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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Classical period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_men_in_modern_Western_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_men_in_modern_Western_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Gay men in modern Western history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gay_men_in_modern_Western_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Gay men in modern Western history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Gay_men_in_modern_Western_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gay_men_in_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_men_in_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Gay men in the Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_men_in_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AIDS_crisis_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIDS_crisis_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 AIDS crisis in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIDS_crisis_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_of_gay_men_in_modern_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_of_gay_men_in_modern_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legal status of gay men in modern society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status_of_gay_men_in_modern_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal status of gay men in modern society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_of_gay_men_in_modern_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southwest_Asia_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwest_Asia_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Southwest Asia and North Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwest_Asia_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_men's_contemporary_art_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_men's_contemporary_art_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Gay men's contemporary art and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gay_men's_contemporary_art_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Gay men's contemporary art and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Gay_men's_contemporary_art_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 High fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_media_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_media_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Film and media art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_media_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Drag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Camp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representations_of_gay_men_in_Western_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations_of_gay_men_in_Western_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Representations of gay men in Western media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Representations_of_gay_men_in_Western_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Representations of gay men in Western media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Representations_of_gay_men_in_Western_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_Western_media_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Western_media_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Historical Western media representations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Western_media_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Western_media_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Western_media_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Contemporary Western media representations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Western_media_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sexual health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incarceration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incarceration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Incarceration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incarceration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homelessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homelessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Homelessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homelessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Community and identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Community_and_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Community and identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Community_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subcultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subcultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Subcultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subcultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Youth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Fatherhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Gender identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Disability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gay men</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwul" title="Schwul – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwul" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%27" title="গে' – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গে'" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7" title="সমকামী পুরুষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমকামী পুরুষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гей – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalaking_bakla" title="Lalaking bakla – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lalaking bakla" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སྐྱེས་པའི་མཚན་མཐུན་དགའ་གྲོགས་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐྱེས་པའི་མཚན་མཐུན་དགའ་གྲོགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai" title="Gai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalaki_nga_bayot" title="Lalaki nga bayot – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lalaki nga bayot" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay" title="Gay – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gay" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwul" title="Schwul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gei" title="Gei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay" title="Gay – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gay" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay" title="Gay – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gay" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="همجنس‌گرایی مردانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همجنس‌گرایی مردانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_(homosexualit%C3%A9)" title="Gay (homosexualité) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gay (homosexualité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir_aeracha" title="Fir aeracha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fir aeracha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gai" title="Gai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E8%80%85" title="男同性戀者 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="男同性戀者" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4" title="게이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Գեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7)" title="गे (समलैंगिक पुरुष) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गे (समलैंगिक पुरुष)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki-laki_gay" title="Laki-laki gay – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laki-laki gay" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הומוסקסואליות גברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומוסקסואליות גברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gejs" title="Gejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%97jus" title="Gėjus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gėjus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гей – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A4" title="ゲイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gej" title="Gej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homem_gay" title="Homem gay – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homem gay" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гей – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гей" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay" title="Gay – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gay" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_man" title="Gay man – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gay man" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Геј мушкарац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геј мушкарац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gej" title="Gej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_bakla" title="Mga bakla – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga bakla" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="நேர்பாலீர்ப்பு ஆண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேர்பாலீர்ப்பு ஆண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гей – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гей" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8" title="ชายรักร่วมเพศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชายรักร่วมเพศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ہم جنس پرست مرد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہم جنس پرست مرد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%86%DA%86%D9%89%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="بەچچىۋاز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بەچچىۋاز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_t%C3%ADnh_nam" title="Người đồng tính nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người đồng tính nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%81%8B" title="男同性恋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="男同性恋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%AC" title="基佬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基佬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Men attracted to other men</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is missing information about other contributions, especially to fields like sports, and positive coverage of the topic. Please expand the article <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AGay_men&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+8+April+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Gay+men">by making an edit request</a>to include this information . Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gay_men#Other_info_missing?" title="Talk:Gay men">talk page</a>. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capital_Pride_2015_Washington_DC_USA_56935_(18807500951).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Capital_Pride_2015_Washington_DC_USA_56935_%2818807500951%29.jpg/250px-Capital_Pride_2015_Washington_DC_USA_56935_%2818807500951%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Capital_Pride_2015_Washington_DC_USA_56935_%2818807500951%29.jpg/330px-Capital_Pride_2015_Washington_DC_USA_56935_%2818807500951%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Capital_Pride_2015_Washington_DC_USA_56935_%2818807500951%29.jpg/500px-Capital_Pride_2015_Washington_DC_USA_56935_%2818807500951%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Gay men at a <a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">pride</a> event</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gender_symbols_(4_colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg/150px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg/225px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg/300px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Sexual orientations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosexuality" title="Allosexuality">Allosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia & gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Plurisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetic_theories_of_homosexuality" title="Epigenetic theories of homosexuality">Epigenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handedness_and_sexual_orientation" title="Handedness and sexual orientation">Handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_sexuality" title="Transgender sexuality">Transgender sexuality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Non-human animals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-reproductive_sexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals">Non-reproductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Homosexual behavior in animals">Homosexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_displaying_homosexual_behavior" title="List of animals displaying homosexual behavior">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fluidity" title="Sexual fluidity">Sexual fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_sexual_behavior" title="Situational sexual behavior">Situational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image">      </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexual</a> <ul><li>Aceflux</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraysexuality" title="Fraysexuality">Fraysexual</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_and_LGBTQ" title="Intersex and LGBTQ">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke March">Dyke March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">Largest events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">in New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">QPR and QPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosocialization" title="Homosocialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_in_NYC" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender in NYC">Transgender in NYC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">Moe aikāne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Trans rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Health</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions</a> / <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">LGBTQ medical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Mental health of LGBTQ people">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Gender-affirming hormone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">amatonormative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Comphet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st century UK anti-trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s USA anti-LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">Religion & LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Trans people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_stereotypes" title="LGBTQ stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism#Discrimination_and_cultural_erasure" title="Aromanticism">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_stigma" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS stigma">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">Closeted</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Erasure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straightwashing" title="Straightwashing">Straightwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans erasure">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Intersex discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Legality of conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability" title="LGBTQ youth vulnerability">Youth vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_migration" title="LGBTQ migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Racism in the LGBTQ community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualism">Sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic fields and discourse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: -4px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">Communism & LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Lavender linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ conservatism in the United States">In the USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Socialism and LGBTQ rights">Socialism & LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)#Academic_research" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/40px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/60px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Gay men are <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> <a href="/wiki/Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuals">homosexuals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Bisexual_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual men">bisexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homoromantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoromantic">homoromantic</a> men may dually identify as <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> and a number of gay men also identify as <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>. Historic terminology for gay men has included <a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">inverts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranian_(sexology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranian (sexology)">uranians</a>. Gay men continue to face significant <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">discrimination</a> in <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">large parts of the world</a>, particularly in most of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a>, many gay men still experience discrimination in their daily lives,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> though some openly gay men have reached national success and prominence, including <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> and heads of state or government such as <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bettel" title="Xavier Bettel">Xavier Bettel</a> (Luxembourg), <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Edgars Rinkēvičs</a> (Latvia), <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Attal" title="Gabriel Attal">Gabriel Attal</a> (France), and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Varadkar" title="Leo Varadkar">Leo Varadkar</a> (Ireland). The word gay is recommended by <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> groups and <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> to describe all people exclusively attracted to members of the same sex,<a href="#cite_note-APAHeteroBiasLang-3">[3]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> refers specifically to female homosexuals, and gay men to male homosexuals.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Male_homosexuality_in_world_history">Male homosexuality in world history</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history">LGBT history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history">Timeline of LGBT history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></div> Some scholars argue that the terms "homosexual" and "gay" are problematic when applied to men in ancient cultures since, for example, neither Greeks or Romans possessed any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept of "homosexuality".