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non-native speakers</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: native and non-native speakers"> <meta name="keywords" content="native and non-native speakers"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="native and non-native speakers"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1087</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: native and non-native speakers</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1087</span> An Experimental Study on the Variability of Nonnative and Native Inference of Word Meanings in Timed and Untimed Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swathi%20M.%20Vanniarajan">Swathi M. Vanniarajan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reading research suggests that online contextual vocabulary comprehension while reading is an interactive and integrative process. One’s success in it depends on a variety of factors including the amount and the nature of available linguistic and nonlinguistic cues, his/her analytical and integrative skills, schema memory (content familiarity), and processing speed characterized along the continuum of controlled to automatic processing. The experiment reported here, conducted with 30 native speakers as one group and 30 nonnative speakers as another group (all graduate students), hypothesized that while working on (24) tasks which required them to comprehend an unfamiliar word in real time without backtracking, due to the differences in the nature of their respective reading processes, the nonnative subjects would be less able to construct the meanings of the unknown words by integrating the multiple but sufficient contextual cues provided in the text but the native subjects would be able to. The results indicated that there were significant inter-group as well as intra-group differences in terms of the quality of definitions given. However, when given additional time, while the nonnative speakers could significantly improve the quality of their definitions, the native speakers in general would not, suggesting that all things being equal, time is a significant factor for success in nonnative vocabulary and reading comprehension processes and that accuracy precedes automaticity in the development of nonnative reading processes also. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading" title="reading">reading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20language%20processing" title=" second language processing"> second language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vocabulary%20comprehension" title=" vocabulary comprehension"> vocabulary comprehension</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78793/an-experimental-study-on-the-variability-of-nonnative-and-native-inference-of-word-meanings-in-timed-and-untimed-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1086</span> An Event-Related Potential Investigation of Speech-in-Noise Recognition in Native and Nonnative Speakers of English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Fotovatnia">Zahra Fotovatnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeffery%20A.%20Jones"> Jeffery A. Jones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandra%20Gottardo"> Alexandra Gottardo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Speech communication often occurs in environments where noise conceals part of a message. Listeners should compensate for the lack of auditory information by picking up distinct acoustic cues and using semantic and sentential context to recreate the speaker’s intended message. This situation seems to be more challenging in a nonnative than native language. On the other hand, early bilinguals are expected to show an advantage over the late bilingual and monolingual speakers of a language due to their better executive functioning components. In this study, English monolingual speakers were compared with early and late nonnative speakers of English to understand speech in noise processing (SIN) and the underlying neurobiological features of this phenomenon. Auditory mismatch negativities (MMNs) were recorded using a double-oddball paradigm in response to a minimal pair that differed in their middle vowel (beat/bit) at Wilfrid Laurier University in Ontario, Canada. The results did not show any significant structural and electroneural differences across groups. However, vocabulary knowledge correlated positively with performance on tests that measured SIN processing in participants who learned English after age 6. Moreover, their performance on the test negatively correlated with the integral area amplitudes in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG). In addition, the STG was engaged before the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in noise-free and low-noise test conditions in all groups. We infer that the pre-attentive processing of words engages temporal lobes earlier than the fronto-central areas and that vocabulary knowledge helps the nonnative perception of degraded speech. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degraded%20speech%20perception" title="degraded speech perception">degraded speech perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event-related%20brain%20potentials" title=" event-related brain potentials"> event-related brain potentials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mismatch%20negativities" title=" mismatch negativities"> mismatch negativities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain%20regions" title=" brain regions"> brain regions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155106/an-event-related-potential-investigation-of-speech-in-noise-recognition-in-native-and-nonnative-speakers-of-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155106.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1085</span> The Diglossia and the Bilingualism: Concept, Problems, and Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdou%20Mahmoud%20Abdou%20Hussein">Abdou Mahmoud Abdou Hussein </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We attempt, in this paper, to spot the light on the difference between the two concepts (diglossia and bilingualism). Thus, we will show the definition of these two concepts among various perspectives. On the other hand, we will emphasize and highlight 'diglossa' in The Arabic language historically. Furthermore, we will illustrate the factors of the diglossia, the impact of diglossia on the learners of Arabic (native and non native speakers) and finally the suggested solutions for this issue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20linguistics" title="Arabic linguistics">Arabic linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diglossia" title=" diglossia"> diglossia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingualism" title=" bilingualism"> bilingualism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20and%20non-native%20speakers" title=" native and non-native speakers"> native and non-native speakers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1773/the-diglossia-and-the-bilingualism-concept-problems-and-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1773.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">411</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1084</span> Language Shapes Thought: An Experimental Study on English and Mandarin Native Speakers' Sequencing of Size</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsi%20Wei">Hsi Wei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Does the language we speak affect the way we think? This question has been discussed for a long time from different aspects. In this article, the issue is examined with an experiment on how speakers of different languages tend to do different sequencing when it comes to the size of general objects. An essential difference between the usage of English and Mandarin is the way we sequence the size of places or objects. In English, when describing the location of something we may say, for example, ‘The pen is inside the trashcan next to the tree at the park.’ In Mandarin, however, we would say, ‘The pen is at the park next to the tree inside the trashcan.’ It’s clear that generally English use the sequence of small to big while Mandarin the opposite. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to test if the difference of the languages affects the speakers’ ability to do the different sequencing. There were two groups of subjects; one consisted of English native speakers, another of Mandarin native speakers. Within the experiment, three nouns were showed as a group to the subjects as their native languages. Before they saw the nouns, they would first get an instruction of ‘big to small’, ‘small to big’, or ‘repeat’. Therefore, the subjects had to sequence the following group of nouns as the instruction they get or simply repeat the nouns. After completing every sequencing and repetition in their minds, they pushed a button as reaction. The repetition design was to gather the mere reading time of the person. As the result of the experiment showed, English native speakers reacted more quickly to the sequencing of ‘small to big’; on the other hand, Mandarin native speakers reacted more quickly to the sequence ‘big to small’. To conclude, this study may be of importance as a support for linguistic relativism that the language we speak do shape the way we think. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language" title="language">language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistic%20relativism" title=" linguistic relativism"> linguistic relativism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size" title=" size"> size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequencing" title=" sequencing"> sequencing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72278/language-shapes-thought-an-experimental-study-on-english-and-mandarin-native-speakers-sequencing-of-size" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1083</span> The Influence of Language and Background Culture on Speakers from the Viewpoint of Gender and Identity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuko%20Tomoto">Yuko Tomoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research is to examine the assumption that female bilingual speakers more often change the way they talk or think depending on the language they use compared with male bilingual speakers. The author collected data through questionnaires on 241 bilingual speakers. Also, in-depth interview surveys were conducted with 13 Japanese/English bilingual speakers whose native language is Japanese and 16 English/Japanese bilingual speakers whose native language is English. The results indicate that both male and female bilingual speakers are more or less influenced consciously and unconsciously by the language they use, as well as by the background cultural values of each language. At the same time, it was found that female speakers are much more highly affected by the language they use, its background culture and also by the interlocutors they were talking to. This was probably due to the larger cultural expectations on women. Through conversations, speakers are not only conveying a message but also attempting to express who they are, and what they want to be like. In other words, they are constantly building up and updating their own identities by choosing the most appropriate language and descriptions to express themselves in the dialogues. It has been claimed that the images of ideal L2 self could strongly motivate learners. The author hopes to make the best use of the fact that bilingual speakers change their presence depending on the language they use, in order to motivate Japanese learners of English, especially female learners from the viewpoint of finding their new selves in English. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20influence" title="cultural influence">cultural influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20expectation" title=" gender expectation"> gender expectation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20learning" title=" language learning"> language learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L2%20self" title=" L2 self"> L2 self</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58716/the-influence-of-language-and-background-culture-on-speakers-from-the-viewpoint-of-gender-and-identity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58716.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1082</span> Discourse Markers in Chinese University Students and Native English Speakers: A Corpus-Based Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dan%20Xie">Dan Xie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of discourse markers (DMs) can play a crucial role in representing discourse interaction and pragmatic competence. Learners’ use of DMs and differences between native speakers (NSs) and non-native speakers (NNSs) in the use of various DMs have been the focus of considerable research attention. However, some commonly used DMs, such as you know, have not received as much attention in comparative studies, especially in the Chinese context. This study analyses data in two corpora (COLSEC and Spoken BNC 2014 (14-25)) to investigate how Chinese learners differ from NNSs in their use of the DM you know and its functions in speech. The results show that there is a significant difference between the two corpora in terms of the frequency of use of you know. In terms of the functions of you know, the study shows that six functions can all be present in both corpora, although there are significant differences between the five functional dimensions, especially in introducing a claim linked to the prior discourse and highlighting particular points in the discourse. It is hoped to show empirically how Chinese learners and NSs use DMs differently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=you%20know" title="you know">you know</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discourse%20marker" title=" discourse marker"> discourse marker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20speaker" title=" native speaker"> native speaker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20learner" title=" Chinese learner"> Chinese learner</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173910/discourse-markers-in-chinese-university-students-and-native-english-speakers-a-corpus-based-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1081</span> Native Speaker's Role in Improving the Speaking Skills of Second Language Learners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=May%20George">May George</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Native speakers can play a significant role in improving second language learners speaking skills through weekly interaction. Speaking is one of the important skills that second language learners need to practice in order to be able to communicate the language. This study will examine Talkaboard as an important tool to achieve better outcomes in speaking a language. The subject of the study will be 16 advanced Arabic language learners at the college level. There will be a pre-test and post-test to examine the conversation outcomes using the Talkaborad tool. The students will be asked to write a summary and talk about their weekly conversation experience with the native speaker in class. The teacher will use a check list to determine the progress made in speaking the Arabic language. The results of this study will provide language teachers with information related to the native speakers’ role in language and the progress the second language learners made after interacting with native speakers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speaking" title="speaking">speaking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language" title=" language"> language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction" title=" interaction"> interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36038/native-speakers-role-in-improving-the-speaking-skills-of-second-language-learners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36038.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">486</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1080</span> Overuse Equals to Low Proficiency Level in English: A Corpus-Based Study on the Use of Linking Adverbials between Male and Female Speakers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsungming%20Wu">Tsungming Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper investigates the use of linking adverbials between native male speakers and female speakers in their presentation. From previous studies, overuse of linking adverbials may be an indicator of the low proficiency level in English. In this study, female speakers are found to use more linking adverbials in general. However, the overuse of linking adverbials found in female speakers’ speeches does not imply female speakers’ lower English proficiency, but imply different approaches that male and female speakers adopt in dealing with their presentation tasks. Female speakers are found to be more interactional, leading to their more uses of interactive devices in the presenting process. On the other hand, male speakers take different approaches in dealing with their tasks. Male speakers try to be authoritative and amicable at the same time, resulting in the uses of both interactive devices and distancing devices in their speeches. The paper specifically presents and compares the use of the linking adverbial items, actually and so, in male speakers’ and female speakers’ speeches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LAs" title="LAs">LAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linking%20adverbial" title=" linking adverbial"> linking adverbial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20proficiency" title=" low proficiency"> low proficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overuse" title=" overuse"> overuse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48840/overuse-equals-to-low-proficiency-level-in-english-a-corpus-based-study-on-the-use-of-linking-adverbials-between-male-and-female-speakers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48840.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1079</span> A Study of the Use of English by Thai: A Case Study of English in Thai songs </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jutharat%20Nawarungreung">Jutharat Nawarungreung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As an international language, English is used as a medium in formal and informal settings including all kinds of entertainment. As it were, the use of English in such an arena is of no less importance and interest, and indeed it becomes a valuable tool for EFL learners to learn and improve their language. In addition, it is a social perspective in the way that English is incorporated in other nationalities’ music, as well as the attitudes of listeners toward it. This research principally aimed to find out the level of comprehensibility of English inserted in Thai pop music. There were three groups of participants, namely Thais, non-native speakers who are non-Thai and native speakers, 35 each group. The research tools comprised song lyrics, interviews, questionnaires, and video recorder. The participants listened to Thai songs and wrote down the English words and their meanings they heard. They were video-recorded when listening to the songs, and then asked on particular actions and facial expressions. Afterwards, they were interviewed to account for their attitudes toward the incorporation of English into Thai songs. Finally, the participants completed a questionnaire. Data was analysed by the way of comparison of all the participants’ pronunciation. In doing so, the number of correct and incorrect answers was revealed. The study has shown that those who attained the highest level of understanding the English words in Thai music were Thais, native speakers, and non-native speakers who are non-Thai respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20throughout%20the%20world" title="English throughout the world">English throughout the world</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=varieties%20of%20English" title=" varieties of English"> varieties of English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20in%20Thai%20songs" title=" English in Thai songs"> English in Thai songs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligibility" title=" intelligibility"> intelligibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitudes" title=" attitudes"> attitudes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39447/a-study-of-the-use-of-english-by-thai-a-case-study-of-english-in-thai-songs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39447.