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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American political theorist (1919 - 2009)</div> <p><b>Ernest Warren Lefever</b> (November 12, 1919 – July 29, 2009) was an American political theorist and foreign affairs expert who founded the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">Ethics and Public Policy Center</a> in 1976 and was nominated for a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> post by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. After his nomination was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> he formally withdrew his nomination. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_W._Lefever&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lefever was born in <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York, Pennsylvania</a>, on November 12, 1919. He grew up in a pacifist tradition and was ordained as a minister in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren" title="Church of the Brethren">Church of the Brethren</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_College" title="Elizabethtown College">Elizabethtown College</a>, graduating in 1942. He attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a>, where he was awarded a degree in 1945, later receiving a doctoral degree in <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> from the school in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Lefever worked for three years with prisoners of war from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> being held by the allied forces as a representative of the World's Alliance of YMCAs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, a visit to the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a> turned him into a self-described "humane realist,” with his sight of "scattered rib bones in the red clay" convincing him of the tangibility of evil. He took a bone from the camp which he would show at lectures to explain his transformation. Professionally, Lefever served as a foreign affairs consultant to <a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert H. Humphrey">Hubert H. Humphrey</a> when he was in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, in a similar role with the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a> and as a senior researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, Lefever established the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">Ethics and Public Policy Center</a> to apply "the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> moral tradition to critical issues of public policy" by defending "the great Western ethical imperatives—respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, individual freedom and responsibility, justice, the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPPC was criticized for accepting a $25,000 contribution from <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> while the organization was in the process of developing a report investigating medical care in developing nations, which was never published, in an alleged deal to minimize Nestlé's marketing of <a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">infant formula</a> in many of those countries.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_Department_nomination">State Department nomination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_W._Lefever&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: State Department nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Ronald Reagan nominated Lefever for a post as <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs</a> in the Department of State.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1981 nomination was cited by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> as an effort to appeal to "ultraconservatives" upset that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a> had failed to appoint conservative "hardliners" to his policy team. Lefever testified to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that the U.S. should not act to "promote human rights in other sovereign states".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTObit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics drew attention to his involvement with the Ethics and Public Policy Center and criticized remarks that contrasted regimes that supported the United States that he deemed "<a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a>" that should be the targets of "quiet diplomacy," stating that "[o]ur friends deserve quiet support and public encouragement in their quest for a more humane society" and that the US should be "a steadfast ally" without "moral posturing," and those that opposed the U.S. were deemed "<a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a>" and could not be the targets of change achieved through diplomatic means.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposition to the nomination at Senate hearings came from <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Timerman" title="Jacobo Timerman">Jacobo Timerman</a>, a journalist from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> who had been tortured by that country's military government.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine described Timerman as "a silent but nonetheless potent presence" at the hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Lefever's brothers opposed the nomination, with Donald Lefever testifying that his brother was not up to the job, and the allegation made by the brothers that Ernest Lefever had supported <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>'s views that "blacks were genetically inferior".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lefever was rejected by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee which voted 13–4 to reject his nomination, with five <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senators joining all eight <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> in rejecting the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTObit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post was ultimately filled by <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal">Personal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_W._Lefever&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A resident of <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase, Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a> at the time of his death, Lefever died at age 89 on July 29, 2009, due to <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">Lewy body dementia</a> at a nursing home in <a href="/wiki/New_Oxford,_Pennsylvania" title="New Oxford, Pennsylvania">New Oxford, Pennsylvania</a>. He was survived by his wife, the former Margaret Briggs, whom he married in 1951, as well as two sons and four grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_W._Lefever&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LATimesObit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATimesObit_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernstein, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-ernest-lefever31-2009jul31-story.html">"Ernest W. Lefever dies at 89; founder of conservative public policy organization"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, July 31, 2009. Accessed August 3, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eppc.org/scholars/scholarID.21/scholar.asp">Ernest W. Lefever</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817202555/http://www.eppc.org/scholars/scholarID.21/scholar.asp">Archived</a> 2009-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">Ethics and Public Policy Center</a>. Accessed August 3, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eppc.org/about/">About</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">Ethics and Public Policy Center</a>. Accessed August 3, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTObit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/05/us/politics/05lefever.html">"Ernest W. Lefever, Rejected as a Reagan Nominee, Dies at 89"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, August 4, 2009. Accessed August 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake, Patricia; Brelis, Dean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101015134027/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950572,00.html">"Now, the Timmerman Affair"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time (magazine)</a></i>, June 22, 1981. August 3, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">via <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dEMRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2OkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6879%2C452084">"Brothers Claim Lefever Thinks Blacks Inferior"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gainesville_Sun" title="The Gainesville Sun">The Gainesville Sun</a></i>, June 4, 1981. Accessed August 3, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">via <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6FANAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-20DAAAAIBAJ&dq=ernest%20lefever%20withdraw%20nomination&pg=5128%2C1158865">"Lefever quits, Senate panel says he's unfit"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i>, June 6, 1981. Accessed August 3, 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_W._Lefever&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?8507">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?100801-1/irony-virtue"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Lefever on <i>The Irony of Virtue: Ethics and American Power</i>, March 22, 1998.</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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