/Matoke" title="Matoke">matoke</a> (green bananas), which occupy more than a third of the country's farmland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOur_Africa-180">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOur_Africa-180">[179]</a> Coffee and tea are the major cash crops for export, with the high altitudes, steep slopes and volcanic soils providing favourable conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOur_Africa-180">[179]</a> Reports have established that more than 400,000 Rwandans make their living from coffee plantation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETumwebaze2016-184">[183]</a> Reliance on agricultural exports makes Rwanda vulnerable to shifts in their prices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWTO2004-185">[184]</a> Animals raised in Rwanda include cows, goats, sheep, pigs, chicken, and rabbits, with geographical variation in the numbers of each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINAGRI2006-186">[185]</a> Production systems are mostly traditional, although there are a few intensive dairy farms around Kigali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINAGRI2006-186">[185]</a> Shortages of land and water, insufficient and poor-quality feed, and regular disease epidemics with insufficient veterinary services are major constraints that restrict output. Fishing takes place on the country's lakes, but stocks are very depleted, and live fish are being imported in an attempt to revive the industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENamata2008-187">[186]</a> The industrial sector is small, contributing 14.8% of GDP in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> Products manufactured include cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles and cigarettes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> Rwanda's mining industry is an important contributor, generating US$93 million in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2009-188">[187]</a> Minerals mined include <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a>, gold, and <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a>, which is used in the manufacture of electronic and communication devices such as mobile phones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2009-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelawala2001-189">[188]</a> Rwanda's <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a> suffered during the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a> as bank lending, foreign aid projects and investment were reduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENantaba2010-190">[189]</a> The sector rebounded in 2010, becoming the country's largest sector by economic output and contributing 43.6% of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> Key tertiary contributors include banking and finance, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, insurance, real estate, business services and public administration including education and health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENantaba2010-190">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rwanda" title="Tourism in Rwanda">Tourism</a> is one of the fastest-growing economic resources and became the country's leading foreign exchange earner in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukaaya2008-191">[190]</a> In spite of the genocide's legacy, the country is increasingly perceived internationally as a safe destination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20106-192">[191]</a> The number of tourist arrivals in 2013 was 864,000 people, up from 504,000 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(XI)-70">[69]</a> Revenue from tourism was US$303 million in 2014, up from just US$62 million in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKT_Press2015-193">[192]</a> The largest contributor to this revenue was <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorilla</a> tracking, in the Volcanoes National Park;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKT_Press2015-193">[192]</a> Rwanda is one of only three countries in which <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorillas</a> can be visited safely; the gorillas attract thousands of visitors per year, who are prepared to pay high prices for permits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenSpenceley20102-194">[193]</a> Other attractions include Nyungwe Forest, home to chimpanzees, Ruwenzori colobus and other primates, the resorts of Lake Kivu, and Akagera, a small <a href="/wiki/Savanna_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Savanna reserve">savanna reserve</a> in the east of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERDB_(II)-195">[194]</a> Rwanda was ranked 104th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media and communications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Telecommunications in Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Rwanda">Media of Rwanda</a></div> The largest radio and television stations are state-run, and the majority of newspapers are owned by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(VII)2015-197">[196]</a> Most Rwandans have access to radio; during the 1994 genocide, the radio station <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a> broadcast across the country, and helped to fuel the killings through anti-Tutsi propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(VII)2015-197">[196]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state-run <a href="/wiki/Radio_Rwanda" title="Radio Rwanda">Radio Rwanda</a> was the largest station and the main source of news throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(VII)2015-197">[196]</a> Television access is limited, with most homes not having their own set.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasore2014-198">[197]</a> The government rolled out <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> in 2014, and a year later there were seven national stations operating, up from just one in the pre-2014 analogue era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpobo2015-199">[198]</a> The press is tightly restricted, and newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(VII)2015-197">[196]</a> Nonetheless, publications in Kinyarwanda, English, and French critical of the government are widely available in Kigali. Restrictions were increased in the run-up to the Rwandan presidential election of 2010, with two independent newspapers, Umuseso and Umuvugizi, being suspended for six months by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Media_Council_(Rwanda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Media Council (Rwanda) (page does not exist)">High Media Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders2010-200">[199]</a> The country's oldest telecommunications group, <a href="/wiki/Rwandatel" title="Rwandatel">Rwandatel</a>, went into liquidation in 2011, having been 80% owned by Libyan company <a href="/w/index.php?title=LAP_Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LAP Green (page does not exist)">LAP Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMugisha2013-201">[200]</a> The company was acquired in 2013 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquid_Telecom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liquid Telecom (page does not exist)">Liquid Telecom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthwood2013-202">[201]</a> a company providing telecommunications and <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic">fibre optic</a> networks across eastern and southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMugwe2013-203">[202]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit">[update]</a>, Liquid Telecom provides <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a> service to 30,968 subscribers, with mobile operator <a href="/wiki/MTN_Rwanda" title="MTN Rwanda">MTN Rwanda</a> serving an additional 15,497 fixed line subscribers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERURA20156-204">[203]</a> Landlines are mostly used by government institutions, banks, <a href="/wiki/Non_Government_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non Government Organisation">NGOs</a> and embassies, with private subscription levels low.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajyambere2010-205">[204]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> penetration in the country is 72.6%,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERURA20155-206">[205]</a> up from 41.6% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERURA20113-207">[206]</a> MTN Rwanda is the leading provider, with 3,957,986 subscribers, followed by <a href="/wiki/Tigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigo">Tigo</a> with 2,887,328, and <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a> with 1,336,679.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERURA20156-204">[203]</a> Rwandatel has also previously operated a mobile phone network, but the industry regulator revoked its licence in April 2011, following the company's failure to meet agreed investment commitments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButera2011-208">[207]</a> Internet penetration is low but rising rapidly; in 2015 there were 12.8 internet users per 100 people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERURA20155-206">[205]</a> up from 2.1 in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(II)-209">[208]</a> In 2011, a 2,300-kilometre (1,400 mi) fibre-optic telecommunications network was completed, intended to provide broadband services and facilitate electronic commerce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters2011-210">[209]</a> This network is connected to <a href="/wiki/SEACOM_(African_cable_system)" title="SEACOM (African cable system)">SEACOM</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine</a> fibre-optic cable connecting communication carriers in southern and eastern Africa. Within Rwanda the cables run along major roads, linking towns around the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters2011-210">[209]</a> Mobile provider MTN also runs a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless internet">wireless internet</a> service accessible in most areas of Kigali via pre-paid subscription.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButera2010-211">[210]</a> In October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Mara_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mara Corporation">Mara Corporation</a> launched the first African-made smartphone in Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Rwanda" title="Transport in Rwanda">Transport in Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Rwanda" title="Energy in Rwanda">Energy in Rwanda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda">Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Sanitation access statistics are from 2006. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WaterPumpRwanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph depicting one adult and five children filling jerrycans at a rural metal water pump with concrete base, at the bottom of a steep rocky hillside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WaterPumpRwanda.jpg/220px-WaterPumpRwanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WaterPumpRwanda.jpg/220px-WaterPumpRwanda.jpg" data-alt="Photograph depicting one adult and five children filling jerrycans at a rural metal water pump with concrete base, at the bottom of a steep rocky hillside" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WaterPumpRwanda.jpg/330px-WaterPumpRwanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WaterPumpRwanda.jpg/440px-WaterPumpRwanda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rural water pump</figcaption></figure> The Rwandan government prioritised funding of water supply development during the 2000s, significantly increasing its share of the national budget.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIDA2009-213">[212]</a> This funding, along with donor support, caused a rapid increase in access to safe water; in 2015, 74% of the population had access to safe water,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmutesi2015-214">[213]</a> up from about 55% in 2005;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIDA2009-213">[212]</a> the government has committed to increasing this to 100% by 2017.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmutesi2015-214">[213]</a> The country's water infrastructure consists of urban and rural systems that deliver water to the public, mainly through standpipes in rural areas and private connections in urban areas. In areas not served by these systems, hand pumps and managed springs are used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINECOFIN200225%E2%80%9326-215">[214]</a> Despite rainfall exceeding 750 millimetres (30 in) annually in most of the country,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerryLewisWilliams1990533-216">[215]</a> little use is made of <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">rainwater harvesting</a>, and residents are forced to use water very sparingly, relative to usage in other African countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmutesi2015-214">[213]</a> Access to <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda">sanitation</a> remains low; the United Nations estimates that in 2006, 34% of urban and 20% of rural dwellers had access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSAID_(I)20083-217">[216]</a> with this statistic increasing to 92% for the total population (95% urban and 91% urban) in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Kigali is one of the cleanest cities in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Government policy measures to improve sanitation are limited, focusing only on urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSAID_(I)20083-217">[216]</a> The majority of the population, both urban and rural, use public shared <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSAID_(I)20083-217">[216]</a> Rwanda's electricity supply was, until the early 2000s, generated almost entirely from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> sources; power stations on Lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burera" title="Lake Burera">Burera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ruhondo" title="Lake Ruhondo">Ruhondo</a> provided 90% of the country's electricity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Resources_Report20113-220">[219]</a> A combination of below average rainfall and human activity, including the draining of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugezi_wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugezi wetlands (page does not exist)">Rugezi wetlands</a> for cultivation and grazing, caused the two lakes' water levels to fall from 1990 onwards; by 2004 levels were reduced by 50%, leading to a sharp drop in output from the power stations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Resources_Report20115-221">[220]</a> This, coupled with increased demand as the economy grew, precipitated a shortfall in 2004 and widespread <a href="/wiki/Loadshedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Loadshedding">loadshedding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Resources_Report20115-221">[220]</a> As an emergency measure, the government installed <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel generators</a> north of Kigali; by 2006 these were providing 56% of the country's electricity, but were very costly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Resources_Report20115-221">[220]</a> The government enacted a number of measures to alleviate this problem, including rehabilitating the Rugezi wetlands, which supply water to Burera and Ruhondo and investing in a scheme to extract methane gas from Lake Kivu, expected in its first phase to increase the country's power generation by 40%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfDB2011-222">[221]</a> Only 18% of the population had access to electricity in 2012, though this had risen from 10.8% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(XIII)-223">[222]</a> The government's Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy for 2013–18 aims to increase access to electricity to 70% of households by 2017.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaringanireMalikBanerjee20141-224">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwanda_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rwanda_electricity_production.svg/290px-Rwanda_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="545"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 247px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rwanda_electricity_production.svg/290px-Rwanda_electricity_production.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rwanda_electricity_production.svg/435px-Rwanda_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rwanda_electricity_production.svg/580px-Rwanda_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rwanda electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> The government has increased investment in the <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Rwanda" title="Transport in Rwanda">transport infrastructure of Rwanda</a> since the 1994 genocide, with aid from the United States, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, Japan, and others. The transport system consists primarily of the road network, with paved roads between Kigali and most other major cities and towns in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfDBOECD_Development_Centre2006439-225">[224]</a> Rwanda is linked by road to other countries in the East African Community, namely Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, as well as to the eastern Congolese cities of <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a>; the country's most important trade route is the road to the port of <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> via <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Corridor" title="Northern Corridor">Northern Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETancott2014-226">[225]</a> The principal form of public transport in the country is the <a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">minibus</a>, accounting for more than half of all passenger carrying capacity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMININFRA201334-227">[226]</a> Some minibuses, particularly in Kigali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMININFRA201367-228">[227]</a> operate an unscheduled service, under a <a href="/wiki/Shared_taxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared taxi">shared taxi</a> system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMININFRA201332-229">[228]</a> while others run to a schedule, offering express routes between the major cities. There are a smaller number of large buses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMININFRA201334-227">[226]</a> which operate a scheduled service around the country. The principal private hire vehicle is the <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">motorcycle taxi</a>; in 2013 there were 9,609 registered motorcycle taxis in Rwanda, compared with just 579 <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxicabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMININFRA201334-227">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coach_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (vehicle)">Coach</a> services are available to various destinations in neighbouring countries. The country has an <a href="/wiki/Kigali_International_Airport" title="Kigali International Airport">international airport</a> at Kigali that serves several international destinations, the busiest routes being those to <a href="/wiki/JKIA" class="mw-redirect" title="JKIA">Nairobi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entebbe_International_Airport" title="Entebbe International Airport">Entebbe</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECentre_For_Aviation2014-230">[229]</a> there is one domestic route, between Kigali and <a href="/wiki/Kamembe_Airport" title="Kamembe Airport">Kamembe Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cyangugu" title="Cyangugu">Cyangugu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETumwebaze2015-231">[230]</a> In 2017, construction began on the <a href="/wiki/Bugesera_International_Airport" title="Bugesera International Airport">Bugesera International Airport</a>, to the south of Kigali, which will become the country's largest when it opens, complementing the existing Kigali airport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMININFRA2017-232">[231]</a> The national carrier is <a href="/wiki/RwandAir" title="RwandAir">RwandAir</a>, and the country is served by seven foreign airlines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECentre_For_Aviation2014-230">[229]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit">[update]</a> the country had no railways, but there is a project underway, in conjunction with Burundi and Tanzania, to extend the Tanzanian <a href="/wiki/Central_Line_(Tanzania)" title="Central Line (Tanzania)">Central Line</a> into Rwanda; the three countries have invited expressions of interest from private firms to form a <a href="/wiki/Public_private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public private partnership">public private partnership</a> for the scheme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelwa2015-233">[232]</a> There is no public water transport between the port cities on Lake Kivu, although a limited private service exists and the government has initiated a programme to develop a full service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMININFRA201343-234">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_(Rwanda)" title="Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda)">Ministry of Infrastructure</a> is also investigating the feasibility of linking Rwanda to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> via shipping on the <a href="/wiki/Akagera_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Akagera River">Akagera River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMININFRA201343-234">[233]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Rwanda" title="Demographics of Rwanda">Demographics of Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Rwanda" title="Youth in Rwanda">Youth in Rwanda</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Rwanda <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-RWANDACITIES-235">[234]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Rwanda" title="List of cities in Rwanda">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Rwanda" title="Provinces of Rwanda">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Kigali_skyline_closeup_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kigali"><noscript><img alt="Kigali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Kigali_skyline_closeup_2.jpg/120px-Kigali_skyline_closeup_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="633"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 79px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Kigali_skyline_closeup_2.jpg/120px-Kigali_skyline_closeup_2.jpg" data-alt="Kigali" data-width="120" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Kigali_skyline_closeup_2.jpg/180px-Kigali_skyline_closeup_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Kigali_skyline_closeup_2.jpg/240px-Kigali_skyline_closeup_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gisenyi"><noscript><img alt="Gisenyi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg/120px-The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5753" data-file-height="3825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg/120px-The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg" data-alt="Gisenyi" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg/180px-The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg/240px-The_streets_of_Rubavu-Gisenyi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Gisenyi" title="Gisenyi">Gisenyi</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,132,168 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A9_nationale_du_Rwanda_%C3%A0_Butare.