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<span>Historical cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Mixed_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Mixed_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1.1</span> <span>International Mixed Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Mixed_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_extraterritoriality_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_extraterritoriality_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1.2</span> <span>End of extraterritoriality in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_extraterritoriality_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1.3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Siam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Countries_ceding_some_control_but_not_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_ceding_some_control_but_not_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Countries ceding some control but not sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_ceding_some_control_but_not_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfers_of_ownership_of_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfers_of_ownership_of_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Transfers of ownership of land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfers_of_ownership_of_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Internal cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obligations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obligations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Obligations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obligations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حصانة محلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصانة محلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksterritoriall%C4%B1q" title="Eksterritoriallıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eksterritoriallıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Экстэрытарыяльнасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экстэрытарыяльнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritorialitat" title="Extraterritorialitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extraterritorialitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exteritorialita" title="Exteritorialita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Exteritorialita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alltiriogaethedd" title="Alltiriogaethedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alltiriogaethedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksterritorialitet" title="Eksterritorialitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eksterritorialitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterritorialit%C3%A4t" title="Exterritorialität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exterritorialität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ετεροδικία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ετεροδικία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritorialidad_(derecho)" title="Extraterritorialidad (derecho) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Extraterritorialidad (derecho)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurraldez_kanpotasun" title="Lurraldez kanpotasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurraldez kanpotasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فراسرزمینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراسرزمینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritorialit%C3%A9" title="Extraterritorialité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extraterritorialité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EC%99%B8%EB%B2%95%EA%B6%8C" title="치외법권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치외법권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrateritorialitas" title="Ekstrateritorialitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekstrateritorialitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritorialit%C3%A0" title="Extraterritorialità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Extraterritorialità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Экстерриториалдық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экстерриториалдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%BCletenk%C3%ADv%C3%BClis%C3%A9g" title="Területenkívüliség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Területenkívüliség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarwilayahan" title="Keluarwilayahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keluarwilayahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E5%A4%96%E6%B3%95%E6%A8%A9" title="治外法権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="治外法権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraterritoriell_status" title="Ekstraterritoriell status – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ekstraterritoriell status" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksterytorialno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Eksterytorialność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eksterytorialność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritorialidade" title="Extraterritorialidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Extraterritorialidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrateritorialitate" title="Extrateritorialitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Extrateritorialitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Экстерриториальность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экстерриториальность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksterritorialiteti" title="Eksterritorialiteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eksterritorialiteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exteritorialita" title="Exteritorialita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Exteritorialita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterritorialitet" title="Exterritorialitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Exterritorialitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Экстерриториальлек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Экстерриториальлек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95" title="สภาพนอกอาณาเขต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สภาพนอกอาณาเขต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%B1%C5%9F_dokunulmazl%C4%B1k" title="Dış dokunulmazlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dış dokunulmazlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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Nations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Space</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extraterritorialities" title="Template:Extraterritorialities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extraterritorialities" title="Template talk:Extraterritorialities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterritorialities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterritorialities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, <b>extraterritoriality</b> or <b>exterritoriality</b> is the state of being exempted from the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. </p><p> Historically, this primarily applied to individuals, as jurisdiction was usually claimed on peoples rather than on lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel20129_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel20129-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extraterritoriality can also be partly applied to physical