<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Furthermore, there were diverse sexual practices that varied in acceptance depending on time and place.<a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-5">[5]</a> Other scholars argue that there are significant similarities between ancient and modern male homosexuals.<a href="#cite_note-Norton_2016-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boswell_1989_17–36-8">[8]</a> In cultures influenced by <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law#History" title="Sodomy law">law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">church</a> established <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> as a transgression against divine law or a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_nature" title="Crime against nature">crime against nature</a>. The condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a> between males, however, predates Christian belief.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Throughout the majority of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christian history</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">denominations</a> have considered homosexual behavior as <a href="/wiki/Immoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Immoral">immoral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sin_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin in Christianity">sinful</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gnuse_2015-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Many historical figures, including <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> have had terms such as gay or <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> applied to them. Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, have regarded this as risking the <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a> introduction of a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Social_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construction">construction</a> of sexuality foreign to their times,<a href="#cite_note-foucault-13">[13]</a> though other scholars challenge this.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boswell_1989_17–36-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norton_2016-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Homosexuality in ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights in Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_embrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_embrace.jpg/250px-Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_embrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_embrace.jpg/330px-Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_embrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_embrace.jpg/500px-Mastaba_of_Niankhkhum_and_Khnumhotep_embrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_and_Niankhkhnum" title="Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum">Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum</a> nose-kissing</figcaption></figure> The first recorded possible homosexual male couple in history is commonly deemed to be <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_and_Niankhkhnum" title="Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum">Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> couple, who lived around 2400 BCE. The pair are portrayed in a nose-kissing position, the most intimate pose in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian art">Egyptian art</a>, surrounded by what appear to be their heirs.<a href="#cite_note-RPH-15">[15]</a> The 6th- or 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Parchment_AN_1981.940" title="Ashmolean Parchment AN 1981.940">Ashmolean Parchment AN 1981.940</a> provides the only example in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> of a love spell between men.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> More recently, the European <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">colonization of Africa</a> resulted in the introduction of anti-sodomy laws, and is generally regarded as the central reason why African nations have such stringent laws against gay men today.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Three countries or jurisdictions have imposed the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">death penalty for gay men</a> in Africa. These include Mauritania and several regions in Nigeria and Jubaland.<a href="#cite_note-ILGA_2015-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality in ancient Peru">Homosexuality in ancient Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larco_Museum_Erotic_Art_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Larco_Museum_Erotic_Art_V.jpg/250px-Larco_Museum_Erotic_Art_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Larco_Museum_Erotic_Art_V.jpg/330px-Larco_Museum_Erotic_Art_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Larco_Museum_Erotic_Art_V.jpg/500px-Larco_Museum_Erotic_Art_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huaco_(pottery)" title="Huaco (pottery)">Pre-Columbian</a> ceramic of two men engaging in oral sex</figcaption></figure> As is true of many other non-Western cultures, it is difficult to determine the extent to which Western notions of sexual orientation apply to Pre-Columbian cultures. Evidence of homoerotic sexual acts between men has been found in many pre-<a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">conquest</a> civilizations in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotecs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambá</a> of Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-glbtqlatinamerica-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-glbtqmex-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In fact, in <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec mythology</a>, the deity <a href="/wiki/Xochipilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Xochipilli">Xochipilli</a> was a symbol of gay men and <a href="/wiki/Male_prostitutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Male prostitutes">male prostitutes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> expressed horror at discovering sodomy openly practiced among native men and used it as evidence of their supposed inferiority.<a href="#cite_note-coello-25">[25]</a> The conquistadors talked extensively of sodomy among the natives to depict them as <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">savages</a> and hence justify their conquest and <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion</a> to Christianity. As a result of the growing influence and power of the conquistadors, many Native leaders started condemning homosexual acts themselves. During the period following <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a>, homosexuality was prosecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, sometimes leading to death sentences on the charges of sodomy, and the practices became clandestine. Many homosexual men went into heterosexual marriages to keep appearances, and some turned to the clergy to escape public scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-hamnett-26">[26]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a>, after a series of denunciations, authorities arrested 123 men in 1658 on suspicion of homosexuality. Although many escaped, the Royal Criminal Court sentenced fourteen men from different social and ethnic backgrounds to death by public burning, in accordance to the law passed by <a href="/wiki/Isabella_the_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella the Catholic">Isabella the Catholic</a> in 1497. The sentences were carried out together on one day, 6 November 1658. The records of these trials and those that occurred in 1660, 1673 and 1687, suggest that <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, like many other large cities at the time had an active underworld.<a href="#cite_note-hamnett-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-encmex-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_youth_about_to_penetrate_a_compliant_boy,_on_an_elegant_terrace_by_moonlight_V0047308.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/A_youth_about_to_penetrate_a_compliant_boy%2C_on_an_elegant_terrace_by_moonlight_V0047308.jpg/250px-A_youth_about_to_penetrate_a_compliant_boy%2C_on_an_elegant_terrace_by_moonlight_V0047308.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/A_youth_about_to_penetrate_a_compliant_boy%2C_on_an_elegant_terrace_by_moonlight_V0047308.jpg/330px-A_youth_about_to_penetrate_a_compliant_boy%2C_on_an_elegant_terrace_by_moonlight_V0047308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/A_youth_about_to_penetrate_a_compliant_boy%2C_on_an_elegant_terrace_by_moonlight_V0047308.jpg/500px-A_youth_about_to_penetrate_a_compliant_boy%2C_on_an_elegant_terrace_by_moonlight_V0047308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption>Two young men about to have anal sex. <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>, date unknown.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, same-sex relations between men has been noted since the earliest recorded history. <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_China" title="Homosexuality in China">Homosexuality in China</a>, known as the passions of the cut peach and various other euphemisms, has been recorded since approximately 600 BCE. Male homosexuality was mentioned in many famous works of Chinese literature. The instances of same-sex affection and sexual interactions described in the classical novel <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a> seem as familiar to observers in the present as do equivalent stories of romances between heterosexual people during the same period. <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, being primarily a social and political philosophy, focused little on sexuality, whether homosexual or heterosexual. <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> literature, such as Bian Er Chai (弁而釵/弁而钗), portray homosexual relationships between men as more enjoyable and more "harmonious" than heterosexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Writings from the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a> by Wang Shunu claimed that homosexuality was as common as heterosexuality in the late 3rd century China.<a href="#cite_note-Geng-29">[29]</a> Opposition to male homosexuality in China originates in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), attributed to the rising influence of Christian and Islamic values,<a href="#cite_note-Hinsch,_Bret_1990_p._77-78-30">[30]</a> but did not become fully established until the <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> efforts of the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kang1-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality in ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Homosexuality in ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom">Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Homosexuality in medieval Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_Hyacinthos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Death_of_Hyacinthos.jpg/220px-The_Death_of_Hyacinthos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Death_of_Hyacinthos.jpg/330px-The_Death_of_Hyacinthos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Death_of_Hyacinthos.jpg/440px-The_Death_of_Hyacinthos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Hyacinthos" title="The Death of Hyacinthos">The Death of Hyacinthos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Broc" title="Jean Broc">Jean Broc</a> (1801)</figcaption></figure> The earliest Western documents (in the form of literary works, art objects, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythographic materials</a>) concerning same-sex male relationships are derived from <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>. These relationships were constrained between "normal" men and their young male lovers. Relationships between adult men, however, were still largely considered taboo in Ancient Greek culture. Given the importance in Greek society of cultivating the <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> of the adult male and the perceived feminizing effect of being the passive partner, relations between adult men of comparable social status were considered highly problematic, and usually associated with social stigma.<a href="#cite_note-Worthen2016-32">[32]</a> This stigma, however, was reserved for only the passive partner in the relationship. According to contemporary opinion, Greek men who took on a passive sexual role after reaching adulthood – at which point they were expected to take the reverse role in pederastic relationships and become the active and dominant member – thereby were feminized or "made a woman" of themselves. There is ample evidence in the theater of Aristophanes that derides these passive men and gives a glimpse of the type of biting social opprobrium and shame ("atimia") heaped upon them by their society.<a href="#cite_note-OCD-33">[33]</a> Some scholars argue that there are examples of male homosexual love in ancient literature, such as <a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus" title="Achilles and Patroclus">Achilles and Patroclus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, young men's bodies remained a focus of male sexual attention, but relationships were between older free men and slaves or freed youths who took the receptive role in sex. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenophile">Hellenophile</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> is renowned for his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a>, but the Christian emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> decreed a law on 6 August 390, condemning passive males to be burned at the stake.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Marie_Dubufe-Apollon_et_Cyparisse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Claude_Marie_Dubufe-Apollon_et_Cyparisse.jpg/220px-Claude_Marie_Dubufe-Apollon_et_Cyparisse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Claude_Marie_Dubufe-Apollon_et_Cyparisse.jpg/330px-Claude_Marie_Dubufe-Apollon_et_Cyparisse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Claude_Marie_Dubufe-Apollon_et_Cyparisse.jpg/440px-Claude_Marie_Dubufe-Apollon_et_Cyparisse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3427" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollon</a> et <a href="/wiki/Cyparissus" title="Cyparissus">Cyparisse</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Marie_Dubufe" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Marie Dubufe">Claude Marie Dubufe</a>, 1821</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, wealthy cities in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>—<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in particular—were renowned for their widespread practice of same-sex love, engaged in by a considerable part of the male population and constructed along the classical pattern of Greece and Rome.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> But even as many of the male population were engaging in same-sex relationships, the authorities, under the <a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">aegis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Officers_of_the_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers of the Night">Officers of the Night</a> court, were prosecuting, fining, and imprisoning a good portion of that population. From the second half of the 13th century, death was the punishment for male homosexuality in most of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The relationships of socially prominent figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_James_VI_and_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal relationships of James VI and I">King James I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Duke of Buckingham</a>, served to highlight the issue,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> including in anonymously authored street pamphlets: "The world is chang'd I know not how, For men Kiss Men, not Women now; ... Of J. the First and Buckingham: He, true it is, his Wives Embraces fled, To slabber his lov'd Ganimede" (Mundus Foppensis, or The Fop Display'd, 1691). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people and Islam">LGBT people and Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_homosexuality" title="Jewish views on homosexuality">Jewish views on homosexuality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Turkey">LGBT history in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg/250px-An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg/330px-An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg/500px-An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from the 19th-century book Sawaqub al-Manaquib depicting <a href="/wiki/Gay_sexual_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay sexual practices">homosexual sex</a> between young men (see: <a href="/wiki/Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Gender and sexual minorities in the Ottoman Empire">Gender and sexual minorities in the Ottoman Empire</a>)</figcaption></figure> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, a set of priests known as <a href="/wiki/Gala_(priests)" title="Gala (priests)">gala</a> worked in the temples of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, where they performed elegies and lamentations.<a href="#cite_note-Leick-41">[41]</a>: 285  Gala took female names, spoke in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language#Dialects" title="Sumerian language">eme-sal</a> dialect, which was traditionally reserved for women, and appear to have engaged in homosexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-42">[42]</a> The Sumerian sign for gala was a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> of the signs for "penis" and "anus".<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-42">[42]</a> One Sumerian proverb reads: "When the gala wiped off his ass [he said], 'I must not arouse that which belongs to my mistress [i.e., Inanna].'"<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-42">[42]</a> In later <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> cultures, kurgarrū and assinnu were male servants of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> (Inanna's <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> equivalent), who <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">dressed in female clothing</a> and performed war dances in Ishtar's temples.<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-42">[42]</a> Several Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a> seem to suggest that they may have also engaged in homosexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-42">[42]</a> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, male homosexuality was present and common; it was also not prohibited, condemned, nor looked upon as immoral or disordered. Some religious texts contain prayers for divine blessings on homosexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Almanac of Incantations contained prayers favoring on an <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal basis</a> the love of a man for a woman, of a woman for a man, and of a man for man.