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1078</span> Duration Patterns of English by Native British Speakers and Mandarin ESL Speakers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Bingru">Chen Bingru</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is intended to describe and analyze the effects of polysyllabic shortening and word or phrase boundary on the duration patterns of spoken utterances by Mandarin learners of English in comparison with native speakers of English. To investigate the relative contribution of these effects, two production experiments were conducted. The study included 11 native British English speakers and 20 Mandarin learners of English who were asked to produce four sets of tokens consisting of a mono-syllabic base form, disyllabic, and trisyllabic words derived from the base by the addition of suffixes, and a set of short sentences with a particular combination of phrase size, stress pattern, and boundary location. The duration of words and segments was measured, and results from the data analysis suggest that the amount of polysyllabic shortening and the effect of word or phrase position are likely to affect a Chinese accent for Mandarin ESL speakers. This study sheds light on research on the duration patterns of language by demonstrating the effect of duration-related factors on the foreign accent of Mandarin ESL speakers. It can also benefit both L2 learners and language teachers by increasing their sensitivity to the duration differences and difficulties experienced by L2 learners of English. An understanding of the amount of polysyllabic shortening and the effect of position in words and phrase on syllable duration can also facilitate L2 teachers to establish priorities for teaching pronunciation to ESL learners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=duration%20patterns" title="duration patterns">duration patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20accent" title=" Chinese accent"> Chinese accent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mandarin%20ESL%20speakers" title=" Mandarin ESL speakers"> Mandarin ESL speakers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polysyllabic%20shortening" title=" polysyllabic shortening"> polysyllabic shortening</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99876/duration-patterns-of-english-by-native-british-speakers-and-mandarin-esl-speakers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99876.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1077</span> Studying Second Language Learners' Language Behavior from Conversation Analysis Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanyan%20Wang">Yanyan Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper on second language teaching and learning uses conversation analysis (CA) approach and focuses on how second language learners of Chinese do repair when making clarification requests. In order to demonstrate their behavior in interaction, a comparison was made to study the differences between native speakers of Chinese with non-native speakers of Chinese. The significance of the research is to make second language teachers and learners aware of repair and how to seek clarification. Utilizing the methodology of CA, the research involved two sets of naturally occurring recordings, one of native speaker students and the other of non-native speaker students. Both sets of recording were telephone talks between students and teachers. There were 50 native speaker students and 50 non-native speaker students. From multiple listening to the recordings, the parts with repairs for clarification were selected for analysis which included the moments in the talk when students had problems in understanding or hearing the speaker and had to seek clarification. For example, ‘Sorry, I do not understand ‘and ‘Can you repeat the question? ‘were the parts as repair to make clarification requests. In the data, there were 43 such cases from native speaker students and 88 cases from non-native speaker students. The non-native speaker students were more likely to use repair to seek clarification. Analysis on how the students make clarification requests during their conversation was carried out by investigating how the students initiated problems and how the teachers repaired the problems. In CA term, it is called other-initiated self-repair (OISR), which refers to student-initiated teacher-repair in this research. The findings show that, in initiating repair, native speaker students pay more attention to mutual understanding (inter-subjectivity) while non-native speaker students, due to their lack of language proficiency, pay more attention to their status of knowledge (epistemic) switch. There are three major differences: 1, native Chinese students more often initiate closed-class OISR (seeking specific information in the request) such as repeating a word or phrases from the previous turn while non-native students more frequently initiate open-class OISR (not specifying clarification) such as ‘sorry, I don’t understand ‘. 2, native speakers’ clarification requests are treated by the teacher as understanding of the content while non-native learners’ clarification requests are treated by teacher as language proficiency problem. 3, native speakers don’t see repair as knowledge issue and there is no third position in the repair sequences to close repair while non-native learners take repair sequence as a time to adjust their knowledge. There is clear closing third position token such as ‘oh ‘ to close repair sequence so that the topic can go back. In conclusion, this paper uses conversation analysis approach to compare differences between native Chinese speakers and non-native Chinese learners in their ways of conducting repair when making clarification requests. The findings are useful in future Chinese language teaching and learning, especially in teaching pragmatics such as requests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conversation%20analysis%20%28CA%29" title="conversation analysis (CA)">conversation analysis (CA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clarification%20request" title=" clarification request"> clarification request</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20language%20%28L2%29" title=" second language (L2)"> second language (L2)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching%20implication" title=" teaching implication"> teaching implication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74368/studying-second-language-learners-language-behavior-from-conversation-analysis-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74368.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1076</span> Performance Evaluation of Acoustic-Spectrographic Voice Identification Method in Native and Non-Native Speech</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Krasnova">E. Krasnova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Bulgakova"> E. Bulgakova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Shchemelinin"> V. Shchemelinin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper deals with acoustic-spectrographic voice identification method in terms of its performance in non-native language speech. Performance evaluation is conducted by comparing the result of the analysis of recordings containing native language speech with recordings that contain foreign language speech. Our research is based on Tajik and Russian speech of Tajik native speakers due to the character of the criminal situation with drug trafficking. We propose a pilot experiment that represents a primary attempt enter the field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speaker%20identification" title="speaker identification">speaker identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic-spectrographic%20method" title=" acoustic-spectrographic method"> acoustic-spectrographic method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-native%20speech" title=" non-native speech"> non-native speech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20evaluation" title=" performance evaluation"> performance evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12496/performance-evaluation-of-acoustic-spectrographic-voice-identification-method-in-native-and-non-native-speech" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12496.