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Butare"><noscript><img alt="Butare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Universit%C3%A9_nationale_du_Rwanda_%C3%A0_Butare.JPG/120px-Universit%C3%A9_nationale_du_Rwanda_%C3%A0_Butare.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Universit%C3%A9_nationale_du_Rwanda_%C3%A0_Butare.JPG/120px-Universit%C3%A9_nationale_du_Rwanda_%C3%A0_Butare.JPG" data-alt="Butare" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Universit%C3%A9_nationale_du_Rwanda_%C3%A0_Butare.JPG/180px-Universit%C3%A9_nationale_du_Rwanda_%C3%A0_Butare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Universit%C3%A9_nationale_du_Rwanda_%C3%A0_Butare.JPG/240px-Universit%C3%A9_nationale_du_Rwanda_%C3%A0_Butare.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Butare" title="Butare">Butare</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Colonial-Era_Buildings_with_Tiled_Roofs_-_Muhanga-Gitarama_-_Rwanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gitarama"><noscript><img alt="Gitarama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colonial-Era_Buildings_with_Tiled_Roofs_-_Muhanga-Gitarama_-_Rwanda.jpg/120px-Colonial-Era_Buildings_with_Tiled_Roofs_-_Muhanga-Gitarama_-_Rwanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colonial-Era_Buildings_with_Tiled_Roofs_-_Muhanga-Gitarama_-_Rwanda.jpg/120px-Colonial-Era_Buildings_with_Tiled_Roofs_-_Muhanga-Gitarama_-_Rwanda.jpg" data-alt="Gitarama" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colonial-Era_Buildings_with_Tiled_Roofs_-_Muhanga-Gitarama_-_Rwanda.jpg/180px-Colonial-Era_Buildings_with_Tiled_Roofs_-_Muhanga-Gitarama_-_Rwanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colonial-Era_Buildings_with_Tiled_Roofs_-_Muhanga-Gitarama_-_Rwanda.jpg/240px-Colonial-Era_Buildings_with_Tiled_Roofs_-_Muhanga-Gitarama_-_Rwanda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Gitarama" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitarama">Gitarama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gisenyi" title="Gisenyi">Gisenyi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Rwanda" title="Western Province, Rwanda">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">136,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Butare" title="Butare">Butare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Southern Province, Rwanda">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">89,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gitarama" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitarama">Gitarama</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Southern Province, Rwanda">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">87,163 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ruhengeri" title="Ruhengeri">Ruhengeri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Northern Province, Rwanda">Northern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">86,685 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Byumba" title="Byumba">Byumba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Northern Province, Rwanda">Northern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,593 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cyangugu" title="Cyangugu">Cyangugu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Rwanda" title="Western Province, Rwanda">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,883 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kibuye,_Rwanda" title="Kibuye, Rwanda">Kibuye</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Rwanda" title="Western Province, Rwanda">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,024 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rwamagana" title="Rwamagana">Rwamagana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Eastern Province, Rwanda">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,203 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nzega" title="Nzega">Nzega</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Southern Province, Rwanda">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,240 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda" title="National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda">National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda</a> estimated Rwanda's population to be 11,262,564,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda2015-236">[235]</a> while the projection for 2022 was 13,246,394.<a href="#cite_note-RW-237">[236]</a> The 2012 census recorded a population of 10,515,973.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda20143-238">[237]</a> The population is young: in the 2012 census, 43.3% of the population were aged 15 and under, and 53.4% were between 16 and 64.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda20148-239">[238]</a> According to the CIA <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a>, the annual birth rate is estimated at 40.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants in 2015, and the death rate at 14.9.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> The life expectancy is 67.67 years (69.27 years for females and 67.11 years for males), which is the 26th lowest out of 224 countries and territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(III)2011-240">[239]</a> The overall sex ratio of the country is 95.9 males per 100 females.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwandan_children_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph depicting seven rural children, with a straw house and farmland in the background, taken in the Volcanoes National Park in 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rwandan_children_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg/220px-Rwandan_children_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rwandan_children_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg/220px-Rwandan_children_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg" data-alt="Photograph depicting seven rural children, with a straw house and farmland in the background, taken in the Volcanoes National Park in 2005" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rwandan_children_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg/330px-Rwandan_children_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rwandan_children_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg/440px-Rwandan_children_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rural children</figcaption></figure> At 445 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,150/sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda2015-236">[235]</a> Rwanda's population density is amongst the highest in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanda2015-241">[240]</a> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Prunier" title="Gérard Prunier">Gérard Prunier</a> believe that the 1994 genocide can be partly attributed to the population density.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier19954-57">[56]</a> The population is predominantly rural, with a few large towns; dwellings are evenly spread throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus2013215-242">[241]</a> The only sparsely populated area of the country is the savanna land in the former province of <a href="/wiki/Umutara_Province" title="Umutara Province">Umutara</a> and Akagera National Park in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreissguth200711-243">[242]</a> Kigali is the largest city, with a population of around one million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKigali_City-244">[243]</a> Its rapidly increasing population challenges its infrastructural development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPercivalHomer-Dixon1995-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEREMA_(Chapter_2)2009-246">[245]</a> According to the 2012 census, the second largest city is <a href="/wiki/Gisenyi" title="Gisenyi">Gisenyi</a>, which lies adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Lake Kivu</a> and the Congolese city of <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, and has a population of 126,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECity_Population2012-247">[246]</a> Other major towns include <a href="/wiki/Ruhengeri" title="Ruhengeri">Ruhengeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butare" title="Butare">Butare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhanga" title="Muhanga">Muhanga</a>, all with populations below 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECity_Population2012-247">[246]</a> The urban population rose from 6% of the population in 1990,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPercivalHomer-Dixon1995-245">[244]</a> to 16.6% in 2006;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda201229-248">[247]</a> by 2011, however, the proportion had dropped slightly, to 14.8%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda201229-248">[247]</a> Rwanda has been a unified state since pre-colonial times,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010450-45">[44]</a> and the population is drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group, the <a href="/wiki/Banyarwanda" title="Banyarwanda">Banyarwanda</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200252-249">[248]</a> this contrasts with most modern African states, whose borders were drawn by <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">colonial powers</a> and did not correspond to ethnic boundaries or pre-colonial kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd19791-250">[249]</a> Within the Banyarwanda people, there are three separate groups, the Hutu, Tutsi and Twa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier19955-251">[250]</a> The CIA World Factbook gives estimates that the Hutu made up 84% of the population in 2009, the Tutsi 15% and Twa 1%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">[73]</a> The Twa are a pygmy people who descend from Rwanda's earliest inhabitants, but scholars do not agree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200246%E2%80%9347-252">[251]</a> Anthropologist Jean Hiernaux contends that the Tutsi are a separate race, with a tendency towards "long and narrow heads, faces and noses";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200247-253">[252]</a> others, such as Villia Jefremovas, believe there is no discernible physical difference and the categories were not historically rigid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefremovas1995-254">[253]</a> In precolonial Rwanda the Tutsi were the ruling class, from whom the kings and the majority of chiefs were derived, while the Hutu were agriculturalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199511%E2%80%9312-255">[254]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Rwanda">government</a> discourages the Hutu/Tutsi/Twa distinction, and has removed such classification from identity cards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2010-256">[255]</a> The 2002 census was the first since 1933<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiwuwa201271-257">[256]</a> which did not categorise Rwandan population into the three groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgence_France-Presse2002-258">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Education in Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OLPC_classroom_teaching.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OLPC_classroom_teaching.JPG/220px-OLPC_classroom_teaching.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OLPC_classroom_teaching.JPG/220px-OLPC_classroom_teaching.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OLPC_classroom_teaching.JPG/330px-OLPC_classroom_teaching.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OLPC_classroom_teaching.JPG/440px-OLPC_classroom_teaching.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Children in a Rwandan primary school, using laptops supplied by the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_Per_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="One Laptop Per Child">One Laptop Per Child</a> programme</figcaption></figure> Prior to 2012, the Rwandan government provided free education in state-run schools for nine years: six years in primary and three years following a common secondary programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINEDUC20102-259">[258]</a> In 2012, this started to be expanded to 12 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsAbbottMupenzi2015935-260">[259]</a> A 2015 study suggests that while enrollment rates in primary schools are "near ubiquity", rates of completion are low and repetition rates high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsAbbottMupenzi2015931-261">[260]</a> While schooling is fee-free, there is an expectation that parents should contribute to the cost of their children's education by providing them with school supplies, supporting teacher development and making a contribution to school construction. According to the government, these costs should not be a basis for the exclusion of children from education, however.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsAbbottMupenzi2015935-260">[259]</a> There are many private schools across the country, some church-run, which follow the same syllabus but charge fees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth200627-262">[261]</a> From 1994 until 2009, secondary education was offered in either French or English; because of the country's increasing ties with the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, only the English syllabi are now offered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2009-263">[262]</a> The country has a number of institutions of tertiary education. In 2013, the public <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rwanda" title="University of Rwanda">University of Rwanda</a> (UR) was created out of a merger of the former <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Rwanda" title="National University of Rwanda">National University of Rwanda</a> and the country's other public higher education institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenig2014-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGregor2014-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutayisire2013-266">[265]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_enrollment_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross enrollment ratio">gross enrollment ratio</a> for tertiary education in Rwanda was 7.9%, from 3.6% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(III)-267">[266]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate, defined as those aged 15 or over who can read and write, was 78.8% in 2022, up from 71% in 2009, 58% in 1991, and 38% in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(I)-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Rwanda" title="Healthcare in Rwanda">Healthcare in Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Rwanda" title="Health in Rwanda">Health in Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butaro_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph depicting a hospital building, with Rwandan flag, viewed from the entrance pathway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Butaro_Hospital.jpg/220px-Butaro_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Butaro_Hospital.jpg/220px-Butaro_Hospital.jpg" data-alt="Photograph depicting a hospital building, with Rwandan flag, viewed from the entrance pathway" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Butaro_Hospital.jpg/330px-Butaro_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Butaro_Hospital.jpg/440px-Butaro_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Butaro_Hospital" title="Butaro Hospital">Butaro Hospital</a> at <a href="/wiki/Burera" class="mw-redirect" title="Burera">Burera</a>, Northern Province </figcaption></figure> The quality of healthcare in Rwanda has historically been very low, both before and immediately after the 1994 genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrobacNaughton2014-270">[269]</a> In 1998, more than one in five children died before their fifth birthday,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(IV)-271">[270]</a> often from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdler2010-272">[271]</a> President Kagame has made healthcare one of the priorities for the <a href="/wiki/Vision_2020_(Rwanda)" title="Vision 2020 (Rwanda)">Vision 2020</a> development programme,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2014-273">[272]</a> boosting spending on health care to 6.5% of the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(V)-274">[273]</a> compared with 1.9% in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(VI)-275">[274]</a> The government has devolved the financing and management of healthcare to local communities, through a system of health insurance providers called mutuelles de santé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO2008-276">[275]</a> The mutuelles were piloted in 1999, and were made available nationwide by the mid-2000s, with the assistance of international development partners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO2008-276">[275]</a> Premiums under the scheme were initially US$2 per annum; since 2011 the rate has varied on a sliding scale, with the poorest paying nothing, and maximum premiums rising to US$8 per adult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg2012-277">[276]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 90% of the population was covered by the scheme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSAID_(II)2014-278">[277]</a> The government has also set up training institutes including the Kigali Health Institute (KHI), which was established in 1997<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIMF200034-279">[278]</a> and is now part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rwanda" title="University of Rwanda">University of Rwanda</a>. In 2005, President Kagame also launched a program known as The Presidents' Malaria Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> This initiative aimed to help get the most necessary materials for prevention of malaria to the most rural areas of Rwanda, such as mosquito nets and medication. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_development_in_Rwanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Life_expectancy_development_in_Rwanda.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Life_expectancy_development_in_Rwanda.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Rwanda.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Life_expectancy_development_in_Rwanda.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Life_expectancy_development_in_Rwanda.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Historical development of life expectancy in Rwanda</figcaption></figure> In recent years Rwanda has seen improvement on a number of key health indicators. Between 2005 and 2013, life expectancy increased from 55.2 to 64.0,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(VII)-281">[280]</a> under-5 mortality decreased from 106.4 to 52.0 per 1,000 live births,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(VIII)-282">[281]</a> and incidence of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> has dropped from 101 to 69 per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(IX)-283">[282]</a> The country's progress in healthcare has been cited by the international media and charities. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> devoted an article to "Rwanda's Historic Health Recovery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery2013-284">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Partners_In_Health" title="Partners In Health">Partners In Health</a> described the health gains "among the most dramatic the world has seen in the last 50 years".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg2012-277">[276]</a> Despite these improvements, however, the country's health profile remains dominated by communicable diseases,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO2015-285">[284]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> has described "significant health challenges",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSAID_(III)2015-286">[285]</a> including the rate of maternal mortality, which it describes as "unacceptably high",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSAID_(III)2015-286">[285]</a> as well as the ongoing <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSAID_(III)2015-286">[285]</a> According to the American <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, travellers to Rwanda are highly recommended to take preventive malaria medication as well as make sure they are up to date with vaccines such as yellow fever.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> Rwanda also has a shortage of medical professionals, with only 0.84 physicians, nurses, and midwives per 1,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartners_In_Health2013-288">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP) is monitoring the country's health progress towards <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> 4–6, which relate to healthcare. A mid-2015 UNDP report noted that the country was not on target to meet goal 4 on infant mortality, despite it having "fallen dramatically";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNDP_(II)2015-289">[288]</a> the country is "making good progress" towards goal 5, which is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNDP_(III)2015-290">[289]</a> while goal 6 is not yet met as <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">HIV prevalence</a> has not started falling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNDP_(IV)2015-291">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Religion in Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RwamaganaChurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph depicting the Catholic parish church in Rwamagana, Eastern Province, including the main entrance, façade, the separate bell tower, and dirt forecourt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RwamaganaChurch.jpg/220px-RwamaganaChurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1412"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RwamaganaChurch.jpg/220px-RwamaganaChurch.jpg" data-alt="Photograph depicting the Catholic parish church in Rwamagana, Eastern Province, including the main entrance, façade, the separate bell tower, and dirt forecourt" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RwamaganaChurch.jpg/330px-RwamaganaChurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RwamaganaChurch.jpg/440px-RwamaganaChurch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Catholic church in <a href="/wiki/Rwamagana" title="Rwamagana">Rwamagana</a></figcaption></figure> The largest faith in Rwanda is <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, but there have been significant changes in the nation's religious demographics since the genocide, with many conversions to <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> Christianity, and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Rwanda" title="Islam in Rwanda">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerApril_2004-292">[291]</a> According to the 2012 census, Catholic Christians represented 43.7% of the population, Protestants (excluding <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a>) 37.7%, Seventh-day Adventists 11.8%, and Muslims 2.0%; 0.2% claimed no religious beliefs and 1.3% did not state a religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda201417-293">[292]</a> Traditional religion, despite officially being followed by only 0.1% of the population, retains an influence. Many Rwandans view the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christian God</a> as synonymous with the traditional Rwandan God <a href="/wiki/Imana" title="Imana">Imana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWireduAbrahamIreleMenkiti2006236%E2%80%93237-294">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Languages of Rwanda</a></div> The country's principal and national language is <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, which is virtually spoken by the entire country (98%).