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gay_men_in_modern_Western_history">Gay men in modern Western history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Mars_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Double_Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/220px-Double_Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Double_Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/330px-Double_Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Double_Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/440px-Double_Mars_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Two interlocked <a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Mars</a> symbols representing male homosexuality.</figcaption></figure> The use of gay to mean a "homosexual" man was first used as an extension of its application to prostitution: a gay boy was a young man or adolescent serving male clients.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Similarly, a gay cat was a young man apprenticed to an older <a href="/wiki/Hobo" title="Hobo">hobo</a> and commonly exchanging sex and other services for protection and tutelage. The application to homosexuality was also an extension of the word's sexualized connotation of "uninhibited", which implied a willingness to disregard conventional <a href="/wiki/Sexual_mores" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual mores">sexual mores</a>. In court in 1889, the prostitute <a href="/wiki/John_Saul_(prostitute)" title="John Saul (prostitute)">John Saul</a> stated: "I occasionally do odd-jobs for different gay people."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bringing_Up_Baby" title="Bringing Up Baby">Bringing Up Baby</a> (1938) was the first film to use the word gay in an apparent reference to homosexuality. In a scene in which <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>'s character's clothes have been sent to the cleaners, he is forced to wear a woman's feather-trimmed robe. When another character asks about his robe, he responds, "Because I just went gay all of a sudden!" Since this was a mainstream film at a time, when the use of the word to refer to <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> (and, by extension, homosexuality) would still be unfamiliar to most film-goers, the line can also be interpreted to mean, "I just decided to do something frivolous."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1950, the earliest reference found to date for the word gay as a self-described name for male homosexuals came from Alfred A. Gross, executive secretary for the George W. Henry Foundation, who said in the June 1950 issue of Sir magazine: "I have yet to meet a happy homosexual. They have a way of describing themselves as gay, but the term is a misnomer. Those who are habitues of the bars frequented by others of the kind, are about the saddest people I've ever seen."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_men_in_the_Holocaust">Gay men in the Holocaust</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_Triangle_Sydney,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pink_Triangle_Sydney%2C.jpg/250px-Pink_Triangle_Sydney%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pink_Triangle_Sydney%2C.jpg/330px-Pink_Triangle_Sydney%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pink_Triangle_Sydney%2C.jpg/500px-Pink_Triangle_Sydney%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">pink triangle</a> was worn by gay men during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.</figcaption></figure> Gay men were one of the primary victims of the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. Historically, the earliest legal step towards the Nazi persecution of male homosexuality was 1871's <a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a>, a law passed after the unification of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Paragraph 175 read: "An unnatural sex act committed between persons of male sex ... is punishable by imprisonment; the loss of civil rights might also be imposed." The law was interpreted in varying ways in Germany until 23 April 1880, when the <a href="/wiki/Reichsgericht" title="Reichsgericht">Reichsgericht</a> ruled that criminal homosexual acts involved either <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Intercrural_sex" title="Intercrural sex">intercrural</a> sex between two men. Anything less (such as kissing and cuddling) was deemed harmless play.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a>, the Reich Justice Minister amended Paragraph 175 to address "loopholes" in the law after the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>. The 1935 version of Paragraph 175 declared "expressions" of homosexuality as prosecutable crimes. The most important change to the law was the definitional shift of male homosexuality from "An unnatural sex act committed between persons of male sex" to instead "A male who commits a sex offense with another male." This expanded the reach of the law to persecute gay men as a people group, rather than male homosexuality as a sexual act. Kissing, mutual masturbation and love-letters between men were now seen as legitimate reasons for the police to make arrests. The law never defined a "sex offence", leaving it to interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested as homosexuals under the Nazi regime, of whom some 50,000 were officially sentenced. Most of these men served time in prison, while an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 were incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Lautmann" title="Rüdiger Lautmann">Rüdiger Lautmann</a> argued that the death rate of homosexuals in concentration camps may have been as high as 60%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Gay men in the camps suffered an unusual degree of cruelty by their captors and were regularly used as the subjects for Nazi medical experiments as scientists tried to find a "cure" for homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AIDS_crisis_in_the_United_States">AIDS crisis in the United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">HIV/AIDS in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Act_Up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Act_Up.jpg/250px-Act_Up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Act_Up.jpg/330px-Act_Up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Act_Up.jpg/500px-Act_Up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> to fight for medical funding and research on the HIV/AIDS crisis.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> epidemic is considered the deadliest period in modern history for gay men, and the generation of young gay men who died in the crisis is known as the "lost generation".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> At its start, the epidemic was particularly severe in the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a>. In 1980, San Francisco resident Ken Horne was reported to the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">CDC</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a> (KS). He was retroactively identified as the first patient of the AIDS epidemic in the US.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1981, Lawrence Mass became the first journalist in the world to write about the epidemic in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Native" title="New York Native">New York Native</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Later that year, the CDC reported a cluster of <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis pneumonia</a> in five gay men in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-Pneumocycstis_Pneumonia_-_Los_Angeles-55">[55]</a> The next month, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> ran the headline: "Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The illness was soon termed Gay Related Immunodeficiency (G.R.I.D.), because it was believed to only affect gay men.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In June 1982, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Men's Health Crisis">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a> to provide food and support to gay men dying in <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">New York City</a>. During the early years of the AIDS crisis, gay men were treated pitilessly in hospital quarantine wards, left alone without contact for weeks at a time.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACT_UP_Demonstration_in_front_of_Building_1_(14356036431).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ACT_UP_Demonstration_in_front_of_Building_1_%2814356036431%29.jpg/250px-ACT_UP_Demonstration_in_front_of_Building_1_%2814356036431%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ACT_UP_Demonstration_in_front_of_Building_1_%2814356036431%29.jpg/330px-ACT_UP_Demonstration_in_front_of_Building_1_%2814356036431%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ACT_UP_Demonstration_in_front_of_Building_1_%2814356036431%29.jpg/500px-ACT_UP_Demonstration_in_front_of_Building_1_%2814356036431%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>1990 <a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a> radical <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> protesting the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Bush Administration</a>'s slow pace of federal research for AIDS</figcaption></figure> During the early years of the epidemic, there was significant misinformation surrounding the illness. Rumors swirled that being in the same room or being touched by a gay man could lead one to contract HIV. It was not until April 1984 that the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Margaret Heckler</a> announced in a press conference that the American scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> had discovered the probable cause of AIDS, the <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retrovirus</a> which would be named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV. In September 1985, during his second term in office, US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> publicly mentioned AIDS for the first time after being asked about his administration's lack of medical research funding for the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Reference1980sclass-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reference1980sclass2-60">[60]</a> Four months later, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a>, stated, "One million Americans have already been infected with the virus and that this number will jump to at least 2 million or 3 million within 5 to 10 years."<a href="#cite_note-NYT_1986_Rates_Rise-61">[61]</a> Gay men, <a href="/wiki/Trans_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans women">trans women</a>, and bisexual men faced the brunt of deaths during the first decade of the crisis. Activists claimed the government was responding to the epidemic with apathy because of the perceived "social undesirability" of these groups. To address this perceived apathy, activists such as <a href="/wiki/Vito_Russo" title="Vito Russo">Vito Russo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a>, and others,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> took more militant approaches to AIDS activism, organizing <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> through organizations like <a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a> in order to force pharmaceutical corporations and government agencies to respond to the epidemic with more urgency. ACT UP eventually grew into a transnational organization, with 140 chapters around the world,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> while the AIDS crisis ultimately became a global <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a>. By 2019, complications related to AIDS had taken 32.7 million lives worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_of_gay_men_in_modern_society">Legal status of gay men in modern society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_2">Africa</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KamauWainaina2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/KamauWainaina2008.jpg/250px-KamauWainaina2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/KamauWainaina2008.jpg/330px-KamauWainaina2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/KamauWainaina2008.jpg/500px-KamauWainaina2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Binyavanga_Wainaina" title="Binyavanga Wainaina">Binyavanga Wainaina</a> (right), a Kenyan writer, who <a href="/wiki/Came_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Came out">came out</a> in 2014 in response to a wave of anti-gay laws in Africa</figcaption></figure> There are 54 nations in Africa recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. In 34 of these states, male homosexuality is explicitly outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-ILGA-65">[65]</a> In a 2015 report, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> noted that in <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Benin">Benin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, male homosexuality is not explicitly outlawed, but both have laws which are applied differently for gay men than for straight men.<a href="#cite_note-FCA-66">[66]</a> In <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somalia">Somalia</a>, male homosexuality is punishable by death.<a href="#cite_note-ILGA-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uganda">Uganda</a>, gay men receive life imprisonment for homosexual acts, though the law is not regularly enforced in Sierra Leone. In <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, legislation has also made it illegal for family members, allies, and friends of gay men to openly express support for homosexuality, and the country is generally recognized for its "cold-blooded" attitudes toward gay men.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Nigerian law states that any heterosexual person "who administers, witnesses, abets or aids" male homosexual activity should receive a 10-year jail sentence.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian fundamentalist">Christian fundamentalist</a> organizations from the United States funded the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Kill the Gays</a> legislation to impose the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for gay men.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The bill was ruled unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Uganda" title="Supreme Court of Uganda">Ugandan Supreme Court</a> in 2014, but retains support in the country and has been reconsidered for implementation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Of all countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">South Africa</a> has the most liberal attitudes toward gay men. In 2006, South Africa became the fifth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage, and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a> guarantees gay men and lesbians full equal rights and protections. South Africa is the only country in Africa where LGBT discrimination is constitutionally forbidden; however, social discrimination against South African gay men persists in rural parts of the country, where high levels of religious tradition continue to fuel prejudice and violence.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buju_Banton_(Apollo_theater,_2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg/170px-Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg/255px-Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg/340px-Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Jamaican rapper <a href="/wiki/Buju_Banton" title="Buju Banton">Buju Banton</a> has been criticized for violently homophobic messages in his music (see: <a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a>).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> In the mainland <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a> (both <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a>), male homosexuality is legal in every country (except <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Guyana">Guyana</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, however, nine nations have criminal punishment for "<a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">buggery</a>" on their statute books.<a href="#cite_note-ILGA-65">[65]</a> These countries include <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Guyana">Guyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, sexual intercourse between men is legally punishable by imprisonment, though the law's repeal is pending. Sexual intercourse between women is already legal,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> though lesbians in Jamaica still experience a high level of social stigma.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In Jamaica, reports of vigilante violence and torture against gay men have been reported by the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Constabulary_Force" title="Jamaica Constabulary Force">Jamaican police</a>. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reported that "Gay men and lesbian women have been beaten, cut, burned, raped and shot on account of their sexuality. ... We are concerned that these reports are just the tip of the iceberg. Many gay men and women in Jamaica are too afraid to go to the authorities and seek help".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> As a result of this violence, hundreds of gay men from Jamaica sought to emigrate to countries with better human rights records.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A 2016 poll from <a href="/wiki/J-Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="J-Flag">J-Flag</a> showed that 88 percent of those polled disapprove of homosexuality,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> though since 2018, discriminatory attitudes have decreased slightly.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the Caribbean, like in other developing countries around the world, homosexual identity is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-frf-82">[82]</a> and as a result, <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> is believed to be an <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-colonial</a> tool. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Marshall_(ethnomusicologist)" title="Wayne Marshall (ethnomusicologist)">Wayne Marshall</a> wrote that gay men are believed to be "decadent products of the West" and "are thus to be resisted alongside other forms of colonization, cultural or political".<a href="#cite_note-Dem_Bow-83">[83]</a> Wayne cites the example of the Jamaican dancehall hit "<a href="/wiki/Dem_Bow" title="Dem Bow">Dem Bow</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Shabba_Ranks" title="Shabba Ranks">Shabba Ranks</a>, which calls for the violent murder of gay men alongside a call for the "freedom for Black people". Marshall notes the irony of this ideological position, considering the historical evidence that homophobia was introduced to colonies by European colonists.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_article-84">[84]</a> Nevertheless, Caribbean scholars have noted the importance of opposition to gay men for Jamaican male gender construction. Kingsley Ragashanti Stewart, a professor of anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>, writes, "A lot of Jamaican men, if you call them a homosexual, ... will immediately get violent. It's the worst insult you could give to a Jamaican man."