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1075</span> Using English Discourse Markers by Saudi EFL Learners: A Descriptive Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadeq%20Al%20Yaari">Sadeq Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fayza%20Al%20Hammadi"> Fayza Al Hammadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nassr%20Almaflehi"> Nassr Almaflehi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayman%20Al%20Yaari"> Ayman Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adham%20Al%20Yaari"> Adham Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montaha%20Al%20Yaari"> Montaha Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aayah%20Al%20Yaari"> Aayah Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajedah%20Al%20Yaari"> Sajedah Al Yaari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The language of EFL learners is of special interests to linguists. Little research has been tackled on issues concerning English Discourse Markers (EDMs) among Saudi EFL learners. Aims: Employing a corpus-based descriptive analysis, the current study attempts at detecting EDMs in the talk of Saudi EFL learners, their frequency, use, usage, etc., in comparison to other EFL learners as well as native speakers. Methods: Two hundreds Saudi EFL learners were randomly selected from 20 public and private schools (ten students from each school) across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Subjects were individually recorded while they were studying English in class. Recordings were then linguistically and statistically analyzed by the researchers. Conclusion: Results illustrate that EDMs “and”, “but” and “also” are the most frequent EDMs in the talk of Saudi EFL learners. These devices are randomly used by Saudi EFL learners who mix their use (appropriateness) with usage (correctedness) due to the influence of their L1 (Arabic). In compare to other EFL learners (native and non-native), Saudi EFL learners use less EDMs. These results confirmed the claims that EFL learners use EDMs less than native speakers. This paper, although preliminary in nature, can help arrive a better understanding of using EDMs by Saudi EFL learners. Further, it can also assist in getting appropriate insights into the way how these EDMs are used in Arab Gulf countries. The researchers decided to conduct an in-depth study into the use of EDMs in the oral work of Saudi EFL learners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20discourse%20markers" title="English discourse markers">English discourse markers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20EFL%20learners" title=" Saudi EFL learners"> Saudi EFL learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=use" title=" use"> use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=usage" title=" usage"> usage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency" title=" frequency"> frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20speakers" title=" native speakers"> native speakers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186630/using-english-discourse-markers-by-saudi-efl-learners-a-descriptive-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1074</span> Lexical Collocations in Medical Articles of Non-Native vs Native English-Speaking Researchers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waleed%20Mandour">Waleed Mandour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents multidimensional scrutiny of Benson et al.’s seven-category taxonomy of lexical collocations used by Egyptian medical authors and their peers of native-English speakers. It investigates 212 medical papers, all published during a span of 6 years (from 2013 to 2018). The comparison is held to the medical research articles submitted by native speakers of English (25,238 articles in total with over 103 million words) as derived from the Directory of Open Access Journals (a 2.7 billion-word corpus). The non-native speakers compiled corpus was properly annotated and marked-up manually by the researcher according to the standards of Weisser. In terms of statistical comparisons, though, deployed were the conventional frequency-based analysis besides the relevant criteria, such as association measures (AMs) in which LogDice is deployed as per the recommendation of Kilgariff et al. when comparing large corpora. Despite the terminological convergence in the subject corpora, comparison results confirm the previous literature of which the non-native speakers’ compositions reveal limited ranges of lexical collocations in terms of their distribution. However, there is a ubiquitous tendency of overusing the NS-high-frequency multi-words in all lexical categories investigated. Furthermore, Egyptian authors, conversely to their English-speaking peers, tend to embrace more collocations denoting quantitative rather than qualitative analyses in their produced papers. This empirical work, per se, contributes to the English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and English as a Lingua Franca in Academic settings (ELFA). In addition, there are pedagogical implications that would promote a better quality of medical research papers published in Egyptian universities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus%20linguistics" title="corpus linguistics">corpus linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EAP" title=" EAP"> EAP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ELFA" title=" ELFA"> ELFA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexical%20collocations" title=" lexical collocations"> lexical collocations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20discourse" title=" medical discourse"> medical discourse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121443/lexical-collocations-in-medical-articles-of-non-native-vs-native-english-speaking-researchers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121443.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1073</span> Gender Difference in the Use of Request Strategies by Urdu/Punjabi Native Speakers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muzaffar%20Hussain">Muzaffar Hussain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Requests strategies are considered as a part of the speech acts, which are frequently used in everyday communication. Each language provides speech acts to the speakers; therefore, the selection of appropriate form seems more culture-specific rather than language. The present paper investigates the gender-based difference in the use of request strategies by native speakers of Urdu/Punjabi male and female who are learning English as a second language. The data for the present study were collected from 68 graduate students, who are learning English as an L2 in Pakistan. They were given an online close-ended questionnaire, based on Discourse Completion Test (DCT). After analyzing the data, it was found that the L1 male Urdu/Punjabi speakers were inclined to use more direct request strategies while the female Urdu/Punjabi speakers used indirect request strategies. This paper also found that in some situations female participants used more direct strategies than male participants. The present study concludes that the use of request strategies is influenced by culture, social status, and power distribution in a society. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20variation" title="gender variation">gender variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=request%20strategies" title=" request strategies"> request strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=face-threatening" title=" face-threatening"> face-threatening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20language%20pragmatics" title=" second language pragmatics"> second language pragmatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20competence" title=" language competence"> language competence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88631/gender-difference-in-the-use-of-request-strategies-by-urdupunjabi-native-speakers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88631.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1072</span> Towards Positive Identity Construction for Japanese Non-Native English Language Teachers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yumi%20Okano">Yumi Okano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The low level of English proficiency among Japanese people has been a problem for a long time. Japanese non-native English language teachers, under social or ideological constraints, feel a gap between government policy and their language proficiency and cannot maintain high self-esteem. This paper focuses on current Japanese policies and the social context in which teachers are placed and examines the measures necessary for their positive identity formation from a macro-meso-micro perspective. Some suggestions for achieving this are: 1) Teachers should free themselves from the idea of native speakers and embrace local needs and accents, 2) Teachers should be involved in student discussions as facilitators and individuals so that they can be good role models for their students, and 3) Teachers should invest in their classrooms. 4) Guidelines and training should be provided to help teachers gain confidence. In addition to reducing the workload to make more time available, 5) expanding opportunities for investment outside the classroom into the real world is necessary. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20teacher%20identity" title="language teacher identity">language teacher identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20speakers" title=" native speakers"> native speakers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government%20policy" title=" government policy"> government policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20pedagogy" title=" critical pedagogy"> critical pedagogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment" title=" investment"> investment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164078/towards-positive-identity-construction-for-japanese-non-native-english-language-teachers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164078.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1071</span> Comparing Russian and American Students’ Metaphorical Competence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Svetlana%20L.%20Mishlanova">Svetlana L. Mishlanova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evgeniia%20V.%20Ermakova"> Evgeniia V. Ermakova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariia%20E.%20Timirkina"> Mariia E. Timirkina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper is concerned with the study of metaphor production in essays written by Russian and English native speakers in the framework of cognitive metaphor theory. It considers metaphorical competence as individual’s ability to recognize, understand and use metaphors in speech. The work analyzes the influence of visual metaphor on production and density of conventional and novel verbal metaphors. The main methods of research include experiment connected with image interpretation, metaphor identification procedure (MIPVU) and visual conventional metaphors identification procedure proposed by VisMet group. The research findings will be used in the project aimed at comparing metaphorical competence of native and non-native English speakers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaphor" title="metaphor">metaphor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaphorical%20competence" title=" metaphorical competence"> metaphorical competence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conventional" title=" conventional"> conventional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=novel" title=" novel"> novel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68451/comparing-russian-and-american-students-metaphorical-competence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68451.