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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Latar_belakang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latar_belakang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Latar belakang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latar_belakang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Latar belakang</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latar_belakang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kitab_suci_Ibrani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitab_suci_Ibrani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kitab suci Ibrani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitab_suci_Ibrani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agama_Kristen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agama_Kristen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Agama Kristen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agama_Kristen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metafora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metafora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metafora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metafora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kambing hitam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 37 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="كبش فداء – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كبش فداء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Жертвен козел – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жертвен козел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouc%27h_ar_pec%27hedo%C3%B9" title="Bouc'h ar pec'hedoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bouc'h ar pec'hedoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctima_expiat%C3%B2ria" title="Víctima expiatòria – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Víctima expiatòria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_ber%C3%A1nek" title="Obětní beránek – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obětní beránek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndebuk_(religion)" title="Syndebuk (religion) – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syndebuk (religion)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCndenbock" title="Sündenbock – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sündenbock" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αποδιοπομπαίος τράγος – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποδιοπομπαίος τράγος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Scapegoat" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeka_kapro" title="Propeka kapro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Propeka kapro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivo_expiatorio" title="Chivo expiatorio – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chivo expiatorio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopla-buruko" title="Kopla-buruko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kopla-buruko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87" title="بز طلیعه – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بز طلیعه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntipukki" title="Syntipukki – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syntipukki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouc_%C3%A9missaire" title="Bouc émissaire – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouc émissaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%90%D7%96%D7%9C_(%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94)" title="שעיר לעזאזל (מצווה) – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שעיר לעזאזל (מצווה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%B1nbak" title="Bűnbak – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bűnbak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capro_espiatorio" title="Capro espiatorio – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capro espiatorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caper_emissarius" title="Caper emissarius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caper emissarius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ABnnebock" title="Sënnebock – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sënnebock" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondeb%C3%B3k" title="Zondebók – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zondebók" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atpirkimo_o%C5%BEys" title="Atpirkimo ožys – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atpirkimo ožys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambing_hitam" title="Kambing hitam – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kambing hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondebok" title="Zondebok – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zondebok" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndebukk" title="Syndebukk – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syndebukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndebukk" title="Syndebukk – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syndebukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boc_emissari" title="Boc emissari – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boc emissari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_expiat%C3%B3rio" title="Bode expiatório – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bode expiatório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aap_isp%C4%83%C8%99itor" title="Țap ispășitor – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țap ispășitor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Козёл отпущения – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Козёл отпущения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gre%C5%A1ni_kozel" title="Grešni kozel – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grešni kozel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndabock" title="Syndabock – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syndabock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnah_ke%C3%A7isi" title="Günah keçisi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Günah keçisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Козел відпущення – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Козел відпущення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_d%C3%AA_g%C3%A1nh_t%E1%BB%99i" title="Con dê gánh tội – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Con dê gánh tội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E7%BD%AA%E7%BE%8A" title="替罪羊 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="替罪羊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E6%AD%BB%E8%B2%93" title="食死貓 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="食死貓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q245122#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kambing_hitam" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kambing_hitam" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Riset_asli plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel ini <b>mungkin mengandung <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RISET" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RISET">riset asli</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Anda dapat membantu <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&action=edit">memperbaikinya</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PASTI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PASTI">memastikan</a> pernyataan yang dibuat dan menambahkan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:KUTIP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:KUTIP">referensi</a>. Pernyataan yang berpangku pada riset asli harus dihapus.