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class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrator&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrator">Narrator</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about using a commentary to present a story. For other strategies used to present stories, see <a href="/wiki/Narrative_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative technique">Narrative technique</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Narrator" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Narrator_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Narrator (disambiguation)">Narrator (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Narration</b> is the use of a written or spoken commentary to <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">convey</a> a <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">story</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narration is conveyed by a <b>narrator</b>: a specific person, or unspecified literary voice, developed by the creator of the story to deliver information to the audience, particularly about the <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a>: the series of events. Narration is a required element of all written stories (<a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short stories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Poems">poems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs">memoirs</a>, etc.), presenting the story in its entirety. It is optional in most other storytelling formats, such as films, plays, television shows and video games, in which the story can be conveyed through other means, like dialogue between characters or visual action. </p><p>The <b>narrative mode</b>, which is sometimes also used as synonym for <a href="/wiki/Narrative_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative technique">narrative technique</a>, encompasses the set of choices through which the creator of the story develops their narrator and narration: </p> <ul><li><i>Narrative point of view, perspective,</i> or <i>voice</i>: the choice of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical person</a> used by the narrator to establish whether or not the narrator and the audience are participants in the story; also, this includes the scope of the information or knowledge that the narrator presents</li> <li><i>Narrative tense</i>: the choice of either the past or present <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">grammatical tense</a> to establish either the prior completion or current immediacy of the plot</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative technique">Narrative technique</a></i>: any of the various other methods chosen to help narrate a story, such as establishing the story's <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a> (location in time and space), <a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">developing characters</a>, exploring <a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">themes</a> (main ideas or topics), <a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">structuring the plot</a>, intentionally expressing certain details but not others, following or subverting <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">genre</a> norms, employing certain linguistic styles and using various other storytelling devices.</li></ul> <p>Thus, narration includes both <i>who</i> tells the story and <i>how</i> the story is told (for example, by using <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)">stream of consciousness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">unreliable narration</a>). The narrator may be anonymous and unspecified, or a <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">character</a> appearing and participating within their own story (whether fictitious or factual), or the author themself as a character. The narrator may merely relate the story to the audience without being involved in the plot and may have varied awareness of characters' thoughts and distant events. Some stories have <a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">multiple narrators</a> to illustrate the storylines of various characters at various times, creating a story with a complex perspective. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Point_of_view"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Point of view</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Literary_theory"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Literary theory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First-person"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">First-person</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Second-person"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Second-person</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Third-person"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Third-person</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Omniscient_or_limited"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Omniscient or limited</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Subjective_or_objective"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Subjective or objective</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Alternating-_or_multiple-person"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Alternating- or multiple-person</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Tense"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Tense</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Technique"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Technique</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Stream-of-consciousness"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Stream-of-consciousness</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Unreliable_narrator"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Unreliable narrator</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Point_of_view">Point of view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Point of view" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>An ongoing debate has persisted regarding the nature of narrative point of view. A variety of different theoretical approaches have sought to define point of view in terms of person, perspective, voice, consciousness and focus.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narrative perspective is the position and character of the storyteller, in relation to the narrative itself.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is, for instance, a common distinction between first-person and third-person narrative, which <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Genette" title="Gérard Genette">Gérard Genette</a> refers to as intradiegetic and extradiegetic narrative, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_theory">Literary theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Russian semiotician <a href="/wiki/Boris_Uspenskij" title="Boris Uspenskij">Boris Uspenskij</a> identifies five planes on which point of view is expressed in a narrative: spatial, temporal, psychological, phraseological and ideological.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American literary critic Susan Sniader Lanser also develops these categories.