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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cominformist purges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cominformist_purges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cominformist purges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cominformist_purges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_internal_enemies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_internal_enemies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Persecution of internal enemies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_internal_enemies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purge_of_the_military_and_security_apparatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purge_of_the_military_and_security_apparatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Purge of the military and security apparatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purge_of_the_military_and_security_apparatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opposition and resistance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_and_resistance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition and resistance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempted_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Attempted coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Émigrés_and_infiltrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Émigrés_and_infiltrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Émigrés and infiltrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Émigrés_and_infiltrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurrections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurrections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Insurrections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurrections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania's_Resistance_during_the_Informbiro_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania's_Resistance_during_the_Informbiro_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Albania's Resistance during the Informbiro Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania's_Resistance_during_the_Informbiro_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Yugoslav_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Yugoslav_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact on Yugoslav policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_on_Yugoslav_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact on Yugoslav policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Yugoslav_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_development_until_mid-1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development_until_mid-1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economic development until mid-1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_development_until_mid-1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turning_to_the_United_States_for_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turning_to_the_United_States_for_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Turning to the United States for aid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turning_to_the_United_States_for_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_following_the_rift_with_the_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_following_the_rift_with_the_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Economy following the rift with the USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_following_the_rift_with_the_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decentralisation_and_constitutional_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralisation_and_constitutional_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decentralisation and constitutional reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralisation_and_constitutional_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations_and_defence_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations_and_defence_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Foreign 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_with_Greece_and_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Alliance with Greece and Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliance_with_Greece_and_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapprochement_with_the_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapprochement_with_the_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rapprochement with the USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapprochement_with_the_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In art and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="عهد الكومنفورم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عهد الكومنفورم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%9A%D0%9F" title="Резолюция на Информбюро за ЮКП – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Резолюция на Информбюро за ЮКП" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_Informbiro" title="Período Informbiro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Período Informbiro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezolucija_Informbiroa" title="Rezolucija Informbiroa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rezolucija Informbiroa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Informbiro" title="Periode Informbiro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periode Informbiro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_Informbiro" title="Periodo Informbiro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo Informbiro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_Informbiro" title="Período Informbiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Período Informbiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasti_informbyroisti" title="Rasti informbyroisti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rasti informbyroisti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Период Информбироа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Период Информбироа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informbiro_d%C3%B6nemi" title="Informbiro dönemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Informbiro dönemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16847581#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Purges and reforms in Yugoslavia in response to the Tito–Stalin split</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SocialistYugoslavia_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SocialistYugoslavia_en.svg/300px-SocialistYugoslavia_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SocialistYugoslavia_en.svg/450px-SocialistYugoslavia_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SocialistYugoslavia_en.svg/600px-SocialistYugoslavia_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Yugoslavia was a federation of six republics. There were two provinces within Serbia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Informbiro period</b> was an era of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>'s history following the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> in mid-1948 that lasted until the country's partial <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1955 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_declaration" title="Belgrade declaration">Belgrade declaration</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a>, Yugoslavia's new leadership under <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> pursued a foreign policy that did not align with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Eventually, this led to public conflict, but the Yugoslav leadership decided not to acquiesce to Soviet demands, despite significant external and internal pressures. The period saw the persecution of the political opposition in Yugoslavia, resulting in thousands being imprisoned, exiled, or sent to forced labour. 100 Yugoslav citizens were seriously wounded or killed between 1948 and 1953 while some sources claim 400 victims during the existence of <a href="/wiki/Goli_otok" class="mw-redirect" title="Goli otok">Goli otok</a> prison camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Prometej_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prometej-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purges included a significant number of members of Yugoslavia's security apparatus and its military. </p><p>This break with the Eastern Bloc caused significant economic difficulties for Yugoslavia as the country relied on trade with the USSR and Soviet allies. Economic pressures within the country led to reforms that would ultimately result in the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_self-management" title="Socialist self-management">socialist self-management</a> and increased decentralisation of the country through <a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">constitutional amendments</a> formalising the reforms. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> saw the rift between the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia as an opportunity during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> to fragment the Eastern Bloc further and consequently provided economic and military aid, loans, and diplomatic support to the country. The new foreign policy circumstances led Tito to end Yugoslav support of Communist forces in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> and concluded the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a>, an agreement of cooperation and defence with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p>The period had an impact on Yugoslavia's contemporary art and popular culture, as artists were encouraged to seek inspiration in the wartime struggle of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> and the construction of new infrastructure. Decades later, many literary works and films covered the era's events. </p><p>The descriptor "Informbiro period" arose from the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Communist Information Bureau</a>, an organisation initiated by Stalin that had aimed to reduce divergence among communist governments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Josip Broz Tito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/200px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/300px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/400px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3927" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Joseph Stalin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg/200px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg/300px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg/400px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4151" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Yugoslav–Soviet split became open through an exchange of three letters between Stalin and Tito in early 1948.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></div> <p>Relations between <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> were often strained during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>, a resistance movement established following <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis occupation of Yugoslavia">Axis occupation of Yugoslavia</a>, pursued divergent interests other than defeating the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and promoting <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist ideas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac19884_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac19884-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Soviet advisers arrived in Yugoslavia in the autumn of 1944 and promised economic and military assistance—specifically arms and aid to the <a href="/wiki/Defence_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence industry">defence industry</a>. By February 1947, little aid had arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward199581_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward199581-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1947, when the Soviets formed the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties</a>, also known as the Cominform, they insisted on headquartering it in the Yugoslav capital of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, expanding their agents' access to Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuty1969165_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuty1969165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Stalin and Tito, and by extension the USSR and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, had increasingly divergent objectives and priorities in the areas of foreign relations, economic policies, and even in ideological approaches to the development of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200734–35_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200734–35-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these conflicting objectives, Stalin supported Yugoslav policy towards Albania, which treated it like a Yugoslav satellite state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClellan1969128_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClellan1969128-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet–Yugoslav relations took a significant turn to worse when <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and Yugoslavia signed a <a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1947)" title="Bled agreement (1947)">friendship and mutual assistance treaty in Bled</a> in August 1947. The agreement, calling for greater integration between the two countries, was negotiated without consulting the USSR, leading Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> to denounce it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200752_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200752-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict gradually grew until 1948 when it culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a>—pitting Yugoslavia against the USSR, supported by the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> through the Cominform, in the period of conflict or at least tense relations with all pro-Western Yugoslav neighbours, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200752–62_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200752–62-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the military conquests of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and a part of <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a> in the final days of World War II, Tito pressed territorial claims against <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>—specifically Carinthia and <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> hoping for a corridor to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>—and against <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> area, including Trieste. The immediate vicinity of the city was organised as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> under divided military administration by Yugoslavs and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a>, while the latter controlled the city itself. Following the Tito–Stalin split, the Soviets withdrew their support for Yugoslavs in further resolution of the Trieste dispute,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006173_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006173-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and switched from backing Yugoslavia in favour of Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988189_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988189-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1947, Yugoslavia provided increasing aid to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Army_of_Greece" title="Democratic Army of Greece">Democratic Army of Greece</a> (Δημοκρατικός Στρατός Ελλάδας, <i>Dimokratikós Stratós Elládas</i>, DSE) in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200745–46_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200745–46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after Stalin obtained assurances from Yugoslav leadership that the aid would cease, Tito informed <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a> that the DSE could count on further help.