CINXE.COM

Page Not Found Astronomy

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <title>Page Not Found Astronomy</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-75.png?v=6.2.5"> <!-- Generic FavIcons --> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-32.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-57.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="57x57"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-76.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="76x76"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-96.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-128.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="128x128"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-192.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-228.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="228x228"> <!-- Android --> <link rel="shortcut icon" sizes="196x196" href="/static/core/img/favicon-196.png?v=6.2.5"> <!-- iOS --> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-120.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="120x120"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-152.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="152x152"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-180.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="180x180"> <!-- Windows 8 IE 10--> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#D14900"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/static/core/img/favicon-144.png?v=6.2.5"> <!-- Windows 8.1 + IE11 and above --> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/static/core/img/browserconfig.xml?v=6.2.5"> <!-- Base CSS --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.datatables.net/1.12.1/css/dataTables.bootstrap4.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.datatables.net/responsive/2.3.0/css/responsive.dataTables.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/CACHE/css/output.6927168c4c3b.css" type="text/css"> <!-- End Base CSS --> <!-- Site Type CSS --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/CACHE/css/output.57b991578d3d.css" type="text/css"> <!-- End Site Type CSS --> <!-- Extra CSS --> <!-- End Extra CSS --> <!-- Base JS --> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/static/airspace/js/jquery.mousewheel.min.js"></script> <script async src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML'></script> <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/underscore.js/1.9.1/underscore-min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/apexcharts"></script> <!-- These are the url for the DataTables version that support Bootstrap 4 + Responsive. --> <script src="https://cdn.datatables.net/1.12.1/js/jquery.dataTables.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.datatables.net/responsive/2.3.0/js/dataTables.responsive.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.datatables.net/1.12.1/js/dataTables.bootstrap4.min.js"></script> <script src="/static/CACHE/js/output.54b9aeca30a0.js"></script> <script src="/static/CACHE/js/output.85ffa0965727.js" defer></script> <!-- End Base JS --> <!-- Site Type JS --> <script src="https://feeds.library.caltech.edu/scripts/CL.js"></script> <script src="https://feeds.library.caltech.edu/scripts/CL-doi-media.js"></script> <script src="/static/CACHE/js/output.284c8b74e6dc.js" defer></script> <!-- End Site Type JS --> <!-- Extra JS --> <!-- End Extra JS --> </head> <body class="caltech_sites template-404"> <header class="width-1440-container"> <a class="text-assistive display-at-top-on-focus" href="#content">skip to main content</a> <div class="header header--left d-flex flex-wrap"> <div class="header__title w-100 d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row align-items-sm-end"> <a class="header__title__caltech-link d-block" href="https://www.caltech.edu"> <img alt="Caltech" class="header__wordmark" src="/static/core/img/caltech-new-logo.png"> </a> <div class="header__title__separator h-100"></div> <a class="header__title__homepage-link d-block mr-sm-auto" href="/" > Department of Astronomy </a> </div> <nav class="header__main-menu d-none d-xl-flex" aria-label="Main"> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-1 d-flex justify-content-start " id="main-menu-1" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Main"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/people">People</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open People submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-2" tabindex="-1" aria-label="People"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people/teaching-faculty">Teaching Faculty</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people/research-faculty">Research Faculty</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people/technical-staff">Scientific and Technical Staff</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people/administrative-staff">Administrative Staff</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people/graduate">Graduate Students</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people/undergraduate-students">Undergraduate Students</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people/postdoctoral-scholars">Postdoctoral Scholars</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people/visitors">Current Visitors</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people/graduates">Alumni: Graduates</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/research">Research</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-12" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Research submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-12" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Research"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/research/research-centers">Research Centers</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/research/observatories">Observatories</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/research/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/research/graduate-theses">Graduate Theses</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/academics">Academics</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-17" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Academics submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-17" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Academics"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="https://catalog.caltech.edu/current/2024-25/department/Ay/">Ay Course Catalog</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/academics/undergraduate-program">Undergraduate Program</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/academics/graduate-program">Graduate Program</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-20" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Graduate Program submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-20" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Graduate Program"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/life-astronomy-graduate-student">Life