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href="#Data_center_network_topology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Data center network topology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_center_network_topology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_02" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_02"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Project 02 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_02-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summa_papermill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summa_papermill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Summa papermill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summa_papermill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floating_data_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floating_data_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Floating data centers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floating_data_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_web_server&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Google web server">Google web server</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Facilities containing Google servers</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_datacenter_(2007)_-_panoramio_-_erwinboogert_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Google_datacenter_%282007%29_-_panoramio_-_erwinboogert_%282%29.jpg/220px-Google_datacenter_%282007%29_-_panoramio_-_erwinboogert_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Google_datacenter_%282007%29_-_panoramio_-_erwinboogert_%282%29.jpg/330px-Google_datacenter_%282007%29_-_panoramio_-_erwinboogert_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Google_datacenter_%282007%29_-_panoramio_-_erwinboogert_%282%29.jpg/440px-Google_datacenter_%282007%29_-_panoramio_-_erwinboogert_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Former Google data center in <a href="/wiki/Eemshaven" title="Eemshaven">Eemshaven</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="YouTube logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/93px-YouTube_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/140px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/186px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">YouTube</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDAYZU4A3w0&t=17s">Google Data Center 360° Tour</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Google data centers are the large <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data center</a> facilities <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> uses to provide <a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">their services</a>, which combine large drives, computer nodes organized in aisles of racks, internal and external networking, environmental controls (mainly cooling and humidification control), and operations software (especially as concerns <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">fault tolerance</a>). There is no official data on how many <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> are in Google data centers, but <a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a> estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers. This number is changing as the company expands capacity and refreshes its hardware.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Locations">edit</a>]</div> The locations of Google's various data centers by continent are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-google-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Continent </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Geo </th> <th>Products Location </th> <th>Cloud Location </th> <th>Timeline </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arcola,_Virginia" title="Arcola, Virginia">Arcola (VA), USA</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=38_56_35.99_N_77_31_27.61_W_scale:5000_region:US">38°56′35.99″N 77°31′27.61″W / 38.9433306°N 77.5243361°W / 38.9433306; -77.5243361</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/loudoun-county/">Loudoun County</a> </td> <td>N. Virginia (us-east4) </td> <td>2017 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta (GA), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=33_44_59.04_N_84_35_5.33_W_scale:5000_region:US">33°44′59.04″N 84°35′5.33″W / 33.7497333°N 84.5848139°W / 33.7497333; -84.5848139</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/douglas-county/">Douglas County</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2003 - launched </td> <td>350 employees </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerrillos,_Chile" title="Cerrillos, Chile">Cerrillos, Santiago, Chile</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=33.520515_S_70.721695_W_">33°31′14″S 70°43′18″W / 33.520515°S 70.721695°W / -33.520515; -70.721695</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Santiago (southamerica-west1) </td> <td>2020 - announced<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> 2021 - launched<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changhua_County" title="Changhua County">Changhua County, Taiwan</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=24_08_18.6_N_120_25_32.6_E_scale:5000">24°08′18.6″N 120°25′32.6″E / 24.138500°N 120.425722°E / 24.138500; 120.425722</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/changhua-county/">Changhua County</a> </td> <td>Taiwan (asia-east1) </td> <td>2011 - announced 2013 - launched </td> <td>60 employees </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee" title="Clarksville, Tennessee">Clarksville (TN), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=36.6211599_N_87.2630735_W_">36°37′16″N 87°15′47″W / 36.6211599°N 87.2630735°W / 36.6211599; -87.2630735</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/montgomery-county/">Montgomery County</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2015 - announced </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus (OH), USA</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Columbus (us-east5) </td> <td>2022 - launched<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs (IA), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=41_13_17.7_N_95_51_49.92_W_scale:5000_region:US">41°13′17.7″N 95°51′49.92″W / 41.221583°N 95.8638667°W / 41.221583; -95.8638667</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/council-bluffs/">Council Bluffs</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2007 - announced 2009 - completed first phase completed 2012 and 2015 - expanded </td> <td>130 employees </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs (IA), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=41.1682533_N_95.7961246_W_">41°10′06″N 95°47′46″W / 41.1682533°N 95.7961246°W / 41.1682533; -95.7961246</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Iowa (us-central1) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi, India</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Delhi (asia-south2) </td> <td>2020 - announced 2021 - launched<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle East </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha, Qatar</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Doha (me-central1) </td> <td>2023 - launched<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin, Ireland">Dublin, Ireland</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=53_19_12.39_N_6_26_31.43_W_scale:5000">53°19′12.39″N 6°26′31.43″W / 53.3201083°N 6.4420639°W / 53.3201083; -6.4420639</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/dublin/">Dublin</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2011 - announced 2012 - launched </td> <td>150 employees<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eemshaven" title="Eemshaven">Eemshaven, Netherlands</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=53.4252171_N_6.8622574_E_">53°25′31″N 6°51′44″E / 53.4252171°N 6.8622574°E / 53.4252171; 6.8622574</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/eemshaven/">Eemshaven</a> </td> <td>Netherlands (europe-west4) </td> <td>2014 - announced 2016 - launched 2018, 2019 - expansion </td> <td>200 employees </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt, Germany</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=50.1226299_N_8.9741678_E_">50°07′21″N 8°58′27″E / 50.1226299°N 8.9741678°E / 50.1226299; 8.9741678</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Frankfurt (europe-west3) </td> <td>2022 - expanded<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fredericia" title="Fredericia">Fredericia, Denmark</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=55_33_29.5_N_9_39_20.8_E_scale:5000">55°33′29.5″N 9°39′20.8″E / 55.558194°N 9.655778°E / 55.558194; 9.655778</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/fredericia/">Fredericia</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2018 - announced<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> 2020 - launched </td> <td>€600M building costs </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghlin" title="Ghlin">Ghlin, Hainaut, Belgium</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=50_28_09.6_N_3_51_55.7_E_scale:5000">50°28′09.6″N 3°51′55.7″E / 50.469333°N 3.865472°E / 50.469333; 3.865472</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/st-ghislain/">Saint-Ghislain</a> </td> <td>Belgium (europe-west1) </td> <td>2007 - announced 2010 - launched </td> <td>12 employees </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamina" title="Hamina">Hamina, Finland</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=60_32_11.68_N_27_7_1.21_E_scale:10000">60°32′11.68″N 27°7′1.21″E / 60.5365778°N 27.1170028°E / 60.5365778; 27.1170028</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/hamina/">Hamina</a> </td> <td>Finland (europe-north1) </td> <td>2009 - announced 2011 - first phase completed 2022 - expansion </td> <td>6 buildings, 400 employees <a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson (NV), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=36.0556248_N_115.0102258_W_">36°03′20″N 115°00′37″W / 36.0556248°N 115.0102258°W / 36.0556248; -115.0102258</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/henderson/">Henderson</a> </td> <td>Las Vegas (us-west4) </td> <td>2019 - announced<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> 2020 - launched </td> <td>64-acres; $1.2B building costs<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong, Hong Kong</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Hong Kong (asia-east2) </td> <td>2017 - announced<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> 2018 - launched<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inzai" title="Inzai">Inzai, Japan</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=35.8177804_N_140.1323916_E_">35°49′04″N 140°07′57″E / 35.8177804°N 140.1323916°E / 35.8177804; 140.1323916</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/inzai-japan/">Inzai</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2023 - launched </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta, Indonesia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Jakarta (asia-southeast2) </td> <td>2020 - launched<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Kōtō">Koto-Ku, Tokyo, Japan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Tokyo (asia-northeast1) </td> <td>2016 - launched<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia" title="Leesburg, Virginia">Leesburg (VA), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=39_3_6.38_N_77_32_20.38_W_scale:5000_region:US">39°3′6.38″N 77°32′20.38″W / 39.0517722°N 77.5389944°W / 39.0517722; -77.5389944</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/loudoun-county/">Loudoun County</a> </td> <td>N. Virginia (us-east4) </td> <td>2017 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lenoir,_North_Carolina" title="Lenoir, North Carolina">Lenoir (NC), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=35_53_54.78_N_81_32_50.58_W_scale:5000_region:US">35°53′54.78″N 81°32′50.58″W / 35.8985500°N 81.5473833°W / 35.8985500; -81.5473833</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/lenoir/">Lenoir</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2007 - announced 2009 - launched </td> <td>over 110 employees </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>Lok Yang Way, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer,_Singapore" title="Pioneer, Singapore">Pioneer, Singapore</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=1.3239859_N_103.693253_E_">1°19′26″N 103°41′36″E / 1.3239859°N 103.693253°E / 1.3239859; 103.693253</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/singapore/">Singapore</a> </td> <td>Singapore (asia-southeast1) </td> <td>2022 - launched </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London, UK</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>London (europe-west2) </td> <td>2017 - launched<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles (CA), USA</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Los Angeles (us-west2) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid, Spain</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=40.5195333_N_3.3409366_W_">40°31′10″N 3°20′27″W / 40.5195333°N 3.3409366°W / 40.5195333; -3.3409366</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Madrid (europe-southwest1) </td> <td>2022 - launched<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacific </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne, Australia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Melbourne (australia-southeast2) </td> <td>2021 - launched<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middenmeer" title="Middenmeer">Middenmeer, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=52.7901053_N_5.0292193_E_">52°47′24″N 5°01′45″E / 52.7901053°N 5.0292193°E / 52.7901053; 5.0292193</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/middenmeer/">Middenmeer</a> </td> <td>Netherlands (europe-west4) </td> <td>2019 - announced<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Midlothian,_Texas" title="Midlothian, Texas">Midlothian (TX), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=32.44317_N_97.062324_W_">32°26′35″N 97°03′44″W / 32.443170°N 97.062324°W / 32.443170; -97.062324</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/midlothian/">Midlothian</a> </td> <td>Dallas (us-south1) </td> <td>2019 - announced 2022 - launched<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td> <td>375-acres; $600M building costs<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan, Italy</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Milan (europe-west8) </td> <td>2022 - launched<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moncks_Corner,_South_Carolina" title="Moncks Corner, South Carolina">Moncks