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200756_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200756-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cominformist_purges">Cominformist purges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cominformist purges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_internal_enemies">Persecution of internal enemies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Persecution of internal enemies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Aleksandar Ranković" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg/220px-Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg/330px-Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg/440px-Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a> established a special anti-Cominform staff in the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav State Security Administration</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the immediate aftermath of the Tito–Stalin split, the leadership of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist Party of Yugoslavia</a> (<i>Komunistička partija Jugoslavije</i>, KPJ) was faced with uncertainty over personal loyalty. Interior minister <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a> noted it was impossible to know who to trust and that one's closest comrades may now be the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988145_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988145-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even as Tito and Stalin exchanged letters which led to their open split in early 1948, Tito called for action against central committee member <a href="/wiki/Sreten_%C5%BDujovi%C4%87" title="Sreten Žujović">Sreten Žujović</a> and former minister of industry <a href="/wiki/Andrija_Hebrang_(father)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrija Hebrang (father)">Andrija Hebrang</a>. Žujović was the only person openly supporting Stalin when the central committee discussed Stalin's direct accusations and who was his source of information. Tito alleged Hebrang was the main source for Soviet mistrust and tasked Ranković with charging him. Ranković fabricated charges that Hebrang became an <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> spy during his captivity in 1942 and that the Soviets subsequently blackmailed him using that information as leverage. Both Žujović and Hebrang were apprehended within a week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988117–120_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988117–120-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were numerous victims of persecution beyond Žujović and Hebrang. Real or perceived supporters of Stalin were termed "Cominformists" or "<i>ibeovci</i>" as a pejorative initialism based on the first two words in the official name of the Cominform. Thousands were imprisoned, killed, or exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200758–61_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200758–61-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the situation in the country, Ranković established a special anti-Cominform staff in the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration (Yugoslavia)">State Security Administration</a> (<i>Uprava državne bezbednosti</i>, UDB) consisting of his deputy, and nominal head of the UDB, Svetislav Stefanović Ćeća, Veljko Mićunović, Jovo Kapičić, Vojislav Biljanović, Mile Milatović, and Jefto Šašić as the head of the <a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">Counterintelligence Service</a> (<i>Kontraobaveštajna služba</i>, KOS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988158_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988158-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948–51 alone, 55,663 KPJ members were registered as Cominformists, or 19.52% of the 1948 party membership. However, in the same period, the membership was augmented by the introduction of more than half a million new members. The number and proportion of Cominformists in the KPJ membership varied substantially by federal constituent republics and regions, and as by ethnicity. More than half the members were registered in <a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Serbia proper</a>, while the highest proportion relative to the total population was found in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148–151_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148–151-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such high numbers of Cominformists in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> in absolute terms, and in Montenegro in relative terms compared to its population, are explained by the <a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophilia</a> traditionally observed there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988151–152_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988151–152-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of this sentiment are linked to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russian</a> aid in 1804–1815 during the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a> coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War</a>, and subsequently, diplomatically as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a> gained diplomatic recognition in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988176_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988176-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sentiment was reinforced in Montenegro since the Russian Empire acted, or was perceived to have acted, to protect the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Principality of Montenegro</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the mid-18th century. By extension, this support was given to the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988164–165_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988164–165-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact number of those arrested remains uncertain, but in 1983, Radovan Radonjić stated that 16,288 were arrested and convicted, including 2,616 belonging to various levels of the KPJ leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148–151_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148–151-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ranković, 51,000 people were killed, imprisoned or sent to forced labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._180,_note_37_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._180,_note_37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of them were sentenced without a trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners were held at numerous sites including actual prisons, as well as prison camps in <a href="/wiki/Stara_Gradi%C5%A1ka_prison" title="Stara Gradiška prison">Stara Gradiška</a> and the repurposed Ustaše <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">concentration camp in Jasenovac</a>. A special-purpose prison camp was built for Cominformists on the uninhabited Adriatic islands of <a href="/wiki/Goli_Otok" title="Goli Otok">Goli Otok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sveti_Grgur" title="Sveti Grgur">Sveti Grgur</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988247–248_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988247–248-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purge_of_the_military_and_security_apparatus">Purge of the military and security apparatus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Purge of the military and security apparatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goli_otok_zatvor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Goli_otok_zatvor.jpg/220px-Goli_otok_zatvor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Goli_otok_zatvor.jpg/330px-Goli_otok_zatvor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Goli_otok_zatvor.jpg/440px-Goli_otok_zatvor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Goli_Otok" title="Goli Otok">Goli Otok</a> prison camp was built to hold people convicted of supporting Stalin after the split from the USSR.</figcaption></figure> <p>The secret police themselves were among organisations targeted by purges. Yugoslav sources indicate that 1,722 UDB servicemen and officers were convicted. Particularly wide-ranging purges were carried out against the UDB in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> after all of the UDB personnel of Sarajevo's second district declared their support for the Cominform. Their action was echoed by UDB chiefs in <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a>. At least seventeen UDB officers holding the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> or higher in high-profile positions in the federal bodies or in Serbia, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, and Montenegro were arrested, and several UDB officers escaped to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988157–159_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988157–159-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for the Soviets within the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav Army</a> ranks is difficult to determine. Low-end estimates indicate that 10–15% of the army's personnel favoured the Soviet position. Yugoslav sources estimate the number of military members arrested is in a range from 4,153 officers and soldiers put forward by Radonjić, to 7,000 imprisoned officers estimated by <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a>. The purge included 22 officers in the presidential guard regiment reporting directly to Tito, including Momčilo Đurić, wartime commander of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_(Yugoslav_Partisans)" title="Supreme Headquarters (Yugoslav Partisans)">Yugoslav Partisan Supreme Headquarters</a> escort battalion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–161_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–161-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forty-nine Yugoslav Army graduates of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia">Voroshilov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frunze_Military_Academy" title="Frunze Military Academy">Frunze</a>, and other Soviet military academies were deemed potential Soviet supporters. Many of those attending such academies in the USSR at the time of the Tito–Stalin split never returned to Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–162_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–162-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The split particularly affected the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Air Force</a>. Almost all Air Force officers had Soviet training, and some of them fled the country in air force planes. The defectors included <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> Pero Popivoda, who was the head of the air force operational service. <a href="/wiki/Batajnica_Air_Base" title="Batajnica Air Base">Batajnica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Nikola_Tesla_Airport" title="Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport">Zemun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo_Airport" title="Pančevo Airport">Pančevo</a> airbases near Belgrade saw several attacks by groups of saboteurs, while the Zemun airbase commander and his deputy fled to Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988161–163_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988161–163-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_and_resistance">Opposition and resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposition and resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arso_Jovanovi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arso_Jovanovi%C4%87.jpg/220px-Arso_Jovanovi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Arso_Jovanovi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arso_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Arso Jovanović">Arso Jovanović</a> headed an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and was subsequently killed while fleeing to Romania.