<a href="#cite_note-Fink-85">[85]</a> Stewart writes that homophobia influences Caribbean society even at the micro level of language. He writes of urban youth vernacular, "It's like if you say, 'Come back here,' they will say, 'No, no, no don't say "come back".' You have to say, 'come forward,' because come back is implying that you're 'coming in the back,' which is how gay men have sex."<a href="#cite_note-Fink-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LGBT_in_Chechnya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/LGBT_in_Chechnya.jpg/170px-LGBT_in_Chechnya.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/LGBT_in_Chechnya.jpg/255px-LGBT_in_Chechnya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/LGBT_in_Chechnya.jpg/340px-LGBT_in_Chechnya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Activists enact a scene of <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> mothers mourning their disappeared sons, draped in LGBT and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chechnya" title="Flag of Chechnya">Chechen flags</a></figcaption></figure> In Eastern Europe, there has been a steady erosion of rights for gay men over the course of the last decade. In the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, gay men have been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a>—secret abductions, imprisonment, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killing</a> by authorities. An unknown number of men, detained due to suspicion of them being gay or bisexual, have died while held in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Advocate-87">[87]</a> Independent media and human rights groups have reported that gay men are being sent to clandestine camps in Chechnya, described by one eyewitness as "closed prison, the existence of which no one officially knows".<a href="#cite_note-Advocate-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-novayagazeta.ru-88">[88]</a> Some gay men have attempted to flee the region, but have been detained by Russian police and sent back to Chechnya.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Reports have emerged of prison officials releasing accused gay men from the camps after securing assurances from their families that their families will kill them (at least one man was reported by a witness as having died after returning to his family).<a href="#cite_note-novayagazeta.ru-88">[88]</a> These imprisoned men are kept in extremely cramped conditions, with 30 to 40 people detained in one room (two to three metres big), and few are afforded a trial. Witnesses have also reported that the gay men are regularly beaten (with polypropylene pipes below the waist), <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> with electricity, and spat in the face by prison guards.<a href="#cite_note-novayagazeta.ru-88">[88]</a> In some cases the process of torture has resulted in the death of the person being tortured.<a href="#cite_note-:2-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> As of 2021, the situation in Chechnya continues to worsen for gay men.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In other countries in Eastern Europe, rights for gay men continue to deteriorate. Polish President <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> has pledged to ban teaching about gay men in schools, forbid same-sex marriage and adoption, and establish "<a href="/wiki/LGBT-free_zone" title="LGBT-free zone">LGBT-free zones</a>".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> poll found that the majority of Orthodox Christians in the Eastern European and former USSR states surveyed believe that homosexuality "should not be accepted by society"; 45% of Orthodox Christians in Greece and 31% in the United States answered the same way.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southwest_Asia_and_North_Africa">Southwest Asia and North Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Middle East">LGBT rights in the Middle East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdellah_Ta%C3%AFa_(21e_Maghreb_des_Livres,_Paris,_7_et_8_f%C3%A9vrier_2015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Abdellah_Ta%C3%AFa_%2821e_Maghreb_des_Livres%2C_Paris%2C_7_et_8_f%C3%A9vrier_2015%29.jpg/170px-Abdellah_Ta%C3%AFa_%2821e_Maghreb_des_Livres%2C_Paris%2C_7_et_8_f%C3%A9vrier_2015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Abdellah_Ta%C3%AFa_%2821e_Maghreb_des_Livres%2C_Paris%2C_7_et_8_f%C3%A9vrier_2015%29.jpg/255px-Abdellah_Ta%C3%AFa_%2821e_Maghreb_des_Livres%2C_Paris%2C_7_et_8_f%C3%A9vrier_2015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Abdellah_Ta%C3%AFa_%2821e_Maghreb_des_Livres%2C_Paris%2C_7_et_8_f%C3%A9vrier_2015%29.jpg/340px-Abdellah_Ta%C3%AFa_%2821e_Maghreb_des_Livres%2C_Paris%2C_7_et_8_f%C3%A9vrier_2015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdellah_Ta%C3%AFa" title="Abdellah Taïa">Abdellah Taïa</a> has written about the abuse he suffered as a gay child in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A_Boy_to_Be_Sacrificed-95">[95]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, gay men face some of the harshest and most hostile laws anywhere in the world. Sex between men is explicitly outlawed in 10 of the 18 "<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a>" countries and is punishable by death in six. According to scholars, recent popular turns toward <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a> has strongly influenced the extreme violence against gay men. While all same-sex activity is legal in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, male homosexuality is illegal and punishable by imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Israel">Israel</a> is the most progressive concerning LGBT rights and recognizing unregistered cohabitation; however, it has faced criticism from academics such as <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Schulman" title="Sarah Schulman">Sarah Schulman</a> and Jason Ritchie for "<a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinkwashing (LGBT)">pinkwashing</a>."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> And although same-sex marriage is not legal in the country, there is public support for recognizing and registering same-sex marriages performed in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Male same-sex activity is also punishable by death in the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, punishment for male homosexuality varies between death and imprisonment depending on the act committed. In 2018, a transnational survey conducted in the region by Pew Research Center found that 80% of people polled believed homosexuality was "morally unacceptable",<a href="#cite_note-:3-99">[99]</a> though others argue that the true number of people who support rights for gay men is unclear due to fear of backlash and punishment.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gay_men's_contemporary_art_and_culture">Gay men's contemporary art and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_fashion">High fashion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Girl_Who_Lived_In_The_Tree_-_Look_42.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Girl_Who_Lived_In_The_Tree_-_Look_42.png/250px-The_Girl_Who_Lived_In_The_Tree_-_Look_42.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Girl_Who_Lived_In_The_Tree_-_Look_42.png/255px-The_Girl_Who_Lived_In_The_Tree_-_Look_42.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/The_Girl_Who_Lived_In_The_Tree_-_Look_42.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McQueen" title="Alexander McQueen">McQueen</a>, Fall 2008</figcaption></figure> Since the early 20th century, gay men, both out and closeted, have worked as some of the world's most influential fashion designers and started some of the most important fashion houses. <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga" title="Cristóbal Balenciaga">Cristóbal Balenciaga</a> (b. 1895), who started the <a href="/wiki/Balenciaga" title="Balenciaga">Balenciaga</a> brand, was gay<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> but remained private about his sexuality for his entire life.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> His long-time partner, Franco-Polish millionaire Władzio Jaworowski d'Attainville, set up the fund for him to start the house. After d'Attainville died, Balenciaga's following collection was designed entirely in black to mourn his loss.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The French fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior" title="Christian Dior">Christian Dior</a> (b. 1905) was another hugely influential fashion designer of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Dior never married nor openly identified as a gay man, however, he was known to frequent the gay cultural scene in Paris and was infamously described by <a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a> as never having intimately "known" a woman.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a> (b. 1935), also regarded as being among the foremost fashion designers <a href="/wiki/Fashion_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion history">in the twentieth century</a>,<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_UK_obbit-107">[107]</a> was openly gay; his long-time partner was Pierre Berge.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Versace" title="Gianni Versace">Gianni Versace</a> (b. 1946), an Italian <a href="/wiki/Fashion_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion designer">fashion designer</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a>, publicly came out in an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a> in July 1995.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Versace was murdered in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A younger generation of gay men gained prominence in the fashion world during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ford" title="Tom Ford">Tom Ford</a> (b. 1961) founded his eponymous brand <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ford_(brand)" title="Tom Ford (brand)">Tom Ford</a> in 2005 and has stated that he realized he was gay as a young man visiting <a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McQueen" title="Alexander McQueen">Alexander McQueen</a> (b. 1969), who was also openly gay, founded his own label <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander McQueen (brand)">Alexander McQueen</a> in 1992 and was recognized as a fashion prodigy for his revolutionary designs.<a href="#cite_note-biography-113">[113]</a> McQueen said he realized his <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> when he was six years old.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In 2000, McQueen had a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage ceremony">marriage ceremony</a> with his partner George Forsyth, a documentary filmmaker, on a yacht in <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> McQueen died by suicide in 2010, shortly after the death of his mother. In recent years, gay men have continued to produce some of the most influential fashion in the world, including by designers such as <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Scott" title="Jeremy Scott">Jeremy Scott</a> (b. 1975), <a href="/wiki/Jason_Wu" title="Jason Wu">Jason Wu</a> (b. 1982), and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)" title="Alexander Wang (designer)">Alexander Wang</a> (b. 1983).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff,_%22Unfromme_W%C3%BCnsche%22.jpg" title="File:Matthias Laurenz Gräff, "Unfromme Wünsche".jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Unfromme_W%C3%BCnsche%22.jpg/120px-Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Unfromme_W%C3%BCnsche%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Unfromme_W%C3%BCnsche%22.jpg/250px-Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff%2C_%22Unfromme_W%C3%BCnsche%22.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="2681" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Keith_Haring_1986.jpg" title="File:Keith Haring 1986.jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Keith_Haring_1986.jpg/250px-Keith_Haring_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Keith_Haring_1986.jpg/330px-Keith_Haring_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Keith_Haring_1986.jpg/500px-Keith_Haring_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="2280" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Andy-Warhol-Stockholm-1968.jpg" title="File:Andy-Warhol-Stockholm-1968.jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Andy-Warhol-Stockholm-1968.jpg/120px-Andy-Warhol-Stockholm-1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Andy-Warhol-Stockholm-1968.jpg/250px-Andy-Warhol-Stockholm-1968.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2351" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darya_Zhukova_(12106365364).jpg" title="File:Darya Zhukova (12106365364).jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Darya_Zhukova_%2812106365364%29.jpg/182px-Darya_Zhukova_%2812106365364%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Darya_Zhukova_%2812106365364%29.jpg/273px-Darya_Zhukova_%2812106365364%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Darya_Zhukova_%2812106365364%29.jpg/364px-Darya_Zhukova_%2812106365364%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5436" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">"Unfromme Wünsche" by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff" title="Matthias Laurenz Gräff">Matthias Laurenz Gräff</a> (top left), <a href="/wiki/Keith_Haring" title="Keith Haring">Keith Haring</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a> in 1986 (top right), American artist <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moderna_Museet" title="Moderna Museet">Moderna Museet</a>, Stockholm (bottom left), and "Darya Zhukova" by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kargaltsev" title="Alexander Kargaltsev">Alexander Kargaltsev</a> (bottom right).</div></div></div></div> In the 20th century, gay men were amongst the Western world's most influential and prolific artists, writers, and dancers. In the United States by mid-century, <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a> (b. 1924) was considered one of the best writers of his generation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> His work, including <a href="/wiki/Giovanni%27s_Room" title="Giovanni's Room">Giovanni's Room</a> (1956) dealt openly with homosexuality and <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a> at a time when sex between men was still illegal throughout much of the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Other major artists of Baldwin's generation, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Robert Rauschenberg</a> (b. 1925) and <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a> (b. 1930), were less open about their sexuality,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and even made fun of other young gay artists of their generation, such as <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>, for being too feminine.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In the world of New York dance, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> (b. 1931) fused theater, modern dance, ballet, and jazz with black vernacular, and his choreographic magnum opus <a href="/wiki/Revelations_(Alvin_Ailey)" title="Revelations (Alvin Ailey)">Revelations</a> is recognized as one of the most popular and most performed ballets in the world.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Ailey remained closeted for much of his life, and he passed from an AIDS related illness at the age of 58.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Hockney" title="David Hockney">David Hockney</a> (b. 1937), another major artist of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a>, was an important contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a> movement of the 1960s and is considered one of the most influential British artists of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Getty-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> He has been openly gay for much of his life.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Many of the most influential gay and bisexual artists of the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Boomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">X</a> generations died at very early ages during the AIDS crises, including <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Almaraz" title="Carlos Almaraz">Carlos Almaraz</a> (b. 1941), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a> (b. 1946), <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Torres" title="Félix González-Torres">Félix González-Torres</a> (b. 1957), and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Haring" title="Keith Haring">Keith Haring</a> (b. 1958). Much of the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_AIDS_Crisis" title="Art of the AIDS Crisis">Art of the AIDS Crisis</a> was highly political and critical of the U.S. government and has been described as "afraid, angry, fearful, and defiant".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In the aftermath of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, gay men and other queer artists pioneered a new form of experimental filmmaking called <a href="/wiki/New_Queer_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="New Queer Cinema">New Queer Cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Today, gay men such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bradford" title="Mark Bradford">Mark Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Salgado" title="Julio Salgado">Julio Salgado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kehinde_Wiley" title="Kehinde Wiley">Kehinde Wiley</a> are amongst the most influential artists of their generation.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Much of contemporary Western gay art today deals with themes of body, identity, and experience.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Outside of the West, art containing themes of gay male sexuality is still considered subversive and taboo. In <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">Singapore</a>, which criminalized all sexual acts between men through <a href="/wiki/Section_377A_of_the_Penal_Code_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 377A of the Penal Code (Singapore)">Section 377A of the Penal Code</a> until 2022,<a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a> art by gay men is considered <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultural</a>. Gay men in Singapore historically have been depicted negatively in local mainstream media, and efforts to counter this <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">discrimination</a> from wider Singaporean society has been made difficult because of the risk of jail, bans, and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> by the state.<a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_media_art">Film and media art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Queer_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="New Queer Cinema">New Queer Cinema</a></div> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> made underground films with queer themes and actors. His work had an international influence in queer film art.