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class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>April</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>May</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>October</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>November</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Births-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Births subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>January</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-February_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#February_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>February</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>April</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>May</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>October</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-November_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>November</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deaths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>January–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>July–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unknown_date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unknown_date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Unknown date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unknown_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nobel Prizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1903</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 201 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-201" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">201 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1903 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1903 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1903 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1903 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B3_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۹۰۳ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۹۰۳ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A9" title="১৯০৩ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯০৩" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_n%C3%AE" title="1903 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1903 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1903 йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1903 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903." title="1903. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1903." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1903 он – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="1903 он" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1903 ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1903 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B3" title="۱۹۰۳ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۹۰۳" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D1%88%D1%83" title="1903 шу – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1903 шу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E5%B9%B4" title="1903年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1903年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903-ngi%C3%A8n" title="1903-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1903-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="1903 җил – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="1903 җил" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%EB%85%84" title="1903년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1903년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9" title="१९०३ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९०३" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903." title="1903. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1903." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A9" title="মারি ১৯০৩ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৯০৩" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1903-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1903-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AF%E0%B3%A6%E0%B3%A9" title="೧೯೦೩ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೯೦೩" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1903 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1903 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1903 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1903 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="1903-ӧд во – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1903-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1903 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1903 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%B8" title="1903 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1903 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903._gads" title="1903. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1903. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1903 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1903 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_m." title="1903 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1903 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903moi" title="1903moi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="1903moi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9" title="१९०३ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१९०३" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9" title="इ.स. १९०३ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १९०३" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B3" title="۱۹۰۳ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۹۰۳" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1903 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1903 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1903 он – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1903 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%80%E1%81%83" title="၁၉၀၃ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၉၀၃" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9" title="ई सं १९०३ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ई सं १९०३" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E5%B9%B4" title="1903年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1903年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1903 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1903 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%A6%E0%AD%A9" title="୧୯୦୩ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୯୦୩" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9" title="१९०३ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१९०३" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1903" title="Joohr 1903 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1903" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1903 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1903 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9" title="१९०३ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१९०३" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%D8%B9" title="1903ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1903ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A0%D9%A3" title="١٩٠٣ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٩٠٣" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903." title="1903. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1903." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1903 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1903 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2446" title="พ.ศ. 2446 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2446" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1903" title="Соли 1903 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1903" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1903 ар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1903 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%D8%A1" title="1903ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1903ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_-_%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="1903 - يىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="1903 - يىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_nienz" title="1903 nienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1903 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E3%80%87%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4" title="一九〇三年 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一九〇三年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E5%B9%B4" title="1903年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1903年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E5%B9%B4" title="1903年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1903年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E5%B9%B4" title="1903年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1903年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903" title="1903 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1903" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2045#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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1903">July</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/August_1903" title="August 1903">August</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/September_1903" title="September 1903">September</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/October_1903" title="October 1903">October</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/November_1903" title="November 1903">November</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/December_1903" title="December 1903">December</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the year 1903. For the rifle, see <a href="/wiki/M1903_Springfield" title="M1903 Springfield">M1903 Springfield</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a>: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890s" title="1890s">1890s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1900s" title="1900s">1900s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910s" title="1910s">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1900">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1901" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1903" title="Category:1903">1903 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Subject</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_animation" title="1903 in animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_archaeology" title="1903 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_architecture" title="1903 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_art" title="1903 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_aviation" title="1903 in aviation">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_awards" title="Category:1903 awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="1903 in comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_film" title="1903 in film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_literature" title="1903 in literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_poetry" title="1903 in poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_meteorology" title="Category:1903 meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_music" title="1903 in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_jazz" title="1903 in jazz">Jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_rail_transport" title="1903 in rail transport">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_radio" title="1903 in radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_science" title="1903 in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_sports" title="1903 in sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_association_football" title="1903 in association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_television" class="mw-redirect" title="1903 in television">Television</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Afghanistan" title="1903 in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Australia" title="1903 in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Belgium" title="1903 in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Brazil" title="1903 in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="1903 in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Canada" title="1903 in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_China" title="1903 in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Denmark" title="1903 in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_France" title="1903 in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Germany" title="1903 in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_India" title="1903 in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Ireland" title="1903 in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Italy" title="1903 in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Japan" title="1903 in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_New_Zealand" title="1903 in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Norway" title="1903 in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Ottoman_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="1903 in Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1903 in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Portugal" title="1903 in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Russia" title="1903 in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_South_Africa" title="1903 in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Spain" title="1903 in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Sweden" title="1903 in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1903 in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_the_United_States" title="1903 in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Venezuela" title="1903 in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Lists of leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in 1903">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1903">Sovereign state leaders</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_dependent_territories_in_the_20th_century" title="List of governors of dependent territories in the 20th century">Territorial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_20th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 20th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_in_law" title="Category:1903 in law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_births" title="Category:1903 births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_deaths" title="Category:1903 deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_establishments" title="Category:1903 establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_disestablishments" title="Category:1903 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #f3f3f3"> Works category</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_works" title="Category:1903 works">Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_introductions" title="Category:1903 introductions">Introductions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C20_year_in_topic" title="Template:C20 