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Penghapusan_templat_pemeliharaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:Penghapusan templat pemeliharaan">Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/400px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/600px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/800px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption><i><b>The Scapegoat</b></i> oleh <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, 1854. Hunt memuat kata-kata berikut dalam gambar ini: "Tetapi sesungguhnya, penyakit kitalah yang ditanggungnya, dan kesengsaraan kita yang dipikulnya, padahal kita mengira dia kena tulah, dipukul dan ditindas Allah." (<a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yesaya" title="Kitab Yesaya">Yesaya</a> 53:4) dan "Demikianlah kambing jantan itu harus mengangkut segala kesalahan Israel ke tanah yang tandus, dan kambing itu harus dilepaskan di padang gurun." (<a href="/wiki/Kitab_Imamat" title="Kitab Imamat">Imamat</a> 16:22)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kambing hitam</b> adalah seekor <a href="/wiki/Kambing" title="Kambing">kambing</a> yang dilepaskan ke padang gurun sebagai bagian dari upacara <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, Hari Pendamaian, dalam <a href="/wiki/Yudaisme" title="Yudaisme">Yudaisme</a> pada masa <a href="/wiki/Bait_Suci_di_Yerusalem" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bait Suci di Yerusalem">Bait Suci di Yerusalem</a>. Ritus ini dilukiskan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Imamat" title="Kitab Imamat">Kitab Imamat</a> 16. </p><p>Kata ini lebih banyak digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Metafora" title="Metafora">metafora</a>, yang merujuk kepada seseorang yang dipersalahkan untuk suatu kemalangan, biasanya sebagai cara untuk mengalihkan perhatian dari sebab-sebab yang sesungguhnya. Misalnya orang <a href="/wiki/Yahudi" class="mw-disambig" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a> yang dijadikan kambing hitam oleh pemerintah <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a> untuk krisis ekonomi dan politik saat itu. Atau pemain <a href="/wiki/Sepak_bola" title="Sepak bola">sepak bola</a> <a href="/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia">Kolombia</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Escobar" title="Andrés Escobar">Andrés Escobar</a> yang dikambing hitamkan karena <a href="/wiki/Gol_bunuh_diri" title="Gol bunuh diri">gol bunuh dirinya</a> di <a href="/wiki/Piala_Dunia_1994" class="mw-disambig" title="Piala Dunia 1994">Piala Dunia 1994</a> dan ditembak mati saat ia kembali ke tanah air. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latar_belakang">Latar belakang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Latar belakang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Latar belakang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitab_suci_Ibrani">Kitab suci Ibrani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Kitab suci Ibrani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kitab suci Ibrani"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dua ekor kambing jantan yang tampak sangat mirip dibawa ke halaman <a href="/wiki/Bait_Suci_di_Yerusalem" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bait Suci di Yerusalem">Bait Suci di Yerusalem</a> pada hari Yom Kippur sebagai bagian dari Ibadat Suci pada hari itu. Imam Agung kemudian melemparkan undian atas kedua kambing itu. Salah seekor kambing dipersembahkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">korban bakaran</a>. Yang kedua adalah kambing hitam. Imam Agung meletakkan tangannya pada kepala kambing itu dan mengakui dosa-dosa bangsa Israel. Kambing hitam itu kemudian dibawa pergi dan dilepaskan di padang gurun sesuai dengan Imamat 16:22, meskipun <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> menambahkan bahwa kambing itu didorong jatuh dari sebuah tebing yang jauh. </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani" title="Bahasa Ibrani">bahasa Ibrani modern</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></i> digunakan sebagai ejekan, seperti dalam <i>lekh la-Azazel</i> ("pergi ke Azazel"), seperti "pergi ke <a href="/wiki/Neraka" title="Neraka">neraka</a>". (Azazel adalah kata yang diterjemahkan menjadi "scapegoat" atau <i>kambing hitam</i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Versi_Raja_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Versi Raja James">Alkitab Versi Raja James</a>.) </p><p>Istilah "scapegoat" atau <i>kambing hitam</i> - yang sama sekali tidak ada hubungannya dengan warna hitam - adalah akibat kekeliruan terjemahan oleh <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> (sekitar <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>). Ia mengacaukan kata 'azazel' (nama tebing yang daripadanya kambing itu didorong) dengan 'ez ozel' (harafiah berarti kambing yang pergi). Azazel muncul dalam kitab suci sebagai penerima dari kambing [kedua] yang memikul dosa-dosa di kepalanya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agama_Kristen">Agama Kristen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Agama Kristen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Agama Kristen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Teologi" title="Teologi">teologi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen">Kristen</a>, kisah tentang kambing hitam dalam Kitab Imamat ditafsirkan sebagai perlambang pendahuluan dari pengorbanan diri <a href="/wiki/Yesus" title="Yesus">Yesus</a>, yang memikul dosa seluruh umat manusia, setelah digiring ke 'padang gurun' di luar kota berdasarkan perintah Imam Agung. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">Antropolog</a> Kristen kontroversial <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a>, pernah memberikan rekonstruksi terhadap teori kambing hitam. Menurut pandanganan Girard, manusialah, dan bukan Allah, yang mempunyai masalah dengan kekerasan. Manusia didorong oleh keinginan atas apa yang dimiliki atau diingini oleh yang lainnya (keinginan mimetik). Hal ini menyebabkan konflik antara pihak-pihak yang mengingininya. <i>Penularan</i> mimetik ini meningkat hingga suatu titik di mana masyarakat terancam. Pada titik inilah <i>mekanisme kambing hitam</i> dipicu. Pada titik inilah satu orang ditetapkan sebagai penyebab masalah dan diusir atau dibunuh oleh kelompok. Orang inilah si kambing hitam itu. Tatanan sosial dipulihkan ketika orang puas bahwa mereka telah memecahkan sumber masalah mereka dengan menyingkirkan individu yang dikambinghitamkan itu, dan siklusnya pun kembali lagi. Girard berpendapat bahwa inilah yang terjadi dalam kasus <a href="/wiki/Yesus" title="Yesus">Yesus</a>. Perbedaan dalam kasus ini, demikian Girard percaya, ialah bahwa ia dibangkitkan dari antara orang mati dan dibuktikan tidak bersalah. Dengan demikian umat manusia disadarkan akan kecenderungan-kecenderungannya untuk melakukan kekerasan dan siklusnya pun dipatahkan. Setan, yang dianggap sebagai perwujudan dalam penularan itu, disingkirkan. Dengan demikian karya Girard menjadi penting sebagai rekonstruksi tentang teori <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendamaian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendamaian (halaman belum tersedia)">pendamaian</a> <i>Christus Victor</i> (Kristus yang Menang). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metafora">Metafora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Metafora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metafora"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/kambing_hitam" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/kambing hitam">kambing hitam</a></b></i> di kamus bebas Wiktionary.</div></div> </div> <p>Bila digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Metafora" title="Metafora">metafora</a>, <i>kambing hitam</i> adalah orang yang dipilih untuk dituduh sebagai penyebab atas suatu <a href="/wiki/Bencana" title="Bencana">bencana</a>. <b>Pengambinghitaman</b> adalah tindakan yang menyatakan seseorang, sekelompok orang, atau sesuatu itulah yang bertanggung jawab atas sejumlah besar masalah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembak_sang_utusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembak sang utusan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tembak sang utusan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayangan_(psikologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayangan (psikologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Bayangan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambing_hitam&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/pre-raphaelites/scapegoat/scapegoat.asp">'The Scapegoat' (1854)</a>, lukisan oleh William Holman Hunt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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