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_coup">Attempted coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attempted coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the immediate aftermath of the split, there was at least one failed attempt of a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> supported by the Soviets. <a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> <a href="/wiki/Arso_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Arso Jovanović">Arso Jovanović</a>, who was chief of Tito's wartime Supreme Headquarters and later the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Yugoslavia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Yugoslavia)">chief of the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army</a> headed it, supported by Major General Branko Petričević Kadja and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dap%C4%8Devi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Dapčević">Vladimir Dapčević</a>. Border guards killed Jovanović near <a href="/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac" title="Vršac">Vršac</a> while he was attempting to flee to Romania, Petričević was arrested in Belgrade, and Dapčević was arrested just as he was about to cross the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian</a> border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988129–130_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988129–130-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988163_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988163-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Émigrés_and_infiltrators"><span id=".C3.89migr.C3.A9s_and_infiltrators"></span>Émigrés and infiltrators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Émigrés and infiltrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tito faced opposition from a group of émigrés—Yugoslav nationals who were out of the country at the time of the split. According to Yugoslav sources, the group consisted of 4,928 people including 475 specifically chosen military and civilian experts sent to the USSR and elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc for training, and comparably few defectors. Initially, the Yugoslav ambassador to Romania, Radonja Golubović, led them. In addition to Golubović, the group included diplomats posted to Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988222–223_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988222–223-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1949, Popivoda was established as the undisputed leader of the exiled opposition, and the group named itself the League of Yugoslav Patriots for the Liberation of the Peoples of Yugoslavia from the Yoke of the Tito-Ranković Clique and Imperialist Slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988229_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988229-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet authorities organised the émigrés along several lines. They supported the publication of several newspapers advocating anti-Titoist efforts, the most influential being <i><a href="/wiki/Za_socijalisti%C4%8Dku_Jugoslaviju" title="Za socijalističku Jugoslaviju">Za socijalističku Jugoslaviju</a></i> (For Socialist Yugoslavia) and <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_borba" title="Nova borba">Nova borba</a></i> (New Struggle). Radio Free Yugoslavia aired daily propaganda broadcasts from <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. Various non-military experts were trained for a future takeover of the government, while military personnel were organised into four international brigades deployed to Hungary, Romania and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> near their Yugoslav borders, and an air force unit was set up in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>. The international brigades included thousands of personnel drawn from various Eastern Bloc countries touted as volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988224–226_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988224–226-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet allies blockaded their borders with Yugoslavia—where 7,877 border incidents took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988130_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988130-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1953, Soviet or Soviet-backed incursions resulted in the killing of 27 Yugoslav security personnel. More than 700 agents are thought to have crossed the border into Yugoslavia—160 of whom were captured and 40 killed in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988227–228_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988227–228-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurrections">Insurrections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Insurrections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yugoslav security apparatus also faced armed insurrection in several areas—most notably in Montenegro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988165_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988165-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, an entire UDB division was deployed to Montenegro in the summer and autumn of 1948 to combat the insurrection led by former secretary of the KPJ organisation Ilija Bulatović, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Bijelo_Polje" title="Bijelo Polje">Bijelo Polje</a>. In addition to the KPJ organisation there, large segments or entire organisations in <a href="/wiki/Kola%C5%A1in" title="Kolašin">Kolašin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berane" title="Berane">Berane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikšić">Nikšić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro" title="Bar, Montenegro">Bar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Danilovgrad" title="Danilovgrad">Danilovgrad</a> voiced support for the Cominformists. A special task force, headed by Komnen Cerović, was added to the Montenegrin government to persecute the insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988166–167_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988166–167-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They suppressed the rebellion but only temporarily. In 1949, Cerović's force took out insurgent strongholds in the Monetenegrin part of <a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak" title="Sandžak">Sandžak</a>. Further uprisings took place in the <a href="/wiki/Zeta_(river)" title="Zeta (river)">Zeta River</a> valley and the area between the republic's capital, <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Titograd</a> and Nikšić. Ultimately, the insurgents failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988234–235_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988234–235-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two more insurrections, led by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Serb">ethnic Serb</a> veterans of the Partisan forces and former army officers, took place in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Kordun" title="Kordun">Kordun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banovina_(region)" title="Banovina (region)">Banovina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, and just across the federal unit's border in Bosnia and Herzegovina where <a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">rebellion centered on the city of Cazin</a> in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988180–182_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988180–182-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Cazin" title="Cazin">Cazin</a> area, the bulk of the insurgents were actually <a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslim</a> peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988236–237_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988236–237-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motivation for the twin rebellions appears more diverse, including real or perceived inadequate appreciation of the wartime efforts of the rebellion leaders,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988182_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988182-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promises to abolish various taxes, and the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia" title="Peter II of Yugoslavia">King Petar II</a> to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988236_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslav authorities captured ten infiltrators, including eight former <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>, coming from Austria to support the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988p._237,_note_43_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988p._237,_note_43-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insurrections were put down quickly,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988236_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yugoslav authorities ascribed them to Cominformism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988p._181,_note_126_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988p._181,_note_126-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a likewise unsuccessful, small-scale rebellion took place in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988235_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988235-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania's_Resistance_during_the_Informbiro_Era"><span id="Albania.27s_Resistance_during_the_Informbiro_Era"></span>Albania's Resistance during the Informbiro Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Albania's Resistance during the Informbiro Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_conflict_(1948%E2%80%931954)" title="Albanian–Yugoslav border conflict (1948–1954)">Albanian–Yugoslav border conflict (1948–1954)</a></div> <p>Throughout the Informbiro period, spanning from 1948 to 1954, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> were embroiled in a series of armed confrontations fueled by territorial disputes and ideological differences between their leaders, <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>. This era witnessed heightened tensions along the Albanian-Yugoslav border, making it a focal point of contention within the Eastern Bloc during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> also ordered the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Yugoslavs_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Yugoslavs from Albania">expulsion of all Yugoslav politicians and military personnel from across Albania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Yugoslav_policies">Impact on Yugoslav policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impact on Yugoslav policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_of_New_Belgrade_(Yugoslavia_1948-1950).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a man digging with a shovel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Building_of_New_Belgrade_%28Yugoslavia_1948-1950%29.jpg/220px-Building_of_New_Belgrade_%28Yugoslavia_1948-1950%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Building_of_New_Belgrade_%28Yugoslavia_1948-1950%29.jpg/330px-Building_of_New_Belgrade_%28Yugoslavia_1948-1950%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Building_of_New_Belgrade_%28Yugoslavia_1948-1950%29.jpg/440px-Building_of_New_Belgrade_%28Yugoslavia_1948-1950%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3033" data-file-height="4290" /></a><figcaption>Yugoslavia saw large-scale labour-intensive infrastructure works, such as construction of <a href="/wiki/New_Belgrade" title="New Belgrade">New Belgrade</a> where this photo was taken.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_development_until_mid-1948">Economic development until mid-1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic development until mid-1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav economy</a> relied on state-controlled trade of agricultural products and raw materials to the USSR in exchange for processed goods and machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._101,_note_4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._101,_note_4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall shortages of machinery and local shortages of labour—especially skilled experts—plagued the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995102_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995102-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the conflict with Stalin progressed, Yugoslavia decided to become self-sufficient and develop its military capabilities, which led to greater budget expenditures for infrastructure and personnel,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995108–109_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995108–109-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the establishment of research and development institutions. To offset the lack of machinery, <a href="/wiki/Third_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Third shift">third shifts</a> were introduced in factories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995111_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995111-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorities mobilised, under threat of imprisonment, those not otherwise employed, and peasants not actively doing agricultural work, to work in mines extracting coal or ores for export, or at construction sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995124_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995124-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food and fuel were stockpiled for the military,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995108_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995108-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to market shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995117_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995117-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turning_to_the_United_States_for_aid">Turning to the United States for aid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Turning to the United States for aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By June 1948, Yugoslavia reached an agreement with the United States, allowing Yugoslav authorities to access their <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold reserves">gold reserves</a> held in the United States. At the same time, Yugoslavia announced it would like to trade with the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995121_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995121-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslavia first requested assistance from the United States in summer 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELees1978411_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELees1978411-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, Tito announced strategic raw materials would be shipped to the West in return for increased trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELees1978413_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELees1978413-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1949, the US decided to provide Tito with economic assistance and, in return, the US would demand Tito to cut support to the DSE when the internal situation in Yugoslavia allowed such a move without endangering his