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C20_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C20 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C20_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C20 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1903 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1903<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MCMIII</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2656</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1352<br />ԹՎ ՌՅԾԲ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6653</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí calendar</a></td><td>59–60</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1824–1825</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1309–1310</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2853</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">British Regnal year</a></td><td>2 <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edw. 7</a> – 3 <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edw. 7</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2447</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1265</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7411–7412</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">壬寅</a>年 (Water <a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a>)<br />4600 or 4393<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />癸卯年 (Water <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />4601 or 4394</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1619–1620</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>3069</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1895–1896</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5663–5664</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1959–1960</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1824–1825</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>5003–5004</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11903</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>903–904</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1281–1282</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1320–1321</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji</a> 36<br />(明治３６年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1832–1833</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 13 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>4236</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>9 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前9年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>435</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2445–2446</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳水虎年<br />(male Water-<a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a>)<br />2029 or 1648 or 876<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴水兔年<br />(female Water-<a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br />2030 or 1649 or 877</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1903" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1903">1903</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>1903</b> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCMIII</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Thursday" title="Common year starting on Thursday">common year starting on Thursday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Wednesday" title="Common year starting on Wednesday">common year starting on Wednesday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the 1903rd year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></i></span> (AD) designations, the 903rd year of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, the 3rd year of the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>, and the 4th year of the <a href="/wiki/1900s" title="1900s">1900s</a> decade. As of the start of 1903, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. </p><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January">January</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/January_1903" title="January 1903">January 1903</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_vii_england.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Edward_vii_england.jpg/120px-Edward_vii_england.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Edward_vii_england.jpg/180px-Edward_vii_england.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Edward_vii_england.jpg/240px-Edward_vii_england.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Teddy_Bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Old_Teddy_Bear.jpg/250px-Old_Teddy_Bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Old_Teddy_Bear.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a>: first <a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">teddy bear</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topsy_elephant_death_electrocution_at_luna_park_1903.png" class="mw-file-description" title="January 4: Electrocuting an Elephant"><img alt="January 4: Electrocuting an Elephant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Topsy_elephant_death_electrocution_at_luna_park_1903.png/120px-Topsy_elephant_death_electrocution_at_luna_park_1903.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Topsy_elephant_death_electrocution_at_luna_park_1903.png/180px-Topsy_elephant_death_electrocution_at_luna_park_1903.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Topsy_elephant_death_electrocution_at_luna_park_1903.png/240px-Topsy_elephant_death_electrocution_at_luna_park_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Electrocuting_an_Elephant" title="Electrocuting an Elephant">Electrocuting an Elephant</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> is proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Topsy_(elephant)" title="Topsy (elephant)">Topsy</a>, a female <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian circus elephant</a>, is killed by electrocution at Luna Park, Coney Island, New York City.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a> was fully annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch</a> forces, deposing the last sultan, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh War</a> that have lasted for almost 30 years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a> – The first west–east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England (the first east–west broadcast having been made in <a href="/wiki/1901#December" title="1901">1901</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – 13 days after Topsy's death, the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Manufacturing_Company" title="Edison Manufacturing Company">Edison Manufacturing Company</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrocuting_an_Elephant" title="Electrocuting an Elephant">Electrocuting an Elephant</a>, showing the footage of Topsy's electrocution.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February">February</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: February"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/February_1903" title="February 1903">February 1903</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%9303" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–03">Venezuelan crisis</a>: After agreeing to arbitration in Washington, the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy reach a settlement with Venezuela resulting in the Washington Protocols. The naval blockade that began in <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a> will end.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> leases <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a> to the United States "in perpetuity".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March">March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_1903" title="March 1903">March 1903</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington_Hotel" title="Martha Washington Hotel">Martha Washington Hotel</a>, the first hotel exclusively for women, opens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – The British Admiralty announces plans to build the <a href="/wiki/Rosyth_Dockyard" title="Rosyth Dockyard">Rosyth Dockyard</a> as a naval base at <a href="/wiki/Rosyth" title="Rosyth">Rosyth</a> in Scotland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> sign an agreement to build the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Constantinople–Baghdad Railway</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="University of Puerto Rico">University of Puerto Rico</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – Having abolished the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> in West Africa, the new British administration accepts the concession of its last <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Herr%C3%A1n_Treaty" title="Hay–Herrán Treaty">Hay–Herrán Treaty</a>, granting the United States the right to build the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, is ratified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. The Colombian senate later rejects the treaty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – The first of <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_sheep_farming_boom#Chilean_auctions_of_1903–1906" title="Patagonian sheep farming boom">a series of auctions</a> of sheep farming land in southern <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> takes place impacting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilean_colonization_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan (page does not exist)">established settlers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sasso2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasso2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April">April</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: April"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/April_1903" title="April 1903">April 1903</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Slide_4-30-1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Frank_Slide_4-30-1903.jpg/220px-Frank_Slide_4-30-1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Frank_Slide_4-30-1903.jpg/330px-Frank_Slide_4-30-1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Frank_Slide_4-30-1903.jpg/440px-Frank_Slide_4-30-1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>April 29: The <a href="/wiki/Frank_Slide" title="Frank Slide">Frank Slide</a> occurs</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a>–<a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">21</a> (<a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a>–<a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">8</a> <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">O.S.</a>) – The first <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_pogrom_(1903)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chișinău pogrom (1903)">Kishinev pogrom</a>, beginning on Easter Day, takes place in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Kishinev</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. At least 47 Jews are killed and others injured during mob rioting encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a> articles in the press and led by priests; no attempt is made by police or military to intervene until the third day.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid" title="Atlético Madrid">Atlético Madrid</a> is officially founded as a professional association football club in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> <ul><li>The 30-million-m<sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Slide" title="Frank Slide">Frank Slide</a> rockslide kills 70–90 in <a href="/wiki/Frank,_Alberta" title="Frank, Alberta">Frank, Alberta</a>.</li> <li>The 7.0 M<sub>s</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1903_Manzikert_earthquake" title="1903 Manzikert earthquake">Manzikert earthquake</a> affects eastern Turkey, leaving 3,500 dead (local time; April 28 23:46 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May">May</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: May"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/May_1903" title="May 1903">May 1903</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – Leading <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarian</a> revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Gotse_Delchev" title="Gotse Delchev">Gotse Delchev</a> is killed in a skirmish with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – The port of <a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> opens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Madrid_race" title="Paris–Madrid race">Paris–Madrid race</a> for automobiles begins, during which at least eight people are killed; the French government stops the event at <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_impoundment" title="Vehicle impoundment">impounds</a> all of the competitors' cars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nul_de_la_Pind" title="Românul de la Pind">Românul de la Pind</a></i>, the longest-running newspaper by and about <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a> until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, is founded.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June">June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/June_1903" title="June 1903">June 1903</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AleksandarObrenovic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AleksandarObrenovic.jpg/120px-AleksandarObrenovic.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AleksandarObrenovic.jpg/180px-AleksandarObrenovic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AleksandarObrenovic.jpg/240px-AleksandarObrenovic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Serbia" title="Alexander I of Serbia">Alexander I</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>c. June – <a href="/wiki/Osea_Island" title="Osea Island">Osea Island</a> off <a href="/wiki/Maldon,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldon, Essex">Maldon, Essex</a>, England, is bought by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nicholas_Charrington" title="Frederick Nicholas Charrington">Frederick Nicholas Charrington</a> to provide an alcohol addiction treatment centre.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> (<a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_style_and_new_style_dates" class="mw-redirect" title="Old style and new style dates">O.S.</a>) – King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Serbia" title="Alexander I of Serbia">Alexander Obrenović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Draga_Ma%C5%A1in" title="Draga Mašin">Queen Draga</a> of Serbia are <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">assassinated</a> in Belgrade by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)" title="Black Hand (Serbia)">Black Hand (Crna Ruka)</a> organization.