Corner (SC), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=33_03_50.8_N_80_02_36.1_W_scale:5000_region:US">33°03′50.8″N 80°02′36.1″W / 33.064111°N 80.043361°W / 33.064111; -80.043361</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/berkeley-county/">Berkeley County</a> </td> <td>South Carolina (us-east1) </td> <td>2007 - launched 2013 - expanded </td> <td>150 employees </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal, Quebec, Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Montréal (northamerica-northeast1) </td> <td>2018 - launched<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td> <td>62.4-hectares; $600M building costs<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai, India</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Mumbai (asia-south1) </td> <td>2017 - launched<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Albany,_Ohio" title="New Albany, Ohio">New Albany (OH), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=40.0613352_N_82.7586278_W_">40°03′41″N 82°45′31″W / 40.0613352°N 82.7586278°W / 40.0613352; -82.7586278</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/new-albany/">New Albany</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2019 - announced </td> <td>400-acres; $600M building costs<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka, Japan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Osaka (asia-northeast2) </td> <td>2019 - launched<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osasco" title="Osasco">Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>São Paulo (southamerica-east1) </td> <td>2017 - launched<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papillion,_Nebraska" title="Papillion, Nebraska">Papillion (NE), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=41.1332915_N_96.144178_W_">41°08′00″N 96°08′39″W / 41.1332915°N 96.144178°W / 41.1332915; -96.144178</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/papillion/">Papillion</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2019 - announced </td> <td>275-acres; $600M building costs<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris, France</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Paris (europe-west9) </td> <td>2022 - launched<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pryor_Creek,_Oklahoma" title="Pryor Creek, Oklahoma">Pryor Creek (OK), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=36_14_28.1_N_95_19_48.22_W_scale:5000">36°14′28.1″N 95°19′48.22″W / 36.241139°N 95.3300611°W / 36.241139; -95.3300611</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/mayes-county/">Mayes County</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2007 - announced 2012 - expanded </td> <td>over 400 employees,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> land at <a href="/wiki/MidAmerica_Industrial_Park" title="MidAmerica Industrial Park">MidAmerica Industrial Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quilicura" title="Quilicura">Quilicura, Santiago, Chile</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=33_21_30.5_S_70_41_50.4_W_scale:5000">33°21′30.5″S 70°41′50.4″W / 33.358472°S 70.697333°W / -33.358472; -70.697333</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/quilicura/">Quilicura</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2012 - announced 2015 - launched </td> <td>up to 20 employees expected. A million dollar investment plan to increase capacity at Quilicura was announced in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reno_metropolitan_area,_Nevada" title="Reno metropolitan area, Nevada">Reno (NV), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=39.5011558_N_119.4295537_W_">39°30′04″N 119°25′46″W / 39.5011558°N 119.4295537°W / 39.5011558; -119.4295537</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/storey-county/">Storey County</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2017 - 1,210 acres of land bought in the <a href="/wiki/Tahoe_Reno_Industrial_Center" title="Tahoe Reno Industrial Center">Tahoe Reno Industrial Center</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> 2018 - announced 2018 November - project approved by the state of Nevada<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City (UT), USA</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Salt Lake City (us-west3) </td> <td>2020 - launched<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul, South Korea</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Seoul (asia-northeast3) </td> <td>2020 - launched<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacific </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney, Australia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Sydney (australia-southeast1) </td> <td>2017 - launched<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle East </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv, Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Tel Aviv (me-west1) </td> <td>2022 - launched<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles (OR), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=45_37_57.04_N_121_12_8.16_W_scale:5000_region:US">45°37′57.04″N 121°12′8.16″W / 45.6325111°N 121.2022667°W / 45.6325111; -121.2022667</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/the-dalles/">The Dalles</a> </td> <td>Oregon (us-west1) </td> <td>2006 - launched </td> <td>80 full-time employees </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, Canada</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Toronto (northamerica-northeast2) </td> <td>2021 - launched<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin, Italy</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=45.146729_N_7.742147_E_">45°08′48″N 7°44′32″E / 45.146729°N 7.742147°E / 45.146729; 7.742147</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Turin (europe-west12) </td> <td>2023 - launched<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vinhedo" title="Vinhedo">Vinhedo, São Paulo, Brazil</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>São Paulo (southamerica-east1) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw, Poland</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Warsaw (europe-central2) </td> <td>2019 - announced 2021 - launched<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wenya" title="Wenya">Wenya, Jurong West, Singapore</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=1_21_04.8_N_103_42_35.2_E_scale:5000">1°21′04.8″N 103°42′35.2″E / 1.351333°N 103.709778°E / 1.351333; 103.709778</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/singapore/">Singapore</a> </td> <td>Singapore (asia-southeast1) </td> <td>2011 - announced 2013 - launched 2015 - expanded </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Alabama" title="Bridgeport, Alabama">Widows Creek (Bridgeport) (AL), USA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=34_54_48.4_N_85_44_53.1_W_scale:5000_region:US">34°54′48.4″N 85°44′53.1″W / 34.913444°N 85.748083°W / 34.913444; -85.748083</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/locations/jackson-county/">Jackson County</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>2018 - broke ground </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich, Switzerland</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=47.4459257_N_8.2109085_E_">47°26′45″N 8°12′39″E / 47.4459257°N 8.2109085°E / 47.4459257; 8.2109085</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Zurich (europe-west6) </td> <td>2018 - announced 2019 - launched<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2022 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:3-60">[60]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin, Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Berlin (europe-west10) </td> <td>2021 - announced<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> 2023 August - launched <a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle East </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam, Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2021 - announced<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens, Greece</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2022 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:3-60">[60]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2019 - announced<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle East </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2023 - announced<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2022 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacific </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auckland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Auckland, New Zealand">Auckland, New Zealand</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2022 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo, Norway</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2022 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:3-60">[60]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro, Mexico</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2022 - announced<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Africa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannesburg, South Africa">Johannesburg, South Africa</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Johannesburg (africa-south1) </td> <td>2022 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:3-60">[60]</a>2024 - launched </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2022 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:3-60">[60]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tainan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tainan City">Tainan City, Taiwan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Taiwan (asia-east1) </td> <td>2019 September - announced<a href="#cite_note-Taipei_Times_2019-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Focus_Taiwan_2019-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taiwan_News_2019-71">[71]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2022 - announced<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[67]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yunlin_County" title="Yunlin County">Yunlin County, Taiwan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Taiwan (asia-east1) </td> <td>2020 September - announced<a href="#cite_note-Taipei_News_2020-72">[72]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa (AZ), USA</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2023 - construction started<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Cross" title="Waltham Cross">Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, UK</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=51.695666_N_0.048728_W_">51°41′44″N 0°02′55″W / 51.695666°N 0.048728°W / 51.695666; -0.048728</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2024 January - announced<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canelones_Department" title="Canelones Department">Canelones, Uruguay</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Google_data_centers&params=34.815481_S_55.995683_W_">34°48′56″S 55°59′44″W / 34.815481°S 55.995683°W / -34.815481; -55.995683</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2024 - construction started<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> 2026 - inauguration expected<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hardware">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_hardware">Original hardware</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Original hardware">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Googles_First_Server.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Googles_First_Server.jpg/170px-Googles_First_Server.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Googles_First_Server.jpg/255px-Googles_First_Server.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Googles_First_Server.jpg/340px-Googles_First_Server.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Google's first production server rack, circa 1998</figcaption></figure> The original hardware (circa 1998) that was used by Google when it was located at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> included:<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ultra_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Ultra series">Sun Microsystems Ultra II</a> with dual 200 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a> processors, and 256 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> of <a href="/wiki/Random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Random access memory">RAM</a>. This was the main machine for the original <a href="/wiki/History_of_Google#Beginnings" title="History of Google">Backrub</a> system.</li> <li>2 × 300 MHz dual <a href="/wiki/Pentium_II" title="Pentium II">Pentium II</a> servers donated by <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, they included 512 MB of RAM and 10 × 9 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> hard drives between the two. It was on these that the main search ran.</li> <li>F50 IBM <a href="/wiki/RS/6000" class="mw-redirect" title="RS/6000">RS/6000</a> donated by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, included 4 processors, 512 MB of memory and 8 × 9 GB hard disk drives.</li> <li>Two additional boxes included 3 × 9 GB hard drives and 6 x 4 GB hard disk drives respectively (the original storage for Backrub). These were attached to the Sun Ultra II.</li> <li>SSD disk expansion box with another 8 × 9 GB hard disk drives donated by IBM.</li> <li>Homemade disk box which contained 10 × 9 GB <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> hard disk drives.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_hardware">Production hardware</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production hardware">edit</a>]</div> As of 2014, Google has used a heavily customized version of <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. They migrated from a Red Hat-based system incrementally in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The customization goal is to purchase CPU generations that offer the best performance per dollar, not absolute performance. How this is measured is unclear, but it is likely to incorporate running costs of the entire server, and CPU power consumption could be a significant factor.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Servers as of 2009–2010 consisted of custom-made open-top systems containing two processors (each with several cores<a href="#cite_note-hp5-80">[80]</a>), a considerable amount of RAM spread over 8 DIMM slots housing double-height DIMMs, and at least two SATA hard disk drives connected through a non-standard ATX-sized power supply unit.