<a href="#cite_note-BC-295">[294]</a> The major European languages during the colonial era were <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, though it was never taught or widely used, and then <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, which was introduced by Belgium from 1916 and remained an official and widely spoken language after independence in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversit%C3%A9_Laval2010-296">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> was spoken as well. The return of English-speaking Rwandan refugees in the 1990s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversit%C3%A9_Laval2010-296">[295]</a> added a new dimension to the country's language policy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelsonFreedman2010-297">[296]</a> and the repositioning of Rwanda as a member of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> has since increased the importance of English; the medium of education was switched from French to English in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-BC-295">[294]</a> Kinyarwanda, English, French, and Swahili are all official languages.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> Kinyarwanda is the national language while English is the primary medium of instruction in secondary and tertiary education. <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabaro2015-299">[298]</a> is also spoken by some as a second language, particularly returned refugees from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and those who live along the border with the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford_University_Swahili_Department-300">[299]</a> In 2015, Swahili was introduced as a mandatory subject in secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabaro2015-299">[298]</a> Inhabitants of Rwanda's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nkombo_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nkombo Island (page does not exist)">Nkombo Island</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Shi_language" title="Shi language">Mashi</a>, a language closely related to Kinyarwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakayima2010-301">[300]</a> French was spoken by slightly under 6% of the population according to the 2012 census and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> English was reported to be spoken by 15% of the population in 2009, though the same report found the proportion of French-speakers to be 68%.<a href="#cite_note-BC-295">[294]</a> Swahili is spoken by fewer than 1%.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rwanda" title="Human rights in Rwanda">Human rights in Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Rwanda">LGBT rights in Rwanda</a></div> Homosexuality is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> topic, and there is no significant public discussion of this issue in any region of the country. Some lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) Rwandans have reported being harassed and blackmailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGm%C3%BCnder20071216-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spartacus_International_Gay_Guide_2007-305">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-globalgayz-306">[305]</a> Same-sex sexual activity is not specifically illegal in Rwanda. Some cabinet-level government officials have expressed support for the rights of LGBT people;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Department_of_State2016-307">[306]</a> however, no special legislative protections are afforded to LGBT people,<a href="#cite_note-Spartacus_International_Gay_Guide_2007-305">[304]</a> who may be arrested by the police under various laws dealing with public order and morality.<a href="#cite_note-globalgayz-306">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriages</a> are not recognized by the state, as the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda" title="Constitution of Rwanda">constitution</a> provides that "[o]nly civil monogamous marriage between a man and a woman is recognized".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_26-308">[307]</a> Since 2006, Human Rights Watch has documented that Rwandan authorities round up and detain <a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">street children</a>, street vendors, sex workers, homeless people, and beggars. They have also documented the use of torture in safe houses and other facilities, such as Kami military camp, Kwa Gacinya and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gikondo_Transit_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gikondo Transit Center (page does not exist)">Gikondo prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-309">[308]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Culture of Rwanda">Culture of Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph depicting two male dancers with straw wigs, neck garments, spears and sticks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg/220px-Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1671"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 243px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg/220px-Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg" data-alt="Photograph depicting two male dancers with straw wigs, neck garments, spears and sticks" data-width="220" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg/330px-Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg/440px-Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Traditional Rwandan <a href="/wiki/Intore" title="Intore">intore</a> dancers</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Music</a> and dance are an integral part of Rwandan ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings and storytelling. The most famous traditional dance is a highly choreographed routine consisting of three components: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umushagiriro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umushagiriro (page does not exist)">umushagiriro</a>, or cow dance, performed by women;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERwanda_Development_Gateway-310">[309]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Intore" title="Intore">intore</a>, or dance of heroes, performed by men;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERwanda_Development_Gateway-310">[309]</a> and the drumming, also traditionally performed by men, on drums known as ingoma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERMCA-311">[310]</a> The best-known dance group is the <a href="/wiki/National_Ballet_of_Rwanda" title="National Ballet of Rwanda">National Ballet</a>. It was established by President Habyarimana in 1974, and performs nationally and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs2004-312">[311]</a> Traditionally, music is transmitted orally, with styles varying between the social groups. Drums are of great importance; the royal drummers enjoyed high status within the court of the King (Mwami).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle2007135%E2%80%93136-313">[312]</a> Drummers play together in groups of varying sizes, usually between seven and nine in number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle2007139-314">[313]</a> The country has a growing popular music industry, influenced by African Great Lakes, Congolese, and American music. The most popular genre is <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>, with a blend of <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">ragga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">dance-pop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMbabazi2008-315">[314]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igiseke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph depicting a bowl shaped off-white woven basket with tall conical lid and black zigzag pattern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Igiseke.jpg/170px-Igiseke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="2331"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 267px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Igiseke.jpg/170px-Igiseke.jpg" data-alt="Photograph depicting a bowl shaped off-white woven basket with tall conical lid and black zigzag pattern" data-width="170" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Igiseke.jpg/255px-Igiseke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Igiseke.jpg/340px-Igiseke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rwandan woven <a href="/wiki/Agaseke" title="Agaseke">agaseke</a> basket</figcaption></figure> Traditional arts and crafts are produced throughout the country, although most originated as functional items rather than purely for decoration. Woven baskets and bowls are especially common, notably the basket style of the <a href="/wiki/Agaseke" title="Agaseke">agaseke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle200768%E2%80%9370-316">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imigongo" title="Imigongo">Imigongo</a>, a unique cow dung art, is produced in the southeast of Rwanda, with a history dating back to when the region was part of the independent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gisaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gisaka (page does not exist)">Gisaka</a> kingdom. The dung is mixed with natural soils of various colours and painted into patterned ridges to form geometric shapes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth2006243%E2%80%93244-317">[316]</a> Other crafts include pottery and wood carving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth200631-318">[317]</a> Traditional housing styles make use of locally available materials; circular or rectangular mud homes with grass-thatched roofs (known as nyakatsi) are the most common. The government has initiated a programme to replace these with more modern materials such as corrugated iron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENtambara2009-319">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle200775-320">[319]</a> Rwanda does not have a long history of written literature, but there is a strong oral tradition ranging from poetry to <a href="/wiki/Folk_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk stories">folk stories</a>. Many of the country's moral values and details of history have been passed down through the generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2007105-321">[320]</a> The most famous Rwandan literary figure was <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Kagame" title="Alexis Kagame">Alexis Kagame</a> (1912–1981), who carried out and published research into oral traditions as well as writing his own poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth200629-322">[321]</a> The Rwandan Genocide resulted in the emergence of a literature of witness accounts, essays and fiction by a new generation of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Sehene" title="Benjamin Sehene">Benjamin Sehene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Mfuranzima" title="Fred Mfuranzima">Mfuranzima Fred</a>. A number of films have been produced about the Rwandan Genocide, including the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe">Golden Globe</a>-nominated <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Rwanda" title="Hotel Rwanda">Hotel Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_Days_(2001_film)" title="100 Days (2001 film)">100 Days</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shake_Hands_with_the_Devil_(2007_film)" title="Shake Hands with the Devil (2007 film)">Shake Hands with the Devil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sometimes_in_April" title="Sometimes in April">Sometimes in April</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_Dogs" title="Shooting Dogs">Shooting Dogs</a>, the last four having been filmed in Rwanda and having featured survivors as cast members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilmo2006-323">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFegley201655%E2%80%9356-324">[323]</a> Fourteen regular <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Rwanda" title="Public holidays in Rwanda">national holidays</a> are observed throughout the year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Rwanda_(I)-325">[324]</a> with others occasionally inserted by the government. The week following Genocide Memorial Day on 7 April is designated an official week of mourning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatsonRenziViggiani201025-326">[325]</a> The victory for the RPF over the Hutu extremists is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day" title="Liberation Day">Liberation Day</a> on 4 July. The last Saturday of each month is <a href="/wiki/Umuganda" title="Umuganda">umuganda</a>, a national morning of mandatory <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">community service</a> lasting from 8 am to 11 am, during which all able bodied people between 18 and 65 are expected to carry out community tasks such as cleaning streets or building homes for vulnerable people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERwanda_Governance_Board-327">[326]</a> Most normal services close down during umuganda, and public transportation is limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERwanda_Governance_Board-327">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Rwanda">Cuisine of Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/220px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="1912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/220px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/330px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/440px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A plate of <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">ugali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a></figcaption></figure> The cuisine of Rwanda is based on local <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> produced by subsistence agriculture such as bananas, plantains (known as <a href="/wiki/Ibitoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibitoke">ibitoke</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">pulses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, beans, and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> (manioc).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle200781-328">[327]</a> Many Rwandans do not eat meat more than a few times a month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle200781-328">[327]</a> For those who live near lakes and have access to fish, <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> is popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle200781-328">[327]</a> The potato, thought to have been introduced to Rwanda by German and Belgian <a href="/wiki/Second_European_colonization_wave_(19th_century%E2%80%9320th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second European colonization wave (19th century–20th century)">colonialists</a>, is very popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle200713-329">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a>, locally known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubugari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubugari (page does not exist)">Ubugari</a> (or umutsima) is common, a paste made from cassava or maize and water to form a <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>-like consistency that is eaten throughout the African Great Lakes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzias200774-330">[329]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isombe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isombe (page does not exist)">Isombe</a> is made from mashed cassava leaves and can be served with dried fish, rice, ugali, potatoes etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle200713-329">[328]</a> Lunch is usually a buffet known as mélange, consisting of the above staples and sometimes meat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth200654%E2%80%9355-331">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brochette" class="mw-redirect" title="Brochette">Brochettes</a> are the most popular food when eating out in the evening, usually made from goat but sometimes <a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a>, beef, or fish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsBooth200654%E2%80%9355-331">[330]</a> In rural areas, many bars have a brochette seller responsible for tending and slaughtering the goats, skewering and <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecuing</a> the meat, and serving it with grilled bananas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnyango2010-332">[331]</a> Milk, particularly in a fermented yoghurt form called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikivuguto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikivuguto (page does not exist)">ikivuguto</a>, is a common drink throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzabuheraheza2005-333">[332]</a> Other drinks include a traditional beer called Ikigage made from sorghum and <a href="/wiki/Urwagwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Urwagwa">urwagwa</a>, made from bananas, and a soft drink called Umutobe which is banana juice; these popular drinks feature in traditional rituals and ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdekunle200713-329">[328]</a> The major drinks manufacturer in Rwanda is <a href="/wiki/Bralirwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bralirwa">Bralirwa</a>, which was established in the 1950s, a Heineken partner, and is now listed on the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Stock Exchange">Rwandan Stock Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBralirwa_(I)-334">[333]</a> Bralirwa manufactures <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drink</a> products from <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>, under licence, including <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanta" title="Fanta">Fanta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(soft_drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprite (soft drink)">Sprite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBralirwa_(II)-335">[334]</a> and a range of beers including <a href="/wiki/Primus_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Primus beer">Primus</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtzig_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mützig beer">Mützig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amstel_Brewery" title="Amstel Brewery">Amstel</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbo_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbo King (page does not exist)">Turbo King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBralirwa_(III)-336">[335]</a> In 2009 a new brewery, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brasseries_des_Mille_Collines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brasseries des Mille Collines (page does not exist)">Brasseries des Mille Collines</a> (BMC) opened, manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Skol" title="Skol">Skol</a> beer and a local version known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skol_Gatanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skol Gatanu (page does not exist)">Skol Gatanu</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgarambe2012-337">[336]</a> BMC is now owned by Belgian company <a href="/wiki/Unibra" title="Unibra">Unibra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2012-338">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_African_Breweries" title="East African Breweries">East African Breweries</a> also operate in the country, importing <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tusker_(beer)" title="Tusker (beer)">Tusker</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_(beer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bell (beer) (page does not exist)">Bell</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKezio-Musoke2014-339">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Rwanda" title="Sport in Rwanda">Sport in Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg/220px-MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg/220px-MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg/330px-MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg/440px-MTB_cycling_2012_Olympics_M_cross-country_RWA_Adrien_Niyonshuti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Niyonshuti" title="Adrien Niyonshuti">Adrien Niyonshuti</a>, "one of the most famous people in Rwanda",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyclingNews.com2012-340">[339]</a> competing in the <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_mountain_biking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-country mountain biking">cross-country mountain biking</a> event at the 2012 Summer Olympics</figcaption></figure> The Rwandan government, through its Sports Development Policy, promotes sport as a strong avenue for "development and peace building",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINISPOC201218-341">[340]</a> and the government has made commitments to advancing the use of sport for a variety of development objectives, including education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrackenColucci201486%E2%80%9390-342">[341]</a> The most popular sports in Rwanda are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENdengeye2014125%E2%80%93128-343">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> has been growing in popularity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAglietti2014-344">[343]</a> as a result of refugees returned from Kenya, where they had learned to play the game.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XI)2014-345">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a>, traditionally seen largely as a mode of transport in Rwanda, is also growing in popularity <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">as a sport</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyeSmithNicholsonStewart2015206-346">[345]</a> and Team Rwanda have been the subject of a book, Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team and a film, <a href="/wiki/Rising_from_Ashes_(film)" title="Rising from Ashes (film)">Rising from Ashes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2013-347">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillgoss2014-348">[347]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GCS_Drone_Shot-YT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/GCS_Drone_Shot-YT.jpg/220px-GCS_Drone_Shot-YT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2989" data-file-height="2242"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/GCS_Drone_Shot-YT.jpg/220px-GCS_Drone_Shot-YT.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/GCS_Drone_Shot-YT.jpg/330px-GCS_Drone_Shot-YT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/GCS_Drone_Shot-YT.jpg/440px-GCS_Drone_Shot-YT.