places. For example, such is the immunity granted to <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic missions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military bases</a> of foreign countries, or offices of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. The three most common cases recognized today internationally relate to the persons and belongings of foreign <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state">heads of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a>, the persons and belongings of <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a>, and ships in <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanPaoloFuoriLeMura1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SanPaoloFuoriLeMura1.jpg/220px-SanPaoloFuoriLeMura1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SanPaoloFuoriLeMura1.jpg/330px-SanPaoloFuoriLeMura1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SanPaoloFuoriLeMura1.jpg/440px-SanPaoloFuoriLeMura1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on an external wall of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>) indicating its extraterritorial status</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past, pre-modern states generally claimed sovereignty over persons, creating something known as <a href="/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction" title="Personal jurisdiction">personal jurisdiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel20129_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel20129-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As people move between borders, this led, in the framework of a territorial jurisdiction, to certain persons being under the laws of countries in which they did not reside. Extraterritoriality, in this sense, emerges from the interaction of these two conceptions of jurisdiction, personal and territorial, when laws are applied based on <i>who</i> a person is rather than <i>where</i> they are. </p><p>Extraterritoriality can now take various forms. Most famous are examples of diplomatic extraterritoriality, where diplomats and their belongings <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">do not operate</a> under the laws of their host nations, but rather, under the laws of the diplomat's nation. </p><p>Similarly, many nations claim the right to prosecute foreign combatants and violators of human rights under doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal jurisdiction</a>, irrespective of the nationality of those persons or the place in which the alleged crimes occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012182-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This extends to domestic criminal codes as well: for example, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> claims the right to prosecute Chinese citizens for crimes committed abroad<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182–183_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012182–183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Canada will prosecute <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_of_minors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual abuse of minors">sexual abuse of minors</a> by a Canadian anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, it means Chinese <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Security Law of the People's Republic of China">national security laws</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictions_on_freedom_of_speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restrictions on freedom of speech (page does not exist)">restrictions on freedom of speech</a> apply to every Chinese citizen across the world, while in Canada's case, local ages of consent are ignored in favour of the Canadian law, meaning a Canadian engaging in sexual activity with a person above age of consent in a jurisdiction which is lower than Canada's, they will be prosecuted according to Canadian law. For example, in Poland where the age of consent is 15, were a Canadian adult to participate in such an activity, they would be prosecuted in Canadian law regardless of what local law says, for a crime committed outside Canadian jurisdiction. The same applies to China: restrictions on freedom of speech, such as criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, will be prosecuted according to Chinese law when that person steps foot on Chinese soil, regardless if said comments were made by a student in London or Vancouver. </p><p>In some military and commercial agreements, nations cede legal jurisdiction for foreign bases or ports to other countries. For example, Japan cedes jurisdiction over American military bases on its soil in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Military tribunals in the United States">US military tribunals</a> pursuant to a bilateral status of forces agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012183_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012183-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Maritime_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime law">maritime law</a>, a ship in international waters is governed by the laws of the jurisdiction in which that ship is registered. This can be conceived of as a form of extraterritoriality, where a nation's jurisdiction extends beyond its border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_cases">Historical cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_century">14th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">sea republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> obtained extraterritoriality for their merchants who operated in designated quarters (<a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Pera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a>) in the Byzantine capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, as well as in Egypt and the Barbary states.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">A series of capitulations</a> were made in the form of treaties between the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> and Western nations, from the sixteenth through the early nineteenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201212_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201212-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal impenetrability of the Ottoman legal code created during the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> era began to weaken continuously through the spread of European empires and the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">legal positivism</a>. </p><p>The laws and regulations created for Ottoman subjects to abide by often did not apply to European nationals conducting business and trade in the provinces of the empire, and thus various capitulations were brought into effect with respect to many foreign powers. The various overlapping governmental laws led to legal pluralism in which jurisdiction often was left up to the great powers to institute and organize their own legal structures to represent their citizens abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capitulations ceased to have effect in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in 1923, by virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> they were abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Abolition_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt">Montreux Convention</a> in 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_India">British India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the military personnel of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> were governed by their own