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1070</span> A Comparative Study on Compliment Response between Indonesian EFL Students and English Native Speakers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20F.%20Seran">Maria F. Seran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In second language interaction, an EFL student always carries his knowledge of targeted language and sometimes gets influenced by his first language cultures which makes him transfer his utterances from the first language to the second language. The influence of L1 cultures somehow can lead to face-threatening act when it comes to responding on speech act, for instance, compliment. A speaker praises a compliment to show gratitude, and in return, he expects for compliment respond uttered by the hearer. While Western people use more acceptance continuum on compliment response, Indonesians utter more denial continuum which can somehow put the speakers into a face-threating situation and offense. This study investigated compliment response employed by EFL students and English native speakers. The study was distinct as none compliment response studies had been conducted to compare the compliment response between English native speakers and two different Indonesian EFL proficiency groups in which this research sought to meet this need. This study was significant for EFL teachers because it gave insight on cross-cultural understanding and brought pedagogical implication on explicit pragmatic instruction. Two research questions were set, 1. How do Indonesian EFL students and English native speakers respond compliments? 2. Is there any correlation between Indonesia EFL students’ proficiency and their compliment response use in English? The study involved three groups of participants; 5 English native speakers, 10 high-proficiency and 10 low-proficiency Indonesian EFL university students. The research instruments used in this study were as follows, an online TOEFL prediction test, focusing on grammar skill which was modified from Barron TOEFL exercise test, and a discourse completion task (DCT), consisting of 10 compliment respond items. Based on the research invitation, 20 second-year university students majoring in English education at Widya Mandira Catholic University, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia who willingly participated in the research took the TOEFL prediction test online from the link provided. Students who achieved score 75-100 in test were categorized as high-proficiency students, while, students who attained score below 74 were considered as low-proficiency students. Then, the DCT survey was administered to these EFL groups and the native speaker group. Participants’ responses were coded and analyzed using categories of compliment response framework proposed by Tran. The study found out that 5 native speakers applied more compliment upgrades and appreciation token in compliment response, whereas, Indonesian EFL students combined some compliment response strategies in their utterance, such as, appreciation token, return and compliment downgrade. There is no correlation between students’ proficiency level and their CR responds as most EFL students in both groups produced less varied compliment responses and only 4 Indonesian high-proficiency students uttered more varied and were similar to the native speakers. The combination strategies used by EFL students can be explained as the influence of pragmatic transfer from L1 to L2; therefore, EFL teachers should explicitly teach more compliment response strategies to raise students’ awareness on English culture and elaborate their speaking to be more competence as close to native speakers as possible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compliment%20response" title="compliment response">compliment response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20native%20speakers" title=" English native speakers"> English native speakers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesian%20EFL%20students" title=" Indonesian EFL students"> Indonesian EFL students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20acts" title=" speech acts"> speech acts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95276/a-comparative-study-on-compliment-response-between-indonesian-efl-students-and-english-native-speakers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95276.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1069</span> Use of Ing-Formed and Derived Verbal Nominalization in American English: A Survey Applied to Native American English Speakers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yujia%20Sun">Yujia Sun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research on nominalizations in English can be traced back to at least the 1960s and even centered in the field nowadays. At the very beginning, the discussion was about the relationship between verbs and nouns, but then it moved to the distinct senses embodied in different forms of nominals, namely, various types of nominalizations. This paper tries to address the issue that how speakers perceive different forms of verbal nouns, and what might influence their perceptions. The data are collected through a self-designed questionnaire targeted at native speakers of American English, and the employment of the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The results show that semantic differences between different forms of nominals do play a role in people’s preference to certain form than another. But it still awaits more explorations to see how the frequency of usage is interrelates to this issue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus%20of%20contemporary%20American%20English" title="corpus of contemporary American English">corpus of contemporary American English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=derived%20nominalization" title=" derived nominalization"> derived nominalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20of%20usage" title=" frequency of usage"> frequency of usage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ing-formed%20nominalization" title=" ing-formed nominalization"> ing-formed nominalization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79902/use-of-ing-formed-and-derived-verbal-nominalization-in-american-english-a-survey-applied-to-native-american-english-speakers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1068</span> The Phonology and Phonetics of Second Language Intonation in Case of “Downstep”</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tayebeh%20Norouzi">Tayebeh Norouzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to investigate the acquisition process of intonation. It examines the intonation structure of Tokyo Japanese and its realization by Iranian learners of Japanese. Seven Iranian learners of Japanese, differing in fluency, and two Japanese speakers participated in the experiment. Two sentences were used to test the phonological and phonetic characteristics of lexical pitch-accent as well as the intonation patterns produced by the speakers. Both sentences consisted of similar words with the same number of syllables and lexical pitch-accents but different syntactic structure. Speakers were asked to read each sentence three times at normal speed, and the data were analyzed by Praat. The results show that lexical pitch-accent, Accentual Phrase (AP) and AP boundary tone realization vary depending on sentence type. For sentences of type <em>XdeYwo</em>, the lexical pitch-accent is realized properly. However, there is a rise in AP boundary tone regardless of speakers’ level of fluency. In contrast, in sentences of type <em>XnoYwo</em>, the lexical pitch-accent and AP boundary tone vary depending on the speakers’ fluency level. Advanced speakers are better at grouping words into phrases and produce more native-like intonation patterns, though they are not able to realize downstep properly. The non-native speakers tried to realize proper intonation patterns by making changes in lexical accent and boundary tone. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intonation" title="intonation">intonation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iranian%20learners" title=" Iranian learners"> Iranian learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Japanese%20prosody" title=" Japanese prosody"> Japanese prosody</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexical%20accent" title=" lexical accent"> lexical accent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20language%20acquisition." title=" second language acquisition."> second language acquisition.