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychological point of view focuses on the characters' behaviors. Lanser concludes that this is "an extremely complex aspect of point of view, for it encompasses the broad question of the narrator's distance or affinity to each character and event…represented in the text".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideological point of view is not only "the most basic aspect of point of view" but also the "least accessible to formalization, for its analysis relies to a degree, on intuitive understanding".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aspect of the point of view focuses on the norms, values, beliefs and Weltanschauung (worldview) of the narrator or a character. The ideological point of view may be stated outright—what Lanser calls "explicit ideology"—or it may be embedded at "deep-structural" levels of the text and not easily identified.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First-person">First-person</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First-person" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person narrative</a></div> <p>A first-person point of view reveals the story through an openly self-referential and participating narrator. First person creates a close relationship between the narrator and reader, by referring to the viewpoint character with first person pronouns like <i>I</i> and <i>me</i> (as well as <i>we</i> and <i>us</i>, whenever the narrator is part of a larger group).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second-person">Second-person</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second-person" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Second-person_narrative_fiction" title="Category:Second-person narrative fiction">Category:Second-person narrative fiction</a></div> <p>The second-person point of view is a point of view similar to first-person in its possibilities of unreliability. The narrator recounts their own experience but adds distance (often ironic) through the use of the second-person pronoun <i>you</i>. This is not a direct address to any given reader even if it purports to be, such as in the metafictional <i><a href="/wiki/If_on_a_winter%27s_night_a_traveler" title="If on a winter's night a traveler">If on a winter's night a traveler</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a>. Other notable examples of second-person include the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Bright_Lights,_Big_City_(novel)" title="Bright Lights, Big City (novel)">Bright Lights, Big City</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jay_McInerney" title="Jay McInerney">Jay McInerney</a>, the short fiction of <a href="/wiki/Lorrie_Moore" title="Lorrie Moore">Lorrie Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a>, the short story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Egg_(2009_short_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Egg (2009 short story)">The Egg</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Weir" title="Andy Weir">Andy Weir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_(Butor_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Thoughts (Butor novel)"><i>Second Thoughts</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Butor" title="Michel Butor">Michel Butor</a>. Sections of <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Season_(novel)" title="The Fifth Season (novel)">The Fifth Season</a></i> and its sequels are also narrated in the second person. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You are not the kind of guy who would be at a place like this at this time of the morning. But here you are, and you cannot say that the terrain is entirely unfamiliar, although the details are fuzzy.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Opening lines of <a href="/wiki/Jay_McInerney" title="Jay McInerney">Jay McInerney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bright_Lights,_Big_City_(novel)" title="Bright Lights, Big City (novel)">Bright Lights, Big City</a></i> (1984)</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Hamid" title="Mohsin Hamid">Mohsin Hamid</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Reluctant_Fundamentalist_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Reluctant Fundamentalist (novel) (page does not exist)">The Reluctant Fundamentalist</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebooks</a>, including the American <i><a href="/wiki/Choose_Your_Own_Adventure" title="Choose Your Own Adventure">Choose Your Own Adventure</a></i> and British <i><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Fantasy" title="Fighting Fantasy">Fighting Fantasy</a></i> series (the two largest examples of the genre), are not true second-person narratives, because there is an implicit narrator (in the case of the novel) or writer (in the case of the series) addressing an audience. This device of the addressed reader is a near-ubiquitous feature of the game-related medium, regardless of the wide differences in target reading ages and <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> system complexity. Similarly, text-based <a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">interactive fiction</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Colossal_Cave_Adventure" title="Colossal Cave Adventure">Colossal Cave Adventure</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zork" title="Zork">Zork</a></i>, conventionally has descriptions that address the user, telling the character what they are seeing and doing. This practice is also encountered occasionally in text-based segments of graphical games, such as those from <a href="/wiki/Spiderweb_Software" title="Spiderweb Software">Spiderweb Software</a>, which make ample use of pop-up text boxes with character and location descriptions. Most of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Halting_State" title="Halting State">Halting State</a></i> is written in second person as an allusion to this style.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-person"><span class="anchor" id="third"></span>Third-person</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third-person" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Third-person perspective" redirects here. For the graphical perspective in video games, see <a href="/wiki/Third-person_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person view">Third-person view</a>.