<a href="#cite_note-Andy_Warhol-142">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> director <a href="/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim" title="Rosa von Praunheim">Rosa von Praunheim</a> has made more than 100 films on queer topics since the late 1960s, some of them have been evaluated internationally. Some films are considered milestones in queer cinema. Von Praunheim is internationally recognized as an icon of queer cinema.<a href="#cite_note-DeutscheWelle-143">[143]</a> The director <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a> had an early influence on queer cinema with films like <a href="/wiki/Querelle" title="Querelle">Querelle</a> (1982).<a href="#cite_note-Querelle-144">[144]</a> These filmmakers and others pioneered queer Hollywood productions like <a href="/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain" title="Brokeback Mountain">Brokeback Mountain</a> (2005), which reached an audience of millions.<a href="#cite_note-Brokeback_Mountain-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drag">Drag</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_Drag_Queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fox_Drag_Queen.jpg/250px-Fox_Drag_Queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fox_Drag_Queen.jpg/330px-Fox_Drag_Queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fox_Drag_Queen.jpg/500px-Fox_Drag_Queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2593" data-file-height="3612" /></a><figcaption>Post-Modern Art Attack</figcaption></figure> Drag queens are a significant part of the popular culture of gay men and are regularly featured in <a href="/wiki/Gay_bars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay bars">gay bars</a>. Drag queens use <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">drag clothing</a> and makeup to imitate and often exaggerate <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">female gender signifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">gender roles</a> as part of a performance used for artistic or entertainment purposes. Drag shows often include <a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip-syncing</a>, dancing, and live singing. They occur at events like <a href="/wiki/Drag_pageants" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag pageants">drag pageants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride parade">gay pride parades</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Discotheque" class="mw-redirect" title="Discotheque">nightclubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabarets</a>, as well as in local gay bars. Drag queens vary by dedication, type, and culture, and range from professionals who star in films and on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gene_Malin" title="Gene Malin">Gene Malin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divine_(performer)" title="Divine (performer)">Divine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rupaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupaul">Rupaul</a>, to people who do drag only occasionally. Drag balls themselves have a long history for gay men in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Queens_and_queers-146">[146]</a> In 1869 at the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Lodge_Ball" title="Hamilton Lodge Ball">Hamilton Lodge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, the first drag balls were held. These balls were held in secret, but news grew of their existence as a safe place for gay men to congregate.<a href="#cite_note-Queens_and_queers-146">[146]</a> The balls were deemed immoral and illegal, and a moral reform organization known as the Committee of Fourteen investigated alleged "immoral" activities.<a href="#cite_note-Queens_and_queers-146">[146]</a> In 1916, the committee released a report describing "'phenomenal ... male perverts' in expensive frocks and wigs, looking like women".<a href="#cite_note-Queens_and_queers-146">[146]</a> By the 1920s, the balls grew in public visibility. In New York, the events, once called Masquerade and Civic Balls, were called "Faggots Balls" by the general public.<a href="#cite_note-Queens_and_queers-146">[146]</a> The balls, however, also attracted some of the city's top artists and writers, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Ford" title="Charles Henri Ford">Charles Henri Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parker_Tyler" title="Parker Tyler">Parker Tyler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Queens_and_queers-146">[146]</a> The men, who co-authored The Young and Evil, described the drag ball as "a scene whose celestial flavor and cerulean coloring no angelic painter or nectarish poet has ever conceived ... lit up like high mass."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> This flourishing of gay life in the 1920s and 30s was part of a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Pansy_Craze" title="Pansy Craze">Pansy Craze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> More recently, the film <a href="/wiki/Paris_Is_Burning_(film)" title="Paris Is Burning (film)">Paris is Burning</a> (1990) detailed the drag ball scene of New York City and showcased the lives and experiences of a group of young "butch queens" (cisgender gay men), transgender women, drag queens, and butch women. Since its release, the film has become a <a href="/wiki/Cult_classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult classic">cult classic</a> and has served as an organizing and academic tool for the gay and trans communities (though it has been subject to significant criticism).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Meanwhile, the television reality program <a href="/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race" title="RuPaul's Drag Race">RuPaul's Drag Race</a> has been on-air in the United States since 2009 and has introduced the straight mainstream to gay men's popular culture through drag. The original American series has since developed into the global <a href="/wiki/Drag_Race_(franchise)" title="Drag Race (franchise)">Drag Race franchise</a>. In the 2020s, a wave of anti-LGBT backlash in the United States resulted in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">Drag panic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> As part of this backlash, some U.S. states, such as <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate_Bill_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Senate Bill 3">Tennessee</a>, criminalized the public performance of drag.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camp">Camp</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp (style)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_Ball_2013_-_magenta_carpet_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Life_Ball_2013_-_magenta_carpet_019.jpg/250px-Life_Ball_2013_-_magenta_carpet_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Life_Ball_2013_-_magenta_carpet_019.jpg/330px-Life_Ball_2013_-_magenta_carpet_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Life_Ball_2013_-_magenta_carpet_019.jpg/500px-Life_Ball_2013_-_magenta_carpet_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>"Magenta carpet" at <a href="/wiki/Life_Ball" title="Life Ball">Life Ball</a> 2013</figcaption></figure> Camp is a visual <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> style often associated with gay men. An English definition of the term first appeared in a 1909 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>: "ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical; <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminate</a> or homosexual; pertaining to, characteristic of, homosexuals".<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> From its original meaning, the term has evolved to signify an inversion of aesthetic attributes such as beauty, value, and <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a> through exaggeration and <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Camp is often mistaken with <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a> and has been described as "cheesy". In 1964, Susan Sontag's essay <a href="/wiki/Notes_on_%22Camp%22" title="Notes on "Camp"">Notes on "Camp"</a> emphasized camp's key elements as: "artifice, frivolity, naïve middle-class pretentiousness, and shocking excess".<a href="#cite_note-Eiss2016-154">[154]</a> In recent years, gay men have sought to disassociate themselves from the term. In a 2018 interview, director <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryan Murphy (writer)">Ryan Murphy</a> said he believed camp was "a lazy catchall that gets thrown at gay artists in order to marginalize their ambitions, to frame their work as niche" and preferred to describe his visual aesthetic style as "<a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a>".<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> As some gay men have moved away from the term, however, mainstream straight society has appropriated it. In 2019, the New York <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> hosted its annual event, the <a href="/wiki/Met_Gala" title="Met Gala">Met Gala</a>, with the theme titled "Notes on Camp".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> That same year, the museum presented its full exhibit "Camp: Notes on Fashion", in which it presented numerous "campy" women's dresses.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Nevertheless, in drag performances and at gay pride events, many gay men continue to embrace a camp aesthetic.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representations_of_gay_men_in_Western_media">Representations of gay men in Western media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Media portrayal of LGBT people">Media portrayal of LGBT people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Lorre_and_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Maltese_Falcon_Still.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Peter_Lorre_and_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Maltese_Falcon_Still.jpg/250px-Peter_Lorre_and_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Maltese_Falcon_Still.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Peter_Lorre_and_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Maltese_Falcon_Still.jpg/330px-Peter_Lorre_and_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Maltese_Falcon_Still.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Peter_Lorre_and_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Maltese_Falcon_Still.jpg/340px-Peter_Lorre_and_Humphrey_Bogart_The_Maltese_Falcon_Still.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(1941_film)" title="The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)">The Maltese Falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a> played an overtly stereotyped <a href="/wiki/Effeminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effeminate">effeminate</a> villain.</figcaption></figure> In many forms of popular entertainment, gay men are portrayed stereotypically as <a href="/wiki/Promiscuous" class="mw-redirect" title="Promiscuous">promiscuous</a>, flamboyant, flashy, and sassy. Gay men are also rarely the main characters in mainstream films; they frequently play the role of stereotyped supporting characters or are portrayed as either a victim or the <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Despite the stereotypical depictions of gay men, television shows since the 1990s, such as <a href="/wiki/Queer_as_Folk_(American_TV_series)" title="Queer as Folk (American TV series)">Queer as Folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queer_Eye_for_the_Straight_Guy" class="mw-redirect" title="Queer Eye for the Straight Guy">Queer Eye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Family" title="Modern Family">Modern Family</a> have promoted broader social acceptance of gay men as "normal people". Nevertheless, gay men are still frequently portrayed in the United States as symbols of social decadence by evangelists and organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_Western_media_representations">Historical Western media representations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv/170px--BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="96" data-durationhint="581" data-mwtitle="BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="530" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv/BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="530" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv/BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv/BoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABoysBewarecolorizedVersion.ogv&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boys_Beware" title="Boys Beware">Boys Beware</a>, a 1961 U.S. propaganda film warning boys to beware the "predatory" dangers of homosexual men</figcaption></figure> Historically, many films have included negative <a href="/wiki/Queer_coding" title="Queer coding">sub-texts</a> regarding male homosexuality, such as in <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>'s films, whose villains used implied homosexuality to heighten senses of evil and alienation.<a href="#cite_note-The_Lavender_Scare-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In news programming, male homosexuality was rarely directly mentioned, but it was often portrayed as a sickness, perversion, or crime. In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> released a news segment on homosexuality; however, the segment was simply a compilation of negative stereotypes of gay men.<a href="#cite_note-:1-163">[163]</a> The 1970s showed an increase in gay men's visibility in Western media with the 1972 <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> show <a href="/wiki/That_Certain_Summer" title="That Certain Summer">That Certain Summer</a>. The show was about a gay man raising a family, and although it did not show any explicit relations between the men, it contained no negative stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-163">[163]</a> With the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> epidemic and its explicit associations with gay men, media outlets in the U.S. varied in their coverage, portrayal, and acceptance of gay male communities. The <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">American Family Association</a>, the Coalition for Better Television, and the <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> organized boycotts against advertisers on television programs which showed gay men in a positive light.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Media coverage of gay men during the AIDS crisis depended on the location and therefore the local attitudes toward gay men. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Area">Bay Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">The San Francisco Chronicle</a> hired an openly gay man as a reporter and ran detailed stories on gay male topics. This was a sharp contrast to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, which refused to use the word "gay" in its writing, exclusively referring to gay men and lesbians with the term "homosexuals", because it was believed to be a more clinical term. The Times also limited its verbal and visual coverage of issues pertaining to gay men.<a href="#cite_note-:1-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Western_media_representations">Contemporary Western media representations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Pride_50_-_2019-1108_(48166785076).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/New_York_Pride_50_-_2019-1108_%2848166785076%29.jpg/250px-New_York_Pride_50_-_2019-1108_%2848166785076%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/New_York_Pride_50_-_2019-1108_%2848166785076%29.jpg/330px-New_York_Pride_50_-_2019-1108_%2848166785076%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/New_York_Pride_50_-_2019-1108_%2848166785076%29.jpg/500px-New_York_Pride_50_-_2019-1108_%2848166785076%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>On <a href="/wiki/Pose_(TV_series)" title="Pose (TV series)">Pose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Porter (actor)">Billy Porter</a> plays Pray Tell, a <a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">Black gay man</a> with <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> in New York.</figcaption></figure> In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> crisis greatly affected the representation of gay men in American media.<a href="#cite_note-Hilton-Morrow-166">[166]</a> Melanie Kohnen writes that, initially, the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a> portrayed AIDS as a disease that affects mainly urban, <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a> gay men; in spite of the fact that most victims of AIDS were gay <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States">Hispanic men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kohnen-167">[167]</a> However, by the late <a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a> it had become undeniable that most of the victims of AIDS were gay <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">men of color</a>, and the media finally came to acknowledge this commonly-known fact. Yet the new coverage maintained the image of White men as heroic leaders in the fight against AIDS; while ignoring the perspectives of the gay men of color.<a href="#cite_note-Kohnen-167">[167]</a> Kohnen attributes this favorable (and unwarranted) representation of White men to <a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white privilege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kohnen-167">[167]</a> During the crisis, American media tended to focus on the "raunchiness" of gay culture, and divided gay men in to two archetypes: "victims" (those affected by HIV) and "villains" (who allegedly spread HIV, deliberately).<a href="#cite_note-Hilton-Morrow-166">[166]</a> The AIDS pandemic delayed positive representations of gay men until the <a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hilton-Morrow-166">[166]</a> when the first positive representations of gay men began to appear in American media.<a href="#cite_note-Goltz-168">[168]</a> However, most of these gay men were White, masculine, <a href="/wiki/Apolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolitical">apolitical</a> and never depicted romantically with other men.<a href="#cite_note-Goltz-168">[168]</a> This new depiction of gay men catered to heterosexual audiences, and did not reflect the true diversity of the LGBT community.<a href="#cite_note-Goltz-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-169">[169]</a> Scholars have noted that <a href="/wiki/Intersectional" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersectional">intersectional</a> representations of gay men of color are generally not present on television.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-169">[169]</a> Additionally, when television shows do depict gay men of color, they are often less visible, or merely the love interests of a White male character. They have also often depicted as "race neutral", meaning that their gayness is paramount to all of their other attributes, thus obscuring their ethnic identity.