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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Arthur Whitney</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Whitney_2019Wiki1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arthur_Whitney_2019Wiki1.jpg/220px-Arthur_Whitney_2019Wiki1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Arthur_Whitney_2019Wiki1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1957-10-20</span>) </span>October 20, 1957<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 67)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Canadian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">pure mathematics</a>, graduate level</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/A%2B_(programming_language)" title="A+ (programming language)">A+</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q_(programming_language_from_Kx_Systems)" title="Q (programming language from Kx Systems)">q</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kx_Systems" title="Kx Systems">Kx Systems</a> (co-founder)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science">Computer Science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/I.P._Sharp_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="I.P. Sharp Associates">I.P. Sharp Associates</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> 1985<br />Teknowledge<br /><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a> 1988-1993<br /><a href="/wiki/Kx_Systems" title="Kx Systems">Kx Systems</a> 1993-2018 (co-founder)<br />Shakti Software 2018-present (co-founder)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Arthur Whitney</b> (born October 20, 1957) is a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> most notable for developing three <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>: <a href="/wiki/A%2B_(programming_language)" title="A+ (programming language)">A+</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">k</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-acm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Q_(programming_language_from_Kx_Systems)" title="Q (programming language from Kx Systems)">q</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-acm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for co-founding the U.S. companies <a href="/wiki/Kx_Systems" title="Kx Systems">Kx Systems</a><sup id="cite_ref-acm_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kx_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Shakti Software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whitney studied <a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">pure mathematics</a> at the graduate level at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in the early 1980s. He then worked at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acm_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was first exposed to APL when he was 11 by its inventor, Ken Iverson, a family friend.<sup id="cite_ref-acm_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later worked extensively with APL, first at <a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Ken Iverson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hui" title="Roger Hui">Roger Hui</a> among others. Whitney is recognized as having had an "enduring and significant influence on APL"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he co-authored papers with both Ken Iverson and Roger Hui.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote the initial prototype of <a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a>, a terse and macro-heavy single page of code, in one afternoon, which then served as the model for J implementor, Roger Hui, and was responsible for suggesting the <a href="/wiki/Rank_(J_programming_language)" title="Rank (J programming language)">rank</a> operators in J.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, Whitney began working at <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a> developing financial applications.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Morgan Stanley, Whitney developed A+<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to facilitate migrating APL applications from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> to a network of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems#Hardware" title="Sun Microsystems">workstations</a>. A+ had a smaller set of primitive functions and was designed for speed, and to handle large sets of time series data. </p><p>In 1993, Whitney left Morgan Stanley and co-founded <a href="/wiki/Kx_Systems" title="Kx Systems">Kx Systems</a> with Janet Lustgarten, to commercialize his k programming language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paul Ford's 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-paul-ford-what-is-code/">cover-story</a> for <i>Businessweek</i>, k is a programming language that is "famous for its brevity." The company signed an exclusive agreement with <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Switzerland" title="Union Bank of Switzerland">Union Bank of Switzerland</a> and Whitney developed a variety of trading applications using k until the contract expired. At the outset of the contract Whitney developed the kdb database built on k.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, Kx Systems released <a href="/wiki/Q_(programming_language_from_Kx_Systems)" title="Q (programming language from Kx Systems)">q</a>, a new vector language that built upon k and the kdb+ database developed by Whitney.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, First Derivatives bought out Whitney and Lustgarten's minority shares of Kx Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitney and Lustgarten then founded Shakti.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shakti platform has a small memory footprint, and allows for fast deployment and processing of distributed elastic workloads. It can work with all kinds of datasets, including numerical, temporal and text data, whether structured or not.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-acm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acm_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acm_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acm_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acm_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acm_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1531242">"A Conversation with Arthur Whitney"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ACM_Queue" title="ACM Queue">ACM Queue</a>. April 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Conversation+with+Arthur+Whitney&rft.pub=ACM+Queue&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqueue.acm.org%2Fdetail.cfm%3Fid%3D1531242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kx-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kx_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kx.com/arthur-interview.php">"An Interview With Arthur Whitney, Kx CEO and Developer of Kx Technology"</a>. Kx Systems. January 4, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+With+Arthur+Whitney%2C+Kx+CEO+and+Developer+of+Kx+Technology&rft.pub=Kx+Systems&rft.date=2004-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkx.com%2Farthur-interview.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuiKromberg2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hui, Roger; Kromberg, Morten (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3386319">"APL since 1978"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages</i>. <b>4</b> (HOPL): 1–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3386319">10.1145/3386319</a></span> – via Association for Computing Machinery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+ACM+on+Programming+Languages&rft.atitle=APL+since+1978&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=HOPL&rft.pages=1-108&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3386319&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Kromberg%2C+Morten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F3386319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIversonWhitney1982" class="citation book cs1">Iverson, Kenneth; Whitney, Arthur (July 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/800071.802236">"Practical uses of a model of APL"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the international conference on APL - APL '82</i>. pp. 140–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800071.802236">10.1145/800071.802236</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0897910788" title="Special:BookSources/0897910788"><bdi>0897910788</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25543907">25543907</a> – via Association for Computing Machinery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Practical+uses+of+a+model+of+APL&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+international+conference+on+APL+-+APL+%2782&rft.pages=140-145&rft.date=1982-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25543907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800071.802236&rft.isbn=0897910788&rft.aulast=Iverson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Whitney%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F800071.802236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuiIversonMcDonnellWhitney1990" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Roger; Iverson, Kenneth; McDonnell, E. E.; Whitney, Arthur (May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/97808.97845">"APL\?"