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Gahanga Cricket Stadium</figcaption></figure> Rwandans have been competing at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> since 1984,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_Sport_(I)2012-349">[348]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a> since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee2015-350">[349]</a> The country sent seven competitors to the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> in London, representing it in athletics, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_Sport_(I)2012-349">[348]</a> and 15 competitors to the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">London Summer Paralympics</a> to compete in athletics, <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_powerlifting" title="Paralympic powerlifting">powerlifting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sitting_volleyball" title="Sitting volleyball">sitting volleyball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Paralympic_Committee2015-350">[349]</a> The country has also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> since joining the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_Sport_(II)2010-351">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Prime_Minister2014-352">[351]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda national basketball team">national basketball team</a> has been growing in prominence since the mid-2000s, with the men's team qualifying for the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/African_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="African Basketball Championship">African Basketball Championship</a> four times in a row since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishumba2015-353">[352]</a> The country bid unsuccessfully to host the <a href="/wiki/2013_African_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 African Basketball Championship">2013 tournament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009-354">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Basketball_Federation2011-355">[354]</a> Rwanda's <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team" title="Rwanda national football team">national football team</a> has appeared in the <a href="/wiki/African_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="African Cup of Nations">African Cup of Nations</a> once, in the <a href="/wiki/2004_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="2004 African Cup of Nations">2004 edition</a> of the tournament,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlin2003-356">[355]</a> but narrowly failed to advance beyond the group stages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopnall2004-357">[356]</a> The team have failed to qualify for the competition since, and have never qualified for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontague201467-358">[357]</a> Rwanda's highest domestic football competition is the <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_National_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda National Football League">Rwanda National Football League</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMugabeKamasa2014-359">[358]</a> as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit">[update]</a>, the dominant team is <a href="/wiki/APR_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="APR FC">APR FC</a> of Kigali, having won 13 of the last 17 championships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESch%C3%B6ggl2015-360">[359]</a> Rwandan clubs participate in the <a href="/wiki/Kagame_Interclub_Cup" title="Kagame Interclub Cup">Kagame Interclub Cup</a> for Central and East African teams, sponsored since 2002 by President Kagame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECECAFA-361">[360]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" 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href="/wiki/Index_of_Rwanda-related_articles" title="Index of Rwanda-related articles">Index of Rwanda-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Rwanda" title="Outline of Rwanda">Outline of Rwanda</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ruˈændə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/33\/RwandaUK.wav\/RwandaUK.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"RwandaUK.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/RwandaUK.wav/RwandaUK.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:RwandaUK.wav" title="File:RwandaUK.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">roo-AN-də</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ruˈɑːndə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2c\/Rwanda_pronunciation.ogg\/Rwanda_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rwanda pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Rwanda_pronunciation.ogg/Rwanda_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Rwanda_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Rwanda pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">roo-AHN-də</a>;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinyarwanda language">Kinyarwanda</a>: u Rwanda <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[u.ɾɡwaː.nda]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/Rwanda_%28rw%29_pronunciation.ogg\/Rwanda_%28rw%29_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rwanda (rw) pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Rwanda_%28rw%29_pronunciation.ogg/Rwanda_%28rw%29_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Rwanda_(rw)_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Rwanda (rw) pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20Rwanda%27s%20population%20stood%20at%20more%20than%207%20million%20people%20comprising%203%20ethnic%20groups%3A%0Athe%20Hutu%20(who%20made%20up%20roughly%2085%25%20of%20the%20population)%2C%20the%20Tutsi%20(14%25)%2C%20and%20the%20Twa%20(1%25).">"Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715050927/https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20Rwanda%27s%20population%20stood%20at%20more%20than%207%20million%20people%20comprising%203%20ethnic%20groups%3A%0Athe%20Hutu%20(who%20made%20up%20roughly%2085%25%20of%20the%20population)%2C%20the%20Tutsi%20(14%25)%2C%20and%20the%20Twa%20(1%25).">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2018. <q>By 1994, Rwanda's population stood at more than 7 million people comprising 3 ethnic groups: the Hutu (who made up roughly 85% of the population), the Tutsi (14%), and the Twa (1%).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Rwanda%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fpreventgenocide%2Frwanda%2Fhistorical-background.shtml%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBy%25201994%252C%2520Rwanda%2527s%2520population%2520stood%2520at%2520more%2520than%25207%2520million%2520people%2520comprising%25203%2520ethnic%2520groups%253A%250Athe%2520Hutu%2520%28who%2520made%2520up%2520roughly%252085%2525%2520of%2520the%2520population%29%252C%2520the%2520Tutsi%2520%2814%2525%29%252C%2520and%2520the%2520Twa%2520%281%2525%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016">"Religions in Rwanda | PEW-GRF"</a>. globalreligiousfutures.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523001751/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Rwanda+%26%23124%3B+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Frwanda%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020%26region_name%3DAll%2BCountries%26restrictions_year%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale_University_Press-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_University_Press_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Thomson" title="Susan Thomson">Thomson, Susan</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state">Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace</a>. Yale University Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23591-3"><bdi>978-0-300-23591-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022072324/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda%3A+From+Genocide+to+Precarious+Peace&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23591-3&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRbxODwAAQBAJ%26q%3Done-party%2Bstate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Conversation-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Conversation_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Conversation_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebarenziTwagiramungu2019" class="citation news cs1">Sebarenzi, Joseph; Twagiramungu, Noel (8 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649">"Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203956/https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+economic+growth+could+be+derailed+by+its+autocratic+regime&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Sebarenzi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Twagiramungu%2C+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Frwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook_of_Restorative_Justice-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_of_Restorative_Justice_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_of_Restorative_Justice_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldorf2005" class="citation book cs1">Waldorf, Lars (2005). "Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice". Handbook of Restorative Justice. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT619">?</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-34682-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-34682-2"><bdi>978-0-203-34682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+failing+experiment+in+restorative+justice&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Restorative+Justice&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGV_AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT619+%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-203-34682-2&rft.aulast=Waldorf&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeswick2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beswick, Danielle (2011). "Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011". Third World Quarterly. 32 (10): 1911–1930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2011.610593">10.1080/01436597.2011.610593</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-6597">0143-6597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153404360">153404360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Aiding+State+Building+and+Sacrificing+Peace+Building%3F+The+Rwanda%E2%80%93UK+relationship+1994%E2%80%932011&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1911-%3C%2Fspan%3E1930&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153404360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0143-6597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436597.2011.610593&rft.aulast=Beswick&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Chicago_Press-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Chicago_Press_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Chicago_Press_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2015" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Warigia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en">Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2F9780226276663-004">10.7208/9780226276663-004</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-27666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-27666-3"><bdi>978-0-226-27666-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203958/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four.+Imagining+a+Modern+Rwanda%3A+Sociotechnological+Imaginaries%2C+Information+Technology%2C+and+the+Postgenocide+State&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2F9780226276663-004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-27666-3&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Warigia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.7208%2F9780226276663-004%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyntjens2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reyntjens, Filip (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133887">"Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections"</a>. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 12 (2): 64–69. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1526-0054">1526-0054</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133887">43133887</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230905203956/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133887">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Fa%C3%A7ade+of+Rwanda%27s+Elections&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43133887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1526-0054&rft.aulast=Reyntjens&rft.aufirst=Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43133887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.int/ar/countryprofiles/republic-rwanda">"Republic of Rwanda"</a>. African Union. Retrieved 13 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Rwanda&rft.pub=African+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fau.int%2Far%2Fcountryprofiles%2Frepublic-rwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-10"><a href="#cite_ref-cia_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda">"Rwanda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Rwanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Frwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> (prior to 1994, its area was 26,798 km2) </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.RW-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.RW_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.RW_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.RW_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.RW_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=714,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Rwanda)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019221331/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=714,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Rwanda%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D714%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(XII)-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(XII)_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank_(XII)">World Bank (XII)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-13"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/rwanda">"Rwanda"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427003840/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/rwanda">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwanda&rft.pub=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fpronunciation%2Fenglish%2Frwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.rw/">"Government of Rwanda: Welcome to Rwanda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223181954/https://www.gov.rw/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Rwanda%3A+Welcome+to+Rwanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.rw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien200344-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200344_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorsey199436-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorsey199436_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorsey1994">Dorsey 1994</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien200345-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200345_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenbrun1993" class="citation journal cs1">Schoenbrun, David L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030">"We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes"</a>. The Journal of African History. 34 (1): 15–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700032989">10.1017/S0021853700032989</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/183030">183030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162660041">162660041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=We+Are+What+We+Eat%3A+Ancient+Agriculture+between+the+Great+Lakes&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162660041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F183030%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700032989&rft.aulast=Schoenbrun&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F183030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Christopher C. (13 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHf8DwAAQBAJ">Sacrifice as Terror: The Rwandan Genocide of 1994</a>. Routledge. pp. 63–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-18448-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-18448-8"><bdi>978-1-000-18448-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacrifice+as+Terror%3A+The+Rwandan+Genocide+of+1994&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-000-18448-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHf8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMamdani2002">Mamdani 2002</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200775-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200775_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200775_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2007">King 2007</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien200358-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200358_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199516-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199516_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200258-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani200258_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMamdani2002">Mamdani 2002</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien200369-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200369_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShyaka10–11-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShyaka10%E2%80%9311_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShyaka">Shyaka</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien200388-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200388_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien200388–89-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien200388%E2%80%9389_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003141-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003141_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003482-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003482_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 482. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003160-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003160_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003160_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200269-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani200269_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani200269_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani200269_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMamdani2002">Mamdani 2002</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199513–14-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199513%E2%80%9314_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier19956-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier19956_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003217-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003217_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier19959-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier19959_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2013" class="citation book cs1">Carney, J.J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKFpAgAAQBAJ">Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199982288" title="Special:BookSources/9780199982288"><bdi>9780199982288</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701074114/https://books.google.com/books?id=lKFpAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda+Before+the+Genocide%3A+Catholic+Politics+and+Ethnic+Discourse+in+the+Late+Colonial+Era&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199982288&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlKFpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199525-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199525_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> See also Helmut Strizek, "Geschenkte Kolonien: Ruanda und Burundi unter deutscher Herrschaft", Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003260-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003260_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003270-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003270_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003276–277-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChr%C3%A9tien2003276%E2%80%93277_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChr%C3%A9tien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, pp. 276–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010450-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010450_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010450_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAppiahGates2010">Appiah & Gates 2010</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourevitch200056–57-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourevitch200056%E2%80%9357_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGourevitch2000">Gourevitch 2000</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(II)-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(II)_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_(II)">United Nations (II)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(III)-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(III)_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_(III)">United Nations (III)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindenLinden1977267-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindenLinden1977267_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindenLinden1977">Linden & Linden 1977</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourevitch200058–59-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourevitch200058%E2%80%9359_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGourevitch2000">Gourevitch 2000</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199551-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199551_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199553-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199553_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaruhanga2018" class="citation news cs1">Karuhanga, James (30 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/independence-day-did-rwanda-really-gain-independence-july-1-1962">"Independence Day: Did Rwanda really gain independence on July 1, 1962?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Times_(Rwanda)" title="The New Times (Rwanda)">The New Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630010535/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/independence-day-did-rwanda-really-gain-independence-july-1-1962">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Independence+Day%3A+Did+Rwanda+really+gain+independence+on+July+1%2C+1962%3F&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft.aulast=Karuhanga&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fnews%2Findependence-day-did-rwanda-really-gain-independence-july-1-1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199556-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199556_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199574–76-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199574%E2%80%9376_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, pp. 74–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNPO2008History-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNPO2008History_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNPO2008History_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFUNPO2008">UNPO 2008</a>, History. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier19954-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier19954_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier19954_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199593-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199593_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1995135–136-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier1995135%E2%80%93136_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, pp. 