</div> <p>In the third-person narrative mode, the narration refers to all characters with <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">third person pronouns</a> like <i>he</i> or <i>she</i> and never first- or second-person pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricoeur1990_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricoeur1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Omniscient_or_limited"><span class="anchor" id="Third-person,_omniscient"></span><span class="anchor" id="omni3"></span> Omniscient or limited</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Omniscient or limited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Omniscient</i> point of view is presented by a narrator with an overarching perspective, seeing and knowing everything that happens within the world of the story, including what each of the characters is thinking and feeling. The inclusion of an omniscient narrator is typical in nineteenth-century fiction including works by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some works of fiction, especially novels, employ multiple points of view, with different points of view presented in discrete sections or chapters, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient" title="The English Patient">The English Patient</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Children" title="The Emperor's Children">The Emperor's Children</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Claire_Messud" title="Claire Messud">Claire Messud</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Home_and_the_World" title="The Home and the World">The Home and the World</a></i>, written in 1916 by <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, is another example of a book with three different point-of-view characters. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroes_of_Olympus" title="The Heroes of Olympus">The Heroes of Olympus</a></i> series, written by <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>, the point of view alternates between characters at intervals. The <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series focuses on the protagonist for much of the seven novels, but sometimes deviates to other characters, particularly in the opening chapters of later novels in the series, which switch from the view of the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> Harry to other characters (for example, the Muggle Prime Minister in <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince" title="Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince"><i>Half-Blood Prince</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples of <i>Limited</i> or close third-person point of view, confined to one character's perspective, include J.M. Coetzee's <i>Disgrace</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subjective_or_objective"><span class="anchor" id="Third-person,_subjective"></span> Subjective or objective</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subjective or objective" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Subjective</i> point of view is when the narrator conveys the thoughts, feelings and opinions of one or more characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Dynes_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dynes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Objective</i> point of view employs a narrator who tells a story without describing any character's thoughts, opinions, or feelings; instead, it gives an <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a>, unbiased point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-Dynes_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dynes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternating-_or_multiple-person">Alternating- or multiple-person</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternating- or multiple-person" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiperspectivity</a></div> <p>While the tendency for novels (or other narrative works) is to adopt a single point of view throughout the entire novel, some authors have utilized other points of view that, for example, alternate between different first-person narrators or alternate between a first- and a third-person narrative mode. The ten books of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pendragon:_Journal_of_an_Adventure_through_Time_and_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendragon: Journal of an Adventure through Time and Space">Pendragon</a></i> adventure series, by <a href="/wiki/D._J._MacHale" title="D. J. MacHale">D. J. MacHale</a>, switch back and forth between a first-person perspective (handwritten journal entries) of the main character along his journey as well as a disembodied third-person perspective focused on his friends back home.<sup id="cite_ref-White_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indigenous American communities, narratives and storytelling are often told by a number of elders in the community. In this way, the stories are never static because they are shaped by the relationship between narrator and audience. Thus, each individual story may have countless variations. Narrators often incorporate minor changes in the story in order to tailor the story to different audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of multiple narratives in a story is not simply a stylistic choice, but rather an interpretive one that offers insight into the development of a larger social identity and the impact that has on the overarching narrative, as explained by Lee Haring.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Haring provides an example from the Arabic folktales of <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> to illustrate how framing was used to loosely connect each story to the next, where each story was enclosed within the larger narrative. Additionally, Haring draws comparisons between <i>Thousand and One Nights</i> and the oral storytelling observed in parts of rural <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and African cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.</p><blockquote><p>"I'll tell you what I'll do," said the smith. "I'll fix your sword for you tomorrow, if you tell me a story while I'm doing it." The speaker was an Irish storyteller in 1935, framing one story in another (O'Sullivan 75, 264). The moment recalls the Thousand and One Nights, where the story of "The Envier and the Envied" is enclosed in the larger story told by the Second Kalandar (Burton 1: 113-39), and many stories are enclosed in others."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Tense">Tense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tense" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In narrative past tense, the events of the plot occur before the narrator's present.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is by far the most common tense in which stories are expressed. This could be in the narrator's distant past or their immediate past, which for practical purposes is the same as their present. Past tense can be used regardless of whether the setting is in the reader's past, present, or future. </p><p>In narratives using present tense, the events of the plot are depicted as occurring in the narrator's current moment of time. A recent example of novels narrated in the present tense are those of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger Games">Hunger Games</a></i> trilogy by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Collins" title="Suzanne Collins">Suzanne Collins</a>. Present tense can also be used to narrate events in the reader's past. This is known as "<a href="/wiki/Historical_present" title="Historical present">historical present</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tense is more common in spontaneous conversational narratives than in written literature, though it is sometimes used in literature to give a sense of immediacy of the actions. <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a> action is also written in the present tense. </p><p>The future tense is the most rare, portraying the events of the plot as occurring some time after the narrator's present. Often, these upcoming events are described such that the narrator has foreknowledge (or supposed foreknowledge) of their future, so many future-tense stories have a <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophetic</a> tone. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">List of narrative techniques</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stream-of-consciousness">Stream-of-consciousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stream-of-consciousness" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)">Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)</a></div> <p>Stream of consciousness gives the (typically first-person) narrator's perspective by attempting to replicate the thought processes—as opposed to simply the actions and spoken words—of the narrative character.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, interior monologues and inner desires or motivations, as well as pieces of incomplete thoughts, are expressed to the audience but not necessarily to other characters. Examples include the multiple narrators' feelings in William Faulkner's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/As_I_Lay_Dying_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="As I Lay Dying (novel)">As I Lay Dying</a></i>, and the character Offred's often fragmented thoughts in <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i>. Irish writer <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> exemplifies this style in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unreliable_narrator">Unreliable narrator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unreliable narrator" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></div> <p>Unreliable narration involves the use of an untrustworthy narrator. This mode may be employed to give the audience a deliberate sense of disbelief in the story or a level of suspicion or mystery as to what information is meant to be true and what is meant to be false. Unreliable narrators are usually first-person narrators; a third-person narrator may also be unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is <a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J.D. Salinger</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye" title="The Catcher in the Rye">The Catcher in the Rye</a></i>, in which the novel's narrator <a href="/wiki/Holden_Caulfield" title="Holden Caulfield">Holden Caulfield</a> is biased, emotional and juvenile, divulging or withholding certain information deliberately and at times probably quite unreliable. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Narrative structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_narration" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening narration">Opening narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace (narrative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">Voice-over</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHühnSommer2012" class="citation web cs1">Hühn, Peter; Sommer, Roy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-archiv.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/lhn/article/narration-poetry-and-drama.html">"Narration in Poetry and Drama"</a>. <i>The Living Handbook of Narratology</i>. Interdisciplinary Center for Narratology, University of Hamburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Living+Handbook+of+Narratology&rft.atitle=Narration+in+Poetry+and+Drama&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=H%C3%BChn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Sommer%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-archiv.fdm.uni-hamburg.de%2Flhn%2Farticle%2Fnarration-poetry-and-drama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1990" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Daniel Frank (1990). <i>Narrative Perspective in Fiction: A Phenomenological Meditation of Reader, Text, and World</i>. ITHAKA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802058386" title="Special:BookSources/9780802058386"><bdi>9780802058386</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt2ttgv0">10.3138/j.ctt2ttgv0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+Perspective+in+Fiction%3A+A+Phenomenological+Meditation+of+Reader%2C+Text%2C+and+World&rft.pub=ITHAKA&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt2ttgv0%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780802058386&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_McCracken2011" class="citation book cs1">James McCracken, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/"><i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i></a> (Online ed.). Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenette1980" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801410994/narrative-discourse/"><i>Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method</i></a>. Translated by Lewin, Jane E. Foreword by Jonathan Culler. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. 1980. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9259-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9259-9"><bdi>0-8014-9259-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79013499">79013499</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL8222857W">8222857W</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004203129/https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801410994/narrative-discourse/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+Discourse%3A+An+Essay+in+Method&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL8222857W%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79013499&rft.isbn=0-8014-9259-9&rft.aulast=Genette&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F9780801410994%2Fnarrative-discourse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Uspensky" title="Boris Uspensky">Boris Uspensky</a>, <i>A Poetics of Composition: The Structure of the Artistic Text and Typology of Compositional Form</i>, trans. Valentina Zavarin and Susan Wittig (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Sniader Lanser, <i>The Narrative Act: Point of View in Prose Fiction</i> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanser, 201–02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Uspensky" title="Boris Uspensky">Uspensky</a>, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanser, 216–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyile1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wyile, Andrea Schwenke (1999). "Expanding the View of First-Person Narration". <i>Children's Literature in Education</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 185–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1022433202145">10.1023/a:1022433202145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-6713">0045-6713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142607561">142607561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Children%27s+Literature+in+Education&rft.atitle=Expanding+the+View+of+First-Person+Narration&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185-202&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142607561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0045-6713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1022433202145&rft.aulast=Wyile&rft.aufirst=Andrea+Schwenke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-441-01498-9">"Halting State, Review"</a>. <i>Publishers Weekly</i>. 