position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELees1978415–416_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELees1978415–416-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> took the position that the Yugoslav five-year plan must succeed if Tito was to prevail against Stalin and that, regardless of the nature of his regime, Tito was in the United States' interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELees1978417–418_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELees1978417–418-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1949, Yugoslavia received backing by the United States and won its bid for a seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._145,_note_134_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._145,_note_134-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite Soviet opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuty1969169_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuty1969169-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_following_the_rift_with_the_USSR">Economy following the rift with the USSR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy following the rift with the USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jablani%C4%8Dko_jezero_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Jablanica Dam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jablani%C4%8Dko_jezero_1.jpg/220px-Jablani%C4%8Dko_jezero_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jablani%C4%8Dko_jezero_1.jpg/330px-Jablani%C4%8Dko_jezero_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jablani%C4%8Dko_jezero_1.jpg/440px-Jablani%C4%8Dko_jezero_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Jablanica_Dam" title="Jablanica Dam">Jablanica Dam</a> took place during the period following the Tito–Stalin split as one of major infrastructural works in Yugoslavia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet-led blockade of Eastern Bloc trade with Yugoslavia came into effect gradually and remained incomplete until 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._121,_note_61_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._121,_note_61-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first took the form of stoppage of oil from <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a>, Hungary and Romania, but purchases from Allied authorities in the Free Territory of Trieste offset this. Trading with the United States began in 1948 when Yugoslavia purchased a steel <a href="/wiki/Blooming_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Blooming mill">blooming mill</a>, fifteen <a href="/wiki/Oil_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drill">oil drills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_mixer" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial mixer">industrial mixers</a> required to set up a tire production facility, five mobile repair workshops and several thousand tractor tires in exchange for various minerals and ores. By the end of the year, it concluded trade agreements with several West European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995121–122_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995121–122-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Export–Import Bank of the United States">Export–Import Bank of the United States</a> (Ex-Im Bank) approved its first loan in late August 1949, when the Soviet blockade took full effect. It reflected the decision to "keep Tito afloat" made in February. The United States switched to full support by September. Soon, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> approved loans as well, albeit requiring Yugoslavia to use them to repay pre-war debts to Britain, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Italy and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. The United States pressured Belgium to accept payment in kind instead of cash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995144–145_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995144–145-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the year, stocks of grain, fertilisers, and agricultural machinery were running very low. At the same time, export income declined by 36% requiring the extension of rationing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995145–146_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995145–146-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, a $20 million Ex-Im Bank loan was used to buy food in October 1950, and the United States sent nearly twice the amount of food as aid in November. In late December, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> signed the 1950 Yugoslav Emergency Assistance Act granting $50 million worth of food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995150–151_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995150–151-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aid helped Yugoslavia overcome poor harvests of 1948, 1949 and 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuty1969169_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuty1969169-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there would be almost no economic growth before 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEglin1982126_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEglin1982126-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, Yugoslav authorities sought to combat unsustainable labour practices and improve production efficiency through the introduction of compulsory employment contracts and the reduction of labour quotas while maintaining production goals, and requiring factories to balance goods, available cash, and labour through <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>. The system would later become known as "<a href="/wiki/Socialist_self-management" title="Socialist self-management">self-management</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995151_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995151-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The push to increased efficiency led to lay-offs of workers deemed less productive—including women, the elderly and even maintenance crews, which did not actually produce anything—resulting in a sharp rise in unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995160_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995160-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decentralisation_and_constitutional_reform">Decentralisation and constitutional reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decentralisation and constitutional reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VI_Kongres_KPJ,_Zagreb_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of hundreds of people in an auditorium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/VI_Kongres_KPJ%2C_Zagreb_1952.jpg/220px-VI_Kongres_KPJ%2C_Zagreb_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/VI_Kongres_KPJ%2C_Zagreb_1952.jpg/330px-VI_Kongres_KPJ%2C_Zagreb_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/VI_Kongres_KPJ%2C_Zagreb_1952.jpg/440px-VI_Kongres_KPJ%2C_Zagreb_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> The Communist Party of Yugoslavia renamed itself the League of Communists of Yugoslavia at its <a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia">sixth congress</a> held in Zagreb in 1952.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments</a></div> <p>Even though Soviet and Cominform propaganda drew attention to inequalities in the economic development of various parts of Yugoslavia alleging restoration of capitalism, and national oppression of the underdeveloped nations,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988174_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988174-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the clash between strict <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> appeared as a conflict between the political principle and economic priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995130_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995130-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a proposal led by Ranković in 1949 to introduce <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblasts</a> as an intermediate-level administrative bodies designed to reduce power of federal republics, but it was dismissed by the KPJ central committee following Slovene objections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlereRutar201990_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlereRutar201990-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj" title="Edvard Kardelj">Edvard Kardelj</a> drafted constitutional amendments to reflect the reality of the economic reforms of 1950–51 leading to a debate which would extend for more than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995180_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995180-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments</a> established an additional legislative chamber composed of representatives of socially-owned economic operators who debated and voted on all economic matters—including the budget. Furthermore, it sought to reflect the economic power of each constituent republic, giving a majority to Slovenia and Croatia if strictly applied, while ensuring equal representation of each federal unit in the assembly to counterbalance this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995184_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995184-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the KPJ accepted decentralisation and rebranded itself as the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (<i>Savez komunista Jugoslavije</i>, SKJ) at <a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia">its sixth congress held in Zagreb in 1952</a> to reflect the prevailing spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995182_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995182-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutional amendments, adopted on 13 January 1953, were only the second step in a series of five constitutional reforms reflecting the social development of Communist-ruled Yugoslavia, but the principles introduced in 1953 were retained all the way to socialist <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">Yugoslavia's final constitution adopted in 1974</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995164_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995164-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations_and_defence_cooperation">Foreign relations and defence cooperation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign relations and defence cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception_of_Soviet_threat_and_military_aid">Perception of Soviet threat and military aid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Perception of Soviet threat and military aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Bloc_countries_Europe_1948.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location map of the Eastern Bloc, 1948"><img alt="Location map of the Eastern Bloc, 1948" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Eastern_Bloc_countries_Europe_1948.png/350px-Eastern_Bloc_countries_Europe_1948.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Eastern_Bloc_countries_Europe_1948.png/525px-Eastern_Bloc_countries_Europe_1948.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Eastern_Bloc_countries_Europe_1948.png/700px-Eastern_Bloc_countries_Europe_1948.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.235%;left:31.266%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><b>YUGOSLAVIA</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.966%;left:37.317%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">★<b>HUNGARY</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.246%;left:19.667%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">★<b>CZECHOSLOVAKIA</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.467%;left:33.787%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">★ <b>POLAND</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.525%;left:7.564%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">★<b>EAST<br />GERMANY</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.034%;left:66.566%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">★<b>SOVIET UNION</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.024%;left:65.557%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">★<b>ROMANIA</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.312%;left:68.079%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">★<b>BULGARIA</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.11%;left:84.216%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><b>TURKEY</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.697%;left:56.48%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><b>GREECE</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.543%;left:41.856%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">★<b>ALBANIA</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.351%;left:7.06%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><b>ITALY</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.947%;left:17.146%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><b>AUSTRIA</b></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.755%;left:1.009%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><b>WEST<br />GERMANY</b></a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Bloc_countries_Europe_1948.png" title="File:Eastern Bloc countries Europe 1948.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries (marked ★) at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a>; The <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> is not shown</div></div></div> <p>Even though the Yugoslavs initially avoided asking for military aid, believing it would be a pretext for a Soviet invasion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands198746–47_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands198746–47-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is unclear whether the USSR planned any military intervention in response to the Tito–Stalin split. Hungarian Major General <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kir%C3%A1ly" title="Béla Király">Béla Király</a>, who defected to the United States in 1956, claimed that there were such plans, but research carried out in the 2000s demonstrated his claims were false.