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1995190–191-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier1995190%E2%80%93191_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(III)2010-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(III)2010_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC_News_(III)2010">BBC News (III) 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenley2007-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenley2007_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenley2007">Henley 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005386-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005386_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallaire2005">Dallaire 2005</a>, p. 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005299-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005299_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallaire2005">Dallaire 2005</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005364-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005364_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallaire2005">Dallaire 2005</a>, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1995312-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier1995312_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1995">Prunier 1995</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(V)2010-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(V)2010_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(V)2010_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC_News_(V)2010">BBC News 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNDP_(V)20132-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNDP_(V)20132_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUNDP_(V)2013">UNDP (V) 2013</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_(I)_74-16">q</a> 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Retrieved 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicef.org&rft.atitle=Water%2C+Sanitation+and+Hygiene%28WASH%29+Budget+Brief&rft.date=2024-04&rft.aulast=Rwanda&rft.aufirst=UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Frwanda%2Fmedia%2F5721%2Ffile%2FUNICEF_2023-24%2520WASH%2520Budget%2520Brief_layout_corrections_25-3-24.pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://burdie.co/cleanest-city-in-africa">"Should You Visit Kigali? A look at the cleanest city in Africa"</a>. 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.refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdekunle2007" class="citation book cs1">Adekunle, Julius (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC">Culture and customs of Rwanda</a>. 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Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ethnic+origins+ignored+in+Rwanda%27s+first+census+since+genocide&rft.date=2002-08-16&rft.au=Agence+France-Presse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Frwanda%2Fethnic-origins-ignored-rwandas-first-census-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAglietti2014" class="citation news cs1">Aglietti, Stephanie (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html">"Rwanda cricket, growing a game of hope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Sports" title="Yahoo Sports">Yahoo Sports</a>. Paris. Agence France-Presse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017171700/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Sports&rft.atitle=Rwanda+cricket%2C+growing+a+game+of+hope&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.aulast=Aglietti&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Frwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgutamba2014" class="citation news cs1">Agutamba, Kenneth (4 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/">"Rwanda graft index falters but ranking unaffected"</a>. The New Times. Kigali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010195947/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Rwanda+graft+index+falters+but+ranking+unaffected&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft.aulast=Agutamba&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fsection%2Farticle%2F2014-12-04%2F183704%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Jazeera2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a> (20 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html">"Rwanda blames DR Congo for violence"</a>. Doha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110341/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+blames+DR+Congo+for+violence&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft.au=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2007%2F09%2F2008525143037439552.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnyango2010" class="citation news cs1">Anyango, Gloria I. (4 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-02-04/93743/">"The Barbecue Chef who masters his roast"</a>. The New Times. Kigali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200023/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-02-04/93743/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=The+Barbecue+Chef+who+masters+his+roast&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.aulast=Anyango&rft.aufirst=Gloria+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fsection%2Farticle%2F2010-02-04%2F93743%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2010" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC">Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1</a> (illustrated ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210158/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsiimwe2011" class="citation news cs1">Asiimwe, Bosco R (28 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-09-27/35369/">"Gov't to sanction officials who failed to declare wealth"</a>. The New Times. Kigali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200053/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-09-27/35369/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Gov%27t+to+sanction+officials+who+failed+to+declare+wealth&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.aulast=Asiimwe&rft.aufirst=Bosco+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fsection%2Farticle%2F2011-09-27%2F35369%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsiimwe2014" class="citation news cs1">Asiimwe, Dicta (20 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071646/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date/-/2558/2563504/-/13p67lh/-/index.html">"Uganda races to meet Monetary Union date"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_EastAfrican" title="The EastAfrican">The EastAfrican</a>. Nairobi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date/-/2558/2563504/-/13p67lh/-/index.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EastAfrican&rft.atitle=Uganda+races+to+meet+Monetary+Union+date&rft.date=2014-12-20&rft.aulast=Asiimwe&rft.aufirst=Dicta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeastafrican.co.ke%2Fnews%2FUganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date%2F-%2F2558%2F2563504%2F-%2F13p67lh%2F-%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuzias2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Auzias, Dominique (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyMs5XGSIzQC">Rwanda</a> (in French). Paris: Petit Futé. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-2037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-2037-8"><bdi>978-2-7469-2037-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Petit+Fut%C3%A9&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-7469-2037-8&rft.aulast=Auzias&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTyMs5XGSIzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanda2015" class="citation news cs1">Banda, Honoré (12 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/rwandas-job-crunch.html">"Rwanda's job crunch"</a>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/The_Africa_Report" title="The Africa Report">The Africa Report</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119105348/http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/rwandas-job-crunch.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+job+crunch&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.aulast=Banda&rft.aufirst=Honor%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2FEast-Horn-Africa%2Frwandas-job-crunch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaringanireMalikBanerjee2014" class="citation web cs1">Baringanire, Paul; Malik, Kabir; Banerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/27/090224b082b6d3c9/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Scaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf">"Scaling Up Access to Electricity: The Case of Rwanda"</a> (PDF). World Bank Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321201003/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/27/090224b082b6d3c9/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Scaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scaling+Up+Access+to+Electricity%3A+The+Case+of+Rwanda&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Baringanire&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Malik%2C+Kabir&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Sudeshna+Ghosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2015%2F02%2F27%2F090224b082b6d3c9%2F2_0%2FRendered%2FPDF%2FScaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(I)2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News (I)</a> (3 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm">"Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass"</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+redrawn+to+reflect+compass&rft.date=2006-01-03&rft.au=BBC+News+%28I%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F4577790.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(II)2006" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (II) (31 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm">"Team reaches Nile's 'true source'"</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Team+reaches+Nile%27s+%27true+source%27&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft.au=BBC+News+%28II%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fhampshire%2F4864782.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(III)2010" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (III) (12 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm">"Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana'"</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hutus+%27killed+Rwanda+President+Juvenal+Habyarimana%27&rft.date=2010-01-12&rft.au=BBC+News+%28III%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F8453832.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(V)2010" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (V) (27 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589">"Q&A: DR Congo conflict"</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318190958/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+DR+Congo+conflict&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft.au=BBC+News+%28V%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-11108589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(VI)2011" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (VI) (3 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15570648">"Rwanda gives DR Congo back tonnes of smuggled minerals"</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223050527/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15570648">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+gives+DR+Congo+back+tonnes+of+smuggled+minerals&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.au=BBC+News+%28VI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-15570648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(VII)2015" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (VII) (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093244">"Rwanda profile – Media"</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507041838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093244">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+profile+%E2%80%93+Media&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.au=BBC+News+%28VII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14093244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(VIII)2015" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (VIII) (4 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238">"Rwanda country profile – Overview"</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223051623/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+country+profile+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft.au=BBC+News+%28VIII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14093238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(IX)2012" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (IX) (18 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18490348">"Rwanda 'gacaca' genocide courts finish work"</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308072112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18490348">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+%27gacaca%27+genocide+courts+finish+work&rft.date=2012-06-18&rft.au=BBC+News+%28IX%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-18490348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(X)2012" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (X) (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739">"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city"</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403175027/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/jul/13/sport.comment3">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+magic+moment&rft.date=2003-07-13&rft.aulast=Carlin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2003%2Fjul%2F13%2Fsport.comment3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCECAFA" class="citation web cs1">CECAFA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cecafafootball.org/kagame-cup-championships/">"Kagame Cup Championships"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924053735/http://www.cecafafootball.org/kagame-cup-championships/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kagame+Cup+Championships&rft.au=CECAFA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcecafafootball.org%2Fkagame-cup-championships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA_(I)" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (I)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/">"Rwanda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Rwanda&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency+%28CIA%29+%28I%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Frwanda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA_(II)" class="citation web cs1">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (II). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">"Rank Order – Area"</a>. The World Factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2014. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-34-4"><bdi>978-1-890951-34-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210159/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618183318/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/feb/02/africannationscup2004.africannationscup">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2018. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806153141/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/niyonshuti-to-carry-rwandan-flag-in-olympic-games-opening-ceremony/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. 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Retrieved 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=What+Is+Coltan%3F&rft.date=2001-09-07&rft.aulast=Delawala&rft.aufirst=Imtiyaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FNightline%2Fstory%3Fid%3D128631%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Prime_Minister2014" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Prime Minister, Republic of Rwanda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414093933/https://www.primature.gov.rw/top/news/news%2Ddetails.html?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D%3D1216%26cHash%3D588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234#91;tt_news%5D=1216&cHash=588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234">"Statement on Cabinet Decisions of 29.07.2014"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primature.gov.rw/top/news/news-details.html?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1216&cHash=588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234">the original</a> on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Cabinet+Decisions+of+29.07.2014&rft.au=Office+of+the+Prime+Minister%2C+Republic+of+Rwanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primature.gov.rw%2Ftop%2Fnews%2Fnews-details.html%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D1216%26cHash%3D588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorsey1994" class="citation book cs1">Dorsey, Learthen (1994). Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. 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Retrieved 20 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+Historic+Health+Recovery%3A+What+the+U.S.+Might+Learn&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2013%2F02%2Frwandas-historic-health-recovery-what-the-us-might-learn%2F273226%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514402/Rwanda">"Rwanda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430202739/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514402/Rwanda">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2015. 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Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+health+service+evolution+%E2%80%93+podcast&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2Faudio%2F2014%2Fjan%2F20%2Frwanda-health-global-development-podcast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFegley2016" class="citation book cs1">Fegley, Randall (2016). A History of Rwandan Identity and Trauma: The Mythmakers' Victims. 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Trade & Travel Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-8983-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-8983-0"><bdi>978-0-8442-8983-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701074114/https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. 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Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83960-1"><bdi>978-1-138-83960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+Management%3A+Principles+and+Applications&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-83960-1&rft.aulast=Hoye&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Smith%2C+Aaron+C.T&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKL8cBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_WatchWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>; Wells, Sarah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/node/62098">Law and reality: progress in judicial reform in Rwanda</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-366-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-366-8"><bdi>978-1-56432-366-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724084136/http://www.hrw.org/node/62098">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+reality%3A+progress+in+judicial+reform+in+Rwanda&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-366-8&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.au=Wells%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnode%2F62098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Basketball_Federation2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/FIBA" title="FIBA">International Basketball Federation</a> (21 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiba.basketball/news/CIV-Ivory-Coast-to-host-AfroBasket-2013">"CIV – Ivory Coast to host AfroBasket 2013"</a>. Mies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212222/http://www.fiba.com/news/CIV-Ivory-Coast-to-host-AfroBasket-2013">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CIV+%E2%80%93+Ivory+Coast+to+host+AfroBasket+2013&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft.au=International+Basketball+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.basketball%2Fnews%2FCIV-Ivory-Coast-to-host-AfroBasket-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIDA2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association (IDA)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21256336~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html">"Rwanda: Bringing Clean Water to Rural Communities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711002322/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:21256336~menuPK:3266877~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwanda%3A+Bringing+Clean+Water+to+Rural+Communities&rft.au=International+Development+Association+%28IDA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FEXTABOUTUS%2FIDA%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21256336~menuPK%3A3266877~pagePK%3A51236175~piPK%3A437394~theSitePK%3A73154%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIMF2000" class="citation web cs1">International Monetary Fund (IMF) (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2000/rwa/01/110100.pdf">"An approach to the Poverty Reduction Action Plan for Rwanda: The Interim PRSP"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010192353/https://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2000/rwa/01/110100.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+approach+to+the+Poverty+Reduction+Action+Plan+for+Rwanda%3A+The+Interim+PRSP&rft.date=2000-11&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund+%28IMF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fprsp%2F2000%2Frwa%2F01%2F110100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIMF_(I)" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">International Monetary Fund (IMF) (I)</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1994&ey=1994&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=59&pr1.y=8&c=714&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=">"Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Rwanda, 1994"</a>. World Economic Outlook Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328004844/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1994&ey=1994&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=59&pr1.y=8&c=714&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+based+on+purchasing-power-parity+%28PPP%29+per+capita+GDP%2C+Rwanda%2C+1994&rft.date=2012&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund+%28IMF%29+%28I%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2012%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D1994%26ey%3D1994%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26pr1.x%3D59%26pr1.y%3D8%26c%3D714%26s%3DPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Paralympic_Committee2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> (4 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympic.org/news/rwandan-para-sport-develops-pace">"Rwandan para-sport develops at pace"</a>. Bonn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003857/https://www.paralympic.org/news/rwandan-para-sport-develops-pace">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwandan+para-sport+develops+at+pace&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.au=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fnews%2Frwandan-para-sport-develops-pace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefremovas1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jefremovas, Villia (1995). "Acts of Human Kindness: Tutsi, Hutu and the Genocide". Issue: A Journal of Opinion. 