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89060/the-phonology-and-phonetics-of-second-language-intonation-in-case-of-downstep" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1067</span> Effects of Global Validity of Predictive Cues upon L2 Discourse Comprehension: Evidence from Self-paced Reading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Binger%20Lu">Binger Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It remains unclear whether second language (L2) speakers could use discourse context cues to predict upcoming information as native speakers do during online comprehension. Some researchers propose that L2 learners may have a reduced ability to generate predictions during discourse processing. At the same time, there is evidence that discourse-level cues are weighed more heavily in L2 processing than in L1. Previous studies showed that L1 prediction is sensitive to the global validity of predictive cues. The current study aims to explore whether and to what extent L2 learners can dynamically and strategically adjust their prediction in accord with the global validity of predictive cues in L2 discourse comprehension as native speakers do. In a self-paced reading experiment, Chinese native speakers (N=128), C-E bilinguals (N=128), and English native speakers (N=128) read high-predictable (e.g., Jimmy felt thirsty after running. He wanted to get some water from the refrigerator.) and low-predictable (e.g., Jimmy felt sick this morning. He wanted to get some water from the refrigerator.) discourses in two-sentence frames. The global validity of predictive cues was manipulated by varying the ratio of predictable (e.g., Bill stood at the door. He opened it with the key.) and unpredictable fillers (e.g., Bill stood at the door. He opened it with the card.), such that across conditions, the predictability of the final word of the fillers ranged from 100% to 0%. The dependent variable was reading time on the critical region (the target word and the following word), analyzed with linear mixed-effects models in R. C-E bilinguals showed reliable prediction across all validity conditions (β = -35.6 ms, SE = 7.74, t = -4.601, p< .001), and Chinese native speakers showed significant effect (β = -93.5 ms, SE = 7.82, t = -11.956, p< .001) in two of the four validity conditions (namely, the High-validity and MedLow conditions, where fillers ended with predictable words in 100% and 25% cases respectively), whereas English native speakers didn’t predict at all (β = -2.78 ms, SE = 7.60, t = -.365, p = .715). There was neither main effect (χ^²(3) = .256, p = .968) nor interaction (Predictability: Background: Validity, χ^²(3) = 1.229, p = .746; Predictability: Validity, χ^²(3) = 2.520, p = .472; Background: Validity, χ^²(3) = 1.281, p = .734) of Validity with speaker groups. The results suggest that prediction occurs in L2 discourse processing but to a much less extent in L1, witha significant effect in some conditions of L1 Chinese and anull effect in L1 English processing, consistent with the view that L2 speakers are more sensitive to discourse cues compared with L1 speakers. Additionally, the pattern of L1 and L2 predictive processing was not affected by the global validity of predictive cues. C-E bilinguals’ predictive processing could be partly transferred from their L1, as prior research showed that discourse information played a more significant role in L1 Chinese processing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingualism" title="bilingualism">bilingualism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discourse%20processing" title=" discourse processing"> discourse processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20validity" title=" global validity"> global validity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-paced%20reading" title=" self-paced reading"> self-paced reading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147127/effects-of-global-validity-of-predictive-cues-upon-l2-discourse-comprehension-evidence-from-self-paced-reading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147127.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1066</span> A Comparative Analysis of Lexical Bundles in Academic Writing: Insights from Persian and Native English Writers in Applied Linguistics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elham%20Shahrjooi%20Haghighi">Elham Shahrjooi Haghighi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research explores how lexical bundles are utilized in writing in the field of linguistics by comparing professional Persian writers with native English writers using corpus-based studies and advanced computational techniques to examine the occurrence and characteristics of lexical bundles in academic writings. The review of literature emphasizes how important lexical bundles are, in organizing discussions and conveying opinions in both spoken and written language contexts across genres and proficiency levels in fields of study. Previous research has indicated that native English writers tend to employ an array and diversity of bundles than non-native writers do; these bundles are essential elements in academic writing. In this study’s methodology section, the research utilizes a corpus-based method to analyze a collection of writings such as research papers and advanced theses at the doctoral and masters’ levels. The examination uncovers variances in the utilization of groupings between writers who are native speakers of Persian and those who are native English speakers with the latter group displaying a greater occurrence and variety, in types of groupings. Furthermore, the research delves into how these groupings contribute to aspects classifying them into categories based on their relevance to research text structure and individuals as outlined in Hyland’s framework. The results show that Persian authors employ phrases and demonstrate distinct structural and functional tendencies in comparison to native English writers. This variation is linked to differing language skills, levels, disciplinary norms and cultural factors. The study also highlights the pedagogical implications of these findings, suggesting that targeted instruction on the use of lexical bundles could enhance the academic writing skills of non-native speakers. In conclusion, this research contributes to the understanding of lexical bundles in academic writing by providing a detailed comparative analysis of their use by Persian and native English writers. The insights from this study have important implications for language education and the development of effective writing strategies for non-native English speakers in academic contexts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexical%20bundles" title="lexical bundles">lexical bundles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20writing" title=" academic writing"> academic writing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20analysis" title=" comparative analysis"> comparative analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20techniques" title=" computational techniques"> computational techniques</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191376/a-comparative-analysis-of-lexical-bundles-in-academic-writing-insights-from-persian-and-native-english-writers-in-applied-linguistics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191376.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">21</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1065</span> The First Japanese-Japanese Dictionary for Non-Japanese Using the Defining Vocabulary</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minoru%20Moriguchi">Minoru Moriguchi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research introduces the concept of a monolingual Japanese dictionary for non-native speakers of Japanese, whose temporal title is Dictionary of Contemporary Japanese for Advanced Learners (DCJAL). As the language market is very small compared with English, a monolingual Japanese dictionary for non-native speakers, containing sufficient entries, has not been published yet. In such a dictionary environment, Japanese-language learners are using bilingual dictionaries or monolingual Japanese dictionaries for Japanese people. This research started in 2017, as a project team which consists of four Japanese and two non-native speakers, all of whom are linguists of the Japanese language. The team has been trying to propose the concept of a monolingual dictionary for non-native speakers of Japanese and to provide the entry list, the definition samples, the list of defining vocabulary, and the writing manual. As the result of seven-year research, DCJAL has come to have 28,060 head words, 539 entry examples, 4,598-word defining vocabulary, and the writing manual. First, the number of the entry was determined as about 30,000, based on an experimental method using existing six dictionaries. To make the entry list satisfying this number, words suitable for DCJAL were extracted from the Tsukuba corpus of the Japanese language, and later the entry list was adjusted according to the experience as Japanese instructor. Among the head words of the entry list, 539 words were selected and added with lexicographical information such as proficiency level, pronunciation, writing system (hiragana, katakana, kanji, or alphabet), definition, example sentences, idiomatic expression, synonyms, antonyms, grammatical information, sociolinguistic information, and etymology. While writing the definition of the above 539 words, the list of the defining vocabulary was constructed, based on frequent vocabulary used in a Japanese monolingual dictionary. Although the concept of DCJAL has been almost perfected, it may need some more adjustment, and the research is continued. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monolingual%20dictionary" title="monolingual dictionary">monolingual dictionary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20Japanese%20language" title=" the Japanese language"> the Japanese language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-native%20speaker%20of%20Japanese" title=" non-native speaker of Japanese"> non-native speaker of Japanese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defining%20vocabulary" title=" defining vocabulary"> defining vocabulary</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186126/the-first-japanese-japanese-dictionary-for-non-japanese-using-the-defining-vocabulary" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">41</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1064</span> Non-Native Expatriate English: An Emerging Variety (Category of Users) in Cameroon?