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović2007note_120_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović2007note_120-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of any Soviet plans, Yugoslavs believed an invasion was likely and planned accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200758–59_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200758–59-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would appear from a message from Stalin to Czechoslovak president <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a> in 1948 that his aim was the isolation and decline of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200760_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200760-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a shift of United States policy to "all-out support" for Yugoslavia, on 17 November 1949, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> pledged to help Yugoslavia defend against invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995145_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995145-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1951, Yugoslav authorities became convinced that a Soviet attack was inevitable and Yugoslavia joined the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Assistance_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual Defense Assistance Program">Mutual Defense Assistance Program</a> (MDAP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands198746–47_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands198746–47-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before Yugoslavia joined the MDAP, the Yugoslav military held an exercise near <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a> in 1951 which hosted US observers, including the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a> General <a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">J. Lawton Collins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakovina200238–40_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakovina200238–40-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, the United States provided aid under the MDAP and successfully persuaded the British and French to sell arms to Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995159_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995159-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States provided a large quantity of military hardware; the bulk of the equipment was given to the Army. The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a> was particularly low on equipment in 1951, but within two years it received 25 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_T-33" title="Lockheed T-33">Lockheed T-33</a>As, and 167 <a href="/wiki/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet" title="Republic F-84 Thunderjet">Republic F-84 Thunderjets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakovina200238–40_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakovina200238–40-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of the defence cooperation, the United States Forces in Austria proposed a plan for joint American-Yugoslav defence against Soviet advances from Hungary to Austria through Slovenia, but such plans were never approved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarafano2002146_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarafano2002146-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1950s, the military aid provided by the United States amounted to a half a billion dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENSA199890_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSA199890-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_Greece_and_Turkey">Alliance with Greece and Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alliance with Greece and Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact (1953)</a></div> <p>In 1952, as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), the US ambassador approached the Yugoslav ambassador to Turkey in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and suggested strengthening military ties between Yugoslavia with Greece and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201656_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201656-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was discussed through 1952 at various levels, with all three countries expressing interest in cooperation, although Yugoslavia employed the most cautious approach to an alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201656–61_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201656–61-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1953, Yugoslav, Greek and Turkish foreign ministers signed the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation</a> in Ankara, later also known as the Ankara Agreement, formalising an agreement to cooperate in defence matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201670_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201670-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A military alliance agreement building on the Ankara Agreement was signed by the three in <a href="/wiki/Bled" title="Bled">Bled</a> on in August 1954, but it did not attach Yugoslavia to NATO. Instead, it allowed Yugoslavia to retain an independent policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201689–92_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201689–92-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tito signed this pact to bolster the defense of Yugoslavia against a potential Soviet military invasion. It also made the option of Yugoslavia's NATO membership more plausible at its time. Under this pact, any potential Soviet invasion of Yugoslavia could also lead to NATO intervention to help defend Yugoslavia due to the NATO memberships of Greece and Turkey. However, the foreign policy disagreements between the three countries in the pact eventually crippled the alliance itself, thus ending the possibility of Yugoslavia's NATO membership.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rapprochement_with_the_USSR">Rapprochement with the USSR</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rapprochement with the USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Predsednik_Jugoslavije_Tito_in_sovjetski_premier_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov_v_Kopru_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Khruschev and Tito reviewing a line of sailors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Predsednik_Jugoslavije_Tito_in_sovjetski_premier_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov_v_Kopru_1963.jpg/220px-Predsednik_Jugoslavije_Tito_in_sovjetski_premier_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov_v_Kopru_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Predsednik_Jugoslavije_Tito_in_sovjetski_premier_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov_v_Kopru_1963.jpg/330px-Predsednik_Jugoslavije_Tito_in_sovjetski_premier_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov_v_Kopru_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Predsednik_Jugoslavije_Tito_in_sovjetski_premier_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov_v_Kopru_1963.jpg/440px-Predsednik_Jugoslavije_Tito_in_sovjetski_premier_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov_v_Kopru_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Khruschev and Tito met in 1955, mending the Yugoslav–Soviet relations after seven years (shown here in 1963)</figcaption></figure> <p>Stalin's death in March 1953 resulted in a reduction of Soviet pressure against Yugoslavia. In turn, within months, Tito moved to halt further SKJ reforms advocated most vocally at that point by Milovan Đilas. His expulsion from the SKJ in early 1954 was seen as a favourable development by the new Soviet leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988141_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988141-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a sign of normalisation of mutual relations, the USSR and Yugoslavia exchanged ambassadors and re-established economic relations by the end of 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands198748_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands198748-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 1954, as signing of the Bled agreement was imminent, a Soviet ambassador delivered <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s message to Tito indicating an urgent desire to restore relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201686_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakovićTasić201686-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khruschev and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a> visited Yugoslavia where they expressed regret over the disruption of the Soviet-Yugoslav relations and promised to rebuild them on new foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988141–142_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988141–142-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They signed the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_declaration" title="Belgrade declaration">Belgrade Declaration</a> recognising Yugoslav socialism as a legitimate variant of the political system,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988258_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988258-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Cominform was dissolved in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlam1980149_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlam1980149-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States saw the visit as a setback to their defence cooperation with Yugoslavia, but noted it was the Soviets who backed down and appeared to have accepted Tito's terms of cooperation. In that light, they continued to view Yugoslavia as a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> asset of value to US policy. Still, US aid was reduced as Yugoslav cooperation with the Eastern Bloc increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands198748_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands198748-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of the new situation on the ground, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> sought to eliminate aid to Yugoslavia altogether to cut costs, but President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> opposed the idea fearing Yugoslavia might be unable or unwilling to maintain independence and forced to turn completely to the USSR. US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> met with Tito at the <a href="/wiki/Brijuni" title="Brijuni">Brijuni</a> Islands in November 1955 and was able to confirm to Eisenhower that Yugoslavia would keep its distance from the Eastern Bloc. Yugoslavia's independence was further supported through aid, thus denying the USSR a strategic position in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> and preventing the consolidation of the Eastern Bloc. This led Eisenhower to declare Yugoslavia "one of our greatest victories of the Cold War".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands198748–51_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands198748–51-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art_and_popular_culture">In art and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In art and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87_on_Subversive_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Predrag Matvejević talking to a woman holding a tape recorder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87_on_Subversive_Festival.jpg/220px-Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87_on_Subversive_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87_on_Subversive_Festival.jpg/330px-Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87_on_Subversive_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87_on_Subversive_Festival.jpg/440px-Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87_on_Subversive_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87" title="Predrag Matvejević">Predrag Matvejević</a> coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Goli_Otok" title="Goli Otok">Goli Otok</a> literature" to refer to works dealing with the period in the aftermath of the Yugoslav–Soviet rift.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the immediate aftermath of the Tito–Stalin split, Yugoslav artists were encouraged to cover topics thought more fitting to the glorification of the <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> touted by the KPJ. In response, themes such as various aspects of then recent wartime struggle and contemporary construction of important infrastructure became popular among artists. The encouragement took the form of preferential treatment in the selection of works for various state-sponsored exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠeparović2017106–107_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠeparović2017106–107-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy was abandoned in the early 1950s in favour of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> and proclaimed artistic freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠeparović2017112_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠeparović2017112-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The break with the USSR also led to abandoning the <a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">monumentalist architecture</a> style in favour of designs found in the West. The overall design of the new <a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1%C4%87e_Towers" title="Ušće Towers">KPJ central committee building</a> was changed to give the structure the appearance of an American skyscraper in an effort to contrast it from the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a>. The same approach was applied to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_Building_of_Slovenia" title="National Assembly Building of Slovenia">Assembly of Slovenia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Assembly" title="Zagreb Assembly">Zagreb Assembly</a> buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorov201249_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorov201249-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The split with the Eastern Bloc opened the country to Western popular culture and the revival of Yugoslav comics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhlmanAlaniz202026_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhlmanAlaniz202026-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also two early examples of treatment of the break with the USSR and the Cominform in Yugoslav cinema. Both are satirical works filmed in 1951. One is <i>Tajna dvorca I. B.</i> (The Secret of the I.B. Castle), a ballet pantomime written by <a href="/wiki/Fadil_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Fadil Hadžić">Fadil Hadžić</a> and directed by Milan Katić, while the other is Walter and Norbert Neugebauer's cartoon <i>Veliki miting</i> (The Big Meeting).