23 (2): 28–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1166503">10.2307/1166503</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1166503">1166503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issue%3A+A+Journal+of+Opinion&rft.atitle=Acts+of+Human+Kindness%3A+Tutsi%2C+Hutu+and+the+Genocide&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1166503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1166503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jefremovas&rft.aufirst=Villia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgensen2005" class="citation book cs1">Jørgensen, Sven Erik (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pcJoaA85A48C">Lake and reservoir management</a>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51678-7"><bdi>978-0-444-51678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lake+and+reservoir+management&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-444-51678-7&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.aufirst=Sven+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpcJoaA85A48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamere2011" class="citation web cs1">Kamere, Emmanuel (17 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051606/https://www.wbginvestmentclimate.org/advisory-services/regulatory-simplification/doing-business-reform-advisory/upload/2-Site-Visit-2-Justice-Emmanuel-Kamere-Enforcing-Contracts-in-Rwanda-2.pdf">"Enforcing Contracts: The Experience of Rwanda"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbginvestmentclimate.org/advisory-services/regulatory-simplification/doing-business-reform-advisory/upload/2-Site-Visit-2-Justice-Emmanuel-Kamere-Enforcing-Contracts-in-Rwanda-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspirerwanda.com/beautiful-rwandan-economy-made-kenya">the original</a> on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inspire+Rwanda&rft.atitle=A+Beautiful+Rwandan+Economy+...+Made+in+Kenya&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft.aulast=Kezio-Musoke&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspirerwanda.com%2Fbeautiful-rwandan-economy-made-kenya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKigali_City" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali City</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228100441/http://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/spip.php?article2">"Kigali at a glance"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kigalicity.gov.rw/spip.php?article2">the original</a> on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kigali+at+a+glance&rft.au=Kigali+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kigalicity.gov.rw%2Fspip.php%3Farticle2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2007" class="citation book cs1">King, David C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC">Rwanda (Cultures of the World)</a>. New York, N.Y.: Benchmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2333-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-2333-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210200/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. 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Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-61608-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-61608-9"><bdi>978-0-415-61608-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Politics+and+Democratic+Transition+in+Rwanda&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-61608-9&rft.aulast=Kiwuwa&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGclH0p46ogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig2014" class="citation news cs1">Koenig, Ann M. 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Retrieved 7 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Association+of+Collegiate+Registrars+and+Admissions+Officers&rft.atitle=Rwanda%3A+Reorganization+of+public+higher+education+underway&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Ann+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacrao.org%2Fresources%2Fresources-detail-view%2Frwanda--reorganization-of-public-higher-education-underway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKT_Press2015" class="citation news cs1">KT Press (11 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/over-a-million-tourists-help-rwandas-tourism-revenue-cross-us-300m-reports-kt-press-300033956.html">"Over a Million Tourists Help Rwanda's Tourism Revenue Cross US$ 300m"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190554/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/over-a-million-tourists-help-rwandas-tourism-revenue-cross-us-300m-reports-kt-press-300033956.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over+a+Million+Tourists+Help+Rwanda%27s+Tourism+Revenue+Cross+US%24+300m&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.au=KT+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fover-a-million-tourists-help-rwandas-tourism-revenue-cross-us-300m-reports-kt-press-300033956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2008" class="citation news cs1">Lavelle, John (5 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html">"Resurrecting the East African Shilling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_African_Business_Week" title="East African Business Week">East African Business Week</a>. Kampala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007163057/http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+African+Business+Week&rft.atitle=Resurrecting+the+East+African+Shilling&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200807071183.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindenLinden1977" class="citation book cs1">Linden, Ian; Linden, Jane (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgXoAAAAIAAJ">Church and Revolution in Rwanda</a> (illustrated ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719-00-671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719-00-671-5"><bdi>978-0719-00-671-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+Revolution+in+Rwanda&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0719-00-671-5&rft.aulast=Linden&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Linden%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgXoAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2010" class="citation book cs1">Longman, Timothy (2010). <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Genocide_in_Rwanda" title="Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda">Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda</a>. Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521269537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521269537"><bdi>978-0521269537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Genocide+in+Rwanda&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521269537&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2017" class="citation book cs1">Longman, Timothy (2017). Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Cambridge, UK; New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107678095" title="Special:BookSources/9781107678095"><bdi>9781107678095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+and+Justice+in+Post-Genocide+Rwanda&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107678095&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaboja2015" class="citation news cs1">Maboja, Wilhelmina (12 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205011/http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/east-africa/2013/10/14/rwanda-and-uganda-relations-to-be-strengthened/">"Rwanda and Uganda Move to Strengthen Relations"</a>. Johannesburg: <a href="/wiki/CNBC_Africa" title="CNBC Africa">CNBC Africa</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/east-africa/2013/10/14/rwanda-and-uganda-relations-to-be-strengthened/">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+and+Uganda+Move+to+Strengthen+Relations&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.aulast=Maboja&rft.aufirst=Wilhelmina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbcafrica.com%2Fnews%2Feast-africa%2F2013%2F10%2F14%2Frwanda-and-uganda-relations-to-be-strengthened%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor2014" class="citation news cs1">MacGregor, Karen (21 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20140620093600774">"A new university, new international leader, new future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_World_News" title="University World News">University World News</a>. No. 325. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190554/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20140620093600774">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+World+News&rft.atitle=A+new+university%2C+new+international+leader%2C+new+future&rft.issue=325&rft.date=2014-06-21&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityworldnews.com%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20140620093600774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay2009" class="citation news cs1">Mackay, Duncan (24 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/8551/rwanda-launch-plan-for-2013-african-championships">"Rwanda launch bid for 2013 African Championships"</a>. insidethegames.biz. Milton Keynes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215707/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/8551/rwanda-launch-plan-for-2013-african-championships">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=insidethegames.biz&rft.atitle=Rwanda+launch+bid+for+2013+African+Championships&rft.date=2009-12-24&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F8551%2Frwanda-launch-plan-for-2013-african-championships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajyambere2010" class="citation news cs1">Majyambere, Gertrude (14 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-05-13/19749/">"Rwandatel's Landline Telephony Increases By 7 Percent"</a>. The New Times. Kigali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200403/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-05-13/19749/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Rwandatel%27s+Landline+Telephony+Increases+By+7+Percent&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft.aulast=Majyambere&rft.aufirst=Gertrude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fsection%2Farticle%2F2010-05-13%2F19749%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamdani2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Mamdani" title="Mahmood Mamdani">Mamdani, Mahmood</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC">When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda</a>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10280-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10280-1"><bdi>978-0-691-10280-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210201/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Victims+Become+Killers%3A+Colonialism%2C+Nativism%2C+and+the+Genocide+in+Rwanda&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10280-1&rft.aulast=Mamdani&rft.aufirst=Mahmood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQUEamxb89JcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard2014" class="citation news cs1">Maynard, James (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techtimes.com/articles/7365/20140522/newly-discovered-bush-tiger-praying-mantis-in-rwanda-is-a-vicious-hunter.htm">"Newly discovered bush tiger praying mantis in Rwanda is a vicious hunter"</a>. Tech Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927124943/https://www.techtimes.com/articles/7365/20140522/newly-discovered-bush-tiger-praying-mantis-in-rwanda-is-a-vicious-hunter.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tech+Times&rft.atitle=Newly+discovered+bush+tiger+praying+mantis+in+Rwanda+is+a+vicious+hunter&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtimes.com%2Farticles%2F7365%2F20140522%2Fnewly-discovered-bush-tiger-praying-mantis-in-rwanda-is-a-vicious-hunter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbabazi2008" class="citation news cs1">Mbabazi, Linda (11 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-05-11/3642/">"Hip Hop Dominating Music Industry"</a>. The New Times. Kigali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200515/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-05-11/3642/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Hip+Hop+Dominating+Music+Industry&rft.date=2008-05-11&rft.aulast=Mbabazi&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fsection%2Farticle%2F2008-05-11%2F3642%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrackenColucci2014" class="citation book cs1">McCracken, Kathryn; Colucci, Emma (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/7-Using-sport-and-play-to-achieve.pdf">"Using sport and play to achieve educational objectives"</a> (PDF). In Dudfield, Oliver (ed.). Strengthening Sport for Development and Peace: National Policies and Strategies. London: Commonwealth Secretariat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84859-912-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84859-912-3"><bdi>978-1-84859-912-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418093754/http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/7-Using-sport-and-play-to-achieve.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Using+sport+and+play+to+achieve+educational+objectives&rft.btitle=Strengthening+Sport+for+Development+and+Peace%3A+National+Policies+and+Strategies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84859-912-3&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft.au=Colucci%2C+Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cedol.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F11%2F7-Using-sport-and-play-to-achieve.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2009" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide">"Why Rwanda said adieu to French"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084907/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Rwanda+said+adieu+to+French&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2009%2Fjan%2F16%2Frwanda-english-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2010" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/un-report-rwanda-congo-genocide">"Delayed UN report links Rwanda to Congo genocide"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821165059/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/un-report-rwanda-congo-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Delayed+UN+report+links+Rwanda+to+Congo+genocide&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Foct%2F01%2Fun-report-rwanda-congo-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehtaKatee2005" class="citation web cs1">Mehta, Hitesh; Katee, Christine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304055030/http://www.igcp.org/wp-content/themes/igcp/docs/pdf/VirungaTourismMasterPlan_%20Final%20Report.pdf">"Virunga Massif Sustainable Tourism Development Plan"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Gorilla_Conservation_Programme" title="International Gorilla Conservation Programme">International Gorilla Conservation Programme</a> (IGCP). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igcp.org/wp-content/themes/igcp/docs/pdf/VirungaTourismMasterPlan_%20Final%20Report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virunga+Massif+Sustainable+Tourism+Development+Plan&rft.pub=International+Gorilla+Conservation+Programme+%28IGCP%29&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Hitesh&rft.au=Katee%2C+Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igcp.org%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Figcp%2Fdocs%2Fpdf%2FVirungaTourismMasterPlan_%2520Final%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvern2004" class="citation book cs1">Melvern, Linda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3NXIHf0t3aMC">Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide</a>. Revised. London; New York, N.Y.: Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-588-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-588-2"><bdi>978-1-85984-588-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+to+Murder%3A+The+Rwandan+Genocide&rft.place=London%3B+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Revised&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-588-2&rft.aulast=Melvern&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3NXIHf0t3aMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilmo2006" class="citation news cs1">Milmo, Cahal (29 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-6105247.html">"Flashback to terror: Survivors of Rwandan genocide watch screening of Shooting Dogs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190852/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-6105247.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. 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Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livestock+production&rft.date=2006-06-10&rft.au=Ministry+of+Agriculture+%28MINAGRI%29%2C+Republic+of+Rwanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minagri.gov.rw%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D156%253Alivestock%26Itemid%3D48%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMINEDUC2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Rwanda)" title="Ministry of Education (Rwanda)">Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), Republic of Rwanda</a> (13 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311165948/http://www.mineduc.gov.rw/IMG/article_PDF/article_a27.pdf">"Achievements (2003–2010)"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Infrastructure+Final+Report+on+Transport+Sector+Strategic+Plan+for+EDPRS2&rft.date=2013-06&rft.au=Ministry+of+Infrastructure+%28MININFRA%29%2C+Republic+of+Rwanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minecofin.gov.rw%2Ffileadmin%2Ftemplates%2Fdocuments%2Fsector_strategic_plan%2FTransport__SSP_June_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMININFRA2017" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Republic of Rwanda (9 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221155229/http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=248&cHash=77c29a7b4d7453a6824a6e98bf01b943">"New Bugesera International Airport construction works kick-off"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=19&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=248&cHash=77c29a7b4d7453a6824a6e98bf01b943">the original</a> on 21 February 2018. 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The New Times. Kigali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200547/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-10-18/182075/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. 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Oxford: Macmillan Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-95451-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-95451-3"><bdi>0-333-95451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Rwanda&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-333-95451-3&rft.aulast=Munyakazi&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft.au=Ntagaramba%2C+Johnson+Funga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakayima2010" class="citation news cs1">Nakayima, Lillian (23 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-06-11/20795/">"Nkombo Island's Hope for the Future"</a>. The New Times. 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Kigali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200733/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-11-02/100564/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Rwanda+to+restock+water+bodies+with+fisheries&rft.date=2008-12-28&rft.aulast=Namata&rft.aufirst=Berna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fsection%2Farticle%2F2008-11-02%2F100564%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNantaba2010" class="citation news cs1">Nantaba, Eriosi (18 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html">"Rwanda services sector boosts GDP"</a>. East African Business Week. Kampala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019130336/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010181360.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+African+Business+Week&rft.atitle=Rwanda+services+sector+boosts+GDP&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft.aulast=Nantaba&rft.aufirst=Eriosi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201010181360.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda2012" class="citation web cs1">National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120014210/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20EICV3%20report.pdf">"The third Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV 3) – Main indicators Report"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20EICV3%20report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+third+Integrated+Household+Living+Conditions+Survey+%28EICV+3%29+%E2%80%93+Main+indicators+Report&rft.date=2012-02&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Statistics+of+Rwanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.rw%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fuser_uploads%2Ffiles%2Fbooks%2FMain%2520EICV3%2520report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda2014" class="citation web cs1">National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105913/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/sites/default/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20Indicators%20Report.pdf">"Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012—Final Results: Main indicators report"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.rw/sites/default/files/user_uploads/files/books/Main%20Indicators%20Report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth+Population+and+Housing+Census%2C+Rwanda%2C+2012%E2%80%94Final+Results%3A+Main+indicators+report&rft.date=2014-01&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Statistics+of+Rwanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.rw%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuser_uploads%2Ffiles%2Fbooks%2FMain%2520Indicators%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda2015" class="citation web cs1">National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.rw/">"Featured indicators"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408170105/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Featured+indicators&rft.date=2015&rft.au=National+Institute+of+Statistics+of+Rwanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.rw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdengeye2014" class="citation book cs1">Ndengeye, Joseph (2014). "Country Report: Rwanda". In Keim, Marion; de Coning, Christo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jsrAwAAQBAJ">Sport and Development Policy in Africa: Results of a Collaborative Study of Selected Country Cases</a>. Stellenbosch: SUN Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920689-40-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920689-40-7"><bdi>978-1-920689-40-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Country+Report%3A+Rwanda&rft.btitle=Sport+and+Development+Policy+in+Africa%3A+Results+of+a+Collaborative+Study+of+Selected+Country+Cases&rft.place=Stellenbosch&rft.pub=SUN+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-920689-40-7&rft.aulast=Ndengeye&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jsrAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgarambe2012" class="citation news cs1">Ngarambe, Alex (21 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080928/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/Business/Competition-heats-up-for-beer-market/-/1433224/1513686/-/cfohfr/-/index.html">"Competition heats up for beer market"</a>. The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/Rwanda/Business/Competition-heats-up-for-beer-market/-/1433224/1513686/-/cfohfr/-/index.