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentine%20Ubanako">Valentine Ubanako</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates a situation that has given rise to a particular kind of variety or category of users of English in Cameroon which I have called here Non-native expatriate English (Users). This paper asserts that Non-expatriates in Cameroon (those who work for native speakers of English) use English in a peculiar manner which is worth investigating. This paper thus looks into the kind of English they use and their attitudes towards other users of different varieties of English and how these non-native expatriates form new identities and try to negotiate social ascendency within a local context. Data for this paper is collected through observation, interviews and questionnaires. Some Cameroonians, especially the educated, believe that they must move to Europe or America, study to a very high level and struggle to be like the white man whereas, the lowly educated (working with native English expatriates), are living their European and American dream in Cameroon among their brothers. Thus, educational attainment is not a necessary criterion for social ascendency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-native%20expatriate%20English" title="non-native expatriate English">non-native expatriate English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20expatriates" title=" native expatriates"> native expatriates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=varieties%20of%20English" title=" varieties of English"> varieties of English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20language" title=" English language"> English language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistics" title=" linguistics"> linguistics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4770/non-native-expatriate-english-an-emerging-variety-category-of-users-in-cameroon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4770.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1063</span> Passive Voice in SLA: Armenian Learners’ Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emma%20Nemishalyan">Emma Nemishalyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is believed that learners’ mother tongue (L1 hereafter) has a huge impact on their second language acquisition (L2 hereafter). This hypothesis has been exposed to both positive and negative criticism. Based on research results of a wide range of learners’ corpora (Chinese, Japanese, Spanish among others) the hypothesis has either been proved or disproved. However, no such study has been conducted on the Armenian learners. The aim of this paper is to understand the implication of the hypothesis on the Armenian learners’ corpus in terms of the use of the passive voice. To this end, the method of Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis (hereafter CIA) has been used on native speakers’ corpus (Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS)) and Armenian learners’ corpus which has been compiled by me in compliance with International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) guidelines. CIA compares the interlanguage (the language produced by learners) with the one produced by native speakers. With the help of this method, it is possible not only to highlight the mistakes that learners make, but also to underline the under or overuses. The choice of the grammar issue (passive voice) is conditioned by the fact that typologically Armenian and English are drastically different as they belong to different branches. Moreover, the passive voice is considered to be one of the most problematic grammar topics to be acquired by learners of the English language. Based on this difference, we hypothesized that Armenian learners would either overuse or underuse some types of the passive voice. With the help of Lancsbox software, we have identified the frequency rates of passive voice usage in LOCNESS and Armenian learners’ corpus to understand whether the latter have the same usage pattern of the passive voice as the native speakers. Secondly, we have identified the types of the passive voice used by the Armenian leaners trying to track down the reasons in their mother tongue. The results of the study showed that Armenian learners underused the passive voices in contrast to native speakers. Furthermore, the hypothesis that learners’ L1 has an impact on learners’ L2 acquisition and production was proved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus%20linguistics" title="corpus linguistics">corpus linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applied%20linguistics" title=" applied linguistics"> applied linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20language%20acquisition" title=" second language acquisition"> second language acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus%20compilation" title=" corpus compilation"> corpus compilation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165348/passive-voice-in-sla-armenian-learners-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165348.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1062</span> Wh-Movement in Second Language Acquisition: Evidence from Magnitude Estimation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Bo%20Hsu">Dong-Bo Hsu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Universal Grammar (UG) claims that the constraints that are derived from this should operate in language users’ L2 grammars. This study investigated this hypothesis on knowledge of Subjacency and resumptive pronoun usage among Chinese learners of English. Chinese fulfills two requirements to examine the existence of UG, i.e., Subjacency does not operate in Chinese and resumptive pronouns in English are very different from those in Chinese and second L2 input undermines the knowledge of Subjacency. The results indicated that Chinese learners of English demonstrated a nearly identical pattern as English native speakers do but the resumptive pronoun in the embedding clauses. This may be explained in terms of the case that Chinese speakers’ usage of pronouns is not influenced by the number of embedding clauses. Chinese learners of English have full access to knowledge endowed by UG but their processing of English sentences may be different from native speakers as a general slow rate for processing in their L2 English. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20grammar" title="universal grammar">universal grammar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese" title=" Chinese"> Chinese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English" title=" English"> English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wh-questions" title=" wh-questions"> wh-questions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resumption" title=" resumption"> resumption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36394/wh-movement-in-second-language-acquisition-evidence-from-magnitude-estimation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36394.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">469</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1061</span> Topic Prominence and Temporal Encoding in Mandarin Chinese</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tzu-I%20Chiang">Tzu-I Chiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A central question for finite-nonfinite distinction in Mandarin Chinese is how does Mandarin encode temporal information without the grammatical contrast between past and present tense. Moreover, how do L2 learners of Mandarin whose native language is English and whose L1 system has tense morphology, acquire the temporal encoding system in L2 Mandarin? The current study reports preliminary findings on the relationship between topic prominence and the temporal encoding in L1 and L2 Chinese. Oral narratives data from 30 natives and learners of Mandarin Chinese were collected via a film-retell task. In terms of coding, predicates collected from the narratives were transcribed and then coded based on four major verb types: n-degree Statives (quality-STA), point-scale Statives (status-STA), n-atom EVENT (ACT), and point EVENT (resultative-ACT). How native speakers and non-native speakers started retelling the story was calculated. Results of the study show that native speakers of Chinese tend to express Topic Time (TT) syntactically at the topic position; whereas L2 learners of Chinese across levels rely mainly on the default time encoded in the event types. Moreover, as the proficiency level of the learner increases, learners’ appropriate use of the event predicates increased, which supports the argument that L2 development of temporal encoding is affected by lexical aspect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topic%20prominence" title="topic prominence">topic prominence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporal%20encoding" title=" temporal encoding"> temporal encoding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexical%20aspect" title=" lexical aspect"> lexical aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L2%20acquisition" title=" L2 acquisition "> L2 acquisition </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81311/topic-prominence-and-temporal-encoding-in-mandarin-chinese" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81311.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1060</span> Prosodic Realization of Focus in the Public Speeches Delivered by Spanish Learners of English and English Native Speakers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ra%C3%BAl%20Jim%C3%A9nez%20Vilches">Raúl Jiménez Vilches</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Native (L1) speakers can mark prosodically one part of an utterance and make it more relevant as opposed to the rest of the constituents. Conversely, non-native (L2) speakers encounter problems when it comes to marking prosodically information structure in English. In fact, the L2 speaker’s choice for the prosodic realization of focus is not so clear and often obscures the intended pragmatic meaning and the communicative value in general. This paper reports some of the findings obtained in an L2 prosodic training course for Spanish learners of English within the context of public speaking. More specifically, it analyses the effects of the course experiment in relation to the non-native production of the tonic syllable to mark focus and compares it with the public speeches delivered by native English speakers. The whole experimental training was executed throughout eighteen input sessions (1,440 minutes total time) and all the sessions took place in the classroom. In particular, the first part of the course provided explicit instruction on the recognition and production of the tonic syllable and how the tonic syllable is used to express focus. The non-native and native oral presentations were acoustically analyzed using Praat software for speech analysis (7,356 words in total). The investigation adopted mixed and embedded methodologies. Quantitative information is needed when measuring acoustically the phonetic realization of focus. Qualitative data such as questionnaires, interviews, and observations were also used to interpret the quantitative data. The embedded experiment design was implemented through the analysis of the public speeches before and after the intervention. Results indicate that, even after the L2 prosodic training course, Spanish learners of English still show some major inconsistencies in marking focus effectively. Although there was occasional improvement regarding the choice for location and word classes, Spanish learners were, in general, far from achieving similar results to the ones obtained by the English native speakers in the two types of focus. The prosodic realization of focus seems to be one of the hardest areas of the English prosodic system to be mastered by Spanish learners. A funded research project is in the process of moving the present classroom-based experiment to an online environment (mobile app) and determining whether there is a more effective focus usage through CAPT (Computer-Assisted Pronunciation) tools. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=focus" title="focus">focus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prosody" title=" prosody"> prosody</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20speaking" title=" public speaking"> public speaking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spanish%20learners%20of%20English" title=" Spanish learners of English"> Spanish learners of English</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151428/prosodic-realization-of-focus-in-the-public-speeches-delivered-by-spanish-learners-of-english-and-english-native-speakers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151428.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1059</span> Perception of Greek Vowels by Arabic-Greek Bilinguals: An Experimental Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georgios%20P.%20Georgiou">Georgios P. Georgiou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Infants are able to discriminate a number of sound contrasts in most languages. However, this ability is not available in adults who might face difficulties in discriminating accurately second language sound contrasts as they filter second language speech through the phonological categories of their native language. For example, Spanish speakers often struggle to perceive the difference between the English /ε/ and /æ/ because both vowels do not exist in their native language; so they assimilate these vowels to the closest phonological category of their first language. The present study aims to uncover the perceptual patterns of Arabic adult speakers in regard to the vowels of their second language (Greek). Still, there is not any study that investigates the perception of Greek vowels by Arabic speakers and, thus, the present study would contribute to the enrichment of the literature with cross-linguistic research in new languages. To the purpose of the present study, 15 native speakers of Egyptian Arabic who permanently live in Cyprus and have adequate knowledge of Greek as a second language passed through vowel assimilation and vowel contrast discrimination tests (AXB) in their second language. The perceptual stimuli included non-sense words that contained vowels in both stressed and unstressed positions. The second language listeners’ patterns were analyzed through the Perceptual Assimilation Model which makes testable hypotheses about the assimilation of second language sounds to the speakers’ native phonological categories and the discrimination accuracy over second language sound contrasts. The results indicated that second language listeners assimilated pairs of Greek vowels in a single phonological category of their native language resulting in a Category Goodness difference assimilation type for the Greek stressed /i/-/e/ and the Greek stressed-unstressed /o/-/u/ vowel contrasts. On the contrary, the members of the Greek unstressed /i/-/e/ vowel contrast were assimilated to two different categories resulting in a Two Category assimilation type. Furthermore, they could discriminate the Greek stressed /i/-/e/ and the Greek stressed-unstressed /o/-/u/ contrasts only in a moderate degree while the Greek unstressed /i/-/e/ contrast could be discriminated in an excellent degree. Two main implications emerge from the results. First, there is a strong influence of the listeners’ native language on the perception of the second language vowels. In Egyptian Arabic, contiguous vowel categories such as [i]-[e] and [u]-[o] do not have phonemic difference but they are subject to allophonic variation; by contrast, the vowel contrasts /i/-/e/ and /o/-/u/ are phonemic in Greek. Second, the role of stress is significant for second language perception since stressed vs. unstressed vowel contrasts were perceived in a different manner by the Greek listeners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingual" title=" bilingual"> bilingual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greek" title=" Greek"> Greek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vowel%20perception" title=" vowel perception"> vowel perception</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102621/perception-of-greek-vowels-by-arabic-greek-bilinguals-an-experimental-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102621.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1058</span> Thinking for Writing: Evidence of Language Transfer in Chinese ESL Learners’ Written Narratives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nan%20Yang">Nan Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hye%20Pae"> Hye Pae</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> English as a second language (ESL) learners are often observed to have transferred traits of their first languages (L1) and habits of using their L1s to their use of English (second language, L2), and this phenomenon is coined as language transfer. In addition to the transfer of linguistic features (e.g., grammar, vocabulary, etc.), which are relatively easy to observe and quantify, many cross-cultural theorists emphasized on a much subtle and fundamental transfer existing on a higher conceptual level that is referred to as conceptual transfer. Although a growing body of literature in linguistics has demonstrated evidence of L1 transfer in various discourse genres, very limited studies address the underlying conceptual transfer that is happening along with the language transfer, especially with the extended form of spontaneous discourses such as personal narrative. To address this issue, this study situates itself in the context of Chinese ESL learners’ written narratives, examines evidence of L1 conceptual transfer in comparison with native English speakers’ narratives, and provides discussion from the perspective of the conceptual transfer. It is hypothesized that Chinese ESL learners’ English narrative strategies are heavily influenced by the strategies that they use in Chinese as a result of the conceptual transfer. Understanding language transfer cognitively is of great significance in the realm of SLA, as it helps address challenges that ESL learners around the world are facing; allow native English speakers to develop a better understanding about how and why learners’ English is different; and also shed light in ESL pedagogy by providing linguistic and cultural expectations in native English-speaking countries. To achieve the goals, 40 college students were recruited (20 Chinese ESL learners and 20 native English speakers) in the United States, and their written narratives on the prompt 'The most frightening experience' were collected for quantitative discourse analysis. 40 written narratives (20 in Chinese and 20 in English) were collected from Chinese ESL learners, and 20 written narratives were collected from native English speakers. All written narratives were coded according to the coding scheme developed by the authors prior to data collection. Statistical descriptive analyses were conducted, and the preliminary results revealed that native English speakers included more narrative elements such as events and explicit evaluation comparing to Chinese ESL students’ both English and Chinese writings; the English group also utilized more evaluation device (i.e., physical state expressions, indirectly reported speeches, delineation) than Chinese ESL students’ both English and Chinese writings. It was also observed that Chinese ESL students included more orientation elements (i.e., the introduction of time/place, the introduction of character) in their Chinese and English writings than the native English-speaking participants. The findings suggest that a similar narrative strategy was observed in Chinese ESL learners’ Chinese narratives and English narratives, which is considered as the evidence of conceptual transfer from Chinese (L1) to English (L2). The results also indicate that distinct narrative strategies were used by Chinese ESL learners and native English speakers as a result of cross-cultural differences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20ESL%20learners" title="Chinese ESL learners">Chinese ESL learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20transfer" title=" language transfer"> language transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thinking-for-speaking" title=" thinking-for-speaking"> thinking-for-speaking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=written%20narratives" title=" written narratives"> written narratives</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131029/thinking-for-writing-evidence-of-language-transfer-in-chinese-esl-learners-written-narratives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131029.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20and%20non-native%20speakers&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20and%20non-native%20speakers&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20and%20non-native%20speakers&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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