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> Gay men in the United States are less likely to be overweight or obese compared to their heterosexual counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse">Abuse</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coppia_al_Gay_Pride_di_Milano_2008_3_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_7-June-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coppia_al_Gay_Pride_di_Milano_2008_3_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-June-2008.jpg/250px-Coppia_al_Gay_Pride_di_Milano_2008_3_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-June-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coppia_al_Gay_Pride_di_Milano_2008_3_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-June-2008.jpg/330px-Coppia_al_Gay_Pride_di_Milano_2008_3_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-June-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coppia_al_Gay_Pride_di_Milano_2008_3_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-June-2008.jpg/500px-Coppia_al_Gay_Pride_di_Milano_2008_3_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-June-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Gay men are more likely to be <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">abused</a> but less likely to seek help.</figcaption></figure> From a very early age, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">sexual</a> and gender minority identified men are at an increased risk of being physically and sexually abused.<a href="#cite_note-The_impact_of_sexual_abuse-171">[171]</a> Among boys of all sexual orientations, about one in six is sexually abused before they turn sixteen (however, the range of available estimates is far broader).<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In the United States, it has been estimated that the number of gay men who were sexually abused or molested when they were children is about 20%.<a href="#cite_note-today.oregonstate.edu-173">[173]</a> Around the world, the sexual abuse of effeminate male children by heterosexual men continues to be a major concern.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Writing about his own experience as a feminine boy, the openly-gay Moroccan writer, <a href="/wiki/Abdellah_Ta%C3%AFa" title="Abdellah Taïa">Abdellah Taïa</a>, wrote in a New York Times op-ed: "I knew what happened to boys like me in our impoverished society; they were designated victims, to be used, with everyone's blessing, as easy sexual objects by frustrated men."<a href="#cite_note-A_Boy_to_Be_Sacrificed-95">[95]</a> Over the course of their adult lives, gay and bisexual men are also at acute risk of experiencing physical and sexual trauma.<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_abuse_against_gay_and_bi_men-176">[176]</a> Approximately 26 percent of gay men and 37 percent of bisexual men experience physical violence, rape, or stalking by an intimate partner, and 40 percent of gay men and 47 percent of bisexual men have experienced sexual violence other than penetrative rape.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> This combination of suffering from both childhood and adult sexual victimization has significant health effects on gay men's communities.<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_abuse_against_gay_and_bi_men-176">[176]</a> Gay and bisexual men who were abused as children have higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">sexually transmitted infections</a>, higher likelihood of sexual compulsivity, and increased risk of exposure to <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_abuse_against_gay_and_bi_men-176">[176]</a> Gay men who experience sexual abuse also display lower self-esteem, a distorted sense of self-worth, and difficulty forming healthy emotional relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_abuse_against_gay_and_bi_men-176">[176]</a> Gay men are less likely than women to seek <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> assistance after experiencing trauma, oftentimes due to social stigma and false beliefs around sexual assault, such as "men cannot be forced to have sex" and "men become gay or bisexual because they were sexually abused."<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_abuse_against_gay_and_bi_men-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_health">Sexual health</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster-MSM_safe_sex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Poster-MSM_safe_sex.jpg/250px-Poster-MSM_safe_sex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Poster-MSM_safe_sex.jpg/330px-Poster-MSM_safe_sex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Poster-MSM_safe_sex.jpg/500px-Poster-MSM_safe_sex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>HIV prevention poster advocating for safe <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> sex in Vietnam</figcaption></figure> Around the world, gay, bisexual, and other <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM) face significant challenges in terms of their overall sexual health. According to a <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a> report, MSM have a "staggering" 27 times higher risk of contracting <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> than other demographic groups, and the highest median prevalence among this population is found in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS-178">[178]</a> New HIV infection rates for MSM vary by region, but according to a 2018 UN report, HIV cases among MSM represent: 57% of all new cases in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>; 41% of all new cases in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>; 25% of all new cases in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>; 20% of all new cases in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>; and 12% of all new cases in <a href="/wiki/Western_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Africa">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In countries with diverse racial populations, such as the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, new HIV infections among gay and bisexual men are found disproportionately in working-class and communities of color.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In the United States, there are currently full-blown HIV crises amongst gay <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino</a> men in the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico-U.S. borderlands</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> and amongst <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> MSM in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HIV_in_the_Southern_United_States-184">[184]</a> In the South, Black gay, bisexual, and other MSM account for six out of every 10 new HIV diagnoses amongst all African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-HIV_in_the_Southern_United_States-184">[184]</a> In recent years, independent news sources have shown that working-class Black and Latino gay men in the United States still face significant <a href="/wiki/Health_disparities" class="mw-redirect" title="Health disparities">health disparities</a> in these crises;<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> however, in the United States, as in other places around the world, these problems have only worsened as <a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive</a> MSM (especially those from already disadvantaged communities)<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> have been severely and disproportionately affected by the global <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In addition to HIV, young gay, bisexual, and other MSM are also at significantly higher risk for other <a href="/wiki/Sexual_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual health">sexual health</a>-related issues. Because compulsive and condomless sexually-related behaviors are also strongly associated with depression,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> young MSM (who are disproportionately likely to experience clinical depression)<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> are at increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">sexually transmitted infections</a> via unsafe sex.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Furthermore, because depression is strongly linked to a history of being sexual abused, the high rate of past childhood sexual trauma among gay men leaves many in the community vulnerable to unhealthy behaviors and practices.<a href="#cite_note-today.oregonstate.edu-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> As a combination of these complex factors, many gay, bisexual, and MSM have higher rates of STIs, including <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">chlamydia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>, and in the United States, account for 83% of all primary and secondary <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> cases.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3></div> There are significant issues affecting the overall <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> of gay men. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, 29.3 percent of gay and bisexual men report experiencing chronic daily psychological distress.<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_abuse_against_gay_and_bi_men-176">[176]</a> Gay and bisexual men are exposed to significant <a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">minority stress</a>, which is the constant exposure to stressors because of their minority identity in society.<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_abuse_against_gay_and_bi_men-176">[176]</a> Familial and social rejection, homophobia, alienation, and isolation can contribute to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and a lack of self-acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_abuse_against_gay_and_bi_men-176">[176]</a> These issues have been found to be exacerbated in gay men who have experienced sexual abuse.<a href="#cite_note-Sexual_abuse_against_gay_and_bi_men-176">[176]</a> Even in countries with social and legal protections for gay men, such as the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, structural societal stigma against homosexual men persists, and <a href="/wiki/Gayphobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayphobia">discrimination</a> has been shown to have negative effects on the mental health of gay men.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_and_Bisexual_Men's_Health-195">[195]</a> In fact, compared to straight men, gay and bisexual men have a higher chance of having both <a href="/wiki/Major_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Major depression">major depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_and_Bisexual_Men's_Health-195">[195]</a> Gay and bisexual men are also at greater risk of dying by suicide;<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> they are one of the demographic groups most likely to have tried to commit suicide, as well as to actually die by suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_and_Bisexual_Men's_Health-195">[195]</a> Finally, HIV-positive status continues to have a major impact on the mental health of many gay and bisexual men, who fear disclosing their status to employers, friends, and families, particularly if they have not yet <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">come out</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_and_Bisexual_Men's_Health-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incarceration">Incarceration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people in prison">LGBT people in prison</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:26_Rally_at_Chowchilla_Valley_State_Prison_for_Women_-_8419389187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/26_Rally_at_Chowchilla_Valley_State_Prison_for_Women_-_8419389187.jpg/250px-26_Rally_at_Chowchilla_Valley_State_Prison_for_Women_-_8419389187.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/26_Rally_at_Chowchilla_Valley_State_Prison_for_Women_-_8419389187.jpg/330px-26_Rally_at_Chowchilla_Valley_State_Prison_for_Women_-_8419389187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/26_Rally_at_Chowchilla_Valley_State_Prison_for_Women_-_8419389187.jpg/500px-26_Rally_at_Chowchilla_Valley_State_Prison_for_Women_-_8419389187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Protest against <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">mass incarceration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chowchilla,_California" title="Chowchilla, California">Chowchilla, California</a> in January 2013</figcaption></figure> In 2017, a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Williams_Institute" title="Williams Institute">Williams Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law" title="UCLA School of Law">UCLA School of Law</a> found that in local and county jails, 6.2 percent of all incarcerated men were sexual minorities, including 3.3 percent who identified as gay or bisexual, and 2.9 percent who did not identify as gay or bisexual but reported having had sex with men (MSM).<a href="#cite_note-Lesbians,_Gay_Men,_and_Bisexuals_in_U.S._Jails_and_Prisons-197">[197]</a> This number was higher amongst men within state and federal prisons, where 5.5 percent identified as gay or bisexual, and an additional 3.8 were MSM.<a href="#cite_note-Lesbians,_Gay_Men,_and_Bisexuals_in_U.S._Jails_and_Prisons-197">[197]</a> The Williams Institute's research team also found that gay and bisexual men received longer and harsher sentences for the same crimes committed compared to heterosexual men.<a href="#cite_note-Lesbians,_Gay_Men,_and_Bisexuals_in_U.S._Jails_and_Prisons-197">[197]</a> Gay and bisexual men were found to be 2.7 times more likely to receive prison terms exceeding 20 years than straight men, and were more likely to have spent time in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> while incarcerated: 26.8 of gay and bisexual men had been held in solitary compared to 18.2 of straight men.<a href="#cite_note-Lesbians,_Gay_Men,_and_Bisexuals_in_U.S._Jails_and_Prisons-197">[197]</a> Additionally, gay men are at increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">rape and sexual abuse</a> while in prison.<a href="#cite_note-HRW6-198">[198]</a> A report by the international human-rights organization <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> found that in U.S. prisons, the rape of incarcerated gay men is often administratively dismissed because of the misconception that any sexual contact involving a gay man and another male is inherently <a href="/wiki/Consent_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consent (criminal)">consensual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW6-198">[198]</a> As a result, rape victims who are known or believed to be gay are sometimes even denied medical treatment or legal recourse, and perpetrators often go unpunished and thus are allowed to continue abusing their victims.<a href="#cite_note-HRW6-198">[198]</a> According to the activist Andrea Cavanaugh Kern, high rates of sexual assault against prisoners, combined with high rates of HIV infections in prisons, means that incarceration can often be a "life-or-death" issue for gay and bisexual men.<a href="#cite_note-Gay.com-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homelessness">Homelessness</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bus_stop_adhack_by_Lesbians_and_Gays_Support_the_Migrants_and_Protest_Stencil_protesting_the_exclusion_of_LGBT%2B_asylum_seekers,_homeless_people_and_community_groups_from_Pride_in_London_(48199878796).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bus_stop_adhack_by_Lesbians_and_Gays_Support_the_Migrants_and_Protest_Stencil_protesting_the_exclusion_of_LGBT%2B_asylum_seekers%2C_homeless_people_and_community_groups_from_Pride_in_London_%2848199878796%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bus_stop_adhack_by_Lesbians_and_Gays_Support_the_Migrants_and_Protest_Stencil_protesting_the_exclusion_of_LGBT%2B_asylum_seekers%2C_homeless_people_and_community_groups_from_Pride_in_London_%2848199878796%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bus_stop_adhack_by_Lesbians_and_Gays_Support_the_Migrants_and_Protest_Stencil_protesting_the_exclusion_of_LGBT%2B_asylum_seekers%2C_homeless_people_and_community_groups_from_Pride_in_London_%2848199878796%29.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>London advert protesting the exclusion of unhoused LGBT people</figcaption></figure> For many young gay men and LGBT+ youth around the world, <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Housing_insecurity" title="Housing insecurity">housing insecurity</a> are serious issues.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_and_Transgender_Youth_Homelessness_by_the_Numbers-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">United States</a>, which has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_homeless_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by homeless population">largest homeless population</a> in the Western world outside of <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Germany</a>, numerical estimates of housing insecure LGBT youth range from 1.6 million to 2.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_and_Transgender_Youth_Homelessness_by_the_Numbers-200">[200]</a> In one U.S. national sample, nearly half of houseless LGBT youth reported they had been kicked out of their home because their family had rejected their sexual orientation or identity.<a href="#cite_note-Correlates_of_Prison_Incarceration_among_Homeless_Gay-202">[202]</a> For young gay men, the precariousness of unstable housing comes with many dangers; for example, studies have found that young gay men and adolescents were more likely than their straight counterparts to be sexually victimized while homeless.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Further, among young gay, bisexual, and other MSM (17–28 years of age) who have experienced homelessness, 60% have been exposed to <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">powder cocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, 41% to <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogens">hallucinogens</a>, and 20% to <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Correlates_of_Prison_Incarceration_among_Homeless_Gay-202">[202]</a> Drug abuse is considered a risk factor for criminal history and later incarceration, and large numbers of young MSM, particularly young <a href="/wiki/Men_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Men of color">men of color</a>, do experience early contact with the juvenile justice system and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Institutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutionalization">institutionalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Correlates_of_Prison_Incarceration_among_Homeless_Gay-202">[202]</a> Institutionalization can affect gay and bisexual youth's later outcomes in life and lead to long-term addiction, reliance on <a href="/wiki/Sex_work" title="Sex work">sex work</a> for survival, and prolonged homelessness.<a href="#cite_note-Correlates_of_Prison_Incarceration_among_Homeless_Gay-202">[202]</a> Amongst adults, no nationally representative datasets exist yet for measuring the sexual orientation or gender identity of homeless or housing insecure individuals;<a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_Among_LGBT_Adults-205">[205]</a> however, some estimates place the LGBT community at between 20 and 40% of the United States' homeless populations.