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2015. 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Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Success+Stories+Study&rft.atitle=The+success+of+tourism+in+Rwanda+%E2%80%93+Gorillas+and+more&rft.date=2010-04&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Spenceley%2C+Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FAFRICAEXT%2FResources%2F258643-1271798012256%2FTourism_Rwanda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNile_Basin_Initiative2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nile_Basin_Initiative" title="Nile Basin Initiative">Nile Basin Initiative</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Anbi-country-profiles&catid=35%3Anbi-country-profiles&Itemid=67&lang=en">"Nile Basin Countries"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314045831/http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Anbi-country-profiles&catid=35%3Anbi-country-profiles&Itemid=67&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012. 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Kigali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200813/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-12-09/14378/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Minister+Irked+By+Big+Number+of+Grass-Thatched+Houses&rft.date=2009-12-09&rft.aulast=Ntambara&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fsection%2Farticle%2F2009-12-09%2F14378%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNzabuheraheza2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nzabuheraheza, François Dominicus (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html">"Milk Production and Hygiene in Rwanda"</a>. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 5 (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1684-5374">1684-5374</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303175423/http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2014. 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Background Notes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328004856/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Background+Notes&rft.atitle=Background+Note%3A+Rwanda&rft.date=2004&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Foutofdate%2Fbgn%2Frwanda%2F40249.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_State2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307090346/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265502.pdf">"Rwands 2016 Human Rights Report"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265502.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwands+2016+Human+Rights+Report&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State%27s+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F265502.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversité_Laval2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Université Laval (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/afrique/rwanda.htm">"Rwanda: Aménagement linguistique dans le monde"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329111806/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/rwanda.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwanda%3A+Am%C3%A9nagement+linguistique+dans+le+monde&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlfq.ulaval.ca%2FAXL%2Fafrique%2Frwanda.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNPO2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/UNPO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNPO">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)</a> (25 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402134444/http://unpo.org/members/7861">"Batwa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/members/7861">the original</a> on 2 April 2014. 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Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congolese+army+claims+attack+by+Rwandan+troops&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft.au=USA+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-10-29-congo-fighting_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerMarch_2004" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Robert (30 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3557753.stm">"Rwanda still searching for justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070826050047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3557753.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+still+searching+for+justice&rft.date=2004-03-30&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F3557753.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerApril_2004" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Robert (1 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm">"Rwanda's religious reflections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601123402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+religious+reflections&rft.date=2004-04-01&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F3561365.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWCS" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertinerift.org/portals/49/media/file/endemicbirds.PDF">"Birds endemic to the Albertine Rift"</a> (PDF). Albertine Rift Programme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624212609/http://www.albertinerift.org/portals/49/media/file/endemicbirds.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albertine+Rift+Programme&rft.atitle=Birds+endemic+to+the+Albertine+Rift&rft.au=Wildlife+Conservation+Society+%28WCS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertinerift.org%2Fportals%2F49%2Fmedia%2Ffile%2Fendemicbirds.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillgoss2014" class="citation web cs1">Willgoss, Graham (30 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150408122959/http://www.sport-magazine.co.uk/features/tour-de-second-chance">"Tour de Second Chance"</a>. Sport Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sport-magazine.co.uk/features/tour-de-second-chance">the original</a> on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sport+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tour+de+Second+Chance&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.aulast=Willgoss&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sport-magazine.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Ftour-de-second-chance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsAbbottMupenzi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Timothy P.; Abbott, Pamela; Mupenzi, Alfred (2015). "'Education at our school is not free': the hidden costs of fee-free schooling in Rwanda". Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. 45 (6): 931–952. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057925.2014.938611">10.1080/03057925.2014.938611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153661006">153661006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compare%3A+A+Journal+of+Comparative+and+International+Education&rft.atitle=%27Education+at+our+school+is+not+free%27%3A+the+hidden+costs+of+fee-free+schooling+in+Rwanda&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E931-%3C%2Fspan%3E952&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057925.2014.938611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153661006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Timothy+P.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Mupenzi%2C+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonRenziViggiani2010" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Graeme; Renzi, Barbara Gabriella; Viggiani, Elisabetta (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0MaBwAAQBAJ">Friends and Foes Volume II: Friendship and Conflict from Social and Political Perspectives</a>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1993-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1993-0"><bdi>978-1-4438-1993-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+and+Foes+Volume+II%3A+Friendship+and+Conflict+from+Social+and+Political+Perspectives&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1993-0&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft.au=Renzi%2C+Barbara+Gabriella&rft.au=Viggiani%2C+Elisabetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0MaBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWireduAbrahamIreleMenkiti2006" class="citation book cs1">Wiredu, Kwasi; Abraham, William E.; Irele, Abiola; Menkiti, Ifeanyi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HIbKtzjcQYC">A companion to African philosophy</a>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4567-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4567-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-4567-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+African+philosophy&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4567-1&rft.aulast=Wiredu&rft.aufirst=Kwasi&rft.au=Abraham%2C+William+E.&rft.au=Irele%2C+Abiola&rft.au=Menkiti%2C+Ifeanyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HIbKtzjcQYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(I)" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank (I)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403142412/http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda">"Rwanda"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda">the original</a> on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwanda&rft.au=World+Bank+%28I%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2Frwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(II)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (II). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2/countries/RW?display=graph">"Internet users (per 100 people), graph"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408164537/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2/countries/RW?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+users+%28per+100+people%29%2C+graph&rft.au=World+Bank+%28II%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FIT.NET.USER.P2%2Fcountries%2FRW%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(III)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (III). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR/countries/RW?display=graph">"School enrollment, tertiary (% gross), graph"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408203944/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR/countries/RW?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+enrollment%2C+tertiary+%28%25+gross%29%2C+graph&rft.au=World+Bank+%28III%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.TER.ENRR%2Fcountries%2FRW%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(IV)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (IV). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?page=3">"Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224346/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?page=3">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mortality+rate%2C+under-5+%28per+1%2C000+live+births%29&rft.au=World+Bank+%28IV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.DYN.MORT%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(V)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (V). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS">"Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), 2010–2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227163701/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+expenditure%2C+public+%28%25+of+GDP%29%2C+2010%E2%80%932014&rft.au=World+Bank+%28V%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.XPD.PUBL.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(VI)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (VI). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS">"Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), 1995–1999"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227163701/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+expenditure%2C+public+%28%25+of+GDP%29%2C+1995%E2%80%931999&rft.au=World+Bank+%28VI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.XPD.PUBL.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(VII)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (VII). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN/countries/RW?display=graph">"Life expectancy at birth, total (years), graph"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408225203/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN/countries/RW?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+total+%28years%29%2C+graph&rft.au=World+Bank+%28VII%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.IN%2Fcountries%2FRW%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(VIII)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (VIII). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT/countries/RW?display=graph">"Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births), graph"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408181803/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT/countries/RW?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mortality+rate%2C+under-5+%28per+1%2C000+live+births%29%2C+graph&rft.au=World+Bank+%28VIII%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.DYN.MORT%2Fcountries%2FRW%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(IX)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (IX). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD/countries/RW?display=graph">"Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), graph"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409005437/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD/countries/RW?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incidence+of+tuberculosis+%28per+100%2C000+people%29%2C+graph&rft.au=World+Bank+%28IX%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.TBS.INCD%2Fcountries%2FRW%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(X)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (X). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/RW?display=graph">"GDP (current US$), graph"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628122353/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/RW?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+%28current+US%24%29%2C+graph&rft.au=World+Bank+%28X%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%2Fcountries%2FRW%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(XI)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (XI). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL/countries/RW?display=graph">"International tourism, number of arrivals, graph"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408171020/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL/countries/RW?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+tourism%2C+number+of+arrivals%2C+graph&rft.au=World+Bank+%28XI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FST.INT.ARVL%2Fcountries%2FRW%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(XII)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (XII). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RW">"GINI index (World Bank estimate)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512101547/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DRW">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29&rft.au=World+Bank+%28XII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DRW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(XIII)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (XIII). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS/countries/RW?display=graph">"Access to electricity (% of population)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408203836/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS/countries/RW?display=graph">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Access+to+electricity+%28%25+of+population%29&rft.au=World+Bank+%28XIII%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FEG.ELC.ACCS.ZS%2Fcountries%2FRW%3Fdisplay%3Dgraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO)</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130755/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_rwa_en.pdf">WHO Country Cooperation Strategy at a glance: Rwanda</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_rwa_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+Country+Cooperation+Strategy+at+a+glance%3A+Rwanda&rft.date=2015&rft.au=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcountryfocus%2Fcooperation_strategy%2Fccsbrief_rwa_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2008" class="citation journal cs1">World Health Organization (WHO) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025225716/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html">"Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda"</a>. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86 (11): 817–908. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-9686">0042-9686</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Sharing+the+burden+of+sickness%3A+mutual+health+insurance+in+Rwanda&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E817-%3C%2Fspan%3E908&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0042-9686&rft.au=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fbulletin%2Fvolumes%2F86%2F11%2F08-021108%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/127/c00254.htm">"World Weather Information Service – Kigali"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120002348/http://worldweather.wmo.int/127/c00254.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Weather+Information+Service+%E2%80%93+Kigali&rft.au=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2F127%2Fc00254.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWRI2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute (WRI)</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134313/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html">"Agriculture and Food: Country profile – Rwanda"</a>. EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EarthTrends%3A+The+Environmental+Information+Portal&rft.atitle=Agriculture+and+Food%3A+Country+profile+%E2%80%93+Rwanda&rft.date=2006&rft.au=World+Resources+Institute+%28WRI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthtrends.wri.org%2Ftext%2Fagriculture-food%2Fcountry-profile-153.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Resources_Report2011" class="citation web cs1">World Resources Report (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153346/http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf">"Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maintenance+of+Hydropower+Potential+in+Rwanda+Through+Ecosystem+Restoration&rft.date=2011&rft.au=World+Resources+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldresourcesreport.org%2Ffiles%2Fwrr%2FWRR%2520Case%2520Study_Ecosystem%2520Restoration%2520and%2520Hydropower%2520in%2520Rwanda_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWTO2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization (WTO)</a> (30 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm">"Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy"</a>. Trade policy review: Rwanda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002011128/http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trade+policy+review%3A+Rwanda&rft.atitle=Continued+reforms+and+technical+assistance+should+help+Rwanda+in+its+efforts+to+achieve+a+dynamic+economy&rft.date=2004-09-30&rft.au=World+Trade+Organization+%28WTO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Ftpr_e%2Ftp236_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWWF2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041222014550/https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html">"Terrestrial Ecoregions: Albertine Rift montane forests (AT0101)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions%3A+Albertine+Rift+montane+forests+%28AT0101%29&rft.date=2001&rft.au=World+Wide+Fund+for+Nature+%28WWF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.worldwildlife.org%2Fwildworld%2Fprofiles%2Fterrestrial%2Fat%2Fat0101_full.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXinhua_News_Agency2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> (26 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/article/6636570/2015/08/26/rwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect">"Rwanda deplores French decision on case of genocide suspect"</a>. Beijing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302133257/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6636570/2015/08/26/rwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+deplores+French+decision+on+case+of+genocide+suspect&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.au=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Farticle%2F6636570%2F2015%2F08%2F26%2Frwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Rwanda at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rwanda" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Rwanda">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" class="extiw" title="c:Rwanda">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Rwanda" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Rwanda">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rwanda" class="extiw" title="q:Rwanda">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rwanda" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Rwanda">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rwanda" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Rwanda">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rwanda" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Rwanda">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rwanda" class="extiw" title="voy:Rwanda">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.rw/">The Republic of Rwanda</a> (official government site)</li></ul> General <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/">Rwanda</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238">Rwanda profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.micemag.com/rwanda-convention-bureau/">"Rwanda Convention Bureau"</a>. 