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The servers were open top so more servers could fit into a rack. According to CNET and a book by <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John Hennessy</a>, each server had a novel 12-volt battery to reduce costs and improve power efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-hp5-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> According to Google, their global data center operation electrical power ranges between 500 and 681 <a href="/wiki/Megawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatts">megawatts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GoogleGreen-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The combined processing power of these servers might have reached from 20 to 100 <a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">petaflops</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_topology">Network topology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Network topology">edit</a>]</div> Details of the Google worldwide private networks are not publicly available, but Google publications<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> make references to the "Atlas Top 10" report that ranks Google as the third largest ISP behind <a href="/wiki/Level_3_Communications" title="Level 3 Communications">Level 3</a>. In order to run such a large network, with direct connections to as many ISPs as possible at the lowest possible cost, Google has a very open <a href="/wiki/Peering" title="Peering">peering</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> From this site, we can see that the Google network can be accessed from 67 public exchange points and 69 different locations across the world. As of May 2012, Google had 882 Gbit/s of public connectivity (not counting private peering agreements that Google has with the largest ISPs). This public network is used to distribute content to Google users as well as to crawl the internet to build its search indexes. The private side of the network is a secret, but a recent disclosure from Google<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> indicate that they use custom built high-radix <a href="/wiki/Multilayer_switch" title="Multilayer switch">switch-routers</a> (with a capacity of 128 × 10 <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a> port) for the <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide area network</a>. Running no less than two routers per datacenter (for redundancy) we can conclude that the Google network scales in the terabit per second range (with two fully loaded routers the bi-sectional bandwidth amount to 1,280 Gbit/s). These custom switch-routers are connected to <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">DWDM</a> devices to <a href="/wiki/Data_Center_Interconnect" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Center Interconnect">interconnect data centers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point_of_presence" title="Point of presence">point of presences</a> (PoP) via <a href="/wiki/Dark_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark fiber">dark fiber</a>. From a datacenter view, the network starts at the rack level, where <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch racks</a> are custom-made and contain 40 to 80 servers (20 to 40 1<a href="/wiki/Rack_unit" title="Rack unit">U</a> servers on either side, while new servers are 2U rackmount systems.<a href="#cite_note-google_arch-90">[90]</a> Each rack has an <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet switch">Ethernet switch</a>). Servers are connected via a 1 Gbit/s <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> link to the top of rack switch (TOR). TOR switches are then connected to a <a href="/wiki/Gigabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit">gigabit</a> cluster switch using multiple gigabit or ten gigabit uplinks.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The cluster switches themselves are interconnected and form the datacenter interconnect fabric (most likely using a dragonfly design rather than a classic butterfly or flattened butterfly layout<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>). From an operation standpoint, when a client computer attempts to connect to Google, several <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS servers</a> resolve <code>www.google.com</code> into multiple IP addresses via <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_DNS" title="Round-robin DNS">Round Robin</a> policy. Furthermore, this acts as the first level of <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> and directs the client to different Google clusters. A Google cluster has thousands of <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, and once the client has connected to the server additional load balancing is done to send the queries to the least loaded web server. This makes Google one of the largest and most complex <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reid-93">[93]</a> Google has numerous data centers scattered around the world. At least 12 significant Google data center installations are located in the United States. The largest known centers are located in <a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles, Oregon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lenoir,_North_Carolina" title="Lenoir, North Carolina">Lenoir, North Carolina</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Moncks_Corner,_South_Carolina" title="Moncks Corner, South Carolina">Moncks Corner, South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DataCenter-94">[94]</a> In Europe, the largest known centers are in <a href="/wiki/Eemshaven" title="Eemshaven">Eemshaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DataCenter-94">[94]</a> Google's <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> Data Center is located in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DataCenterAustralia-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_center_network_topology">Data center network topology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data center network topology">edit</a>]</div> To support <a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">fault tolerance</a>, increase the scale of data centers and accommodate low-radix switches, Google has adopted various modified <a href="/wiki/Clos_network" title="Clos network">Clos</a> topologies in the past.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_02">Project 02</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Project 02">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_data_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Google_data_center.jpg/220px-Google_data_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Google_data_center.jpg/330px-Google_data_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Google_data_center.jpg/440px-Google_data_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2408" /></a><figcaption>Google data center in The Dalles, Oregon</figcaption></figure> One of the largest Google data centers is located in the town of <a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles, Oregon</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, approximately 80 miles (129 km) from <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>. Codenamed "Project 02", the complex was built in 2006 and is approximately the size of two <a href="/wiki/American_football_field" title="American football field">American football fields</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cooling_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling towers">cooling towers</a> four stories high.<a href="#cite_note-project02-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The site was chosen to take advantage of inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a>, and to tap into the region's large <a href="/wiki/Dark_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark fiber">surplus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> cable, a remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot-com boom">dot-com boom</a>. A blueprint of the site appeared in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summa_papermill">Summa papermill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Summa papermill">edit</a>]</div> In February 2009, <a href="/wiki/Stora_Enso" title="Stora Enso">Stora Enso</a> announced that they had sold the Summa paper mill in <a href="/wiki/Hamina" title="Hamina">Hamina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to Google for 40 million Euros.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Google invested 200 million euros on the site to build a data center and announced additional 150 million euro investment in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Google chose this location due to the availability and proximity of renewable energy sources.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floating_data_centers">Floating data centers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Floating data centers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Google_barges" title="Google barges">Google barges</a></div> In 2013, the press revealed the existence of Google's floating data centers along the coasts of the states of California (<a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island,_San_Francisco" title="Treasure Island, San Francisco">Treasure Island</a>'s Building 3) and Maine. The development project was maintained under tight secrecy. The data centers are 250 feet long, 72 feet wide, 16 feet deep. The patent for an in-ocean data center cooling technology was bought by Google in 2009<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> (along with a wave-powered ship-based data center patent in 2008<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>). Shortly thereafter, Google declared that the two massive and secretly-built infrastructures were merely "interactive learning centers, [...] a space where people can learn about new technology."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Google halted work on the barges in late 2013 and began selling off the barges in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-sold-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-consumerist-ended-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Software_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="Software stack">software stack</a> that Google uses on their servers was developed in-house.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> According to a well-known former Google employee in 2006, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and (more recently) <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> are favored over other programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> For example, the back end of Gmail is written in Java and the back end of Google Search is written in C++.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Google has acknowledged that Python has played an important role from the beginning, and that it continues to do so as the system grows and evolves.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The software that runs the Google infrastructure includes:<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Server" title="Google Web Server">Google Web Server (GWS)</a> – custom Linux-based Web server that Google uses for its online services.</li> <li>Storage systems: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a> and its successor, Colossus<a href="#cite_note-fikes-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ma-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a> – structured storage built upon GFS/Colossus<a href="#cite_note-fikes-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanner_(distributed_database_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanner (distributed database technology)">Spanner</a> – planet-scale database, supporting externally-consistent distributed transactions<a href="#cite_note-fikes-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ladis-119">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="Google F1">Google F1</a> – a distributed, quasi-<a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> <a href="/wiki/DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="DBMS">DBMS</a> based on Spanner, substituting a custom version of MySQL.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_lock_manager#Google's_Chubby_lock_service" title="Distributed lock manager">Chubby lock service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sawzall_(programming_language)" title="Sawzall (programming language)">Sawzall programming language</a></li> <li>Indexing/search systems: <ul><li>TeraGoogle – Google's large search index (launched in early 2006)<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>Caffeine (Percolator) – continuous indexing system (launched in 2010).<a href="#cite_note-caffeine1-122">[122]</a></li> <li>Hummingbird – major search index update, including complex search and voice search.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Borg" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Borg">Borg</a> declarative process scheduling software</li></ul> Google has developed several abstractions which it uses for storing most of its data:<a href="#cite_note-quinlan-124">[124]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Buffers" title="Protocol Buffers">Protocol Buffers</a> – "Google's lingua franca for data",<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> a binary serialization format which is widely used within the company.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSTable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSTable (page does not exist)">SSTable</a> (Sorted Strings Table) – a persistent, ordered, immutable map from keys to values, where both keys and values are arbitrary byte strings. It is also used as one of the building blocks of Bigtable.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li>RecordIO – a sequence of variable sized records.<a href="#cite_note-quinlan-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_development_practices">Software development practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Software development practices">edit</a>]</div> Most operations are read-only. When an update is required, queries are redirected to other servers, so as to simplify consistency issues. Queries are divided into sub-queries, where those sub-queries may be sent to different ducts in <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a>, thus reducing the latency time.