<a href="#cite_note-LGBTIQ+_Homelessness-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_and_identity">Community and identity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcultures">Subcultures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ball_culture" title="Ball culture">Ball culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear_(gay_culture)" title="Bear (gay culture)">Bear (gay culture)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drag_queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag queens">Drag queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaymer" title="Gaymer">Gaymer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twink_(gay_slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twink (gay slang)">Twink (gay slang)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)" title="Down-low (sexual slang)">Down-low (sexual slang)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_Pride_2010_%E5%85%A9%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF_(5128790279).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Taiwan_Pride_2010_%E5%85%A9%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF_%285128790279%29.jpg/250px-Taiwan_Pride_2010_%E5%85%A9%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF_%285128790279%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Taiwan_Pride_2010_%E5%85%A9%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF_%285128790279%29.jpg/330px-Taiwan_Pride_2010_%E5%85%A9%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF_%285128790279%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Taiwan_Pride_2010_%E5%85%A9%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF_%285128790279%29.jpg/500px-Taiwan_Pride_2010_%E5%85%A9%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%89%BF_%285128790279%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Two young gay men at <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Pride" title="Taiwan Pride">Taiwan Pride</a></figcaption></figure> In North America and Europe, gay men have several subcultures, including <a href="/wiki/Twink_(gay_slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twink (gay slang)">Twinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear_(gay_culture)" title="Bear (gay culture)">Bears</a>, Otters, <a href="/wiki/Drag_queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag queens">Queens</a>, Jocks, <a href="/wiki/Gaymer" title="Gaymer">Gaymers</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> According to scholars, these subcultures, which largely originated as part of a "gay American way of life", have in some ways become a "global template" for gay culture around the world.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where a gay culture is slowly emerging, despite anti-gay "societal values, the caste system, arranged marriages, [and] the high probability of being disinherited for coming out", some gay men are working to develop a mature and distinct-Indian culture while also adopting aspects of global gay culture.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> One Indian gay man who identifies as a Bear, stated in an interview, "Because [straight people] see me in chunky rings and bracelets, heavy metal tees riding a Harley Davidson, it doesn't fit in with the Indian stereotype of effeminate gay. While I have nothing against being <a href="/wiki/Effeminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effeminate">effeminate</a>, not all gay men are so ... Encouraging a bear culture [in India] will see more men feeling comfortable coming out and avoiding the trap of a face-saving heterosexual marriage."<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TwoMenKiss.GayPrideParade.WDC.10June2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/TwoMenKiss.GayPrideParade.WDC.10June2017.jpg/250px-TwoMenKiss.GayPrideParade.WDC.10June2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/TwoMenKiss.GayPrideParade.WDC.10June2017.jpg/330px-TwoMenKiss.GayPrideParade.WDC.10June2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/TwoMenKiss.GayPrideParade.WDC.10June2017.jpg/500px-TwoMenKiss.GayPrideParade.WDC.10June2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4633" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Two gay men kiss during a <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride parade">gay pride parade</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, which already has mature urban communities of gay men, some gay artists are working to counter the fact that the social acceptability of a gay subculture is often dependent on how closely it aligns with Western standards of <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">conventional attractiveness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_'bears'_bare_all_in_body-positive_art_exhibit-211">[211]</a> The video artist Mike Wyeld, whose exhibition "LOVED", showcased the Bear community, stated, "Some of the things that the media's obsessed with — obesity, weight loss, body shape, aging — some of these things we have to be happy with. We get bigger, we get older. You can fight it and be miserable or you can accept it and live with the body that you have and love it."<a href="#cite_note-Gay_'bears'_bare_all_in_body-positive_art_exhibit-211">[211]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, journalists have noted the role <a href="/wiki/Mobile_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile applications">mobile apps</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Grindr" title="Grindr">Grindr</a> have played in creating self-segregating subcultures (also called "tribes") within gay men's communities.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Youth_pride" title="Youth pride">Youth pride</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_youth_vulnerability" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT youth vulnerability">LGBT youth vulnerability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBT_youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide among LGBT youth">Suicide among LGBT youth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019.06.08_Capital_Pride_Parade,_Washington,_DC_USA_1590096_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2019.06.08_Capital_Pride_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_1590096_%28crop%29.jpg/250px-2019.06.08_Capital_Pride_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_1590096_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2019.06.08_Capital_Pride_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_1590096_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-2019.06.08_Capital_Pride_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_1590096_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2019.06.08_Capital_Pride_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_1590096_%28crop%29.jpg/500px-2019.06.08_Capital_Pride_Parade%2C_Washington%2C_DC_USA_1590096_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption>A youth at <a href="/wiki/Capital_Pride_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Capital Pride (Washington, D.C.)">DC Pride</a></figcaption></figure> Gay adolescents, boys, and young men are a uniquely vulnerable segment of the gay male population. In many countries, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">identity</a>-issues, <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, and lack of family acceptance are some of the major concerns facing gay-identified youth.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Additionally, gay boys and adolescents around the world are regularly subjected to more extreme forms of violence, including <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> familial violence,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> and other forms of physical abuse.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> These issues have been shown to have detrimental effects on the well-being of gay and bisexual male youth. In the United States, a 2019 report by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> found that suicidal ideation amongst gay and bisexual boys and adolescents is as high as 40.4%.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> According to the CDC, however, parental support can play an important role in bettering health outcomes for gay and bisexual youth, decreasing the likelihood a gay teen will: "Experience depression; attempt suicide; use drugs and alcohol; [or] become infected with sexually transmitted diseases."<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> For educators, the inclusion of diverse curriculum and the development of <a href="/wiki/Peer_support" title="Peer support">peer support</a> venues (such as <a href="/wiki/Gay%E2%80%93straight_alliance" title="Gay–straight alliance">Queer–Straight Alliances</a> in North America) have been suggested as ways to reduce the frequency and effects of bullying and <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Such measures are particularly important for gay and bisexual male students, who, in 2019, were the second most likely group (behind trans students) to have experienced bullying at school (73.9%) and online (30%) in the most recent 30 days, according to research by <a href="/wiki/Sameer_Hinduja" title="Sameer Hinduja">Sameer Hinduja</a> and Justin Patchin.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Despite these calls for inclusive and diverse curriculums, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> is currently the only country in the world with a mandated LGBTQ-inclusive curriculum in its public school system.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> While many nations offer a piecemeal approach to LGBT education, others (including several <a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_curriculum_laws_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT curriculum laws in the United States">U.S. states</a>)<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> have explicit bans on the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">gay-friendly education</a>. Despite the challenges gay teenagers face, studies have found that gay male youth also develop skillsets which enable them to more successfully cope with stress and other developmental challenges than their straight peers.<a href="#cite_note-Strengths_of_Gay_Male_Youth-226">[226]</a> In comparing gay boys and adolescents to their heterosexual peers, gay-identified youth show higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">resilience</a>, positive <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, and internal <a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">self-control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Strengths_of_Gay_Male_Youth-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatherhood">Fatherhood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Same-sex adoption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gay_couple_with_a_baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gay_couple_with_a_baby.jpg/250px-Gay_couple_with_a_baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gay_couple_with_a_baby.jpg/330px-Gay_couple_with_a_baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gay_couple_with_a_baby.jpg/500px-Gay_couple_with_a_baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Two fathers with their child</figcaption></figure> In the majority of countries today, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption">adoption</a> by same-sex couples is not legally allowed. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, however, gay men can became fathers in a variety of ways, including adoption, <a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">surrogates</a>, and births from previous relationships. In recent years, prominent gay men such as <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Cooper" title="Anderson Cooper">Anderson Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> have made headlines for becoming fathers,<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> and gay men have been increasingly represented on television as fathers (though these representations have been subject to critiques for their one-dimensionality).<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> In spite of these advances in visibility and representation, however, gay fathers and their families still experience high levels of discrimination and social stigma from their relatives, neighbors, and other members of their communities.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_fathers_face_stigma_as_parents-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In the United States, two-thirds of gay fathers report experiencing social stigma, and one-third report that their children faced stigmatization from other children for having gay parents.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_fathers_face_stigma_as_parents-230">[230]</a> Despite widespread <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> against gay fathers and their children, the vast majority of social scientific research shows the children of gay fathers to be equally well adjusted as the children of heterosexual parents.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In fact, in the United Kingdom, researchers have found that the adopted children of gay fathers score lower on levels of anger and parental over-dependence than children adopted by lesbian or heterosexual couples, while also scoring higher on positive coping mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> researchers have found that gay fathers report less irritation when their children display <a href="/wiki/Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotions</a> than do straight fathers, and gay men show higher levels of warmth and cooperation toward their partners than do straight men.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidio_per_matrimonio_gay_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_23-Mar-2010_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Presidio_per_matrimonio_gay_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_23-Mar-2010_-_03.jpg/220px-Presidio_per_matrimonio_gay_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_23-Mar-2010_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Presidio_per_matrimonio_gay_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_23-Mar-2010_-_03.jpg/330px-Presidio_per_matrimonio_gay_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_23-Mar-2010_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Presidio_per_matrimonio_gay_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_23-Mar-2010_-_03.jpg/440px-Presidio_per_matrimonio_gay_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_23-Mar-2010_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Two older gay men in March 2010</figcaption></figure> Older gay men are one of the least studied groups within gay men's communities. In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, Vida Alegre opened in 2019 as the first senior center for LGBT people in the country.<a href="#cite_note-This_senior_center_is_helping_Mexico's_'invisible'_LGBTQ_seniors-235">[235]</a> According to the center's founder, Samantha Flores, <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a> is a major problem for many older gay men in Mexico, stating, "I've had people come in, older gay men, sobbing and pouring their hearts out to me about how unhappy they are ... They usually don't have children, and many of their families have disowned them, so they need to turn to families they have chosen themselves or friends for social contact."<a href="#cite_note-This_senior_center_is_helping_Mexico's_'invisible'_LGBTQ_seniors-235">[235]</a> According to Flores, many of these older gay men in Mexico are also living with <a href="/wiki/PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a> because of their many lost friends and partners who died during the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-This_senior_center_is_helping_Mexico's_'invisible'_LGBTQ_seniors-235">[235]</a> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the documentary filmmaker <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Lifshitz" title="Sébastien Lifshitz">Sébastien Lifshitz</a> made Les Invisibles, a 2012 documentary about elderly gay French people, and he found significant ideological differences between younger and older gay people.<a href="#cite_note-French_documentary_on_gay_seniors_strikes_timely_chord-236">[236]</a> Lifshitz stated, "What's important to understand is that this older generation of gay people in France fought against the heterosexual, bourgeois model of French society with all their might. The fact that there are much younger gay couples today that are demanding the right to get married and adopt children is something the older gay generation understands, but does not want for themselves."<a href="#cite_note-French_documentary_on_gay_seniors_strikes_timely_chord-236">[236]</a> Finally, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, scholars have found that most older gay American men are not "strange, lonely creatures" but are instead "well-adjusted to their homosexuality and the aging process".<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_identity">Gender identity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trans_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans men">Trans men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender_sexuality" title="Transgender sexuality">Transgender sexuality</a></div> For <a href="/wiki/Trans_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans men">trans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_non-conformity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender non-conformity">gender nonconforming</a> gay and bisexual men, there are unique aspects of their identity which shape their experience within gay men's communities. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, gay and bisexual trans men often use specific apps and websites, such as <a href="/wiki/Grindr" title="Grindr">Grindr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinder_(app)" title="Tinder (app)">Tinder</a>, in order to find romantic and sexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-Gay,_bisexual,_and_queer_trans_men_navigating_sexual_fields-238">[238]</a> Canadian trans men report that personal developments (such as <a href="/wiki/Gender_transitioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender transitioning">gender transition</a>) and socio-historical changes (like increasing trans male <a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">visibility</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Online_dating_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Online dating application">virtual dating applications</a>) are producing rapidly changing sexual and romantic opportunities;<a href="#cite_note-Gay,_bisexual,_and_queer_trans_men_navigating_sexual_fields-238">[238]</a> in fact, in 2017, most gay Canadian trans men reported having satisfying sexual lives.<a href="#cite_note-Gay,_bisexual,_and_queer_trans_men_navigating_sexual_fields-238">[238]</a> In the United States, scholars report that trans men are often more likely to identify as bisexual than cisgender people.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_and_bisexual_identity_development_among_female-to-male_transsexuals_in_North_America-239">[239]</a> They also note that gay and bisexual trans men in the U.S. report comparable levels of self-esteem, sexual satisfaction, or psychological adjustment to their cisgender peers.<a href="#cite_note-Gay_and_bisexual_identity_development_among_female-to-male_transsexuals_in_North_America-239">[239]</a> In a 2009 interview with <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a> magazine, the writer <a href="/wiki/Amos_Mac" title="Amos Mac">Amos Mac</a>, who identifies as queer, said, "I very much [identify] as a fag. I [am] drawn to the community of gay men, and that's how I embody myself. I'm attracted to guys who have a bit of flair to them. They don't have to be gay, but they can be queeny. I love an artistic queen."