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwanda+Convention+Bureau&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.micemag.com%2Frwanda-convention-bureau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARwanda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Rwanda">Rwanda</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/171496">Rwanda</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> Tourism <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitrwanda.com/">Rwanda Tourism</a> (official Rwanda Tourism Board site)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rwanda&params=2_S_30_E_type:country_region:RW">2°S 30°E / 2°S 30°E / -2; 30</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&oldid=1276171977">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&oldid=1276171977</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 February 2025, at 08:24 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3" title="ሩዋንዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሩዋንዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="रवांडा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रवांडा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رواندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رواندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouanda" title="Rouanda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Rouanda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rru%C3%A1nda" title="Rruánda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rruánda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رواندا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رواندا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="রুয়ান্ডা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুয়ান্ডা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="रवांडा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रवांडा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="རུ་ཝན་ཌ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རུ་ཝན་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رواندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="رواندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A7" title="ރުވާންޑާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރުވާންޑާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="रुवान्डा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रुवान्डा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ρουάντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουάντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruando" title="Ruando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رواندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رواندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBanda" title="Rûanda – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rûanda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwannda" title="Ruwannda – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ruwannda" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruande" title="Ruande – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ruande" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooandey" title="Rooandey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rooandey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubhanda" title="Rubhanda – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rubhanda" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE" title="રવાંડા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રવાંડા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EC%99%84%EB%8B%A4" title="르완다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르완다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwanda" title="Ruwanda – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ruwanda" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Ռուանդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուանդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="रुआण्डा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रुआण्डा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="রুয়ান্ডা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="রুয়ান্ডা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%C3%A6" title="Руандæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Руандæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRuwanda" title="IRuwanda – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IRuwanda" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAanda" title="Rúanda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúanda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="רואנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רואנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwandaa" title="Ruwandaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ruwandaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1" title="ರುವಾಂಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರುವಾಂಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="რუანდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუანდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urwanda" title="Urwanda – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Urwanda" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanda" title="Roanda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Roanda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F" title="റുവാണ്ട – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റുവാണ്ട" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81wana" title="Rāwana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rāwana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="ऱ्वांडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऱ्वांडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="რუანდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუანდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رواندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رواندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="روآندا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روآندا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯔꯋꯥꯟꯗꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯋꯥꯟꯗꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9D%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ရဝမ်ဒါနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရဝမ်ဒါနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="रुवान्डा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रुवान्डा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="रुवान्डा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रुवान्डा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="ルワンダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルワンダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE" title="ରୁଆଣ୍ଡା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୁଆଣ୍ଡା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwaandaa" title="Ruwaandaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ruwaandaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰਵਾਂਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਵਾਂਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="रवाण्डा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रवाण्डा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="روانڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روانڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%D8%A7" title="رونډا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رونډا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwantha" title="Ruwantha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruwantha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Рванда – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рванда" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="रवाण्डा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रवाण्डा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruand%C3%A4a" title="Ruandäa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Ruandäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱱᱰᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanna" title="Ruanna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ruanna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රුවන්ඩාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රුවන්ඩාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%A7" title="روانڊا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روانڊا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRuwanda" title="IRuwanda – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IRuwanda" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwanda" title="Ruwanda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ruwanda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ڕواندا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕواندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="உருவாண்டா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருவாண்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9D%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းရဝၢၼ်းတႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းရဝၢၼ်းတႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE" title="రువాండా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రువాండా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศรวันดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศรวันดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3" title="ሩዋንዳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሩዋንዳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwanda" title="Ruwanda – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ruwanda" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руанда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Руанда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="روانڈا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روانڈا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رۋاندا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رۋاندا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruand" title="Ruand – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ruand" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruand%C3%A4n" title="Ruandän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ruandän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwandaa" title="Ruwandaa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ruwandaa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%97%BA%E8%BE%BE" title="卢旺达 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卢旺达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2" title="רוואנדע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוואנדע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%97%BA%E9%81%94" title="盧旺達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧旺達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%97%BA%E8%BE%BE" title="卢旺达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卢旺达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwanda" title="Ruwanda – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ruwanda" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandat%C3%B2" title="Rwandatò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Rwandatò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda" title="Ruanda – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵔⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵔⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 08:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-zrlcn","wgBackendResponseTime":663,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.577","walltime":"4.974","ppvisitednodes":{"value":45077,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":956536,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":118074,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":64,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":955317,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4212.590 1 -total"," 23.55% 991.857 389 Template:Sfn"," 17.83% 751.225 124 Template:Cite_web"," 14.86% 625.807 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 12.92% 544.209 95 Template:Cite_news"," 12.27% 516.696 2 Template:Reflist"," 5.60% 235.783 41 Template:Cite_book"," 3.08% 129.615 415 Template:Main_other"," 2.81% 118.367 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 2.62% 110.209 1 Template:Rwanda_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.992","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22562726,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdekunle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfDB2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfDBOECD_Development_Centre2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgence_Africaine_de_Presse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgence_France-Presse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAglietti2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgutamba2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Jazeera2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnyango2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahGates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsiimwe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsiimwe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuzias2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(I)2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(II)2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(III)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(IX)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(V)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(VI)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(VII)2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(VIII)2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(X)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XI)2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_Sport_(I)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_Sport_(II)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanda2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaringanireMalikBanerjee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerryLewisWilliams1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBest_Country_Reports2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeswick2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishumba2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowcott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowdler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBralirwa_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBralirwa_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBralirwa_(III)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggsBooth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBucyensenge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButera2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButera2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButeraOjambo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCECAFA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA_(III)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCJCR2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarney2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentre_For_Aviation2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrétien2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCity_Population2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopnall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyclingNews.com2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallaire2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelawala2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorsey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrobacNaughton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmery2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFAO_/_WFP1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFegley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasore2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGmünder2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGourevitch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Rwanda_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Rwanda_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrainger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwillim_Law2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernandez2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodd1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyeSmithNicholsonStewart2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_WatchWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIDA2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIMF2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIMF_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Basketball_Federation2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Paralympic_Committee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefremovas1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJørgensen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKT_Press2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamere2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaruhanga2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKezio-Musoke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKigali_City\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiwuwa2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoenig2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavelle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindenLinden1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMINAGRI2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMINALOC2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMINALOC2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMINECOFIN2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMINEDUC2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMININFRA2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMININFRA2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMINISPOC2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaboja2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGregor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajyambere2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalingha2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMamdani2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatfess2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaynard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbabazi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCrackenColucci2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehtaKatee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvern2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilmo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontague2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMugabeKamasa2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMugisha2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMugwe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukaaya2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukaaya2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunyakaziNtagaramba2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakayima2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamata2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNantaba2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Rwanda2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNdengeye2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgarambe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsenSpenceley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNile_Basin_Initiative2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNtambara2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNzabuheraheza2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOAU2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Ombudsman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Prime_Minister2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpobo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOur_Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanapress2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartners_In_Health2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPercivalHomer-Dixon1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrunier1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRDB_(I)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRDB_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRDB_(III)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFREMA_(Chapter_2)2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFREMA_(Chapter_5)2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRMCA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRURA2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRURA2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyntjens2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutayisire2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRwanda2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRwanda_Development_Gateway\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRwanda_Governance_Board\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuelsonFreedman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenbrun1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchöggl2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebarenziTwagiramungu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenelwa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShyaka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthern_Province\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthwood2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanford_University_Swahili_Department\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrategic_Foresight_Group2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraus2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreissguth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabaro2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTancott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTedrow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_Times2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTransparency_International2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTumwebaze2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTumwebaze2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Department_of_State2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Department_of_State2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNDP_(I)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNDP_(II)2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNDP_(III)2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNDP_(IV)2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNDP_(V)2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNPO2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSAID_(I)2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSAID_(II)2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSAID_(III)2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSA_Today2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmutesi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_(III)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversité_Laval2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWCS\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWRI2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWTO2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWWF2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldorf2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldorf2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerApril_2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerMarch_2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatsonRenziViggiani2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillgoss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsAbbottMupenzi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWireduAbrahamIreleMenkiti2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(III)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(IV)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(IX)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(V)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(VI)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(VII)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(VIII)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(X)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(XI)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(XII)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(XIII)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Resources_Report2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXinhua_News_Agency2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 11,\n [\"African Union\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 8,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 95,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 124,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth of Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries of Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Former German colonies\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 15,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"La Francophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Rwanda topics\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 389,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 50,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","13.4"],["?","360","11.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","340","10.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","10.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","100","3.2"],["gsub","80","2.5"],["[others]","800","25.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-27b5t","timestamp":"20250217165403","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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