military codes by the <i>Allied Forces Ordinance, 1942</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> were entirely governed by their own laws, even in criminal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the United States has had extraterritoriality agreements with 15 nations with non-Western legal systems: <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, China, Egypt, Iran, Japan, South Korea, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans in the military or civilians working on American military bases overseas generally have extraterritoriality, so they can only be tried by the U.S. military. This is regulated by a <a href="/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement" title="Status of forces agreement">status of forces agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margriet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Margriet of the Netherlands">Princess Margriet of the Netherlands</a> was born on 19 January 1943 in <a href="/wiki/The_Ottawa_Hospital" title="The Ottawa Hospital">Ottawa Civic Hospital</a> in Ottawa, Ontario, as the family had been living in Canada since June 1940 after the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#German_Occupation" title="Netherlands in World War II">occupation of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany</a>. The maternity ward of Ottawa Civic Hospital in which Princess Margriet was born was temporarily declared to be extraterritorial by the Canadian government.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making the maternity ward outside of the Canadian domain caused it to be unaffiliated with any jurisdiction and technically <a href="/wiki/International_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="International territory">international territory</a>. This was done to ensure that the newborn would derive her citizenship from <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">her mother</a> only, thus making her solely Dutch, which could be very important had the child been male, and as such, the heir of Princess Juliana.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc-princess_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-princess-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous cases of extraterritoriality in East Asia are those of 19th century China, Japan, and Siam, emerging from what is termed the "<a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a>". The practice of extraterritoriality, however, was not confined to the 19th century or these nations,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the monarchs and governments of pre-modern East Asia primarily claimed sovereignty over people rather than tracts of land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel20128_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel20128-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Mixed_Court_at_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/International_Mixed_Court_at_Shanghai.jpg/220px-International_Mixed_Court_at_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/International_Mixed_Court_at_Shanghai.jpg/330px-International_Mixed_Court_at_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/International_Mixed_Court_at_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>A hearing of the International Mixed Court at Shanghai, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The creation of extraterritoriality for treaty nations "was not introduced into East Asia <i>ex novo</i>, but built atop a long-standing legal edifice".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurisdiction in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>, with differential treatment for <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> subjects, was not determined by geography, but rather, by the identity of the subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the ruling Manchu elite possessed legal privileges which placed them outside the jurisdiction of local ethnically Chinese administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201212_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201212-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 1842 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>, foreign merchants were not satisfied with the state of the Qing legal system. Prior to the Treaty, British Merchants were only able to trade in the region of Canton, exclusively with Chinese Merchants called Cohongs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese Merchants benefitted significantly out of the deal, contributing to the British dissatisfaction with the Chinese. British merchants were "suspicious of what they regarded as a tendency in the Qing legal order to impose collective responsibility; they were also resentful of the Qing practice of meting out capital punishment in cases of accidental manslaughter".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201243_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201243-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Lady_Hughes_Affair" title="Lady Hughes Affair"><i>Lady Hughes</i> Affair</a> – a controversial 1784 case where a British gunner was executed for killing two Chinese subjects – <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> officials generally spirited away Britons before Qing officials could react.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201243_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201243-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grants of extraterritoriality were regular in China. In the 1830s, when the Qing government concluded a treaty with the Uzbek khanate of Khoqand, it granted extraterritorial privileges to its traders. And in dealing with foreign merchants through the centuries, the Qing government rarely attempted to impose jurisdiction based on territorial sovereignty, instead entrusting the punishment of foreigners to the respective authority in practically all cases except homicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201247_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201247-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the negotiations of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanjing</a>, Qing negotiators readily extended a grant of extraterritoriality. Cassel writes "the imperial commissioner and Manchu nobleman <a href="/wiki/Keying_(official)" title="Keying (official)">Qiying</a> readily conceded extraterritorial privileges to the British in an exchange of notes with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pottinger" title="Henry Pottinger">Pottinger</a> [the British plenipotentiary] at the time of the conclusion of the treaty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201251_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201251-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in line with Qing practices at the time, where sovereignty was held by peoples rather than imposed on lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201252_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201252-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more formal declaration of extraterritoriality was concluded in the 1843 Supplementary <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a>, which established that "Britons were to be punished according to <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> and Chinese were to be 'tried and punished by their own laws'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201252_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201252-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provisions only applied to the treaty ports, since foreigners were