</a>. <i>Conference proceedings on APL 90: For the future</i>. pp. 192–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F97808.97845">10.1145/97808.97845</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/089791371X" title="Special:BookSources/089791371X"><bdi>089791371X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235453656">235453656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=APL%5C%3F&rft.btitle=Conference+proceedings+on+APL+90%3A+For+the+future&rft.pages=192-200&rft.date=1990-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235453656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F97808.97845&rft.isbn=089791371X&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Iverson%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=McDonnell%2C+E.+E.&rft.au=Whitney%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F97808.97845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIverson1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Iverson, Kenneth E.</a> (1991). "A personal view of APL". <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 582–593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.304.0582">10.1147/sj.304.0582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=A+personal+view+of+APL&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=582-593&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.304.0582&rft.aulast=Iverson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHui1992" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Roger (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsoftware.com/books/pdf/aioj.pdf"><i>An Implementation of J</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Toronto: Iverson Software, Inc. pp. 74–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Implementation+of+J&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Iverson+Software%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsoftware.com%2Fbooks%2Fpdf%2Faioj.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.vector.org.uk/art10501320">"Impending kOS"</a>. Vector<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impending+kOS&rft.pub=Vector&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.vector.org.uk%2Fart10501320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher" class="citation web cs1">Butcher, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.efinancialcareers.com/it-en/3001925/morgan-stanley-a-programming-language.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Morgan Stanley's A+ programming language"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cluster Monkey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+Down+the+Column%3A+The+kdb%2B+Community&rft.pub=Cluster+Monkey&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Eadline&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clustermonkey.net%2FDeep-Dive%2Fworking-down-the-column-the-kdb-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstderivatives.com/news/fd-to-buy-out-minority-kx-systems-shareholders/">"FD to buy out minority Kx Systems shareholders"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+new+data+platform+from+the+reclusive+genius+of+banking+IT%22&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.efinancialcareers.com%2Fuk-en%2F3002752%2Fshakti-arthur-whitney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Whitney+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakti.com">Official 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<li><a href="/wiki/Rank_(J_programming_language)" title="Rank (J programming language)">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Variables" title="Shared Variables">Shared Variables</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:APL_(programming_language)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/80px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/120px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg/160px-APL_%28programming_language%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1890" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%2B_(programming_language)" title="A+ (programming language)"><i>A</i> → <i>A+</i></a>°</li> <li>APLNext → <i>VisualAPL</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ELI_(programming_language)" title="ELI (programming language)">ELI</a></i></li> <li><i>GNU APL</i>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kdb%2B" title="Kdb+">kdb+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q_(programming_language_from_Kx_Systems)" title="Q (programming language from Kx Systems)">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_Programming_Language" title="Polymorphic Programming Language">Polymorphic Programming Language</a></i> (PPL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere_WS-1" title="Ampere WS-1">Ampere</a></li> <li>Analogic Corporation</li> <li>APL2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC)</li> <li>DNA Systems</li> <li>Dyalog Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._P._Sharp_Associates" title="I. P. Sharp Associates">I. P. Sharp Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx_Systems" title="Kx Systems">Kx Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCM/70" title="MCM/70">Micro Computer Machines</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation" title="Scientific Time Sharing Corporation">Scientific Time Sharing Corporation</a> (STSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton_Incorporated" title="Soliton Incorporated">Soliton Incorporated</a></li> <li>Telecompute Integrated Systems, Inc.</li> <li>Time Sharing Resources (TSR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> (CMU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Abrams" title="Philip S. Abrams">Phil Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernecky" title="Robert Bernecky">Bob Bernecky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Breed" title="Lawrence M. Breed">Larry Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenner_(mathematician)" title="Charles Brenner (mathematician)">Charles Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Brown (computer scientist)">Jim Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adin_Falkoff" title="Adin Falkoff">Adin Falkoff</a></li> <li>Patrick E. Hagerty</li> <li>Herbert Hellerman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hui" title="Roger Hui">Roger Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Lathwell" title="Richard H. Lathwell">Dick Lathwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McDonnell" title="Eugene McDonnell">Eugene McDonnell</a></li> <li>Robert Metzger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)" title="Roger Moore (computer scientist)">Roger Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Scholes" title="John M. Scholes">John Scholes</a></li> <li>J. Henri Schueler</li> <li>Bob Smith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Sussenguth" title="Edward H. Sussenguth">Edward H. Sussenguth</a> Jr.</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arthur Whitney</a></li> <li>William Yerazunis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodnay_Zaks" title="Rodnay Zaks">Rodnay Zaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iverson_Award" title="Iverson Award">Iverson Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b></li> <li><b>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:APL_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:APL (programming language)">Commons</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:APL_programming_language_family" title="Category:APL programming language family">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)&oldid=1241918681">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)&oldid=1241918681</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_computer_scientists" title="Category:Canadian computer scientists">Canadian computer scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:I._P._Sharp_Associates_employees" title="Category:I. 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