1 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Halting+State%2C+Review&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-0-441-01498-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Stross" class="citation web cs1">Charles Stross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2012/05/and-another-thing.html">"And another thing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=And+another+thing&rft.au=Charles+Stross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antipope.org%2Fcharlie%2Fblog-static%2F2012%2F05%2Fand-another-thing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricoeur1990-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricoeur1990_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Ricoeur1990" class="citation book cs1">Paul Ricoeur (15 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjBw9NuSkuEC&pg=PA89"><i>Time and Narrative</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 89–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-71334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-71334-2"><bdi>978-0-226-71334-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+Narrative&rft.pages=89-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-71334-2&rft.au=Paul+Ricoeur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjBw9NuSkuEC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermanJahnRyan2005" class="citation cs2">Herman, David; Jahn, Manfred; Ryan (2005), <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory</i>, Taylor & Francis, p. 442, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28259-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28259-8"><bdi>978-0-415-28259-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Narrative+Theory&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28259-8&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Jahn%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowling2005" class="citation book cs1">Rowling, J.K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_074758110x/page/6"><i>Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_074758110x/page/6">6–18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8108-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8108-6"><bdi>978-0-7475-8108-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+Potter+and+the+Half-Blood+Prince&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6-18&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-8108-6&rft.aulast=Rowling&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_074758110x%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMountford" class="citation news cs1">Mountford, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.writersdigest.com/write-better-fiction/why-third-person-limited-point-of-view">"Third-Person Limited: Analyzing Fiction's Most Flexible Point of View"</a>. <i>Writer's Digest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writer%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=Third-Person+Limited%3A+Analyzing+Fiction%27s+Most+Flexible+Point+of+View&rft.aulast=Mountford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.writersdigest.com%2Fwrite-better-fiction%2Fwhy-third-person-limited-point-of-view&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dynes-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dynes_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dynes_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDynes2014" class="citation book cs1">Dynes, Barbara (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s0jBBAAAQBAJ&dq=third-person+subjective+objective&pg=PT37">"Using Third Person"</a>. <i>Masterclasses in Creative Writing</i>. United Kingdom: Constable & Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47211-003-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47211-003-9"><bdi>978-1-47211-003-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Using+Third+Person&rft.btitle=Masterclasses+in+Creative+Writing&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-47211-003-9&rft.aulast=Dynes&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds0jBBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthird-person%2Bsubjective%2Bobjective%26pg%3DPT37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2004" class="citation web cs1">White, Claire E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.writerswrite.com/journal/dj-machale-10041">"D.J. MacHale Interview"</a>. <i>The Internet Writing Journal</i>. Writers Write<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Internet+Writing+Journal&rft.atitle=D.J.+MacHale+Interview&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Claire+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.writerswrite.com%2Fjournal%2Fdj-machale-10041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piquemal, 2003. From Native North American Oral Traditions to Western Literacy: Storytelling in Education.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaring2004" class="citation journal cs1">Haring, Lee (27 August 2004). "Framing in Oral Narrative". <i>Marvels & Tales</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 229–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmat.2004.0035">10.1353/mat.2004.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-1802">1536-1802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143097105">143097105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marvels+%26+Tales&rft.atitle=Framing+in+Oral+Narrative&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-245&rft.date=2004-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143097105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1536-1802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmat.2004.0035&rft.aulast=Haring&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2017" class="citation web cs1">Walter, Liz (26 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/2017/07/26/when-no-one-was-looking-she-opened-the-door-using-narrative-tenses/">"When no one was looking, she opened the door: Using narrative tenses"</a>. <i>cambridge.org</i>. Cambridge University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cambridge.org&rft.atitle=When+no+one+was+looking%2C+she+opened+the+door%3A+Using+narrative+tenses&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionaryblog.cambridge.org%2F2017%2F07%2F26%2Fwhen-no-one-was-looking-she-opened-the-door-using-narrative-tenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffrin1981" class="citation journal cs1">Schiffrin, Deborah (March 1981). "Tense Variation in Narrative". <i>Language</i>. <b>57</b> (1): 45–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414286">10.2307/414286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507">0097-8507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/414286">414286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Tense+Variation+in+Narrative&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-62&rft.date=1981-03&rft.issn=0097-8507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414286&rft.aulast=Schiffrin&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/133295/stream-of-consciousness">"stream