barred from entering the Chinese interior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201260_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201260-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under imperial edict earlier in the year, these privileges were extended to most western countries. Other nations wanted reassurances and guarantees. For example, the United States negotiated the 1844 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a>, which stated in article 21: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Subjects of China who may be guilty of any criminal act towards citizens of the United States shall be arrested and punished by the Chinese authorities according to the laws of China, and citizens of the United states who may commit any crime in China shall be subject to be tried and punished only by the Consul or other public functionary of the United States thereto authorised according to the laws of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201253_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201253-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Wanghia treaty included an exception for American trading in opium and also subjected American ships trading outside treaty ports to confiscation by the Chinese government in articles 33 and 3.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201253_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201253-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the French also pursued protections in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Huangpu" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Huangpu">Treaty of Huangpu</a>, which further introduced a distinction between criminal and civil jurisdiction (non-existent in Qing dynasty law) and gave Frenchmen the full protections of Chinese law outside concessionary areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201254_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201254-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1858 Sino-British <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>, expanded the rights of western visitors. They were permitted to enter the Chinese interior after passporting. However, extraterritorial rights were not extended outside the treaty ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201260–61_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201260–61-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar rights were granted to the interested western powers due to the "most-favoured-nation" clause: all privileges the Qing empire granted to one power were automatically granted to the others. In 1868, when the Tientsin treaties were renegotiated, British merchants clamoured to lift the travel restrictions on the Chinese interior. The Qing position was adamantly opposed, unless extraterritoriality was also abolished. No compromise was reached; and the Qing government was successful in preventing foreigners from visiting the Chinese interior with extraterritorial privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201261–62_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201261–62-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extraterritorial rights were not limited to Western nations. Under the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_Friendship_and_Trade_Treaty" title="Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty">Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> and China granted each other reciprocal extraterritorial rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201284_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201284-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China itself imposed reciprocal extraterritoriality rights for its own citizens in <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201284_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201284-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1895, under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> after the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, China gave up its extraterritorial rights in Japan, without reciprocity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201213_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201213-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="International_Mixed_Court">International Mixed Court</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International Mixed Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By far the most important of the treaty ports established after 1842 was Shanghai, where the vague extraterritoriality provisions of the various treaties were most sophisticatedly implemented. The two main courts judging extraterritorial cases were the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Mixed_Court" title="Shanghai Mixed Court">Shanghai Mixed Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China" title="British Supreme Court for China">British Supreme Court for China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201263_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201263-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar courts were established for treaty countries, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_for_China" title="United States Court for China">United States Court for China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These had jurisdiction over the concession areas, which formally remained under Qing sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201264_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201264-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Chinese people who committed crimes in, say, the British zone, were remanded to Chinese authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201265_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201265-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="End_of_extraterritoriality_in_China">End of extraterritoriality in China</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of extraterritoriality in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 20th century, some Western powers were willing to relinquish extraterritorial rights given the improved state of Chinese legal reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012175_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012175-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the 1902 Sino-British "<a href="/wiki/Mackay_Treaty" title="Mackay Treaty">Mackay treaty</a>"<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> article 12 read: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>China having expressed a strong desire to reform her judicial system ... [the United Kingdom] will ... be pretreated to relinquish her extra-territorial rights when she is satisfied that the state of the Chinese laws, the arrangement for her administration, and other considerations warrant her in so doing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012175_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012175-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Qing law did not make a formal distinction between criminal and civil law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201253_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201253-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While efforts at legal reform were pursued in earnest in the last decade of the Qing dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012175_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012175-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> what was actually achieved failed to meaningfully address this lack of law in the areas of contracts, trade, or commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012162_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012162-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the collapse of the Chinese government in 1911 and the ensuing administrative vacuum, the Chinese members of the Mixed Court were subsequently appointed by the Western powers, placing all inhabitants of the international settlement under <i>de facto</i> foreign jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012177_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012177-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> in strengthening the authority of the Chinese republic in the mid-1920s led many governments to give up their more minor treaty ports without a fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012178_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012178-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the treaty powers were unwilling to give up Shanghai, or their privileges within it, which remained the most prominent economic centre and treaty port. It was only after a confrontation between Shanghai police and Nationalist demonstrators in 1925 that Chinese authorities refused to enforce the verdicts of the Mixed Court; this led to its disestablishment in 1927 and replacement with a Chinese-run local court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012178_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012178-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Conference on the Limitation of Armament in Washington</a>, an international treaty called the <a href="/wiki/Nine-Power_Treaty" title="Nine-Power Treaty">Nine-Power Treaty</a> was signed which expressed the willingness of the parties to end extraterritoriality in China once a competent legal system was established by China.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, a commission was established in 1926 that published a detailed report which contained its findings and recommendations for the Chinese legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-comm-report_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comm-report-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extraterritoriality in China for non-diplomatic personnel ended at various times in the 20th century. Germany and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> lost their rights in China in 1917 after China declared war on them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012177_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012177-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union made secret agreements that kept its rights until 1960, although it publicly falsely stated that it gave them up in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, the status of the various foreign powers was thus:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Status of extraterritoriality with respect to China (1937) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 150px;">Ceased to have effect</th> <th style="width: 150px;">No extraterritorial rights</th> <th style="width: 150px;">Will surrender privileges "when all other powers do so"</th> <th style="width: 150px;">Rights continued to have effect </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top" class="plainlist"> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (lapsed in 1928)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1920%E2%80%931964)" title="History of Bolivia (1920–1964)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931973)" title="Presidential Republic (1925–1973)">Chile</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Greece</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Iran"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuba</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1929 the Nationalist government announced its goal of ending extraterritoriality completely. Negotiations with Britain, the main holder of such rights, went slowly. They ended with the Japanese invasion of 1937 when Japan seized Shanghai and the main treaty ports where extraterritoriality was in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When both countries declared war on Japan in late 1941, they became formal allies of China and made ending extraterritoriality an urgent goal which both the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_China_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extraterritorial_Rights_in_China" title="Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China">U.S.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Treaty_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extra-Territorial_Rights_in_China" title="Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China">Britain</a> fulfilled with the treaties they signed with China in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012179_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012179-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legacy">Legacy</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legacy of this for jurisdictional control continues to the modern day. Cassel writes, "extraterritoriality has left many policy-makers in mainland China with a legacy of deeply felt suspicions toward international law, international organisations, and more recently, human rights".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012182-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With part of its legitimacy resting on claims to strengthening national sovereignty and territorial integrity, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a> explicitly states that foreigners must abide by <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">PRC law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012182-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">PRC government</a> claims the right, under article 10 of its criminal code, to prosecute <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese citizens</a> for crimes against the criminal code which are committed abroad, even if already punished for the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012183_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012183-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These emerge from significant claims of the importance of national sovereignty, a reaction to its abridgement in the past, where almost no nations emphasise the importance of their sovereignty more than China does today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012182-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan recognized extraterritoriality in the treaties concluded with the United States, the United Kingdom, France, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 1858, in connection with the concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">most favoured nation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Duus_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duus-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various commercial treaties extended extraterritorial protections in Japan with various parties, including with Peru, in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012157_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012157-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most countries exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction through <a href="/wiki/Consular_court" title="Consular court">consular courts</a>. Britain established the <a href="/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan" title="British Court for Japan">British Court for Japan</a> in 1879.