as an Astronomy Graduate Student</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/applying-caltech-astronomy-graduate-school">Applying to Caltech Astronomy Graduate School</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="http://www.gradoffice.caltech.edu/current/community-standards/honor-code">Caltech Honor Code</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/academics/teaching-assistants">Teaching Assistants</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-24" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Teaching Assistants submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-24" tabindex="-1" aria-label="TA Guide"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/teaching-assistants/suggestions-office-hours">Suggestions for Office Hours</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/talks-events">Talks &amp; Events</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-26" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Talks &amp; Events submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-26" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Talks &amp; Events"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/talks-events/astronomy-colloquium">Astronomy Colloquium</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/join-us">Join Us</a> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/contact">Contact Us</a> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/internal-info">Internal Info</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-30" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Internal Info submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-30" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Internal Info"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="http://outlook.office365.com/">E-Mail Access</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources">IT Resources</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-32" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open IT Resources submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-32" tabindex="-1" aria-label="IT Resources"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources/cybersecurity-policies">Cybersecurity Policies</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources/document-scanning">Document Scanning</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources/pc-purchasing-recommendations">PC Purchasing Recommendations</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources/how-create-python-virtual-environment">How to create a Python virtual environment</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources/vpn-access">VPN Access</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources/idl-advice">IDL Advice</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources/primer-for-new-astro-user">Primer for New Astro User</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources/loaner-equipment">Loaner Equipment</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/it-resources/vnc-faq">VNC FAQ</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/internal-info/cahill-conference-rooms">Cahill Conference Rooms</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-42" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Cahill Conference Rooms submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-42" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Cahill Conference Rooms"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/internal-info/cahill-conference-rooms/cahill-zoom-system">Cahill 312/370 A/V System</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/internal-info/cahill-machine-shop">Cahill Machine Shop</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/internal-info/cahill-printers">Cahill Printers</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/internal-info/mailing-lists">Mailing Lists</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="http://www.astro.caltech.edu/observatories/coo/rof/ROF.html">Remote Observing Facilities</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/internal-info/committees">Committees</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="https://libguides.caltech.edu/pma">Astro Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/outreach">Public Outreach</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-50" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Public Outreach submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-50" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Public Outreach"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/outreach/upcoming-events">Upcoming Events</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/outreach/stargazing-lecture-series">Stargazing Lecture Series</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/outreach/aot">Astronomy on Tap</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/outreach/guerilla-astronomy">Guerilla Astronomy</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/outreach/dark-sky">Dark Sky Events</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/outreach/directions">Directions</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="https://youtube.com/c/caltechastro">YouTube Channel</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__menu-only dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split " data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-58" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="dropdown-toggle-button-title">Past Events</span> <span class="dropdown-toggle-button-icon"> <span class="sr-only">Open Past Events submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </span> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-58" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Past Events"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/outreach/past-events/past-stargazing-lectures">Past Stargazing Lectures</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/outreach/past-events/past-astronomy-on-tap-events">Past Astronomy on Tap Events</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/143414768@N07/albums/">Photos from Past Events</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/outreach/past-events/press-coverage">Press Coverage</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/outreach/esp">En Español</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/outreach/about-us">About Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <!--suppress HtmlWrongAttributeValue --> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item header__search" role="search" aria-label="Site"> <button type="button" class="header__search__button" aria-controls="search-form" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Search"> <img alt="" class="header__search__icon" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-search.png"> </button> <form id="search-form" class="header__search__form" action="/search" method="GET"> <label class="header__search__form__label mb-0 w-100 mr-3"><span class="sr-only">Search</span><input class="header__search__form__query w-100 h-100" type="search" name="q" value="" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" /></label><button class="header__search__form__submit" type="submit">Search</button> </form> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="header__slide-menu-and-search d-flex d-xl-none align-items-start" aria-label="Main"> <div class="header__slide-menu slide-menu dropdown"> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__opener dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="slide-menu" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Main Menu"> Menu <img aria-label="Open Main Menu" class="slide-menu__burger" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/menu-burger.png"> </button> <div id="slide-menu" class="slide-menu__dropdown dropdown-menu "> <div class="slide-menu__slide-wrapper d-flex"> <div class="slide-menu__level-1"> <button class="slide-menu__close-wrapper"> <span class="slide-menu__close"><svg class="slide-menu__close__icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-xmark"></use></svg> Close</span> </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--post-search dropdown-divider"></div> <div class="slide-menu__main-menu"> <ul class="slide-menu-ul"> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people"> People </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-64681" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-64681" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open People submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/research"> Research </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-64682" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-64682" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open Research submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/academics"> Academics </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-64683" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-64683" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open Academics submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/talks-events"> Talks &amp; Events </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-64684" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-64684" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open Talks &amp; Events submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/join-us"> Join Us </a> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/contact"> Contact Us </a> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info"> Internal Info </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-64687" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-64687" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open Internal Info submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach"> Public Outreach </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-64690" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-64690" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open Public Outreach submenu</span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="slide-menu__utility-menu d-md-none"> <ul aria-label="Useful links"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-64681" tabindex="-1" aria-label="People submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> People </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="People"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/teaching-faculty"> Teaching Faculty </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/research-faculty"> Research Faculty </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/technical-staff"> Scientific and Technical Staff </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/administrative-staff"> Administrative Staff </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/graduate"> Graduate Students </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/undergraduate-students"> Undergraduate Students </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/postdoctoral-scholars"> Postdoctoral Scholars </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/visitors"> Current Visitors </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/graduates"> Alumni: Graduates </a> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-64682" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Research submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> Research </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="Research"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/research/research-centers"> Research Centers </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/research/observatories"> Observatories </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/research/publications"> Publications </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/research/graduate-theses"> Graduate Theses </a> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-64683" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Academics submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> Academics </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="Academics"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://catalog.caltech.edu/current/2024-25/department/Ay/"> Ay Course Catalog </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/academics/undergraduate-program"> Undergraduate Program </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program"> Graduate Program </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Graduate Program"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program/life-astronomy-graduate-student"> Life as an Astronomy Graduate Student </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program/applying-caltech-astronomy-graduate-school"> Applying to Caltech Astronomy Graduate School </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="http://www.gradoffice.caltech.edu/current/community-standards/honor-code"> Caltech Honor Code </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/academics/teaching-assistants"> Teaching Assistants </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="TA Guide"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/academics/teaching-assistants/suggestions-office-hours"> Suggestions for Office Hours </a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-64684" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Talks &amp; Events submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> Talks &amp; Events </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="Talks &amp; Events"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/talks-events/astronomy-colloquium"> Astronomy Colloquium </a> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-64687" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Internal Info submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> Internal Info </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="Internal Info"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="http://outlook.office365.com/"> E-Mail Access </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources"> IT Resources </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="IT