<a href="#cite_note-google_arch-90">[90]</a> To lessen the effects of unavoidable <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> failure, software is designed to be <a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault tolerant">fault tolerant</a>. Thus, when a system goes down, data is still available on other servers, which increases reliability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_infrastructure">Search infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Search infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Data_Center,_The_Dalles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Google_Data_Center%2C_The_Dalles.jpg/220px-Google_Data_Center%2C_The_Dalles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Google_Data_Center%2C_The_Dalles.jpg/330px-Google_Data_Center%2C_The_Dalles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Google_Data_Center%2C_The_Dalles.jpg/440px-Google_Data_Center%2C_The_Dalles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Google data center in <a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles, Oregon</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Index">Index</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Index">edit</a>]</div> Like most search engines, Google indexes documents by building a data structure known as <a href="/wiki/Inverted_index" title="Inverted index">inverted index</a>. Such an index obtains a list of documents by a query word. The index is very large due to the number of documents stored in the servers.<a href="#cite_note-Reid-93">[93]</a> The index is partitioned by document IDs into many pieces called <a href="/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">shards</a>. Each shard is <a href="/wiki/Replication_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Replication (computer science)">replicated</a> onto multiple servers. Initially, the index was being served from <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a>, as is done in traditional <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> (IR) systems. Google dealt with the increasing query volume by increasing number of replicas of each shard and thus increasing number of servers. Soon they found that they had enough servers to keep a copy of the whole index in main memory (although with low replication or no replication at all), and in early 2001 Google switched to an in-memory index system. This switch "radically changed many design parameters" of their search system, and allowed for a significant increase in throughput and a large decrease in latency of queries.<a href="#cite_note-wsdm2009-129">[129]</a> In June 2010, Google rolled out a next-generation indexing and serving system called "Caffeine" which can continuously crawl and update the search index. Previously, Google updated its search index in batches using a series of <a href="/wiki/MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a> jobs. The index was separated into several layers, some of which were updated faster than the others, and the main layer wouldn't be updated for as long as two weeks. With Caffeine, the entire index is updated incrementally on a continuous basis. Later Google revealed a distributed data processing system called "Percolator"<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> which is said to be the basis of Caffeine indexing system.<a href="#cite_note-caffeine1-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-caffeine2-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_types">Server types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Server types">edit</a>]</div> Google's server infrastructure is divided into several types, each assigned to a different purpose:<a href="#cite_note-google_arch-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reid-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evans1-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <ul><li>Web servers coordinate the execution of queries sent by users, then format the result into an <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> page. The execution consists of sending queries to index servers, merging the results, computing their rank, retrieving a summary for each hit (using the document server), asking for suggestions from the spelling servers, and finally getting a list of advertisements from the ad server.</li> <li>Data-gathering servers are permanently dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">spidering</a> the Web. Google's web crawler is known as GoogleBot. They update the index and document databases and apply Google's algorithms to assign ranks to pages.</li> <li>Each index server contains a set of index shards. They return a list of document IDs ("docid"), such that documents corresponding to a certain docid contain the query word. These servers need less disk space, but suffer the greatest CPU workload.</li> <li>Document servers store documents. Each document is stored on dozens of document servers. When performing a search, a document server returns a summary for the document based on query words. They can also fetch the complete document when asked. These servers need more disk space.</li> <li>Ad servers manage advertisements offered by services like <a href="/wiki/AdWords" class="mw-redirect" title="AdWords">AdWords</a> and <a href="/wiki/AdSense" class="mw-redirect" title="AdSense">AdSense</a>.</li> <li>Spelling servers make suggestions about the spelling of queries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="YouTube logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/93px-YouTube_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/140px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/186px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">YouTube</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kd33UVZhnAA">Google Data Center Security: 6 Layers Deep</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In October 2013, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> intercepted communications between Google's data centers, as part of a program named <a href="/wiki/Muscular_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular (surveillance program)">MUSCULAR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> This wiretapping was made possible because, at the time, Google did not encrypt data passed inside its own network.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> This was rectified when Google began encrypting data sent between data centers in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Mayes_County_P0004991a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Google_Mayes_County_P0004991a.jpg/220px-Google_Mayes_County_P0004991a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Google_Mayes_County_P0004991a.jpg/330px-Google_Mayes_County_P0004991a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Google_Mayes_County_P0004991a.jpg/440px-Google_Mayes_County_P0004991a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4255" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>Google data center in <a href="/wiki/Mayes_County,_Oklahoma" title="Mayes County, Oklahoma">Mayes County, Oklahoma</a> at <a href="/wiki/MidAmerica_Industrial_Park" title="MidAmerica Industrial Park">MidAmerica Industrial Park</a></figcaption></figure> Google's most efficient data center runs at 35 °C (95 °F) using only fresh air cooling, requiring no electrically powered air conditioning.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it would purchase enough renewable energy to match 100% of the energy usage of its data centers and offices. The commitment will make Google "the world's largest corporate buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind and solar energy".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq">"How Many Servers Does Google Have?"</a>. 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Retrieved December 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Google+just+notched+a+big+victory+in+the+fight+against+climate+change&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft.aulast=Statt&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2016%2F12%2F6%2F13852004%2Fgoogle-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoogle+data+centers" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtherington2016" class="citation web cs1">Etherington, Darrell (December 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/google-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017/">"Google says it will hit 100% renewable energy by 2017"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>. <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. Retrieved December 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Google+says+it+will+hit+100%25+renewable+energy+by+2017&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft.aulast=Etherington&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2016%2F12%2F06%2Fgoogle-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoogle+data+centers" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.A._BarrosoJ._DeanU._Hölzle2002" class="citation journal cs1">L.A. Barroso; J. Dean; U. Hölzle (March–April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.googleusercontent.com/external_content/untrusted_dlcp/research.google.com/en/us/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf">"Web search for a planet: The Google cluster architecture"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Micro" title="IEEE Micro">IEEE Micro</a>. 23 (2): 22–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMM.2003.1196112">10.1109/MM.2003.1196112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Micro&rft.atitle=Web+search+for+a+planet%3A+The+Google+cluster+architecture&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22-28&rft.date=2002-03%2F2002-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMM.2003.1196112&rft.au=L.A.+Barroso&rft.au=J.+Dean&rft.au=U.+H%C3%B6lzle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.googleusercontent.com%2Fexternal_content%2Funtrusted_dlcp%2Fresearch.google.com%2Fen%2Fus%2Farchive%2Fgooglecluster-ieee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoogle+data+centers" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shankland, Stephen, CNET news "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10209580-92.html">Google uncloaks once-secret server</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716084210/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10209580-92.html">Archived</a> July 16, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." April 1, 2009.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_data_centers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.google.com/pubs/papers.html">Google Research Publications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf">Web Search for a Planet: The Google Cluster Architecture</a> (Luiz André Barroso, Jeffrey Dean, Urs Hölzle)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_China" title="Google China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goojje" title="Goojje">Goojje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Crisis_Response" title="Google Crisis Response">Crisis Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_Alerts" title="Google Public Alerts">Public Alerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RechargeIT" title="RechargeIT">RechargeIT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Health" title="Google Health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_Search" title="Timeline of Google Search">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs" title="Sidewalk Labs">Sidewalk Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Energy" title="Google Energy">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_YouTube" title="History of YouTube">History</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Me_at_the_zoo" title="Me at the zoo">Me at the zoo</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Google_employees" title="Category:Google employees">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Bharat" title="Krishna Bharat">Krishna Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dean" title="Jeff Dean">Jeff Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doerr" title="John Doerr">John Doerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Ghemawat" title="Sanjay Ghemawat">Sanjay Ghemawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urs_H%C3%B6lzle" title="Urs Hölzle">Urs Hölzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_Kamangar" title="Salar Kamangar">Salar Kamangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Mather" title="Ann Mather">Ann Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Mulally" title="Alan Mulally">Alan Mulally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Osterloh" title="Rick Osterloh">Rick Osterloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Porat" title="Ruth Porat">Ruth Porat</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajen_Sheth" title="Rajen Sheth">Rajen Sheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Varian" title="Hal Varian">Hal Varian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Mohan" title="Neal Mohan">Neal Mohan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim" title="Andy Bechtolsheim">Andy Bechtolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> (Founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cheriton" title="David Cheriton">David Cheriton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Cutts" title="Matt Cutts">Matt Cutts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Drummond_(businessman)" title="David Drummond (businessman)">David Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Eustace" title="Alan Eustace">Alan Eustace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timnit_Gebru" title="Timnit Gebru">Timnit Gebru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omid_Kordestani" title="Omid Kordestani">Omid Kordestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Otellini" title="Paul Otellini">Paul Otellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> (Founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pichette" title="Patrick Pichette">Patrick Pichette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Singhal" title="Amit Singhal">Amit Singhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Whetstone" title="Rachel Whetstone">Rachel Whetstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Real estate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111_Eighth_Avenue" title="111 Eighth Avenue">111 Eighth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_barges" title="Google barges">Barges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binoculars_Building" title="Binoculars Building">Binoculars Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Giles" title="Central Saint Giles">Central Saint Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Market" title="Chelsea Market">Chelsea Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Zone" title="Chrome Zone">Chrome Zone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield_Mall" title="Mayfield Mall">Mayfield Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_57" title="Pier 57">Pier 