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1887, only 2,389 non-Chinese foreigners lived in Japan, with strict limitations on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012150_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012150-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These limitations meant that foreigners in Japan were not able to commit crime with impunity, in contrast with China, where foreigners were granted the ability to travel to the interior after passporting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012150_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012150-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, it was in the context of the Japanese state's desire to eliminate all competing jurisdictions and calls for legal reform based on the models of those jurisdictions that Japan's government desired to abolish foreign courts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012150–151_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012150–151-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having convinced the Western powers that its legal system was "sufficiently modern",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel201213_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel201213-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan succeeded in reforming its unequal status with Britain through the 1894 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation" title="Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation">Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation</a>, in which London would relinquish its Japanese extraterritorial rights within five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012160_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012160-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar treaties were signed with other extraterritorial powers around the same time. These treaties all came into effect in 1899, ending extraterritoriality in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012160_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012160-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Allied victory in 1945, the Mutual Security Assistance Pact, and its successor treaties, between the United States, to the modern day, grant US military personnel on American bases in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> extraterritorial privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012183_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012183-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siam">Siam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Siam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (Rama IV) of Siam signed the <a href="/wiki/Bowring_Treaty" title="Bowring Treaty">Bowring Treaty</a> granting extraterritorial rights to Britain in 1855. Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hermann_Schomburgk" title="Robert Hermann Schomburgk">Robert Hermann Schomburgk</a>, British Consul-General from 1859 to 1864, gives an account of his judicial training and responsibilities in a letter to his cousin dated 6 September 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-JSS_Guehler_Letter_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSS_Guehler_Letter-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">Unequal treaties</a> were later signed with 12 other European powers and with Japan. Extraterritoriality came to end in 1917 with respect to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1925–1926, the treaties were revised to provide for consular jurisdiction to be terminated, and nationals of the parties to the treaty were to come under the jurisdiction of Thai courts after the introduction of all Thai legal codes and a period of 5 years thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1930, extraterritoriality was in effect no longer in force.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in the bloodless <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a>, the constitutional government promulgated a set of legal codes, setting the stage for new treaties signed in 1937–1938 which canceled extraterritorial rights completely.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Elimination of extraterritoriality with respect to Siam </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 150px;">Abolished in 1909</th> <th style="width: 150px;">Abolished in 1917</th> <th style="width: 150px;">Abolished in 1937–38 </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a><br /><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><br /><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_examples">Current examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Current examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to popular belief, <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic missions</a> do not generally enjoy full extraterritorial status and are not sovereign territory of the represented state.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries_ceding_some_control_but_not_sovereignty">Countries ceding some control but not sovereignty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Countries ceding some control but not sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countries which have ceded some control over their territory (for example, the right to enter at will for law enforcement purposes) without ceding sovereignty include: </p> <ul><li>Extraterritorial <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">properties of the Holy See</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> in Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Angelo" title="Fort St. Angelo">Fort St. Angelo</a> in Malta<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (only partial)</li> <li>the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium (as well as the building of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> there)</li> <li>the seat of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations headquarters</a> in New York, United Nations offices in <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais des Nations">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_International_Centre" title="Vienna International Centre">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and elsewhere.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> (European Organization for Nuclear Research) – for convenience, some facilities that cross into France are under Swiss jurisdiction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Berlin, and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> Headquarters in London<sup id="cite_ref-UK_SI_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_SI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtaposed_controls" title="Juxtaposed controls">Juxtaposed controls</a> for the Channel Tunnel. The United Kingdom have pre-boarding passport checks in France and Belgium, and France or Belgium operate passport checks in the UK.