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – The town of <a href="/wiki/Heppner,_Oregon" title="Heppner, Oregon">Heppner, Oregon</a> is nearly destroyed by a cloud burst that results in <a href="/wiki/Heppner_Flood_of_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="Heppner Flood of 1903">a flash flood</a> that kills about 238 people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> with $28,000 in cash from 12 investors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – American socialite <a href="/wiki/Aida_de_Acosta" title="Aida de Acosta">Aida de Acosta</a>, 19, becomes the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she pilots <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Santos-Dumont</a>'s motorized <a href="/wiki/Dirigible" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigible">dirigible</a>, "No. 9", from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle" title="Château de Bagatelle">Château de Bagatelle</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July">July</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: July"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_1903" title="July 1903">July 1903</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1903_ford_model_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/1903_ford_model_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a>: 1903 Ford Model A.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a>–<a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">19</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1903_Tour_de_France" title="1903 Tour de France">first Tour de France</a> bicycle race is held; <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Garin" title="Maurice Garin">Maurice Garin</a> wins it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> take over the <a href="/wiki/Fulani_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani Empire">Fulani Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cartridge_Company_explosion" title="United States Cartridge Company explosion">United States Cartridge Company explosion</a>: The explosion of two explosives storage magazines destroys 70 homes, killing 22 residents of <a href="/wiki/Tewksbury,_Massachusetts" title="Tewksbury, Massachusetts">Tewksbury, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a>–<a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">August 23</a> (<a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a>–<a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">O.S.</a>) – The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Second Congress</a> of the All-<a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, transferring to London.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August">August</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/August_1903" title="August 1903">August 1903</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a>, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization</a>, breaks out in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople Vilayet">Adrianople</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_3" title="August 3">August 3</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic" title="Kruševo Republic">Kruševo Republic</a> is proclaimed in Ottoman Macedonia; it is crushed 10 days later.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> as the 257th <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_train_fire" title="Paris Métro train fire">Paris Métro train fire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Couronnes_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronnes (Paris Métro)">Couronnes</a> results in 84 deaths.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_1903" title="Judiciary Act 1903">Judiciary Act</a> is passed in the Australian parliament.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September">September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/September_1903" title="September 1903">September 1903</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University" title="Texas State University">Texas State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas" title="San Marcos, Texas">San Marcos, Texas</a> opens as Southwest Texas Normal School.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – The first stock-car event is held at the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Mile" title="Milwaukee Mile">Milwaukee Mile</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> resigns as British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a> in order to campaign publicly for <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preference" title="Imperial Preference">Imperial Preference</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Foot-Ball_Porto_Alegrense" class="mw-redirect" title="Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense">Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Brazil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Edmund Barton</a> steps down as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> and is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_the_Old_97" title="Wreck of the Old 97">Wreck of the Old 97</a> <a href="/wiki/Fast_Mail_(Southern_Railway_train)" title="Fast Mail (Southern Railway train)">Fast Mail</a> train at Stillhouse Trestle, near <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville, Virginia</a>, kills 11 people and inspires a ballad.<sup id="cite_ref-AlfredPScott_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlfredPScott-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> becomes the second jurisdiction to require mandatory <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">driver's licenses</a> for operators of motor vehicles, after New York State in 1901.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October">October</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: October"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/October_1903" title="October 1903">October 1903</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a>–<a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">13</a> – First modern <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Americans">Boston Americans</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a> in eight games.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> sits for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> is founded in the U.K.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November">November</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: November"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/November_1903" title="November 1903">November 1903</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maggie_L._Walker" title="Maggie L. Walker">Maggie L. Walker</a> becomes the first African American woman to charter a bank.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama from Colombia</a>: With the encouragement of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> proclaims itself independent of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Secession_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secession-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – The English-language <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i> newspaper is first published in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – The United States recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">independence of Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Panama_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panama-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> splits into two groups: the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> (Russian for "majority") and <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> (Russian for "minority").<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a> is signed by the United States and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, giving the U.S. exclusive rights over the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Secession_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secession-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Panama_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panama-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> governor <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Peabody" title="James Hamilton Peabody">James Hamilton Peabody</a> sends the state militia into the town of <a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek,_Colorado" title="Cripple Creek, Colorado">Cripple Creek</a> to break up a miners' strike.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/SS_Petriana" title="SS Petriana">SS <i>Petriana</i></a> is wrecked on a reef outside <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, causing one of the world's first major <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_spills" title="List of oil spills">oil spills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December">December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/December_1903" title="December 1903">December 1903</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_flight2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/200px-First_flight2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/300px-First_flight2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/400px-First_flight2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6603" data-file-height="4280" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a>: The <i><a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a></i> in the air, the first airplane flight, by <a href="/wiki/Orville_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Wright">Orville Wright</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel">The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> opens.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orville_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Wright">Orville Wright</a> flies an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">petrol engine</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a></i>, at <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk, North Carolina</a> in the first documented and successful powered and controlled heavier-than-air flight.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Theatre_fire" title="Iroquois Theatre fire">Iroquois Theatre fire</a> in Chicago kills 600.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Women%27s_Suffrage_(Sweden)" title="National Association for Women's Suffrage (Sweden)">National Association for Women's Suffrage (Sweden)</a> is founded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Czech women's organisation <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDensk%C3%BD_Klub_%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD" title="Ženský Klub Český">Ženský Klub Český</a></i> is founded.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Lee_Legion" title="Lincoln–Lee Legion">Lincoln–Lee Legion</a> is established to promote the <a href="/wiki/American_temperance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American temperance movement">American temperance movement</a> and the signing of alcohol-abstinence pledges by children.</li> <li>The first box of <a href="/wiki/Crayola" title="Crayola">Crayola</a> <a href="/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">crayons</a> is made and sold for five cents. It contains eight colors; brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet and black.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorbike" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbike">motorbike</a> brand <a href="/wiki/Harley-Davidson" title="Harley-Davidson">Harley-Davidson</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Compression Rheostat, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">industrial automation</a> and industrial equipment parts brand <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Automation" title="Rockwell Automation">Rockwell Automation</a>, is founded in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_2">January</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: January"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Paton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alan_Paton.jpg/100px-Alan_Paton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alan_Paton.jpg/150px-Alan_Paton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alan_Paton.jpg/200px-Alan_Paton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Alan Paton</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jasimuddin" title="Jasimuddin">Jasimuddin</a>, Bangladeshi poet, lyricist, composer and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kane_Tanaka" title="Kane Tanaka">Kane Tanaka</a>, Japanese supercentenarian, oldest Japanese person ever, last surviving person born in 1903 (d. <a href="/wiki/2022" title="2022">2022</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georg_Elser" title="Georg Elser">Georg Elser</a>, German carpenter and attempted assassin of Adolf Hitler (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Abravanel" title="Maurice Abravanel">Maurice Abravanel</a>, Greek-born conductor (d. <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth" title="Barbara Hepworth">Barbara Hepworth</a>, English sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Alan Paton</a>, South African author, anti-apartheid activist (d. <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a>, Soviet and Russian physicist (d. <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Transue" title="Andrew J. Transue">Andrew J. Transue</a>, American politician and attorney (<i><a href="/wiki/Morissette_v._United_States" title="Morissette v. United States">Morissette v. United States</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brocco" title="Peter Brocco">Peter Brocco</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grover-Williams" title="William Grover-Williams">William Grover-Williams</a>, French race car driver, war hero (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hull" title="Warren Hull">Warren Hull</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Hooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladys Hooper">Gladys Hooper</a>, British supercentenarian (d. <a href="/wiki/2016" title="2016">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Houtermans" title="Fritz Houtermans">Fritz Houtermans</a>, Polish physicist (d. <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1n" title="Jorge Eliécer Gaitán">Jorge Eliécer Gaitán</a>, Colombian politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a>, Australian neuropsychologist, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_2">February</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: February"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg/100px-Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg/150px-Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg/200px-Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg/100px-Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg/150px-Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg/200px-Giulio_Natta_1960s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Bartel Leendert van der Waerden</a>, Dutch mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Douglas-Hamilton,_14th_Duke_of_Hamilton" title="Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton">Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton</a>, Scottish nobleman, aviation pioneer (d. <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Imich" title="Alexander Imich">Alexander Imich</a>, American parapsychologist, chemist (d. <a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a>, Chilean-born pianist (d. <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Keller" title="Greta Keller">Greta Keller</a>, Vienna-born cabaret singer, actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, first Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Hoven" title="Waldemar Hoven">Waldemar Hoven</a>, German physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Sindelar" title="Matthias Sindelar">Matthias Sindelar</a>, Austrian footballer (d. <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Lease" title="Rex Lease">Rex Lease</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Redlich" title="Hans Redlich">Hans Redlich</a>, Austrian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Basadre" title="Jorge Basadre">Jorge Basadre</a>, Peruvian historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Maazel" title="Lincoln Maazel">Lincoln Maazel</a>, American singer and actor (d. <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georges_Simenon" title="Georges Simenon">Georges Simenon</a>, French writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Erwin" title="Stuart Erwin">Stuart Erwin</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a>, American ventriloquist (d. <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ortega" title="Joaquín Rodríguez Ortega">Joaquín Rodríguez Ortega</a>, known as "Cagancho", Spanish bullfighter (d. <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ana%C3%AFs_Nin" title="Anaïs Nin">Anaïs Nin</a>, French writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Queneau" title="Raymond Queneau">Raymond Queneau</a>, French poet, novelist (d. <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morley_Callaghan" title="Morley Callaghan">Morley Callaghan</a>, Canadian writer, media personality (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain-Ervin_Mere" title="Ain-Ervin Mere">Ain-Ervin Mere</a>, Estonian Nazi (d. <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank P. Ramsey">Frank P. Ramsey</a>, English mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bartol" title="Vladimir Bartol">Vladimir Bartol</a>, Slovenian author (d. <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a>, Italian chemist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grethe_Weiser" title="Grethe Weiser">Grethe Weiser</a>, German actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Vincente Minnelli</a>, American director (d. <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_2">March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empress_Kojun_1956-11-face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Empress_Kojun_1956-11-face.jpg/100px-Empress_Kojun_1956-11-face.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Empress_Kojun_1956-11-face.jpg/150px-Empress_Kojun_1956-11-face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Empress_Kojun_1956-11-face.jpg/200px-Empress_Kojun_1956-11-face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Empress_Nagako" title="Empress Nagako">Empress Nagako</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clare_boothe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Clare_boothe.jpg/100px-Clare_boothe.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Clare_boothe.jpg/150px-Clare_boothe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Clare_boothe.jpg/200px-Clare_boothe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_lawrence_welk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Young_lawrence_welk.JPG/100px-Young_lawrence_welk.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Young_lawrence_welk.JPG/150px-Young_lawrence_welk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Young_lawrence_welk.JPG/200px-Young_lawrence_welk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Welk" title="Lawrence Welk">Lawrence Welk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_Schachen_Portr%C3%A4t;_Adolf_Butenandt_-_W134Nr.020182c_-_Willy_Pragher_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bad_Schachen_Portr%C3%A4t%3B_Adolf_Butenandt_-_W134Nr.020182c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Bad_Schachen_Portr%C3%A4t%3B_Adolf_Butenandt_-_W134Nr.020182c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bad_Schachen_Portr%C3%A4t%3B_Adolf_Butenandt_-_W134Nr.020182c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bad_Schachen_Portr%C3%A4t%3B_Adolf_Butenandt_-_W134Nr.020182c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bad_Schachen_Portr%C3%A4t%3B_Adolf_Butenandt_-_W134Nr.020182c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bad_Schachen_Portr%C3%A4t%3B_Adolf_Butenandt_-_W134Nr.020182c_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Boyd" title="William C. Boyd">William C. Boyd</a>, American immunochemist (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Mackaill" title="Dorothy Mackaill">Dorothy Mackaill</a>, British-born American actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scarne" title="John Scarne">John Scarne</a>, American magician, card expert (d. <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Nagako" title="Empress Nagako">Empress Nagako</a>, Japanese consort of <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Skoczy%C5%84ski" title="Józef Skoczyński">Józef Skoczyński</a>, Polish Roman Catholic priest and social activist (d. <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bix_Beiderbecke" title="Bix Beiderbecke">Bix Beiderbecke</a>, American jazz musician (d. <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a>, American publisher, writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Ronald Syme</a>, New Zealand-born classicist, historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Welk" title="Lawrence Welk">Lawrence Welk</a>, American television musician, bandleader (d. <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a>, Kurdish politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elli_Stenberg" title="Elli Stenberg">Elli Stenberg</a>, Finnish politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Gian Galeazzo Ciano, 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari</a>, Italian aristocrat and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/W.R._Supratman" class="mw-redirect" title="W.R. Supratman">W.R. Supratman</a>, Indonesian violinist (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Buchanan" title="Edgar Buchanan">Edgar Buchanan</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Giuseppa_Robucci" title="Maria Giuseppa Robucci">Maria Giuseppa Robucci</a>, Italian supercentenarian (d. <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sargeson" title="Frank Sargeson">Frank Sargeson</a>, New Zealand writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Busch" title="Germán Busch">Germán Busch</a>, 36th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a>, German chemist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a>, English journalist (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Norbert_Glatzer" title="Nahum Norbert Glatzer">Nahum Norbert Glatzer</a>, Jewish-American scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Betty_Balfour" title="Betty Balfour">Betty Balfour</a>, English screen actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a>, Austrian pianist (d. <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/H._J._Blackham" title="H. J. Blackham">H. J. Blackham</a>, British humanist, author (d. <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April_2">April</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: April"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliot_Ness_in_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eliot_Ness_in_1931.jpg/100px-Eliot_Ness_in_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eliot_Ness_in_1931.jpg/150px-Eliot_Ness_in_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eliot_Ness_in_1931.jpg/200px-Eliot_Ness_in_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Ness" title="Eliot Ness">Eliot Ness</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lola_Alvarez_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lola Alvarez Bravo">Lola Alvarez Bravo</a>, Mexican photographer (d. <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilda Bruce">Hilda Bruce</a>, British zoologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Cochrane" title="Mickey Cochrane">Mickey Cochrane</a>, American baseball player (d. <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Edgerton" title="Doc Edgerton">Doc Edgerton</a>, American electrical engineer (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Goodwin_Pincus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Goodwin Pincus">Gregory Goodwin Pincus</a>, American biologist, researcher (d. <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a>, Dutch economist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(actor)" title="John Williams (actor)">John Williams</a>, English-born actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Piatigorsky" title="Gregor Piatigorsky">Gregor Piatigorsky</a>, American cellist (d. <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Taylor" title="Morgan Taylor">Morgan Taylor</a>, American athlete (d. <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Ness" title="Eliot Ness">Eliot Ness</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Prohibition" title="Bureau of Prohibition">Prohibition agent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a>, Spanish politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kolmogorov" title="Andrey Kolmogorov">Andrey Kolmogorov</a>, Soviet and Russian mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_2">May</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: May"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bing_Crosby_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bing_Crosby_1951.jpg/100px-Bing_Crosby_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bing_Crosby_1951.jpg/150px-Bing_Crosby_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bing_Crosby_1951.jpg/200px-Bing_Crosby_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Hope,_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bob_Hope%2C_1978.jpg/100px-Bob_Hope%2C_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bob_Hope%2C_1978.jpg/150px-Bob_Hope%2C_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bob_Hope%2C_1978.jpg/200px-Bob_Hope%2C_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a>, American pediatrician (d. <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, American singer, actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Adler" title="Luther Adler">Luther Adler</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Demel" title="Paul Demel">Paul Demel</a>, Czech actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Toots_Shor" title="Toots Shor">Toots Shor</a>, New York restaurateur (d. <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fernandel" title="Fernandel">Fernandel</a>, French actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a>, German-born philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Gehringer" title="Charlie Gehringer">Charlie Gehringer</a>, American baseball player (d. <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Faith_Bennett" title="Faith Bennett">Faith Bennett</a>, British actress, WWII ATA pilot (d. <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Billie_Dove" title="Billie Dove">Billie Dove</a>, American actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frits_Warmolt_Went" title="Frits Warmolt Went">Frits Warmolt Went</a>, Dutch botanist (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shimoe_Akiyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimoe Akiyama">Shimoe Akiyama</a>, Japanese supercentenarian (d. <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shelah_Richards" title="Shelah Richards">Shelah Richards</a>, Irish actress, director, and producer (d. <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lofton_R._Henderson" title="Lofton R. Henderson">Lofton R. Henderson</a>, American naval aviator (killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Binnie_Barnes" title="Binnie Barnes">Binnie Barnes</a>, English actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a>, English-born American comedian, actor (d. <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_2">June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lou_Gehrig_as_a_new_Yankee_11_Jun_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lou_Gehrig_as_a_new_Yankee_11_Jun_1923.jpg/100px-Lou_Gehrig_as_a_new_Yankee_11_Jun_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lou_Gehrig_as_a_new_Yankee_11_Jun_1923.jpg/150px-Lou_Gehrig_as_a_new_Yankee_11_Jun_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lou_Gehrig_as_a_new_Yankee_11_Jun_1923.jpg/200px-Lou_Gehrig_as_a_new_Yankee_11_Jun_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg/100px-George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg/150px-George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg/200px-George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nin%C3%AD_Marshall" title="Niní Marshall">Niní Marshall</a>, Argentine humorist, comic actress and screenwriter (d. <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Velychkovsky" title="Vasyl Velychkovsky">Vasyl Velychkovsky</a>, Ukrainian bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a>, Soviet and Armenian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Singh" title="Bakht Singh">Bakht Singh</a>, Indian evangelist, well-known Bible teacher, preacher (d. <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar" title="Marguerite Yourcenar">Marguerite Yourcenar</a>, Belgian-French author (d. <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theo_Lingen" title="Theo Lingen">Theo Lingen</a>, German actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Hardy" title="Emmett Hardy">Emmett Hardy</a>, American musician (d. <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Huldreich_Georg_Fr%C3%BCh" title="Huldreich Georg Früh">Huldreich Georg Früh</a>, Swiss composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_MacDonald" title="Jeanette MacDonald">Jeanette MacDonald</a>, American singer, actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Radiguet" title="Raymond Radiguet">Raymond Radiguet</a>, French author (d. <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a>, American baseball player (d. <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hammond" title="Wally Hammond">Wally Hammond</a>, English cricketer (d. <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Laughton" title="Eddie Laughton">Eddie Laughton</a>, British-born American film actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a>, American caricaturist (d. <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Sutherland" title="Lucy Sutherland">Lucy Sutherland</a>, Australian-born British historian, academic and public servant (d. <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dillinger" title="John Dillinger">John Dillinger</a>, American bank robber (d. <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiro_Horikoshi" title="Jiro Horikoshi">Jiro Horikoshi</a>, Japanese aircraft designer (d. <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hubbell" title="Carl