of consciousness – literature"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=stream+of+consciousness+%E2%80%93+literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F133295%2Fstream-of-consciousness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyWalsh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Terence Patrick; Walsh, Kelly S. (2017). "Unreliable Third Person Narration? The Case of Katherine Mansfield". <i>Journal of Literary Semantics</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 67–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjls-2017-0005">10.1515/jls-2017-0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171741675">171741675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Literary+Semantics&rft.atitle=Unreliable+Third+Person+Narration%3F+The+Case+of+Katherine+Mansfield&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-85&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjls-2017-0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171741675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Kelly+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasley2008" class="citation book cs1">Rasley, Alicia (2008). <i>The Power of Point of View: Make Your Story Come to Life</i> (1st ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Writer's Digest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59963-355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59963-355-8"><bdi>978-1-59963-355-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Point+of+View%3A+Make+Your+Story+Come+to+Life&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59963-355-8&rft.aulast=Rasley&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCard1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Card, Orson Scott</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charactersviewpo00card"><i>Characters and Viewpoint</i></a> (1st ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Writer's Digest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89879-307-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89879-307-9"><bdi>978-0-89879-307-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Characters+and+Viewpoint&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89879-307-9&rft.aulast=Card&rft.aufirst=Orson+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharactersviewpo00card&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFludernik1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monika_Fludernik" title="Monika Fludernik">Fludernik, Monika</a> (1996). <i>Towards a "Natural" Narratology</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+%22Natural%22+Narratology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Fludernik&rft.aufirst=Monika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Genette, Gérard. <i>Narrative Discourse. An Essay in Method</i>. Transl. by Jane Lewin. Oxford: Blackwell 1980 (Translation of <i>Discours du récit</i>).</li> <li>Stanzel, Franz Karl. <i>A theory of Narrative</i>. Transl. by Charlotte Goedsche. Cambridge: CUP 1984 (Transl. of <i>Theorie des Erzählens</i>).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narration&oldid=1249496574">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narration&oldid=1249496574</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Narration&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="209.23.188.221" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1728110853"> <span>Last edited on 5 October 2024, at 06:47</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5_(%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8)" title="قص (أدب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قص (أدب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1so" title="Káso – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Káso" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narraci%C3%B3" title="Narració – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Narració" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vypr%C3%A1v%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Vyprávění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyprávění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativ_modus" title="Narrativ modus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Narrativ modus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narraci%C3%B3n" title="Narración – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narración" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="شیوه روایت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیوه روایت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narraci%C3%B3n" title="Narración – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Narración" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="내레이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="내레이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6guma%C3%B0ur" title="Sögumaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sögumaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativa" title="Narrativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Narrativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಕಥನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಥನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5)" title="Нарација (Раскажување) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нарација (Раскажување)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ナレーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナレーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narracja_(retoryka)" title="Narracja (retoryka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narracja (retoryka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Наррация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наррация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narracioni" title="Narracioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Narracioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="راوي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="راوي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpr%C3%A1vanie_(kompozi%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_postup)" title="Rozprávanie (kompozičný postup) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rozprávanie (kompozičný postup)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98" title="واوێژ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="واوێژ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naracija" title="Naracija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%A4ttarr%C3%B6st" title="Berättarröst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berättarröst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivayet" title="Rivayet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rivayet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нарація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нарація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Trần thuật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trần thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%98%E8%BF%B0" title="敘述 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="敘述" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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