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeruško201514_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeruško201514-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period of the purges following the Tito–Stalin split was more extensively covered by Yugoslav writers, playwrights, and filmmakers since 1968 when <a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Dragoslav Mihailović">Dragoslav Mihailović</a> wrote his novel <i>Kad su cvetale tikve</i> (When the Pumpkins Blossomed) and especially in the 1980s. Particularly notable literary works were written by <a href="/wiki/Puri%C5%A1a_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Puriša Đorđević">Puriša Đorđević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdo_Godina" title="Ferdo Godina">Ferdo Godina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branko_Hofman" title="Branko Hofman">Branko Hofman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonije_Isakovi%C4%87" title="Antonije Isaković">Antonije Isaković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Jovanovi%C4%87_(theatre_director)" title="Dušan Jovanović (theatre director)">Dušan Jovanović</a>, Dragan Kalajdžić, Žarko Komanin, <a href="/wiki/Krsto_Papi%C4%87" title="Krsto Papić">Krsto Papić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Seleni%C4%87" title="Slobodan Selenić">Slobodan Selenić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdulah_Sidran" title="Abdulah Sidran">Abdulah Sidran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Ti%C5%A1ma" title="Aleksandar Tišma">Aleksandar Tišma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Ugrinov" title="Pavle Ugrinov">Pavle Ugrinov</a> contributing to what literary and social commentator <a href="/wiki/Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87" title="Predrag Matvejević">Predrag Matvejević</a> named the "Goli Otok literature" after the prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988xii_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988xii-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Yugoslavia, the period of purges following the 1948 Yugoslav–Soviet rift became referred to as the Informbiro period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaljević2017197_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljević2017197-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Informbiro period was also revisited by Yugoslav plays and films especially in the 1980s. The most significant play on the topic was <i>The Karamazovs</i> by <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Jovanovi%C4%87_(theatre_director)" title="Dušan Jovanović (theatre director)">Dušan Jovanović</a> which premiered in 1980. The most significant Yugoslav films on the topic are 1985 feature <i><a href="/wiki/When_Father_Was_Away_on_Business" title="When Father Was Away on Business">When Father Was Away on Business</a></i> with its screenplay written by Sidran, and directed by <a href="/wiki/Emir_Kusturica" title="Emir Kusturica">Emir Kusturica</a>; and <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_New_Year_%2749" title="Happy New Year '49">Happy New Year '49</a></i>, released a year later, written by <a href="/wiki/Gordan_Mihi%C4%87" title="Gordan Mihić">Gordan Mihić</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Stole_Popov" title="Stole Popov">Stole Popov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoulding2002159–160_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoulding2002159–160-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable films dealing with the period are <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Bells_(film)" title="Evening Bells (film)">Evening Bells</a></i> (1986) based on a novel by <a href="/wiki/Mirko_Kova%C4%8D_(writer)" title="Mirko Kovač (writer)">Mirko Kovač</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Lordan_Zafranovi%C4%87" title="Lordan Zafranović">Lordan Zafranović</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_in_Water" title="Dancing in Water">Dancing in Water</a></i> (1986) written and directed by Jovan Aćin, and <i><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Spy" title="Balkan Spy">Balkan Spy</a></i> (1984) co-directed by cinematographer Božidar Nikolić and playwright <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Dušan Kovačević">Dušan Kovačević</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoulding2002160–167_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoulding2002160–167-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Prometej-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prometej_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRajić2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rajić, Danije (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/povijest/sukob-jugoslavije-s-informbiroom-sukob-tita-i-staljina-ii-2096">"Sukob Jugoslavije s Informbiroom Sukob Tita i Staljina II"</a>. <i>Prometej, Sarajevo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prometej%2C+Sarajevo&rft.atitle=Sukob+Jugoslavije+s+Informbiroom+Sukob+Tita+i+Staljina+II&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Raji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Danije&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prometej.ba%2Fclanak%2Fpovijest%2Fsukob-jugoslavije-s-informbiroom-sukob-tita-i-staljina-ii-2096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac19884-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac19884_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward199581-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward199581_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodward1995">Woodward 1995</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuty1969165-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuty1969165_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuty1969">Auty 1969</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200734–35-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200734–35_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerović2007">Perović 2007</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClellan1969128-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClellan1969128_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClellan1969">McClellan 1969</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200752-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200752_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerović2007">Perović 2007</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200752–62-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200752–62_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerović2007">Perović 2007</a>, pp. 52–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006173-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006173_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988189-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988189_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200745–46-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200745–46_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerović2007">Perović 2007</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200756-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200756_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerović2007">Perović 2007</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988145-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988145_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988117–120-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988117–120_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 117–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerović200758–61-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerović200758–61_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerović2007">Perović 2007</a>, pp. 58–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988158-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988158_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148–151-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148–151_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148–151_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 148–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988151–152-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988151–152_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988176-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988176_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988164–165-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988164–165_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._180,_note_37-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1995p._180,_note_37_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodward1995">Woodward 1995</a>, p. 180, note 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988148_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988247–248-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988247–248_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988157–159-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988157–159_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 157–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–161-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–161_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 159–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–162-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988159–162_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 159–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988161–163-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988161–163_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 161–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988129–130-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988129–130_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988163-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988163_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988222–223-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988222–223_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988229-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988229_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988224–226-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988224–226_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 224–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988130-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988130_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988227–228-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988227–228_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, pp. 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988165-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988165_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlam1980149_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUlam1980">Ulam 1980</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands198748–51-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands198748–51_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1987">Brands 1987</a>, pp. 48–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠeparović2017106–107-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠeparović2017106–107_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠeparović2017">Šeparović 2017</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠeparović2017112-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠeparović2017112_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠeparović2017">Šeparović 2017</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorov201249-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorov201249_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorov2012">Korov 2012</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhlmanAlaniz202026-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhlmanAlaniz202026_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhlmanAlaniz2020">Kuhlman & Alaniz 2020</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeruško201514-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeruško201514_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeruško2015">Peruško 2015</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1988xii-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanac1988xii_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanac1988">Banac 1988</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljević2017197-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaljević2017197_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMihaljević2017">Mihaljević 2017</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoulding2002159–160-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoulding2002159–160_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoulding2002">Goulding 2002</a>, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoulding2002160–167-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoulding2002160–167_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoulding2002">Goulding 2002</a>, pp. 160–167.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuty1969" class="citation book cs1">Auty, Phyllis (1969). "Yugoslavia's International Relations (1945–1965)". In <a href="/wiki/Wayne_S._Vucinich" title="Wayne S. Vucinich">Vucinich, Wayne S.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVXuDwAAQBAJ"><i>Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment</i></a>. Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 154–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520331105" title="Special:BookSources/9780520331105"><bdi>9780520331105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia%27s+International+Relations+%281945%E2%80%931965%29&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Yugoslavia%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Socialist+Experiment&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=154-202&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780520331105&rft.aulast=Auty&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVXuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanac1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac, Ivo</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_C1zDwAAQBAJ"><i>With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism</i></a>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2186-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2186-1"><bdi>0-8014-2186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Stalin+against+Tito%3A+Cominformist+Splits+in+Yugoslav+Communism&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8014-2186-1&rft.aulast=Banac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_C1zDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarafano2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Carafano" title="James Carafano">Carafano, James Jay</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2YP-snjkQMC"><i>Waltzing Into the Cold War: The Struggle for Occupied Austria</i></a>. College Station, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585442133" title="Special:BookSources/9781585442133"><bdi>9781585442133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waltzing+Into+the+Cold+War%3A+The+Struggle+for+Occupied+Austria&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781585442133&rft.aulast=Carafano&rft.aufirst=James+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da2YP-snjkQMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEglin1982" class="citation book cs1">Eglin, Darrel R. (1982). "The Economy". In Nyrop, Richard F. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001436092&view=1up&seq=1"><i>Yugoslavia, a Country Study</i></a>. Area handbook series (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. pp. 113–168. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/82011632">82011632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Economy&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%2C+a+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Area+handbook+series&rft.pages=113-168&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F82011632&rft.aulast=Eglin&rft.aufirst=Darrel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x001436092%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoulding2002" class="citation book cs1">Goulding, Daniel J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nImsi66fYt4C"><i>Liberated Cinema: The Yugoslav Experience, 1945-2001</i></a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253215826" title="Special:BookSources/9780253215826"><bdi>9780253215826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberated+Cinema%3A+The+Yugoslav+Experience%2C+1945-2001&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780253215826&rft.aulast=Goulding&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnImsi66fYt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakovina2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Jakovina, Tvrtko</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60_ASgAACAAJ"><i>Socijalizam na američkoj pšenici: (1948–1963)</i></a> [<i>Socialism on American Wheat: (1948–1963)</i>] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Matica_hrvatska" title="Matica hrvatska">Matica hrvatska</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237686413">237686413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socijalizam+na+ameri%C4%8Dkoj+p%C5%A1enici%3A+%281948%E2%80%931963%29&rft.place=Zagreb%2C+Croatia&rft.pub=Matica+hrvatska&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237686413&rft.aulast=Jakovina&rft.aufirst=Tvrtko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60_ASgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings2017" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Christian (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p84vDgAAQBAJ"><i>Flashpoint Trieste: The First Battle of the Cold War</i></a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5126-0172-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5126-0172-5"><bdi>978-1-5126-0172-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flashpoint+Trieste%3A+The+First+Battle+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5126-0172-5&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp84vDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt, Tony</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Postwar:_A_History_of_Europe_Since_1945" title="Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945">Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945</a></i>. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-065-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-065-3"><bdi>1-59420-065-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar%3A+A+History+of+Europe+Since+1945&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59420-065-3&rft.aulast=Judt&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2014" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Robert B. (2014). "Corfu Channel Incident, 1946". In Hall, Richard C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wy3TBAAAQBAJ"><i>War in the Balkans</i></a> (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6106-9030-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6106-9030-0"><bdi>978-1-6106-9030-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corfu+Channel+Incident%2C+1946&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Balkans&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=76-77&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-6106-9030-0&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwy3TBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemenčićSchofield2001" class="citation book cs1">Klemenčić, Mladen; Schofield, Clive H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DpcBX2eH0LYC"><i>War and Peace on the Danube: The Evolution of the Croatia–Serbia Boundary</i></a>. Durham, UK: <a href="/wiki/International_Boundaries_Research_Unit" title="International Boundaries Research Unit">International Boundaries Research Unit</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897643419" title="Special:BookSources/9781897643419"><bdi>9781897643419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+on+the+Danube%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia+Boundary&rft.place=Durham%2C+UK&rft.pub=International+Boundaries+Research+Unit&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781897643419&rft.aulast=Klemen%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mladen&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Clive+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDpcBX2eH0LYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhlmanAlaniz2020" class="citation book cs1">Kuhlman, Martha; Alaniz, José (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ElnTDwAAQBAJ"><i>Comics of the New Europe: Reflections and Intersections</i></a>. Leuven, Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462702127" title="Special:BookSources/9789462702127"><bdi>9789462702127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comics+of+the+New+Europe%3A+Reflections+and+Intersections&rft.place=Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789462702127&rft.aulast=Kuhlman&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Alaniz%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElnTDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakovićTasić2016" class="citation book cs1">Laković, Ivan; Tasić, Dmitar (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmu2DAAAQBAJ"><i>The Tito–Stalin Split and Yugoslavia's Military Opening toward the West, 1950–1954: In NATO's Backyard</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498539340" title="Special:BookSources/9781498539340"><bdi>9781498539340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tito%E2%80%93Stalin+Split+and+Yugoslavia%27s+Military+Opening+toward+the+West%2C+1950%E2%80%931954%3A+In+NATO%27s+Backyard&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781498539340&rft.aulast=Lakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Tasi%C4%87%2C+Dmitar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddmu2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClellan1969" class="citation book cs1">McClellan, Woodford (1969). "Postwar Political Evolution". In Vucinich, Wayne S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVXuDwAAQBAJ"><i>Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment</i></a>. Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 119–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520331105" title="Special:BookSources/9780520331105"><bdi>9780520331105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postwar+Political+Evolution&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Yugoslavia%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Socialist+Experiment&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=119-153&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780520331105&rft.aulast=McClellan&rft.aufirst=Woodford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVXuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihaljević2017" class="citation book cs1">Mihaljević, Josip (2017). "Deal With the Devil: Intellectuals and Their Support of Tito's Rule in Yugoslavia (1945–80)". In Apor, Péter; Horváth, Sándor; Mark, James (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sk5GDwAAQBAJ"><i>Secret Agents and the Memory of Everyday Collaboration in Communist Eastern Europe</i></a>. London, UK: Anthem Press. pp. 191–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783087259" title="Special:BookSources/9781783087259"><bdi>9781783087259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deal+With+the+Devil%3A+Intellectuals+and+Their+Support+of+Tito%27s+Rule+in+Yugoslavia+%281945%E2%80%9380%29&rft.btitle=Secret+Agents+and+the+Memory+of+Everyday+Collaboration+in+Communist+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=191-206&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781783087259&rft.aulast=Mihaljevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Josip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsk5GDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Ramet, Sabrina P.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC"><i>The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918–2005</i></a>. Bloomington, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253346568" title="Special:BookSources/9780253346568"><bdi>9780253346568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780253346568&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Reynolds_(historian)" title="David Reynolds (historian)">Reynolds, David</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PTzicJt3MwC"><i>From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s</i></a>. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199284115" title="Special:BookSources/9780199284115"><bdi>9780199284115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+World+War+to+Cold+War%3A+Churchill%2C+Roosevelt%2C+and+the+International+History+of+the+1940s&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199284115&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4PTzicJt3MwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC"><i>War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0857-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-0857-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0857-9&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlam1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ulam" title="Adam Ulam">Ulam, Adam B.</a> (1980). "Soviet Ideology and Soviet Foreign Policy". In Hoffmann, Erik Peter; Fleron, Frederic J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTJ9gEozk8oC"><i>The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy</i></a> (2nd ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. pp. 136–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780202365046" title="Special:BookSources/9780202365046"><bdi>9780202365046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet+Ideology+and+Soviet+Foreign+Policy&rft.btitle=The+Conduct+of+Soviet+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=136-153&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780202365046&rft.aulast=Ulam&rft.aufirst=Adam+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZTJ9gEozk8oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1995" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Susan L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2UoAKmG14EC"><i>Socialist Unemployment: The Political Economy of Yugoslavia, 1945–1990</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08645-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08645-1"><bdi>0-691-08645-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialist+Unemployment%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Yugoslavia%2C+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-691-08645-1&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do2UoAKmG14EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemke1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Earl_F._Ziemke" title="Earl F. Ziemke">Ziemke, Earl F.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSl1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880290593" title="Special:BookSources/9780880290593"><bdi>9780880290593</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67-60001">67-60001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad+to+Berlin%3A+The+German+Defeat+in+the+East&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67-60001&rft.isbn=9780880290593&rft.aulast=Ziemke&rft.aufirst=Earl+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSl1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informbiro_period&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, Henry W. Jr</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911740">"Redefining the Cold War: American Policy toward Yugoslavia, 1948–60"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1). Oxford University Press: 41–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1987.tb00003.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1987.tb00003.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911740">24911740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Redefining+the+Cold+War%3A+American+Policy+toward+Yugoslavia%2C+1948%E2%80%9360&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-53&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24911740%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1987.tb00003.x&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24911740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNSA1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-quarterly/Dodging_Armageddon.pdf">"Dodging Armageddon: The Third World War That Almost Was, 1950"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_Quarterly" title="Cryptographic Quarterly">Cryptographic Quarterly</a></i>. Fort Meade, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>: 85–95. February 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cryptographic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Dodging+Armageddon%3A+The+Third+World+War+That+Almost+Was%2C+1950&rft.pages=85-95&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2FPortals%2F70%2Fdocuments%2Fnews-features%2Fdeclassified-documents%2Fcryptologic-quarterly%2FDodging_Armageddon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlereRutar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Flere, Sergej; Rutar, Tibor (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=901300">"The Segmentation of the Yugoslav Communist Elite, 1943–1972"</a>. <i>Družboslovne razprave</i>. <b>35</b> (92). Ljubljana, Slovenia: Slovensko sociološko društvo: 81–101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0352-3608">0352-3608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dru%C5%BEboslovne+razprave&rft.atitle=The+Segmentation+of+the+Yugoslav+Communist+Elite%2C+1943%E2%80%931972&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=92&rft.pages=81-101&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0352-3608&rft.aulast=Flere&rft.aufirst=Sergej&rft.au=Rutar%2C+Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D901300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorov2012" class="citation journal cs1">Korov, Goran (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/175128?lang=hr">"Zajednička ili zasebna? Paradigme u arhitekturi socijalističke Jugoslavije"</a> [Common or Separate? Paradigms in Architecture of Socialist Yugoslavia]. <i>Kvartal: Kronika Povijesti Umjetnosti U Hrvatskoj</i>. <b>9</b> (3–4). Zagreb, Croatia: Institute of Art History: 48–56. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1845-4356">1845-4356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kvartal%3A+Kronika+Povijesti+Umjetnosti+U+Hrvatskoj&rft.atitle=Zajedni%C4%8Dka+ili+zasebna%3F+Paradigme+u+arhitekturi+socijalisti%C4%8Dke+Jugoslavije&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=48-56&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1845-4356&rft.aulast=Korov&rft.aufirst=Goran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F175128%3Flang%3Dhr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLees1978" class="citation journal cs1">Lees, Lorraine M. (1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24910127">"The American Decision to Assist Tito, 1948–1949"</a></span>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>2</b> (4). Oxford University Press: 407–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1978.tb00445.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00445.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24910127">24910127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+American+Decision+to+Assist+Tito%2C+1948%E2%80%931949&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=407-422&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24910127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1978.tb00445.x&rft.aulast=Lees&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24910127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerović2007" class="citation journal cs1">Perović, Jeronim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/62735/">"The Tito–Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence"</a>. <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>: 32–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5167%2Fuzh-62735">10.5167/uzh-62735</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Tito%E2%80%93Stalin+split%3A+a+reassessment+in+light+of+new+evidence&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32-63&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5167%2Fuzh-62735&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft.aulast=Perovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Jeronim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F62735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeruško2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peruško, Ivana (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/171480?lang=en">"Čudovišni SSSR i mitska zemlja Jugoslavija"</a> [Monstruous USSR and Mythical Country of Yugoslavia]. <i>Philological Studies</i> (in Croatian). <b>13</b> (1). Zagreb, Croatia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zagreb" title="University of Zagreb">University of Zagreb</a>: 13–33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1857-6060">1857-6060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philological+Studies&rft.atitle=%C4%8Cudovi%C5%A1ni+SSSR+i+mitska+zemlja+Jugoslavija&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-33&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1857-6060&rft.aulast=Peru%C5%A1ko&rft.aufirst=Ivana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F171480%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformbiro+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠeparović2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Šeparović, Ana (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fd64/f5eabd824c7e55118ebd8e8981aaee626764.pdf">"ULUH oko Informbiroa: dinamika ideološko-političkog pritiska u likovnom stvaralaštvu"</a> [Croatian Association of Artists in the Years around Cominform: Dynamics of Ideological and Political Pressure in Visual Arts] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Peristil: Zbornik radova za povijest umjetnosti</i> (in Croatian). <b>60</b> (1). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Society of Art Historians: 103–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17685%2FPeristil.60.8">10.17685/Peristil.60.8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1849-6547">1849-6547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:188811317">188811317</a>.</cite><span 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_regency" title="Yugoslav regency">Yugoslav regency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Informbiro period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslav irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yugoslavia" title="Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">1921</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1931 Yugoslav Constitution">1931</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">1963</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yugoslavia" title="Elections in Yugoslavia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Yugoslavia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia)">Federal Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia" title="Foreign relations of Yugoslavia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity">OAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia%E2%80%93European_Communities_relations" title="Yugoslavia–European Communities relations">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_passport" title="Yugoslav passport">Passport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of cabinets of Yugoslavia">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of deputy heads of state of Yugoslavia">Deputy heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of members of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of political parties in Yugoslavia">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">counterintelligence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yugoslav Army (disambiguation)">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li>Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army" title="Royal Yugoslav Army"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ground</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Navy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a></li></ul></li> <li>Air Force <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Royal Yugoslav Air Force"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a></li></ul></li> <li>Ranks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Military ranks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia"><span style="font-size:85%;">Marshal</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Yugoslavia" title="History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia">Computer systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia" title="List of computer systems from Yugoslavia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_krone" title="Yugoslav krone">Krone <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Bank of Yugoslavia">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Yugoslavia" title="Postal codes in Yugoslavia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Services_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Services in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yugoslavia" title="Telephone numbers in Yugoslavia">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">List of companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Society of Yugoslavia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia" title="Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minorities_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minorities of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yugoslavia" title="Public holidays in Yugoslavia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia" title="Yugoslavs in Serbia">in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yugoslavia" title="Languages of Yugoslavia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene <span style="font-size:85%;">(Slovenian)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_studies" title="Yugoslav studies">Yugoslav studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yugoslavia" title="Architecture of Yugoslavia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yugoslavia" title="Art of Yugoslavia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_films" title="List of Yugoslav films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Drama_Theatre" title="Yugoslav Drama Theatre">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Yugoslavia" title="Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia">Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yugoslav_composers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yugoslav composers (page does not exist)">composers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_national_costume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugoslav national costume (page does not exist)">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yugoslavia" title="Sport in Yugoslavia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Yugoslavia" title="Football in Yugoslavia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">Yugoslav Radio Television</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_wine" title="Macedonian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_poets" title="List of Yugoslav poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Anthem <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">1945–1992)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia" title="Emblem of Yugoslavia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">Flag of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_flags" title="List of Yugoslav flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia">Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslavia" title="Category:Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Josip_Broz_Tito" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Template:Josip Broz Tito"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Template talk:Josip Broz Tito"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Josip Broz Tito"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Josip_Broz_Tito" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">President of Yugoslavia</a> (1953–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister of Yugoslavia</a> (1944–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1939–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal of Yugoslavia</a> (1943–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumrovec" title="Kumrovec">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li>Parliamentary elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1945_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1950 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1953 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1958 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1963 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1969 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1974 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="List of international trips made by Josip Broz Tito">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Josip Broz Tito"><img alt="Josip Broz Tito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/100px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/150px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/200px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3927" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premiership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87_Agreements" title="Tito–Šubašić Agreements">Tito–Šubašić Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Informbiro period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953 amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Reforms" title="Josip Broz Tito">Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Yugoslavia" title="1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia">1968 student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Haas" title="Herta Haas">Herta Haas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(second wife)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovanka_Broz" title="Jovanka Broz">Jovanka Budisavljević</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(third wife)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1o_Broz" title="Mišo Broz">Aleksandar Broz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%A1ka_Broz" title="Joška Broz">Joška Broz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(grandson)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Broz" title="Svetlana Broz">Svetlana Broz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(granddaughter)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relay_of_Youth" title="Relay of Youth">Relay of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Flowers_(mausoleum)" title="House of Flowers (mausoleum)">House of Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="List of places named after Josip Broz Tito">List of places named after Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_received_by_Josip_Broz_Tito" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito">Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ribar" title="Ivan Ribar">← Ivan Ribar</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Category:Josip Broz Tito">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Josip_Broz_Tito" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Josip Broz Tito">Commons</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Koli%C5%A1evski" title="Lazar Koliševski">Lazar Koliševski →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ivan Šubašić">← Ivan Šubašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Stamboli%C4%87" title="Petar Stambolić">Petar Stambolić →</a></li></ul> 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