Hubbell">Carl Hubbell</a>, American baseball player (d. <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pollack" title="Ben Pollack">Ben Pollack</a>, American jazz drummer, bandleader (d. <a href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Robertson_(journalist)" title="Ben Robertson (journalist)">Ben Robertson</a>, American novelist, journalist, and war correspondent (d. <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Seigner" title="Louis Seigner">Louis Seigner</a>, French actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Dewey_Wormser" title="Frances Dewey Wormser">Frances Dewey Wormser</a>, American stage actress, entertainer and vaudeville performer (d. <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a>, Canadian politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brossolette" title="Pierre Brossolette">Pierre Brossolette</a>, French journalist, resistance fighter (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, English author (d. <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Revere" title="Anne Revere">Anne Revere</a>, American actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_DeWolf" title="Harry DeWolf">Harry DeWolf</a>, Canadian naval officer (d. <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bill_Broonzy" title="Big Bill Broonzy">Big Bill Broonzy</a>, American blues singer, composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>) (some sources give his year of birth as <a href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Winter" title="Max Winter">Max Winter</a>, American businessman, sport executive (d. <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Blumlein" title="Alan Blumlein">Alan Blumlein</a>, British electronics engineer (d. <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_2">July</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: July"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alec_Douglas_Home_Allan_Warren_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Alec_Douglas_Home_Allan_Warren_cropped.jpg/100px-Alec_Douglas_Home_Allan_Warren_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Alec_Douglas_Home_Allan_Warren_cropped.jpg/150px-Alec_Douglas_Home_Allan_Warren_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Alec_Douglas_Home_Allan_Warren_cropped.jpg/200px-Alec_Douglas_Home_Allan_Warren_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olav_V_of_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Olav_V_of_Norway.jpg/100px-Olav_V_of_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Olav_V_of_Norway.jpg/150px-Olav_V_of_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Olav_V_of_Norway.jpg/200px-Olav_V_of_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav V of Norway">Olav V of Norway</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Beddoe" title="Don Beddoe">Don Beddoe</a>, American character actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Johnson" title="Amy Johnson">Amy Johnson</a>, English aviator (d. <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harwell_Hamilton_Harris" title="Harwell Hamilton Harris">Harwell Hamilton Harris</a>, American architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Charles Poletti</a>, American lawyer and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a>, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav V of Norway">Olav V of Norway</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ace_Bailey" title="Ace Bailey">Ace Bailey</a>, Canadian hockey player (d. <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Bafile" title="Corrado Bafile">Corrado Bafile</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trohan" title="Walter Trohan">Walter Trohan</a>, American journalist (d. <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hobson" title="Howard Hobson">Howard Hobson</a>, American basketball player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball (d. <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woods" title="Edward Woods">Edward Woods</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Peters" title="Willem Peters">Willem Peters</a>, Dutch athlete (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a>, Swedish scientist, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Jonsson" title="Gustaf Jonsson">Gustaf Jonsson</a>, Swedish cross country skier (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a>, English historian (d. <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a>, German SS officer, jurist (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Judith_Hare,_Countess_of_Listowel" title="Judith Hare, Countess of Listowel">Judith Hare, Countess of Listowel</a>, Hungarian-born journalist, writer (d. <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olle_Hallberg" title="Olle Hallberg">Olle Hallberg</a>, Swedish long jumper (d. <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a>, English art historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Clark" title="Thomas D. Clark">Thomas D. Clark</a>, American historian (d. <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henricus_Cockuyt" title="Henricus Cockuyt">Henricus Cockuyt</a>, Belgian sprinter (d. <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Philbin" title="Mary Philbin">Mary Philbin</a>, American notable film actress of the silent film era (d. <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gruen" title="Victor Gruen">Victor Gruen</a>, Austrian-Jewish architect and inventor of the shopping mall (d. <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roy_Neuberger" title="Roy Neuberger">Roy Neuberger</a>, American financier, art collector (d. <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a>, American politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michail_Stasinopoulos" title="Michail Stasinopoulos">Michail Stasinopoulos</a>, 1st president of Greece (d. <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_2">August</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourguiba_photo_officielle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bourguiba_photo_officielle.jpg/100px-Bourguiba_photo_officielle.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bourguiba_photo_officielle.jpg/150px-Bourguiba_photo_officielle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bourguiba_photo_officielle.jpg/200px-Bourguiba_photo_officielle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_3" title="August 3">August 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tunisia" title="President of Tunisia">President of Tunisia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahri_Korut%C3%BCrk" title="Fahri Korutürk">Fahri Korutürk</a>, 6th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_of_Romania" title="Prince Nicholas of Romania">Prince Nicholas of Romania</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foster_Durr" title="Virginia Foster Durr">Virginia Foster Durr</a>, American civil rights activist (d. <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ising" title="Rudolf Ising">Rudolf Ising</a>, American cartoon animator (d. <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leakey" title="Louis Leakey">Louis Leakey</a>, British archaeologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chubby_Johnson" title="Chubby Johnson">Chubby Johnson</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Bruckman" title="Lodewijk Bruckman">Lodewijk Bruckman</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Gould_Cozzens" title="James Gould Cozzens">James Gould Cozzens</a>, American writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sutherland" title="Graham Sutherland">Graham Sutherland</a>, English artist (d. <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ian_Dalrymple" title="Ian Dalrymple">Ian Dalrymple</a>, British screenwriter, film director and producer (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Godfrey" title="Arthur Godfrey">Arthur Godfrey</a>, American radio, television host (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Harman" title="Hugh Harman">Hugh Harman</a>, American cartoon animator (d. <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_2">September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg/100px-Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg/150px-Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg/200px-Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudette_Colbert_in_The_Misleading_Lady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Claudette_Colbert_in_The_Misleading_Lady.jpg/100px-Claudette_Colbert_in_The_Misleading_Lady.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Claudette_Colbert_in_The_Misleading_Lady.jpg/150px-Claudette_Colbert_in_The_Misleading_Lady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Claudette_Colbert_in_The_Misleading_Lady.jpg/200px-Claudette_Colbert_in_The_Misleading_Lady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fred_Pratt_Green" title="Fred Pratt Green">Fred Pratt Green</a>, British Methodist minister, hymn writer (d. <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Marie_Donnelly" title="Dorothy Marie Donnelly">Dorothy Marie Donnelly</a>, American poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimaki_Kensaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimaki Kensaku">Shimaki Kensaku</a>, Japanese author (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kloza" class="mw-redirect" title="John Kloza">John Kloza</a>, Polish professional baseball player, manager (d. <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jane_Arbor" title="Jane Arbor">Jane Arbor</a>, British writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shankovsky" title="Lev Shankovsky">Lev Shankovsky</a>, Ukrainian military historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Upward" title="Edward Upward">Edward Upward</a>, English author (d. <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllis Whitney">Phyllis Whitney</a>, American mystery writer (d. <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Connolly" title="Cyril Connolly">Cyril Connolly</a>, English critic, writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, German philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a>, American actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a>, American country musician (d. <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Kristal" title="Yisrael Kristal">Yisrael Kristal</a>, Polish-born Israeli supercentenarian, Holocaust survivor, and former world's oldest living man (d. <a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karel_Miljon" title="Karel Miljon">Karel Miljon</a>, Dutch boxer (d. <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Preston_Tucker" title="Preston Tucker">Preston Tucker</a>, American automobile designer (d. <a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a>, Pakistani journalist, theologian, and philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a>, Latvian-born painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Barr" title="Leonard Barr">Leonard Barr</a>, American stand-up comic, actor, and dancer (d. <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tateo_Kat%C5%8D" title="Tateo Katō">Tateo Katō</a>, Japanese fighter ace (d. <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a>, Mexican lawyer and civilian president (1946–1952) (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ted_de_Corsia" title="Ted de Corsia">Ted de Corsia</a>, American actor (d.<a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Goodhue" title="Lyle Goodhue">Lyle Goodhue</a>, American chemist, inventor and entomologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_2">October</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: October"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karel_van_Belgi%C3%AB_Charles_de_Belgique_Karl_von_Belgien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karel_van_Belgi%C3%AB_Charles_de_Belgique_Karl_von_Belgien.jpg/100px-Karel_van_Belgi%C3%AB_Charles_de_Belgique_Karl_von_Belgien.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karel_van_Belgi%C3%AB_Charles_de_Belgique_Karl_von_Belgien.jpg/150px-Karel_van_Belgi%C3%AB_Charles_de_Belgique_Karl_von_Belgien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karel_van_Belgi%C3%AB_Charles_de_Belgique_Karl_von_Belgien.jpg/200px-Karel_van_Belgi%C3%AB_Charles_de_Belgique_Karl_von_Belgien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Charles, Count of Flanders">Prince Charles, Count of Flanders</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Davis_Lodge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/John_Davis_Lodge.jpg/100px-John_Davis_Lodge.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/John_Davis_Lodge.jpg/150px-John_Davis_Lodge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/John_Davis_Lodge.jpg/200px-John_Davis_Lodge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Lodge" title="John Davis Lodge">John Davis Lodge</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a>, American pianist (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a>, American computer engineer (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">M. King Hubbert</a>, American geophysicist (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a>, Irish physicist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Nagy" title="Ferenc Nagy">Ferenc Nagy</a>, 40th prime minister of Hungary (d. <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_O%27Malley" title="Walter O'Malley">Walter O'Malley</a>, American baseball executive (d. <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Charles, Count of Flanders">Prince Charles, Count of Flanders</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Shizhang" title="Bei Shizhang">Bei Shizhang</a>, Chinese biologist, educator (d. <a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">October 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Kordylewski" title="Kazimierz Kordylewski">Kazimierz Kordylewski</a>, Polish astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Bell" title="Rex Bell">Rex Bell</a>, American actor and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecile_de_Brunhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecile de Brunhoff">Cecile de Brunhoff</a>, French storyteller (d. <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lina_Radke" title="Lina Radke">Lina Radke</a>, German athlete (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Lodge" title="John Davis Lodge">John Davis Lodge</a>, American actor and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a>, American geneticist, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlatyu_Boyadzhiev" title="Zlatyu Boyadzhiev">Zlatyu Boyadzhiev</a>, Bulgarian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curly_Howard" title="Curly Howard">Jerome "Curly Howard" Horwitz</a>, American comedian, actor (<i>The Three Stooges</i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_B._Hurd" title="Thaddeus B. Hurd">Thaddeus B. Hurd</a>, American architect, historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tillet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Tillet">Maurice Tillet</a>, French professional wrestler (d. <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Purvis" title="Melvin Purvis">Melvin Purvis</a>, American lawman and FBI agent (d. <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Byron" title="Katharine Byron">Katharine Byron</a>, American politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Shoulberg" title="Harry Shoulberg">Harry Shoulberg</a>, American painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Allington" title="Bill Allington">Bill Allington</a>, American baseball player, manager (d. <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>, English novelist (d. <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Ellis" title="Vivian Ellis">Vivian Ellis</a>, English composer, lyricist (d. <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a>, English economist (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_2">November</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: November"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Rigoulot_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Charles_Rigoulot_1923.jpg/100px-Charles_Rigoulot_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Charles_Rigoulot_1923.jpg/150px-Charles_Rigoulot_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Charles_Rigoulot_1923.jpg/200px-Charles_Rigoulot_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rigoulot" title="Charles Rigoulot">Charles Rigoulot</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konrad_Lorenz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Konrad_Lorenz.JPG/100px-Konrad_Lorenz.