57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Toronto" title="Sidewalk Toronto">Sidewalk Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Terminal" title="St. John's Terminal">St. John's Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space" title="YouTube Space">YouTube Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Theater" title="YouTube Theater">YouTube Theater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fonts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croscore_fonts" title="Croscore fonts">Croscore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Sans" title="Product Sans">Product Sans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_logo" title="Google logo">Logo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Doodle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doodle_Champion_Island_Games" title="Doodle Champion Island Games">Doodle Champion Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Cat_Academy" title="Magic Cat Academy">Magic Cat Academy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Android <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Developer Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Day" title="Android Developer Day">Developer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Developer Lab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code-in" title="Google Code-in">Code-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code_Jam" title="Google Code Jam">Code Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developer_Day" title="Google Developer Day">Developer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers_Live" title="Google Developers Live">Developers Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodle4Google" title="Doodle4Google">Doodle4Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Day" title="G-Day">G-Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(company)" title="Jigsaw (company)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Stories" title="Living Stories">Living Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Lunar XPRIZE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mapathon" title="Google Mapathon">Mapathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Science_Fair" title="Google Science Fair">Science Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Summer of Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talks_at_Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Talks at Google">Talks at Google</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">YouTube</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Awards" title="YouTube Awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN/YouTube_presidential_debates" title="CNN/YouTube presidential debates">CNN/YouTube presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Comedy_Week" title="YouTube Comedy Week">Comedy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Live" title="YouTube Live">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music_Awards" title="YouTube Music Awards">Music Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space_Lab" title="YouTube Space Lab">Space Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra" title="YouTube Symphony Orchestra">Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side_project_time" title="Side project time">20% project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_120" title="Area 120">Area 120</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reply_(Google)" title="Reply (Google)">Reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tables_(Google)" title="Tables (Google)">Tables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_ATAP" title="Google ATAP">ATAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Business_Groups" title="Google Business Groups">Business Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM/Google_Cloud_Computing_University_Initiative" title="IBM/Google Cloud Computing University Initiative">Computing University Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Data_Liberation_Front" title="Google Data Liberation Front">Data Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Transfer_Project" title="Data Transfer Project">Data Transfer Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developer_Expert" title="Google Developer Expert">Developer Expert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Digital_Garage" title="Google Digital Garage">Digital Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_News_Initiative" title="Digital News Initiative">Digital News Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Unlocked" title="Digital Unlocked">Digital Unlocked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(search_engine)" title="Dragonfly (search engine)">Dragonfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Founders%27_Award" title="Google Founders' Award">Founders' Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Free_Zone" title="Google Free Zone">Free Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Get_Your_Business_Online" title="Google Get Your Business Online">Get Your Business Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_for_Education" title="Google for Education">Google for Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_for_Startups" title="Google for Startups">Google for Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Labs" title="Google Labs">Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Galaxy" title="Liquid Galaxy">Liquid Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_with_Code" title="Made with Code">Made with Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_M%C4%81ori" title="Google Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News_Lab" title="Google News Lab">News Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Nightingale" title="Project Nightingale">Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_and_key_results" title="Objectives and key results">Objectives and key results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_PowerMeter" title="Google PowerMeter">PowerMeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Sandbox" title="Privacy Sandbox">Privacy Sandbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Artificial_Intelligence_Lab" title="Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab">Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RechargeIT" title="RechargeIT">RechargeIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Silicon_Initiative" title="Google Silicon Initiative">Silicon Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solve_for_X" title="Solve for X">Solve for X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Starline" title="Project Starline">Starline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Student_Ambassador_Program" title="Google Student Ambassador Program">Student Ambassador Program</a></li> <li>Submarine communications cables <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunant_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Dunant (submarine communications cable)">Dunant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)">Grace Hopper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sunroof" title="Project Sunroof">Sunroof</a></li> <li>YouTube <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards" title="YouTube Creator Awards">Creator Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Next_Lab_and_Audience_Development_Group" title="YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group">Next Lab and Audience Development Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative" title="YouTube Original Channel Initiative">Original Channel Initiative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Zero" title="Project Zero">Zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Google_data_breach" title="2018 Google data breach">2018 data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Google_walkouts" title="2018 Google walkouts">2018 walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Workers_Union" title="Alphabet Workers Union">Alphabet Workers Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeGoogle" title="DeGoogle">DeGoogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(search_engine)" title="Dragonfly (search engine)">Dragonfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FairSearch" title="FairSearch">FairSearch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%27s_Ideological_Echo_Chamber" title="Google's Ideological Echo Chamber">"Ideological Echo Chamber" memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_litigation" title="Google litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Google" title="Privacy concerns with Google">Privacy concerns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns" title="Google Street View privacy concerns">Street View</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_tech_bus_protests" title="San Francisco tech bus protests">San Francisco tech bus protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_services_outages" title="Google services outages">Services outages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_worker_organization" title="Google worker organization">Worker organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google#YouTube" title="Criticism of Google">YouTube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy" title="2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy">Back advertisement controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google#YouTube" title="Censorship by Google">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_issues" title="YouTube copyright issues">Copyright issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_strike" title="YouTube copyright strike">Copyright strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsagate" title="Elsagate">Elsagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures_scandal" title="Fantastic Adventures scandal">Fantastic Adventures scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_headquarters_shooting" title="YouTube headquarters shooting">Headquarters shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Kohistan_video_case" title="2012 Kohistan video case">Kohistan video case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Reactions to Innocence of Muslims">Reactions to Innocence of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident" title="2011 Slovenian YouTube incident">Slovenian government incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Development" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Development</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_OS" title="Glass OS">Glass OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Go" title="Android Go">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLinux" title="GLinux">gLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goobuntu" title="Goobuntu">Goobuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Things" title="Android Things">Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_TV" title="Android TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChromiumOS" title="ChromiumOS">ChromiumOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neverware" title="Neverware">Neverware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(operating_system)" title="Google TV (operating system)">TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries/ frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALTS" title="ALTS">ALTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Mobile_Pages" title="Accelerated Mobile Pages">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AngularJS" title="AngularJS">JS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_APIs" title="Google APIs">APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockly" title="Blockly">Blockly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chart_API" title="Google Chart API">Chart API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Charts" title="Google Charts">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogflow" title="Dialogflow">Dialogflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_Notification" title="Exposure Notification">Exposure Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Pair" title="Fast Pair">Fast Pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Learning_of_Cohorts" title="Federated Learning of Cohorts">Federated Learning of Cohorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlatBuffers" title="FlatBuffers">FlatBuffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutter_(software)" title="Flutter (software)">Flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRPC" title="GRPC">gRPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gson" title="Gson">Gson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Guava" title="Google Guava">Guava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Guice" title="Google Guice">Guice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guetzli" title="Guetzli">Guetzli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_JAX" title="Google JAX">JAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GVisor" title="GVisor">gVisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(standard)" title="Matter (standard)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Mobile Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Neural_Machine_Translation" title="Google Neural Machine Translation">Neural Machine Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pack" title="Google Pack">Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_(library)" title="Polymer (library)">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Buffers" title="Protocol Buffers">Protocol Buffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reqwireless" title="Reqwireless">Reqwireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Shell" title="Google Shell">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia Graphics Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_(platform)" title="Tango (platform)">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Test" title="Google Test">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weave_(protocol)" title="Weave (protocol)">Weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Accelerator" title="Google Web Accelerator">Web Accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">App Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppJet" title="AppJet">AppJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Apps_Script" title="Google Apps Script">Apps Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Cloud Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anvato" title="Anvato">Anvato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging" title="Firebase Cloud Messaging">Cloud Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crashlytics" title="Crashlytics">Crashlytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_IP_Solutions" title="Global