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Pays_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays Quint">Pays Quint</a> is located on Spanish soil but rented by France since an 1856 treaty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saimaa_Canal" title="Saimaa Canal">Saimaa Canal</a> is partly located in Russia, but the Russian part is rented by Finland</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, which is part of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, other countries have the right to extract some natural resources and build establishments for this</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93Djibouti_Status_of_Forces_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan–Djibouti Status of Forces Agreement (page does not exist)">Japan–Djibouti Status of Forces Agreement</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">SHAPE</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeimim_Air_Base" title="Khmeimim Air Base">Khmeimim Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> is leased to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> for a period of 49 years, with the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> having extraterritorial jurisdiction over the air base and its personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vasiliev2018_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev2018-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah</a> of Turkey in Syria</li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port">free ports</a> exist outside the main <a href="/wiki/Customs_territory" title="Customs territory">customs territory</a> of their host country.</li> <li>The countries pavilions of <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Russian Federation maintains a lease until 2050 on the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> in Kazakhstan in the city of Baikonur</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfers_of_ownership_of_land">Transfers of ownership of land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transfers of ownership of land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Special concessions are sometimes made for cemeteries and memorials. National governments can also own property or special concessions in other host countries without gaining any sort of legal jurisdiction or sovereignty, in which case they are treated similarly to other private property owners. For example, ownership of land under the <a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">John F. Kennedy Memorial</a> at <a href="/wiki/Runnymede" title="Runnymede">Runnymede</a>, England, was given to the United States by the United Kingdom, but required an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Act_1964&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Act 1964 (page does not exist)">John F. Kennedy Memorial Act 1964</a>) to do so, because the land was part of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a>, which cannot otherwise be given away for free.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of these types of special concessions are the numerous cemeteries and monuments administered by the <a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a>. These are located in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular site among these is the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial">Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial</a> in France. Land under the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial" title="Canadian National Vimy Memorial">Canadian National Vimy Memorial</a> and surrounding 100 hectares was gifted by France to Canada. </p><p>A similar case is the <a href="/wiki/French_domains_of_St_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="French domains of St Helena">French domains of St Helena</a>: the Government of France bought land property on St. Helena island to commemorate the exile of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_cases">Internal cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Internal cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal cases (both parties are part of the same unitary sovereign state but have different border control and legal systems): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Bay_Port" title="Shenzhen Bay Port">Shenzhen Bay Port</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> where an area in a port is leased by Shenzhen to the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong Special Administrative Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">Hong Kong law</a> applies. Although both jurisdictions, Shenzhen and Hong Kong, are in the same country, Hong Kong maintains a common law legal system different from the civil law system in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>. Hong Kong law now applies in the port area.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hengqin Campus of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Macau" title="University of Macau">University of Macau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, administered by <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau SAR</a> in a situation similar to above<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Macau half of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengqin_Border_Crossing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hengqin Border Crossing (page does not exist)">Hengqin Border Crossing</a>, adjacent to above<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obligations">Obligations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Obligations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_Obligations" title="Extraterritorial Obligations">Extraterritorial Obligations</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extraterritorial_Obligations&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_Obligations" title="Extraterritorial Obligations">Extraterritorial Obligations (ETOs)</a> are obligations in relation to the acts and omissions of a state, within or beyond its territory, that have effects on the enjoyment of human rights outside of that state's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Extraterritorial_Obligations_Rout_eto_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extraterritorial_Obligations_Rout_eto-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Extraterritorial_Obligations_ETO_mp_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extraterritorial_Obligations_ETO_mp-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_Shaikh" title="Akmal Shaikh">Akmal Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica Major">Basilica Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="British Supreme Court for China and Japan">British Supreme Court for China and Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan" title="British Court for Japan">British Court for Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">Demilitarized zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">Diplomatic immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy church">Embassy church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroAirport_Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg">EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_jurisdiction" title="Extraterritorial jurisdiction">Extraterritorial jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_operation" title="Extraterritorial operation">Extraterritorial operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Treaty">Harris Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Imperialism in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_zone" title="International zone">International zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral territory">Neutral territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prerogative" title="Prerogative">Prerogative</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasul_v._Bush" title="Rasul v. Bush">Rasul v. Bush</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement" title="Status of forces agreement">Status of forces agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Terra nullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">United Nations Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">List of territories governed by the United Nations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel20129-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel20129_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel20129_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassel2012">Cassel 