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Konrad_Lorenz.JPG/150px-Konrad_Lorenz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Konrad_Lorenz.JPG/200px-Konrad_Lorenz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Max_Adrian" title="Max Adrian">Max Adrian</a>, Northern Irish actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Potier" title="Edgard Potier">Edgard Potier</a>, Belgian spy (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a>, American photographer (d. <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rigoulot" title="Charles Rigoulot">Charles Rigoulot</a>, French weightlifter (d. <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Emerson_(scientist)" title="Robert Emerson (scientist)">Robert Emerson</a>, American scientist (d. <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchman_Nee" title="Watchman Nee">Watchman Nee</a>, Chinese Christian preacher, church leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rakosi" title="Carl Rakosi">Carl Rakosi</a>, German-born poet (d. <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Jagger" title="Dean Jagger">Dean Jagger</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>, Austrian zoologist, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thambiayah" title="Alfred Thambiayah">Alfred Thambiayah</a>, Ceylon Tamil businessman, politician (d.?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – Blessed <a href="/wiki/Victoria_D%C3%ADez_Bustos_de_Molina" title="Victoria Díez Bustos de Molina">Victoria Díez Bustos de Molina</a>, Spanish teacher, religious woman (d. <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jack_Oakie" title="Jack Oakie">Jack Oakie</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Carroll" title="Nancy Carroll">Nancy Carroll</a>, American actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/DeHart_Hubbard" title="DeHart Hubbard">DeHart Hubbard</a>, American Olympic athlete (d. <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_Herz-Sommer" title="Alice Herz-Sommer">Alice Herz-Sommer</a>, Czech-British supercentenarian and pianist and teacher (d. <a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Hashweh" title="Jamil Hashweh">Jamil Hashweh</a>, Palestinian translator (d. <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a>, Norwegian chemist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a>, American temperance movement leader, presidential candidate (d. <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_2">December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Una_Merkel_-_still.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Una_Merkel_-_still.JPG/100px-Una_Merkel_-_still.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Una_Merkel_-_still.JPG/150px-Una_Merkel_-_still.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Una_Merkel_-_still.JPG/200px-Una_Merkel_-_still.JPG 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Una_Merkel" title="Una Merkel">Una Merkel</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/100px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/150px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif/200px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Lagin" title="Lazar Lagin">Lazar Lagin</a>, Soviet and Russian writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a>, English historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Heesters" title="Johannes Heesters">Johannes Heesters</a>, Dutch singer, actor (d. <a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil Frank Powell</a>, British physicist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Una_Merkel" title="Una Merkel">Una Merkel</a>, American actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_Nordstrom" title="Dagmar Nordstrom">Dagmar Nordstrom</a>, American composer, pianist (d. <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Yasujirō Ozu</a>, Japanese film director (d. <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a>, American civil rights activist (d. <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Harold_Whitlock" title="Harold Whitlock">Harold Whitlock</a>, British Olympic athlete (d. <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Caldwell" title="Erskine Caldwell">Erskine Caldwell</a>, American author (d. <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Davis Snell</a>, American geneticist, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Keffer Hartline</a>, American physiologist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cornell" title="Joseph Cornell">Joseph Cornell</a>, American sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Cook_Jr." title="Elisha Cook Jr.">Elisha Cook Jr.</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Hines" title="Earl Hines">Earl Hines</a>, American jazz pianist (d. <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, Hungarian-born mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Clyde_McCoy" title="Clyde McCoy">Clyde McCoy</a>, American jazz trumpeter (d. <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–June"><span id="January.E2.80.93June"></span>January–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: January–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galg_gem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Galg_gem.jpg/110px-Galg_gem.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Galg_gem.jpg/165px-Galg_gem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Galg_gem.jpg/220px-Galg_gem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Gemma_Galgani" title="Gemma Galgani">Gemma Galgani</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg/110px-Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg/165px-Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg/220px-Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_1891.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paul_Gauguin_1891.png/110px-Paul_Gauguin_1891.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paul_Gauguin_1891.png/165px-Paul_Gauguin_1891.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Paul_Gauguin_1891.png/220px-Paul_Gauguin_1891.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apolinario_mabini_PG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apolinario_mabini_PG.jpg/110px-Apolinario_mabini_PG.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apolinario_mabini_PG.jpg/165px-Apolinario_mabini_PG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apolinario_mabini_PG.jpg/220px-Apolinario_mabini_PG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlejandroIDeSerbiaEn1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AlejandroIDeSerbiaEn1900.jpg/110px-AlejandroIDeSerbiaEn1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AlejandroIDeSerbiaEn1900.jpg/165px-AlejandroIDeSerbiaEn1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AlejandroIDeSerbiaEn1900.jpg/220px-AlejandroIDeSerbiaEn1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="3283" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Serbia" title="Alexander I of Serbia">Alexander I of Serbia</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alois_Hitler" title="Alois Hitler">Alois Hitler</a>, Austrian civil servant, father of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Aksakov" title="Alexander Aksakov">Alexander Aksakov</a>, Russian writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulstan_Ropert" title="Gulstan Ropert">Gulstan Ropert</a>, missionary (b. <a href="/wiki/1839_in_the_United_States" title="1839 in the United States">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsy_(elephant)" title="Topsy (elephant)">Topsy</a>, elephant (b. <a href="/wiki/1875_in_the_United_States" title="1875 in the United States">1875</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedes_Mateo_Sagasta" title="Práxedes Mateo Sagasta">Práxedes Mateo Sagasta</a>, Spanish politician, eight-time prime minister (b. <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Atkinson_Davis" title="Robert Atkinson Davis">Robert Atkinson Davis</a>, businessman, politician and 4th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Manitoba" title="Premier of Manitoba">Premier of Manitoba</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1841_in_Canada" title="1841 in Canada">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg_(merchant)" title="Quintin Hogg (merchant)">Quintin Hogg</a>, British philanthropist (b. <a href="/wiki/1845" title="1845">1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Petko_Karavelov" title="Petko Karavelov">Petko Karavelov</a>, 4th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Prime Minister of Bulgaria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1843" title="1843">1843</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Holm%C3%A8s" title="Augusta Holmès">Augusta Holmès</a>, French composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Planquette" title="Robert Planquette">Robert Planquette</a>, French composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Allen" title="John B. Allen">John B. Allen</a>, U.S. Senator from Washington from 1889 to 1893 (b. <a href="/wiki/1845_in_the_United_States" title="1845 in the United States">1845</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a>, Irish mathematician, physicist (b. <a href="/wiki/1819" title="1819">1819</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_February" class="mw-redirect" title="3 February">February 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_George_Ritchie" title="David George Ritchie">David George Ritchie</a>, Scottish philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1853_in_Scotland" title="1853 in Scotland">1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Peilun" title="Zhang Peilun">Zhang Peilun</a>, Chinese naval commander and government official (b. <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Glaisher" title="James Glaisher">James Glaisher</a>, English meteorologist, aeronaut (b. <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gavan Duffy (Australian politician)">Sir Charles Duffy</a>, Irish-born Australian politician, 8th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria" title="Premier of Victoria">Premier of Victoria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1816" title="1816">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria">Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Parry" title="Joseph Parry">Joseph Parry</a>, Welsh composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1841" title="1841">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Komatsu_Akihito" title="Prince Komatsu Akihito">Prince Komatsu Akihito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gensui_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)">Field Marshal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Chief of the General Staff</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1846" title="1846">1846</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onoe_Kikugor%C5%8D_V" title="Onoe Kikugorō V">Onoe Kikugorō V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> actor (b. <a href="/wiki/1844" title="1844">1844</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kate_Vaughan" title="Kate Vaughan">Kate Vaughan</a>, British dancer and actress (b. <a href="/wiki/1852" title="1852">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Hugo Wolf</a>, Austrian composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1860" title="1860">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Meirelles" title="Victor Meirelles">Victor Meirelles</a>, painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1832_in_Brazil" title="1832 in Brazil">1832</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jordan_Gatling" title="Richard Jordan Gatling">Richard Jordan Gatling</a>, American inventor (b. <a href="/wiki/1818" title="1818">1818</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Zald%C3%ADvar" title="Rafael Zaldívar">Rafael Zaldívar</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President of El Salvador</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanford_Foster" title="Robert Sanford Foster">Robert Sanford Foster</a>, Union Army general (b. <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Shorthouse" title="Joseph Henry Shorthouse">Joseph Henry Shorthouse</a>, English novelist (b. <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a>, French scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bitt%C3%B3" title="István Bittó">István Bittó</a>, 7th prime minister of Hungary (b. <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Studholme" title="John Studholme">John Studholme</a>, politician and farmer (b. <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a>).