IP Solutions">Global IP Solutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">Internet Low Bitrate Codec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">Internet Speech Audio Codec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridcentric,_Inc." title="Gridcentric, Inc.">Gridcentric, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LevelDB" title="LevelDB">LevelDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neatx" title="Neatx">Neatx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_IDX" title="Project IDX">Project IDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SageTV" title="SageTV">SageTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apigee" title="Apigee">Apigee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitium" title="Bitium">Bitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Security" title="Chronicle Security">Chronicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VirusTotal" title="VirusTotal">VirusTotal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Compute_Engine" title="Google Compute Engine">Compute Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Connect" title="Google Cloud Connect">Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Dataflow" title="Google Cloud Dataflow">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Datastore" title="Google Cloud Datastore">Datastore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaggle" title="Kaggle">Kaggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looker_(company)" title="Looker (company)">Looker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandiant" title="Mandiant">Mandiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging" title="Google Cloud Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbitera" title="Orbitera">Orbitera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Shell" title="Google Cloud Shell">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stackdriver" title="Stackdriver">Stackdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Storage" title="Google Cloud Storage">Storage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Fuzzy_Lop_(software)" title="American Fuzzy Lop (software)">American Fuzzy Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Cloud_to_Device_Messaging" title="Android Cloud to Device Messaging">Android Cloud to Device Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Maker" title="Google App Maker">App Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome" title="Google App Runtime for Chrome">App Runtime for Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppSheet" title="AppSheet">AppSheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Bazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_Frame" title="Google Chrome Frame">Chrome Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Closure_Tools" title="Google Closure Tools">Closure Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cpplint" title="Cpplint">Cpplint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Data_Protocol" title="Google Data Protocol">Data Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Gadgets" title="Google Gadgets">Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_(software)" title="Gerrit (software)">Gerrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYP_(software)" title="GYP (software)">GYP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Kythe" title="Google Kythe">Kythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lighthouse" title="Google Lighthouse">Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">MIT App Inventor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mashup_Editor" title="Google Mashup Editor">Mashup Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">Native Client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Optimize" title="Google Optimize">Optimize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine">OpenRefine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OR-Tools" title="OR-Tools">OR-Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_PageSpeed_Tools" title="Google PageSpeed Tools">PageSpeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Plugin_for_Eclipse" title="Google Plugin for Eclipse">Plugin for Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Programmable_Search_Engine" title="Google Programmable Search Engine">Programmable Search Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_DNS" title="Google Public DNS">Public DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReCAPTCHA" title="ReCAPTCHA">reCAPTCHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search_Console" title="Google Search Console">Search Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitemaps" title="Sitemaps">Sitemaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Swiffy" title="Google Swiffy">Swiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesseract_(software)" title="Tesseract (software)">Tesseract (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendalyzer" title="Trendalyzer">Trendalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisBug" title="VisBug">VisBug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">Wave Federation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Web Toolkit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Search algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hummingbird" title="Google Hummingbird">Hummingbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_matrix" title="Google matrix">Matrix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Panda" title="Google Panda">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Penguin" title="Google Penguin">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pigeon" title="Google Pigeon">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RankBrain" title="RankBrain">RankBrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BigQuery" title="BigQuery">BigQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_Experiments" title="Google Chrome Experiments">Chrome Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutter_(American_company)" title="Flutter (American company)">Flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlebot" title="Googlebot">Googlebot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language" title="Keyhole Markup Language">Keyhole Markup Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">Open Location Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li>Programming languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caja_project" title="Caja project">Caja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(programming_language)" title="Carbon (programming language)">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawzall_(programming_language)" title="Sawzall (programming language)">Sawzall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewdle" title="Viewdle">Viewdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webdriver_Torso" title="Webdriver Torso">Webdriver Torso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Server" title="Google Web Server">Web Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_App_Bundle" title="Android App Bundle">AAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apk_(file_format)" title="Apk (file format)">APK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">On2 Technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libvpx" title="Libvpx">libvpx</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">Products</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(news_app)" title="Google Currents (news app)">Currents (news app)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Throttle_Games" title="Green Throttle Games">Green Throttle Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owlchemy_Labs" title="Owlchemy Labs">Owlchemy Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_(company)" title="Oyster (company)">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaperofRecord.com" title="PaperofRecord.com">PaperofRecord.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Podcasts" title="Google Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick,_Draw!" title="Quick, Draw!">Quick, Draw!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songza" title="Songza">Songza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Stadia" title="Google Stadia">Stadia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stadia_games" title="List of Stadia games">games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Studios" title="Typhoon Studios">Typhoon Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(service)" title="Google TV (service)">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Video" title="Google Video">Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Games" title="Google Play Games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-downloaded_Google_Play_applications" title="List of most-downloaded Google Play applications">most downloaded apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Newsstand" title="Google Play Newsstand">Newsstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Pass" title="Google Play Pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BandPage" title="BandPage">BandPage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_BrandConnect" title="YouTube BrandConnect">BrandConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_ID" title="Content ID">Content ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Instant" title="YouTube Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_(YouTube_channel)" title="YouTube (YouTube channel)">Official channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Premium" title="YouTube Premium">Premium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming" title="List of YouTube Premium original programming">original programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind">YouTube Rewind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RightsFlow" title="RightsFlow">RightsFlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Select" title="YouTube Select">Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Shorts" title="YouTube Shorts">Shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Studio" title="YouTube Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Allo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_(application)" title="Bump (application)">Bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" title="Google Chat">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Contacts" title="Google Contacts">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(social_app)" title="Google Currents (social app)">Currents (social app)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgeball_(service)" title="Dodgeball (service)">Dodgeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Duo" title="Google Duo">Duo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fi_Wireless" title="Google Fi Wireless">Fi Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect" title="Google Friend Connect">Friend Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizmo5" title="Gizmo5">Gizmo5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gmail" title="History of Gmail">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbox_by_Gmail" title="Inbox by Gmail">Inbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmail_interface" title="Gmail interface">Interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hangouts" title="Google Hangouts">Hangouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Helpouts" title="Google Helpouts">Helpouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_IME" title="Google IME">IME</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Japanese_Input" title="Google Japanese Input">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Pinyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marratech" title="Marratech">Marratech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meebo" title="Meebo">Meebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Meet" title="Google Meet">Meet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Moderator" title="Google Moderator">Moderator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotonic_Software" title="Neotonic Software">Neotonic Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postini" title="Postini">Postini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_Visual" title="Quest Visual">Quest Visual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_Lens" title="Word Lens">Word Lens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Schemer" title="Google Schemer">Schemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Spaces" title="Google Spaces">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_(email_client)" title="Sparrow (email client)">Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Translate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Translator_Toolkit" title="Google Translator Toolkit">Translator Toolkit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Voice" title="Google Voice">Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOOG-411" title="GOOG-411">Voice Local Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave" title="Google Wave">Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Search</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardvark_(search_engine)" title="Aardvark (search engine)">Aardvark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Alerts" title="Google Alerts">Alerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Answers" title="Google Answers">Answers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Base" title="Google Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeatThatQuote.com" title="BeatThatQuote.com">BeatThatQuote.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Blog_Search" title="Google Blog Search">Blog Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer" title="Google Books Ngram Viewer">Ngram Viewer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code_Search" title="Google Code Search">Code Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Commons" title="Data Commons">Data Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dataset_Search" title="Google Dataset Search">Dataset Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dictionary" title="Google Dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Directory" title="Google Directory">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fast_Flip" title="Google Fast Flip">Fast Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Flu_Trends" title="Google Flu Trends">Flu Trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Goggles" title="Google Goggles">Goggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google.by" title="Google.by">Google.by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Images" title="Google Images">Images</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Image_Labeler" title="Google Image Labeler">Image Labeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Image_Swirl" title="Google Image Swirl">Image Swirl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaltix" title="Kaltix">Kaltix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Knowledge_Graph" title="Google Knowledge Graph">Knowledge Graph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freebase_(database)" title="Freebase (database)">Freebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaweb" title="Metaweb">Metaweb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like.com" title="Like.com">Like.