2012</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012182-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassel2012">Cassel 2012</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassel2012182–183-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassel2012182–183_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassel2012">Cassel 2012</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2012" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs (16 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/publications/child-crime">"Child Sex Tourism : It's a Crime"</a>. <i>Travel.gc.ca</i>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge&rft.atitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+on+Extraterritorial+Human+Rights+Obligations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Routledge-Handbook-on-Extraterritorial-Human-Rights-Obligations%2FGibney-Turkelli-Krajewski-Vandenhole%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780367546489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterritoriality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extraterritorial_Obligations_ETO_mp-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Extraterritorial_Obligations_ETO_mp_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506043032/https://www.etoconsortium.org/nc/en/main-navigation/library/maastricht-principles/?tx_drblob_pi1%5BdownloadUid%5D=23">"Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"</a>. <i>ETO Consortium</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ETO+Consortium&rft.atitle=Maastricht+Principles+on+Extraterritorial+Obligations+of+States+in+the+Area+of+Economic%2C+Social+and+Cultural+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etoconsortium.org%2Fnc%2Fen%2Fmain-navigation%2Flibrary%2Fmaastricht-principles%2F%3Ftx_drblob_pi1%255BdownloadUid%255D%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterritoriality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bickers, Robert, and Isabella Jackson, eds. <i>Treaty Ports in Modern China: Law, Land and Power</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassel2012" class="citation book cs1">Cassel, Pär (2012). <i>Grounds of Judgment</i>. New York: Oxford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979205-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979205-4"><bdi>978-0-19-979205-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grounds+of+Judgment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979205-4&rft.aulast=Cassel&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A4r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterritoriality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chan, K. Chan. "The Abrogation of British Extraterritoriality in China 1942-43: A Study of Anglo-American-Chinese Relations." <i>Modern Asian Studies</i> 11.2 (1977): 257-291 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311551">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Douglas (2015). <i>Gunboat Justice: British and American Law Courts in China and Japan (1842-1943)</i>. Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Earnshaw_Books" title="Earnshaw Books">Earnshaw Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunboat+Justice%3A+British+and+American+Law+Courts+in+China+and+Japan+%281842-1943%29&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Earnshaw+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterritoriality" class="Z3988"></span>, Vol. 1: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-82730-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-82730-8-9">978-988-82730-8-9</a>; Vol. 2: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-82730-9-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-82730-9-6">978-988-82730-9-6</a>; Vol. 3: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-82731-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-82731-9-5">978-988-82731-9-5</a></li> <li>Davids, Jules, and Jonathan M. Nielson. "Extraterritoriality." in <i>Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy</i> ed. by Alexander DeConde et al. (2002) 2:81–92.</li> <li>“Developments in the Law: Extraterritoriality.” <i>Harvard Law Review</i>, vol. 124, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1226–1304. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://JSTOR,">www.jstor.org/stable/25800158 online</a></li> <li>Fenwick, C. G. "The Nine Power Treaty and the Present Crisis in China." <i>American Journal of International Law</i> 31.4 (1937): 671-674. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2190677">online</a></li> <li>Kayaoglu, Turan. <i>Legal imperialism: sovereignty and extraterritoriality in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and China</i> (Cambridge UP, 2010).</li> <li>Keeton, George W. <i>The development of extraterritoriality in China</i> (2 vol 1928). comprehensive on China and briefer coverage across the world in vol 2 pp 155–172. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volume1developme00keet_0/page/n7/mode/2up">vol 2 online</a></li> <li>Liu, Shih Shun. <i>Extraterritoriality, Its Rise and Its Decline</i> (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/shihshunliu/presentation.1925.html">online</a>; comprehensive scholarly history in global history perspective.</li> <li>Scully, Eileen P. "Historical Wrongs and Human Rights in Sino-Foreign Relations: The Legacy of Extraterritoriality." <i>Journal of American-East Asian Relations</i> 9.1-2 (2000): 129-146.</li> <li>Thomson, Janice E. <i>Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe</i> (Princeton UP, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7t30p">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterritoriality&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Exterritoriality" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Exterritoriality">Exterritoriality</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00104140221115169">The Extraterritorial Voting Rights and Restrictions Dataset (1950–2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a>—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211165833/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ex/extrater.html">"Extraterritoriality"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKImAAAAMAAJ&q=%22extraterritoriality+commission%22">Report of the Extraterritoriality Commission in China (1926)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrelinghuysen1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Theodore_Frelinghuysen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen, Frederick T.</a> (29 April 1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extraterritoria00frelgoog"><i>Extraterritoriality: A Letter from the Secretary of State to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations concerning the judicial exercise of extraterritorial rights conferred upon the United States</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extraterritoriality%3A+A+Letter+from+the+Secretary+of+State+to+the+Chairman+of+the+Senate+Committee+on+Foreign+Relations+concerning+the+judicial+exercise+of+extraterritorial+rights+conferred+upon+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1882-04-29&rft.aulast=Frelinghuysen&rft.aufirst=Frederick+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextraterritoria00frelgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterritoriality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/textofcentralacts/1942.pdf">Law Ministry of India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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