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lou_Graham_(Seattle_madame)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Graham (Seattle madame)">Lou Graham (Seattle madame)</a>, American brothel owner (b. <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Granville_Bradley" title="George Granville Bradley">George Granville Bradley</a>, English vicar, scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</a>, American justice of the peace (b. <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Godfrey_Leland" title="Charles Godfrey Leland">Charles Godfrey Leland</a>, humorist, folklorist and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1824_in_the_United_States" title="1824 in the United States">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hector_MacDonald" title="Hector MacDonald">Sir Hector MacDonald</a>, British army general (b. <a href="/wiki/1853" title="1853">1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Baudot" title="Émile Baudot">Émile Baudot</a>, French telegraph engineer (b. <a href="/wiki/1845" title="1845">1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Franklin_Swift" title="Gustavus Franklin Swift">Gustavus Franklin Swift</a>, businessman (b. <a href="/wiki/1839_in_the_United_States" title="1839 in the United States">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ann_Neve" title="Margaret Ann Neve">Margaret Ann Neve</a>, English supercentenarian (b. <a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Allen_(boxer)" title="Tom Allen (boxer)">Tom Allen</a>, English boxer (b. <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Galgani" title="Gemma Galgani">Gemma Galgani</a>, Italian mystic, Catholic saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronglu" title="Ronglu">Ronglu</a>, Manchu political and military leader of the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_April" class="mw-redirect" title="13 April">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Lazarus" title="Moritz Lazarus">Moritz Lazarus</a>, German philosopher (born <a href="/wiki/1824_in_Germany" title="1824 in Germany">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mowat" title="Oliver Mowat">Sir Oliver Mowat</a>, Canadian politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1820" title="1820">1820</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor of Minnesota</a> from 1860 to 1863 and U.S. Senator from Minnesota from 1863 to 1875 (b. <a href="/wiki/1815_in_the_United_States" title="1815 in the United States">1815</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Osborne" title="Walter Osborne">Walter Osborne</a>, Irish painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Travers_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="William Travers (New Zealand politician)">William Travers</a>, lawyer, politician, explorer, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> in New Zealand (b. <a href="/wiki/1819" title="1819">1819</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Augusta_Conant" title="Frances Augusta Conant">Frances Augusta Conant</a>, American journalist (b. <a href="/wiki/1841" title="1841">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a>, American physical chemist (b. <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Tanomo" title="Saigō Tanomo">Saigō Tanomo</a>, Shinto priest, martial artist and former Samurai (b. 1830)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Robson_(actor)" title="Stuart Robson (actor)">Stuart Robson</a>, American stage actor, comedian (b. <a href="/wiki/1836" title="1836">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emily_Stowe" title="Emily Stowe">Emily Stowe</a>, first female doctor to practice in Canada and women's rights and <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> activist (b. <a href="/wiki/1831_in_Canada" title="1831 in Canada">1831</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gotse_Delchev" title="Gotse Delchev">Gotse Delchev</a>, Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary (b. <a href="/wiki/1872" title="1872">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, French painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Kyhn" title="Vilhelm Kyhn">Vilhelm Kyhn</a>, painter and educator (b. <a href="/wiki/1819_in_Denmark" title="1819 in Denmark">1819</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a>, Filipino political theoretician, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Prime Minister of the Philippines</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1864" title="1864">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Snoilsky" title="Carl Snoilsky">Carl Snoilsky</a>, poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1841" title="1841">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Arce" title="Gaspar Núñez de Arce">Gaspar Núñez de Arce</a>, Spanish poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Serbia" title="Alexander I of Serbia">Alexander I</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Serbia">King of Serbia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bugaev" title="Nikolai Bugaev">Nikolai Bugaev</a>, Russian mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draga_Ma%C5%A1in" title="Draga Mašin">Draga Mašin</a>, Serbian queen consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a>, German anatomist (b. <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Abbott_(New_South_Wales_politician)" title="Joseph Abbott (New South Wales politician)">Joseph Abbott</a>, Australian wool-broker and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1843" title="1843">1843</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Vaughan" title="Herbert Vaughan">Herbert Vaughan</a>, English Catholic cardinal, archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–December"><span id="July.E2.80.93December"></span>July–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: July–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_XIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_XIII.jpg/110px-Leo_XIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_XIII.jpg/165px-Leo_XIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_XIII.jpg/220px-Leo_XIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg/110px-Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg/165px-Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg/220px-Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-mommsen-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/T-mommsen-2.jpg/110px-T-mommsen-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/T-mommsen-2.jpg/165px-T-mommsen-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/T-mommsen-2.jpg/220px-T-mommsen-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pissarro-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pissarro-portrait.jpg/110px-Pissarro-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pissarro-portrait.jpg/165px-Pissarro-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pissarro-portrait.jpg/220px-Pissarro-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ed_Delahanty" title="Ed Delahanty">Ed Delahanty</a>, American baseball player, <a href="/wiki/MLB_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB Hall of Fame">MLB Hall of Famer</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1867" title="1867">1867</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a>, Acting <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Ernest_Henley" title="William Ernest Henley">William Ernest Henley</a>, English poet, critic and editor (b. <a href="/wiki/1849" title="1849">1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_K%C3%A1llay" title="Béni Kállay">Béni Kállay</a>, Austro-Hungarian statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Abdul_Latif" title="Sahibzada Abdul Latif">Sahibzada Abdul Latif</a>, Afghan royal advisor and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a> martyr (b. <a href="/wiki/1853" title="1853">1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_Caro" title="Manuel Antonio Caro">Manuel Antonio Caro</a>, Chilean painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1835" title="1835">1835</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a>, American painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, Italian Roman Catholic Pope (b. <a href="/wiki/1810" title="1810">1810</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri_Alexis_Brialmont" title="Henri Alexis Brialmont">Henri Alexis Brialmont</a>, military architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lina_Sandell" title="Lina Sandell">Lina Sandell</a>, hymn writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a>, American frontierswoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1852" title="1852">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_3" title="August 3">August 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Pottier" title="Édouard Pottier">Édouard Pottier</a>, French admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Phil_May_(caricaturist)" title="Phil May (caricaturist)">Phil May</a>, English artist (b. <a href="/wiki/1864" title="1864">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Eugenio María de Hostos</a>, Puerto Rican philosopher, sociologist (b. <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Hans Gude</a>, Norwegian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a>, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">August 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fray_Mocho" title="Fray Mocho">Fray Mocho</a>, Argentine writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kusumoto_Ine" title="Kusumoto Ine">Kusumoto Ine</a>, physician, first female doctor of Western medicine in Japan (b. <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>, American landscape architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Warbrick" title="Joe Warbrick">Joe Warbrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> player (b. 1862).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_August" class="mw-redirect" title="31 August">August 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Hastie" title="William Hastie">William Hastie</a>, clergyman and theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1842_in_Scotland" title="1842 in Scotland">1842</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Renouvier" title="Charles Renouvier">Charles Renouvier</a>, French philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julia_McNair_Wright" title="Julia McNair Wright">Julia McNair Wright</a>, American author (b. <a href="/wiki/1840" title="1840">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schuch" title="Carl Schuch">Carl Schuch</a>, Austrian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1846" title="1846">1846</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Berglind" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanna Berglind">Johanna Berglind</a>, sign language teacher and principal (b. <a href="/wiki/1816" title="1816">1816</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a>, Scottish philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1818" title="1818">1818</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Pellechet" title="Jules Pellechet">Jules Pellechet</a>, French architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Washington_Teasdale" title="Washington Teasdale">Washington Teasdale</a>, English engineer (b. <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_Weininger" title="Otto Weininger">Otto Weininger</a>, Austrian-Jewish author (b. <a href="/wiki/1880" title="1880">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vincent_Welch" title="Thomas Vincent Welch">Thomas Vincent Welch</a>, American politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Hartpole_Lecky" title="William Edward Hartpole Lecky">William Edward Hartpole Lecky</a>, Irish historian, member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erika_Nissen" title="Erika Nissen">Erika Nissen</a>, pianist (b. <a href="/wiki/1845" title="1845">1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a>, German writer, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (b. <a href="/wiki/1817" title="1817">1817</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lavilla_Esther_Allen" title="Lavilla Esther Allen">Lavilla Esther Allen</a>, American author (b. <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a>, French painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Horn" title="Tom Horn">Tom Horn</a>, gunfighter and outlaw (born <a href="/wiki/1860_in_the_United_States" title="1860 in the United States">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabino_Arana" title="Sabino Arana">Sabino Arana</a>, Spanish Basque writer, nationalist (b. <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, English philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1820" title="1820">1820</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Hoyt_Farmer" title="Lydia Hoyt Farmer">Lydia Hoyt Farmer</a>, American author, women's rights activist (b. <a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Frances_Sullivan" title="Margaret Frances Sullivan">Margaret Frances Sullivan</a>, Irish-born American author, journalist and editor (b. <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Jaimal_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Jaimal Singh">Baba Jaimal Singh</a>, Founder of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (b. <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Sykes" title="Jerome Sykes">Jerome Sykes</a>, American actor (b. <a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unknown_date">Unknown date</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Unknown date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Beauchamp" title="Mary Elizabeth Beauchamp">Mary Elizabeth Beauchamp</a>, American educator and author (b. <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prizes">Nobel Prizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Nobel Prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/100px-Nobel_medal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/150px-Nobel_medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/200px-Nobel_medal.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Antoine Henri Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante August Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> – <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">William Randal Cremer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFalola2009" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin (2009). <i>Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Social+and+Political+Union+%28act.+1903%E2%80%931914%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95579&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mawa/the-st-luke-penny-savings-bank.htm">"The St. Luke Penny Savings Bank"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maggie_L._Walker_National_Historic_Site" title="Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site">Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site Virginia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. January 4, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116101929/https://www.nps.gov/mawa/the-st-luke-penny-savings-bank.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maggie+L.+Walker+National+Historic+Site+Virginia&rft.atitle=The+St.+Luke+Penny+Savings+Bank&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmawa%2Fthe-st-luke-penny-savings-bank.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Secession-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Secession_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Secession_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15027494">"SECESSION OF PANAMA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. January 8, 1909. Page 7, column 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116110638/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15027494">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=SECESSION+OF+PANAMA.