Resources"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources/cybersecurity-policies"> Cybersecurity Policies </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources/document-scanning"> Document Scanning </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources/pc-purchasing-recommendations"> PC Purchasing Recommendations </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources/how-create-python-virtual-environment"> How to create a Python virtual environment </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources/vpn-access"> VPN Access </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources/idl-advice"> IDL Advice </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources/primer-for-new-astro-user"> Primer for New Astro User </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources/loaner-equipment"> Loaner Equipment </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/it-resources/vnc-faq"> VNC FAQ </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/cahill-conference-rooms"> Cahill Conference Rooms </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Cahill Conference Rooms"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/cahill-conference-rooms/cahill-zoom-system"> Cahill 312/370 A/V System </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/cahill-machine-shop"> Cahill Machine Shop </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/cahill-printers"> Cahill Printers </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/mailing-lists"> Mailing Lists </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="http://www.astro.caltech.edu/observatories/coo/rof/ROF.html"> Remote Observing Facilities </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/internal-info/committees"> Committees </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://libguides.caltech.edu/pma"> Astro Library </a> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-64690" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Public Outreach submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> Public Outreach </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="Public Outreach"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/upcoming-events"> Upcoming Events </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/stargazing-lecture-series"> Stargazing Lecture Series </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/aot"> Astronomy on Tap </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/guerilla-astronomy"> Guerilla Astronomy </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/dark-sky"> Dark Sky Events </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/directions"> Directions </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://youtube.com/c/caltechastro"> YouTube Channel </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <span class="slide-menu__level-2__link js-menu-only"> Past Events </span> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Past Events"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/past-events/past-stargazing-lectures"> Past Stargazing Lectures </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/past-events/past-astronomy-on-tap-events"> Past Astronomy on Tap Events </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/143414768@N07/albums/"> Photos from Past Events </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/past-events/press-coverage"> Press Coverage </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/esp"> En Español </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.astro.caltech.edu/outreach/about-us"> About Us </a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header__search" role="search" aria-label="Site"> <button type="button" class="header__search__button" aria-controls="search-form" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Search"> <img alt="" class="header__search__icon" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-search.png"> </button> <form id="search-form" class="header__search__form" action="/search" method="GET"> <label class="header__search__form__label mb-0 w-100 mr-3"><span class="sr-only">Search</span><input class="header__search__form__query w-100 h-100" type="search" name="q" value="" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" /></label><button class="header__search__form__submit" type="submit">Search</button> </form> </div> </nav> </header> <section class="block-NotificationsBlock"> <div class="notifications-block notifications-block--all-pages" data-location-id="43"> </div> </section> </header> <main id="content" class="content " data-page-id=""> <div class="content-404"> <h1>Page Not Found</h1> <p class="content-404__info">You may be trying to find a page that doesn't exist or has been moved.</p> <h2 class="content-404__heading">What now?</h2> <p class="content-404__info">You can search for what you need using the box below, or <a href="/">visit our homepage</a>. <form class="content-404__search-form" method="get" action="/search"> <label class="content-404__search-form__label"><span class="sr-only">Search input field</span> <input class="content-404__search-form__field" type="text" name="q" placeholder="What are you looking for?"> </label> <input class="content-404__search-form__submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </form> </div> </main> <footer class="width-1440-container footer-container"> <div class="footer d-flex flex-column flex-wrap flex-sm-row justify-content-sm-between"> <div class="footer__torch-box"></div> <img alt="" class="footer__torch" src="/static/theme-v7.0/img/flame.png"> <div class="footer__left"> <img alt="Caltech" class="footer__left__caltech-wordmark" src="/static/core/img/caltech-new-logo.png"> <div class="footer__left__caltech-title">California Institute of Technology</div> </div> <div class="footer__right"> <img class="footer__right__map-marker" src="/static/theme-v7.0/img/icon-footerpin.png" alt=""> <div class="footer__right__contact-info-row">1200 East California Boulevard</div> <div class="footer__right__contact-info-row">Pasadena, California 91125</div> </div> <nav class="footer__menu w-100 d-flex flex-wrap justify-content-center" aria-label="Footer"> <a class="footer__menu__link" href="https://www.caltech.edu/digital-accessibility">Digital Accessibility</a> <span class="footer__menu__separator">|</span> <a class="footer__menu__link" href="https://www.caltech.edu/privacy-notice">Privacy Notice</a> <span class="footer__menu__separator">|</span> <span class="footer__menu__link">Site Content Copyright &copy; 2025</span> <span class="footer__menu__separator">|</span> <a class="footer__menu__link footer__menu__link--login" href="/admin/login/">Log In</a> </nav> </div> </footer> <script src="/static/theme-v7.0/js/anchor.js"></script> <script> anchors.options = { icon: '#', visible: 'hover', titleText: 'Right-click here and choose "Copy Link" to get a link to this part of the page.', } anchors.add('.rich-text h1, .rich-text h2, .rich-text h3, .rich-text h4, .rich-text h5, .rich-text h6, .heading-block'); </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10