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">News</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_News_Archive" title="Google News Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News_%26_Weather" title="Google News & Weather">Weather</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Patents" title="Google Patents">Patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Cards" title="People Cards">People Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Personalized_Search" title="Google Personalized Search">Personalized Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_Data_Explorer" title="Google Public Data Explorer">Public Data Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Questions_and_Answers" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Questions and Answers">Questions and Answers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeSearch" title="SafeSearch">SafeSearch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_SearchWiki" title="Google SearchWiki">Searchwiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Shopping" title="Google Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Catalogs" title="Google Catalogs">Catalogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Express" title="Google Express">Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Squared" title="Google Squared">Squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_(website)" title="Tenor (website)">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Travel" title="Google Travel">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Flights" title="Google Flights">Flights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Insights_for_Search" title="Google Insights for Search">Insights for Search</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Voice_Search" title="Google Voice Search">Voice Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDYL_(search_engine)" title="WDYL (search engine)">WDYL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoxon" title="Endoxon">Endoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImageAmerica" title="ImageAmerica">ImageAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Maps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Map_Maker" title="Google Map Maker">Map Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_Navigation" title="Google Maps Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_pin" title="Google Maps pin">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Street View</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_coverage" title="Google Street View coverage">Coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_View_Trusted" title="Street View Trusted">Trusted</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waze" title="Waze">Waze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_Is_My_Train" title="Where Is My Train">Where Is My Train</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business and finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ad_Manager" title="Google Ad Manager">Ad Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ads" title="Google Ads">Ads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adscape" title="Adscape">Adscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_AdSense" title="Google AdSense">AdSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Attribution" title="Google Attribution">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BebaPay" title="BebaPay">BebaPay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Checkout" title="Google Checkout">Checkout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Contributor" title="Google Contributor">Contributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Affiliate_Network" title="Google Affiliate Network">Affiliate Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invite_Media" title="Invite Media">Invite Media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Marketing Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looker_Studio" title="Looker Studio">Looker Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urchin_(software)" title="Urchin (software)">Urchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_(mobile_app)" title="Google Pay (mobile app)">Pay (mobile app)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wallet" title="Google Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_(payment_method)" title="Google Pay (payment method)">Pay (payment method)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_Send" title="Google Pay Send">Send</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tez_(software)" title="Tez (software)">Tez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostRank" title="PostRank">PostRank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Primer" title="Google Primer">Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcard" title="Softcard">Softcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_Interactive" title="Wildfire Interactive">Wildfire Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widevine" title="Widevine">Widevine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization and productivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Bookmarks" title="Google Bookmarks">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Browser_Sync" title="Google Browser Sync">Browser Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Search" title="Google Cloud Search">Cloud Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etherpad" title="Etherpad">Etherpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fflick" title="Fflick">fflick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files_(Google)" title="Files (Google)">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGoogle" title="IGoogle">iGoogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamboard" title="Jamboard">Jamboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Notebook" title="Google Notebook">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NotebookLM" title="NotebookLM">NotebookLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_One" title="Google One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Photos" title="Google Photos">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickoffice" title="Quickoffice">Quickoffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Quick_Search_Box" title="Google Quick Search Box">Quick Search Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Surveys" title="Google Surveys">Surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sync" title="Google Sync">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Tasks" title="Google Tasks">Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Toolbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs_Editors" title="Google Docs Editors">Docs Editors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Docs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drawings" title="Google Drawings">Drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Forms" title="Google Forms">Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fusion_Tables" title="Google Fusion Tables">Fusion Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Keep" title="Google Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sheets" title="Google Sheets">Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Slides" title="Google Slides">Slides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sites" title="Google Sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Vids" title="Google Vids">Vids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apture" title="Apture">Apture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Domains" title="Google Domains">Domains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeedBurner" title="FeedBurner">FeedBurner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_One_Pass" title="Google One Pass">One Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Page_Creator" title="Google Page Creator">Page Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sites" title="Google Sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Designer" title="Google Web Designer">Web Designer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Classroom" title="Google Classroom">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_(mobile_app)" title="Grasshopper (mobile app)">Grasshopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_(Google)" title="Socratic (Google)">Socratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomath" title="Photomath">Photomath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_Along" title="Read Along">Read Along</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toontastic_3D" title="Toontastic 3D">Toontastic 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Workspace" title="Google Workspace">Workspace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Workspace_Marketplace" title="Google Workspace Marketplace">Marketplace</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Account" title="Google Account">Account</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dashboard" title="Google Dashboard">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Takeout" title="Google Takeout">Takeout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Auto" title="Android Auto">Android Auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Beam" title="Android Beam">Android Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Authenticator" title="Google Authenticator">Authenticator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZygoteBody" title="ZygoteBody">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BufferBox" title="BufferBox">BufferBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Building_Maker" title="Google Building Maker">Building Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BumpTop" title="BumpTop">BumpTop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cast" title="Google Cast">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Print" title="Google Cloud Print">Cloud Print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsource_(app)" title="Crowdsource (app)">Crowdsource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Wellbeing" title="Digital Wellbeing">Digital Wellbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Expeditions" title="Google Expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Family_Link" title="Google Family Link">Family Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My_Device" title="Find My Device">Find My Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fit" title="Google Fit">Fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fonts" title="Google Fonts">Google Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gboard" title="Gboard">Gboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Gesture_Search" title="Google Gesture Search">Gesture Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impermium" title="Impermium">Impermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knol" title="Knol">Knol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lively" title="Google Lively">Lively</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Transcribe" title="Live Transcribe">Live Transcribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyTracks" title="MyTracks">MyTracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearby_Share" title="Nearby Share">Nearby Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Now" title="Google Now">Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Offers" title="Google Offers">Offers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Opinion_Rewards" title="Google Opinion Rewards">Opinion Rewards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Person_Finder" title="Google Person Finder">Person Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_(website)" title="Poly (website)">Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Question_Hub" title="Google Question Hub">Question Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Share" title="Quick Share">Quick Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Reader" title="Google Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Safe_Browsing" title="Google Safe Browsing">Safe Browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sidewiki" title="Google Sidewiki">Sidewiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlickLogin" title="SlickLogin">SlickLogin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Amplifier" title="Sound Amplifier">Sound Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_%26_Synthesis" title="Speech Recognition & Synthesis">Speech Recognition & Synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Station" title="Google Station">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Store" title="Google Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkBack" title="TalkBack">TalkBack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_Brush" title="Tilt Brush">Tilt Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_URL_Shortener" title="Google URL Shortener">URL Shortener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Access" title="Voice Access">Voice Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavii" title="Wavii">Wavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Light" title="Google Web Light">Web Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_WiFi" title="Google WiFi">WiFi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_App" title="Google Chrome App">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Game" title="Dinosaur Game">Dinosaur Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBorder" title="GreenBorder">GreenBorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Remote_Desktop" title="Chrome Remote Desktop">Remote Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Web Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and photography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Camera" title="Pixel Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lens" title="Google Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapseed" title="Snapseed">Snapseed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nik_Software" title="Nik