&rft.pages=Page+7%2C+column+2&rft.date=1909-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F15027494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArranz2021" class="citation news cs1">Arranz, Adolfo (November 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://multimedia.scmp.com/infographics/news/hong-kong/article/3154851/scmp-118th-anniversary/index.html">"South China Morning Post: a Hong Kong story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124174051/https://multimedia.scmp.com/infographics/news/hong-kong/article/3154851/scmp-118th-anniversary/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=South+China+Morning+Post%3A+a+Hong+Kong+story&rft.date=2021-11-06&rft.aulast=Arranz&rft.aufirst=Adolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmultimedia.scmp.com%2Finfographics%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Farticle%2F3154851%2Fscmp-118th-anniversary%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panama-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panama_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panama_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Library_of_Congress" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Library of Congress">U.S. Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm">"Panama - The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011225556/http://countrystudies.us/panama/8.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2021</span> – via countrystudies.us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panama+-+The+1903+Treaty+and+Qualified+Independence&rft.au=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpanama%2F8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntiuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"><i>Lenin: A Political Life</i></a>. Vol. 1: The Strengths of Contradiction. Houndmills, <a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Press">Macmillan Press</a>. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3"><bdi>978-1-349-05591-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+and+London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-349-05591-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntiuCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span> This source mentions a meeting of the Party Council on November 17, 1903, but does not clarify that this was the occasion of the permanent split.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2003" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cavendish_(occult_writer)" title="Richard Cavendish (occult writer)">Cavendish, Richard</a> (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/bolshevik-menshevik-split">"The Bolshevik-Menshevik Split"</a>. Months Past. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. Vol. 53, no. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117075614/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/bolshevik-menshevik-split">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Bolshevik-Menshevik+Split&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fmonths-past%2Fbolshevik-menshevik-split&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span> This source dates the split to November 16, 1903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialismtoday.org/archive/207/timeline.html">"Russian revolution timeline: April 1917"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_Today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialism Today (page does not exist)">Socialism Today</a></i>. No. 207. April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117075547/http://socialismtoday.org/archive/207/timeline.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialism+Today&rft.atitle=Russian+revolution+timeline%3A+April+1917&rft.issue=207&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialismtoday.org%2Farchive%2F207%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19031119.2.2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"HAY AND VARILLA SIGN A NEW CANAL TREATY; COLOMBIA PREPARES FOR ATTACK ON PANAMA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Call">San Francisco Call</a></i>. Vol. XCIV, no. 172. November 19, 1903. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121081627/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19031119.2.2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/California_Digital_Newspaper_Collection" title="California Digital Newspaper Collection">California Digital Newspaper Collection</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Call&rft.atitle=HAY+AND+VARILLA+SIGN+A+NEW+CANAL+TREATY%3B+COLOMBIA+PREPARES+FOR+ATTACK+ON+PANAMA&rft.volume=XCIV&rft.issue=172&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1903-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSFC19031119.2.2%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19031119.2.7&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"TREATY GIVES THE UNITED STATES SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE CANAL Even the Cities of Colon and Panama Come Under the Control of This Government"</a>. <i>San Francisco Call</i>. Vol. XCIV, no. 172. November 19, 1903. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121081854/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19031119.2.7&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2021</span> – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Call&rft.atitle=TREATY+GIVES+THE+UNITED+STATES+SOVEREIGNTY+OVER+THE+CANAL+Even+the+Cities+of+Colon+and+Panama+Come+Under+the+Control+of+This+Government.&rft.volume=XCIV&rft.issue=172&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1903-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSFC19031119.2.7%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory.com_Staff2009" class="citation web cs1">History.com Staff (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310050619/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/colorado-governor-sends-militia-to-cripple-creek">"Colorado governor sends militia to Cripple Creek"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/A%2BE_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="A+E Networks">A+E Networks</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/colorado-governor-sends-militia-to-cripple-creek">the original</a> on March 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Colorado+governor+sends+militia+to+Cripple+Creek&rft.date=2009&rft.au=History.com+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fcolorado-governor-sends-militia-to-cripple-creek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amsa.gov.au/marine-environment/incidents-and-exercises/petriana-28-november-1903">"Petriana, 28 November 1903"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Maritime+Safety+Authority&rft.atitle=Petriana%2C+28+November+1903&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsa.gov.au%2Fmarine-environment%2Fincidents-and-exercises%2Fpetriana-28-november-1903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Lopez, Rachel (January 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.in/content/10-things-know-about-taj-mahal-palace-hotel">"10 things to know about the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_India" title="Vogue India">Vogue India</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124145109/https://www.vogue.in/content/10-things-know-about-taj-mahal-palace-hotel">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vogue+India&rft.atitle=10+things+to+know+about+the+Taj+Mahal+Palace+Hotel&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.in%2Fcontent%2F10-things-know-about-taj-mahal-palace-hotel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Wright_Bros/First_Powered_Flight/WR6.htm">"The First Powered Flight – 1903"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Centennial_of_Flight_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission">U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123045006/https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Wright_Bros/First_Powered_Flight/WR6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centennial+of+Flight+Commission&rft.atitle=The+First+Powered+Flight+%E2%80%93+1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.net%2Fessay%2FWright_Bros%2FFirst_Powered_Flight%2FWR6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt2006" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Nat (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_OYZDgAAQBAJ"><i>Chicago Death Drap: The Iroquois Theatre Fire of 1903</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Southern Illinois University Press">Southern Illinois University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2721-8"><bdi>978-0-8093-2721-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425051407/https://books.google.com/books?id=_OYZDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Death+Drap%3A+The+Iroquois+Theatre+Fire+of+1903&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2721-8&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Nat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_OYZDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fire-breaks-out-in-chicago-theater">"Fire breaks out in Chicago theater"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">HISTORY</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Television_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Television Networks">A&E Television Networks</a>. December 27, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116092811/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fire-breaks-out-in-chicago-theater">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Fire+breaks+out+in+Chicago+theater&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Ffire-breaks-out-in-chicago-theater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS_2_Chicago_Staff_(Blake_Tyson,_Adam_Harrington)2021" class="citation news cs1">CBS 2 Chicago Staff (Blake Tyson, Adam Harrington) (October 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2021/10/31/chicago-hauntings-iroquois-theater-fire/">"Chicago Hauntings: The Horrors Of The Iroquois Theater Fire That Killed 602 People Downtown In 1903, And Stories About Ghosts Left Behind"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_2_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS 2 Chicago">CBS 2 Chicago</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Broadcasting_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Broadcasting Inc.">CBS Broadcasting Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127090405/https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2021/10/31/chicago-hauntings-iroquois-theater-fire/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+2+Chicago&rft.atitle=Chicago+Hauntings%3A+The+Horrors+Of+The+Iroquois+Theater+Fire+That+Killed+602+People+Downtown+In+1903%2C+And+Stories+About+Ghosts+Left+Behind&rft.date=2021-10-31&rft.au=CBS+2+Chicago+Staff+%28Blake+Tyson%2C+Adam+Harrington%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.cbslocal.com%2F2021%2F10%2F31%2Fchicago-hauntings-iroquois-theater-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515123707/https://www.harley-davidson.com/gb/en/about-us/company.html">"About Harley-Davidson | Harley-Davidson United Kingdom"</a>. <i>Harley-Davidson</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rockwell+Automation&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockwellautomation.com%2Fen-gb%2Fcompany%2Fabout-us%2Four-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/georg-elser/">"Georg Elser"</a>. <i>www.gdw-berlin.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1963%2Fnatta%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224021002/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?{hnro}=911534&{kieli}=su&{haku}=kaikki">"Kansanedustajat: Elli Stenberg"</a> (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?{hnro}=911534&{kieli}=su&{haku}=kaikki">the original</a> on February 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansanedustajat%3A+Elli+Stenberg&rft.place=Helsinki%2C+Finland&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Finland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eduskunta.fi%2Ftriphome%2Fbin%2Fhx5000.sh%3F%7Bhnro%7D%3D911534%26%7Bkieli%7D%3Dsu%26%7Bhaku%7D%3Dkaikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkshire-aircraft.co.uk/aircraft/yorkshire/york41/bd859.html">"Aircraft accidents in Yorkshire"</a>. <i>www.yorkshire-aircraft.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211160638/http://www.yorkshire-aircraft.co.uk/aircraft/yorkshire/york41/bd859.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yorkshire-aircraft.co.uk&rft.atitle=Aircraft+accidents+in+Yorkshire.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkshire-aircraft.co.uk%2Faircraft%2Fyorkshire%2Fyork41%2Fbd859.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoohm2005" class="citation book cs1">Doohm, Stefan (2005). <i>Adorno : a biography</i>. Cambridge, UK Malden, MA: Polity Press. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745631080" title="Special:BookSources/9780745631080"><bdi>9780745631080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adorno+%3A+a+biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780745631080&rft.aulast=Doohm&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221031347/https://www.miguelaleman.org/index.php/biografias/presidente-miguel-aleman-valdes">"BIOGRAFÍA"</a> (in Spanish). Fundacion Miguel Aleman, A.C. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BIOGRAF%C3%8DA&rft.pub=Fundacion+Miguel+Aleman%2C+A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miguelaleman.org%2Findex.php%2Fbiografias%2Fpresidente-miguel-aleman-valdes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/69592">"Harold Whitlock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Olympedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympedia">Olympedia</a></i>. OlyMADMen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124111620/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/69592">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympedia&rft.atitle=Harold+Whitlock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympedia.org%2Fathletes%2F69592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogart2009" class="citation book cs1">Bogart, Charles H. 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University Press of Kentucky. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5996-6"><bdi>978-0-8131-5996-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bean%2C+Roy+%22Judge%22&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Northern+Kentucky&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-5996-6&rft.aulast=Bogart&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZc0eBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gegenbaur, Carl"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gegenbaur,_Carl">"Gegenbaur, Carl" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gegenbaur%2C+Carl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, Jesse Benedict. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/atlantic93bostuoft#page/372/mode/2up">"Theodor Mommsen,"</a> <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>, Vol. XCIII, 1904.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1997). "1903". <i>A History of the Twentieth Century, Volume One: 1900-1933</i>. New York: HarperCollins. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-10064-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-10064-3"><bdi>0-688-10064-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1903&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+Volume+One%3A+1900-1933&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-688-10064-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1903" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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