Software">Nik Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramio" title="Panoramio">Panoramio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Photos" title="Google Photos">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picasa_Web_Albums" title="Picasa Web Albums">Web Albums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnik" title="Picnik">Picnik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hardware" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hardware</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smartphones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Dev_Phone" title="Android Dev Phone">Android Dev Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5" title="Nexus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6" title="Nexus 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">5X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">6P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_smartphones" title="Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3" title="Pixel 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3a" title="Pixel 3a">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4" title="Pixel 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">4a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5a" title="Pixel 5a">5a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6" title="Pixel 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6a" title="Pixel 6a">6a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7" title="Pixel 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7a" title="Pixel 7a">7a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Fold" title="Pixel Fold">Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8a" title="Pixel 8a">8a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_9" title="Pixel 9">Pixel 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro_Fold" title="Pixel 9 Pro Fold">Pixel 9 Pro Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Pixel_smartphones" title="Comparison of Google Pixel smartphones">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Ara" title="Project Ara">Project Ara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptops and tablets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2012)" title="Nexus 7 (2012)">7 (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2013)" title="Nexus 7 (2013)">7 (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_9" title="Nexus 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_tablets" title="Comparison of Google Nexus tablets">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook_Pixel" title="Chromebook Pixel">Chromebook Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelbook" title="Pixelbook">Pixelbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelbook_Go" title="Pixelbook Go">Pixelbook Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_C" title="Pixel C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Slate" title="Pixel Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Tablet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wearables</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitbit" title="Fitbit">Fitbit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fitbit_products" title="List of Fitbit products">List of products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Buds" title="Pixel Buds">Pixel Buds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Watch" title="Pixel Watch">Pixel Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Watch_2" title="Pixel Watch 2">Pixel Watch 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Watch_3" title="Pixel Watch 3">Pixel Watch 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a> (unreleased)</li> <li>Virtual reality <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Contact_Lens" title="Google Contact Lens">Contact Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Glass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromebit" title="Chromebit">Chromebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromebox" title="Chromebox">Chromebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Clips" title="Google Clips">Clips</a></li> <li>Digital media players <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Nexus Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Q" title="Nexus Q">Nexus Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropcam" title="Dropcam">Dropcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Galaxy" title="Liquid Galaxy">Liquid Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nest" title="Google Nest">Nest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nest_(smart_speakers)" title="Google Nest (smart speakers)">Smart Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest_Thermostat" title="Nest Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest_Wifi" title="Nest Wifi">Wifi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_OnHub" title="Google OnHub">OnHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Visual_Core" title="Pixel Visual Core">Pixel Visual Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search_Appliance" title="Google Search Appliance">Search Appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycamore_processor" title="Sycamore processor">Sycamore processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Tensor" title="Google Tensor">Tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Security_Key" title="Titan Security Key">Titan Security Key</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_litigation" title="Template:Google litigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Google_litigation" title="Template talk:Google litigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_litigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Google litigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Litigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google_litigation" title="Google litigation">Litigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advertising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc." title="Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.">Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc." title="Goddard v. Google, Inc.">Goddard v. Google, Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc." title="Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.">Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc." title="Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.">Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedi_Blue" title="Jedi Blue">Jedi Blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antitrust</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union" title="Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union">European Union</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors." title="Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.">Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2020)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2020)">United States v. Google LLC</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2023)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2023)">United States v. Google LLC</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a> and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc. (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a>(2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc." title="Field v. Google, Inc.">Field v. Google, Inc.</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc." title="Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.">Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc." title="Hibnick v. Google, Inc.">Hibnick v. Google, Inc.</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc." title="United States v. Google Inc.">United States v. Google Inc.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function" title="Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function">Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc." title="Joffe v. Google, Inc.">Joffe v. Google, Inc.</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google" title="Mosley v SARL Google">Mosley v SARL Google</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos" title="Frank v. Gaos">Frank v. Gaos</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros" title="Google LLC v Defteros">Google LLC v Defteros</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC" title="Gonzalez v. Google LLC">Gonzalez v. Google LLC</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Google_litigation" title="Category:Google litigation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil" title="Don't be evil">Don't be evil</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayglers" title="Gayglers">Gayglers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_(verb)" title="Google (verb)">Google (verb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_bombing" title="Google bombing">Google bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_Google_bombs_in_the_2004_U.S._presidential_election" title="Political Google bombs in the 2004 U.S. presidential election">2004 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_effect" title="Google effect">Google effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlefight" title="Googlefight">Googlefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_hacking" title="Google hacking">Google hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googleshare" title="Googleshare">Googleshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_tax" title="Google tax">Google tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlewhack" title="Googlewhack">Googlewhack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlization" title="Googlization">Googlization</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Illegal_flower_tribute" title="Illegal flower tribute">Illegal flower tribute</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_manipulation_effect" title="Search engine manipulation effect">Search engine manipulation effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelink" title="Sitelink">Sitelink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_Google" title="Category:Documentary films about Google">Documentaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_(film)" title="AlphaGo (film)">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Behind_the_Screen" title="Google Behind the Screen">Google: Behind the Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_Road_Trip" title="Google Maps Road Trip">Google Maps Road Trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_and_the_World_Brain" title="Google and the World Brain">Google and the World Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Creepy_Line" title="The Creepy Line">The Creepy Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Google" title="Category:Books about Google">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hacks" title="Google Hacks">Google Hacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Google_Story" title="The Google Story">The Google Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Volume_One" title="Google Volume One">Google Volume One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googled:_The_End_of_the_World_as_We_Know_It" title="Googled: The End of the World as We Know It">Googled: The End of the World as We Know It</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Google_Works" title="How Google Works">How Google Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Feeling_Lucky_(book)" title="I'm Feeling Lucky (book)">I'm Feeling Lucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Plex" title="In the Plex">In the Plex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Google_Book" title="The Google Book">The Google Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_MANIAC" title="The MANIAC">The MANIAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Feud" title="Google Feud">Google Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Me_(film)" title="Google Me (film)">Google Me (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Me_(Kim_Zolciak_song)" title="Google Me (Kim Zolciak song)">"Google Me" (Kim Zolciak song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Me_(Teyana_Taylor_song)" title="Google Me (Teyana Taylor song)">"Google Me" (Teyana Taylor song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F" title="Is Google Making Us Stupid?">Is Google Making Us Stupid?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceratium_google" title="Proceratium google">Proceratium google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Nathanson:_Live_at_Google" title="Matt Nathanson: Live at Google">Matt Nathanson: Live at Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Billion_Dollar_Code" title="The Billion Dollar Code">The Billion Dollar Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internship" title="The Internship">The Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_on_Google_Earth_is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F" title="Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?">Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Attention_Is_All_You_Need" title="Attention Is All You Need">Attention Is All You Need</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElgooG" title="ElgooG">elgooG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Google" title="Predictions of the end of Google">Predictions of the end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Registry" title="Google Registry">Registry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.app_(top-level_domain)" title=".app (top-level domain)">.app (top-level domain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.dev" title=".dev">.dev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.co" title="G.co">g.co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.google" title=".google">.google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimp_My_Search" title="Pimp My Search">Pimp My Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Relationship with Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorvault" title="Sensorvault">Sensorvault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Digital_Library_Project" title="Stanford Digital Library Project">Stanford Digital Library Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_products#Discontinued_products_and_services" title="List of Google products">discontinued products or services</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Google" title="Category:Google">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Google" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Google">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Google" title="Outline of Google">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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