<a href="#cite_note-Transmen_and_the_City-240">[240]</a> Mac also stated that living as an LGBT man allows him to express his <a href="/wiki/Femme" title="Femme">femme</a> side, since he no longer feels the necessity to force a <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masc</a> posture in public.<a href="#cite_note-Transmen_and_the_City-240">[240]</a> In his 2017 book, Trans Homo, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University" title="San Francisco State University">San Francisco State University</a> professor Avi Ben-Zeev addresses the historical presence of trans gay men within the community, writing, "Elders, like <a href="/wiki/Lou_Sullivan" title="Lou Sullivan">Lou Sullivan</a>, paved the way and have brought some visibility to the fact that trans men are, and have been, an integral part of gay male communities. Yet, we trans homos (and our lovers) are still mysterious creatures to many, even within these communities."<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> In a 2004 collection of personal essays, one man wrote about his identity formation as a gay trans man, writing "I [never felt] that being gay, or [transgender] was unnatural. I've always felt that the people who never questioned their gender, sexuality, or fertility were the odd ones. If anyone needs an outsider's label, it's the ones who moralize against human sexuality, not the ones who accept it."<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disability">Disability</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pride_in_London_140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pride_in_London_140.jpg/250px-Pride_in_London_140.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pride_in_London_140.jpg/330px-Pride_in_London_140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pride_in_London_140.jpg/500px-Pride_in_London_140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A gay man in a wheelchair at <a href="/wiki/Pride_in_London" title="Pride in London">London Pride</a> 2016</figcaption></figure> Disabled gay men represent a significant but under-represented portion of the community. According to the <a href="/wiki/Feinberg_School_of_Medicine" title="Feinberg School of Medicine">Feinberg School of Medicine</a>, 26 percent of all gay men and 40 percent of bisexual men in the United States have some form of disability.<a href="#cite_note-Wheels_of_Change-243">[243]</a> Nevertheless, gay men with disabilities report feelings of discomfort because of social expectations surrounding physical appearance and conventional standards of attractiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Wheels_of_Change-243">[243]</a> One man, Aaron Anderson, who has <a href="/wiki/Guillain-Barre_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillain-Barre Syndrome">Guillain-Barre Syndrome</a>, said, "Gay men are so conditioned to everything has to be perfect. You have to have it all. [My body] is so not perfect. The gay men I know don't know how to deal with it [my disability]. They pretend it's not a thing or superficial acquaintances will just ignore me."<a href="#cite_note-Wheels_of_Change-243">[243]</a> Gay men with disabilities also note that members of the disability community often feel desexualized by society.<a href="#cite_note-Wheels_of_Change-243">[243]</a> This desexualization can have serious ramifications for the health of gay men with disabilities. Jae Jin Pak, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a>, noted that accurate sexual education and sexuality-related information is generally unavailable to members of the disabled community,<a href="#cite_note-Wheels_of_Change-243">[243]</a> which can leave men in the community without information about <a href="/wiki/Safe-sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe-sex">safe-sex</a> practices. Meanwhile, within the field of <a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a>, scholars emphasize the importance of establishing a public identity and a common culture for gay men with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> In recent years, queer men with disabilities have achieved some mainstream media visibility, including through <a href="/wiki/Ryan_O%27Connell" title="Ryan O'Connell">Ryan O'Connell</a>'s 2019 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> series <a href="/wiki/Special_(TV_series)" title="Special (TV series)">Special</a>, and the online popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fluidity" title="Sexual fluidity">sexually fluid</a> American model <a href="/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco" title="Nyle DiMarco">Nyle DiMarco</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> In the United States, on average, gay men are almost twice as likely than straight men to disagree that "they feel safe at school".<a href="#cite_note-:6-245">[245]</a> Despite this, gay men are 50% more likely than straight men to have a <a href="/wiki/University_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="University degree">university degree</a>,<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> and gay men have a slightly higher <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> GPA then straight and bisexual men.<a href="#cite_note-:6-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_characters_in_fiction" title="Gay characters in fiction">Gay characters in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gay_male_literature" title="Category:Gay male literature">Gay male literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_male_speech" title="Gay male speech">Gay male speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men's flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Men_of_African_Descent" title="Gay Men of African Descent">Gay Men of African Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_pornography" title="Gay pornography">Gay pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_sexual_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay sexual practices">Gay sexual practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men" class="mw-redirect" title="History of gay men">History of gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">Homoeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Homosexual behavior in animals">Homosexual behavior in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gay,_lesbian_or_bisexual_people" title="List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people">List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/gay%20man">"Gay man"</a>. Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 10 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vocabulary.com&rft.atitle=Gay+man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocabulary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgay%2520man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/stigma-and-discrimination.htm">"The Effects of Negative Attitudes on Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men"</a>. CDC. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 18 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110052433/https://www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/stigma-and-discrimination.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Negative+Attitudes+on+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+and+Other+Men+Who+Have+Sex+with+Men&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmsmhealth%2Fstigma-and-discrimination.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APAHeteroBiasLang-3"><a href="#cite_ref-APAHeteroBiasLang_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/language.aspx">"Avoiding Heterosexual Bias in Language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321033057/http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/language.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychological+Association&rft.atitle=Avoiding+Heterosexual+Bias+in+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpi%2Flgbt%2Fresources%2Flanguage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> (Reprinted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Avoiding heterosexual bias in language". American Psychologist. 46 (9): 973–974. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.46.9.973">10.1037/0003-066X.46.9.973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Avoiding+heterosexual+bias+in+language&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E973-%3C%2Fspan%3E974&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.46.9.973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glaad.org/reference/offensive">"GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Terms To Avoid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a>. 25 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420141352/http://www.glaad.org/reference/offensive">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GLAAD&rft.atitle=GLAAD+Media+Reference+Guide+-+Terms+To+Avoid&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glaad.org%2Freference%2Foffensive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2003" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Thomas K. (2003). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homosexualitygre00hubb">Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a Sourcebook of Basic Documents</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homosexualitygre00hubb/page/n19">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520234308" title="Special:BookSources/0520234308"><bdi>0520234308</bdi></a>. <q>The term "homosexuality" is itself problematic when applied to ancient cultures, inasmuch as neither Greek nor Latin possesses any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept. The term is adopted in this volume not out of any conviction that a fundamental identity exists between ancient and modern practices or self-conceptions, but as a convenient shorthand linking together a range of different phenomena involving same-gender love and/or sexual activity. To be sure, classical antiquity featured a variety of discrete practices in this regard, each of which enjoyed differing levels of acceptance depending on the time and place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+in+Greece+and+Rome%3A+a+Sourcebook+of+Basic+Documents&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0520234308&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomosexualitygre00hubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarson2012" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Jennifer (6 September 2012). "Introduction". Greek and Roman Sexualities: A Sourcebook. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441196859" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441196859"><bdi>978-1441196859</bdi></a>. <q>There is no Greek or Latin equivalent for the English word 'homosexual', although the ancients did not fail to notice men who preferred same-sex partners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Sexualities%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1441196859&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton_2016-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_2016_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_2016_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorton2016" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Rictor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ">Myth of the Modern Homosexual</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474286923" title="Special:BookSources/9781474286923"><bdi>9781474286923</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511080439/https://books.google.com/books?id=DkTqDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+of+the+Modern+Homosexual&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781474286923&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Rictor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkTqDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm">A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330132639/http://rictornorton.co.uk/extracts.htm">Archived</a> 30 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boswell_1989_17–36-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boswell_1989_17–36_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boswell_1989_17–36_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1989" class="citation book cs1">Boswell, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304002205/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf">"Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories"</a> (PDF). In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34904667">34904667</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1f4/b4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolutions%2C+Universals%2C+and+Sexual+Categories&rft.btitle=Hidden+From+History%3A+Reclaiming+the+Gay+and+Lesbian+Past&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34904667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fd1f4%2Fb4d6d8a37a3470c63ae83bf0d4a5101b08ce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> "sow illegitimate and bastard seed in courtesans, or sterile seed in males in defiance of nature." Plato in <a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">The Laws</a> (Book VIII p.841 edition of Stephanus) or p.340, edition of Penguin Books, 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnuse_2015-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Gnuse_2015_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGnuse2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Theology_Bulletin" title="Biblical Theology Bulletin">Biblical Theology Bulletin</a>. 45 (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a> on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146107915577097">10.1177/0146107915577097</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7596">1945-7596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170127256">170127256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Seven+Gay+Texts%3A+Biblical+Passages+Used+to+Condemn+Homosexuality&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170127256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-7596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0146107915577097&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoenigDykman2012" class="citation book cs1">Koenig, Harold G.; Dykman, Jackson (2012). Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521889520" title="Special:BookSources/9780521889520"><bdi>9780521889520</bdi></a>. <q>the overwhelming majority of Christian churches have maintained their positions that homosexual behavior is sinful</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Spirituality+in+Psychiatry&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521889520&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rft.au=Dykman%2C+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Roman Homosexuality By Craig Arthur Williams, p.60 </li> <li id="cite_note-foucault-13"><a href="#cite_ref-foucault_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1986" class="citation journal cs1">Foucault, Michel (1986). "Of Other Spaces". Diacritics. 16 (1). 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"The Relationship between Achilles and Patroclus according to Chariton of Aphrodisias". The Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 292–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F53.1.292">10.1093/cq/53.1.292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556498">3556498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+between+Achilles+and+Patroclus+according+to+Chariton+of+Aphrodisias&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3556498%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F53.1.292&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Sanz&rft.au=Mariscal%2C+Gabriel+Laguna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkinner2013" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Marilyn (2013). Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture. Ancient Cultures (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4986-3"><bdi>978-1-4443-4986-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+in+Greek+and+Roman+Culture&rft.series=Ancient+Cultures&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-4986-3&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackay2004" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+Military+and+Political+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Rocke, Michael, (1996), Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512292-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512292-5">0-19-512292-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), The Boundaries of Eros, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503465-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503465-1">0-19-503465-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtz1999" class="citation book cs1">Kurtz, Lester R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA140">Encyclopedia of violence, peace, & conflict</a>. Academic Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-227010-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-227010-X"><bdi>0-12-227010-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414054812/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA140">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+violence%2C+peace%2C+%26+conflict&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-12-227010-X&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Lester+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTG2kN033mDkC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergeron2002" class="citation book cs1">Bergeron, David M. (2002). "4: George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham". King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587292729" title="Special:BookSources/9781587292729"><bdi>9781587292729</bdi></a>. <q>By all sensible accounts, Buckingham became James's last and greatest lover.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+George+Villiers%2C+Duke+of+Buckingham&rft.btitle=King+James+and+Letters+of+Homoerotic+Desire&rft.place=Iowa+City&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781587292729&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leick-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Leick_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeick2013" class="citation book cs1">Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64">Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature</a>. New York City, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92074-7"><bdi>978-1-134-92074-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414055100/https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Eroticism+in+Mesopotamian+Literature&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92074-7&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKoWblE4pd0C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roscoe-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_42-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoscoeMurray1997" class="citation book cs1">Roscoe, Will; Murray, Stephen O. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&q=Gordon+1959+gala&pg=PA65">Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature</a>. New York City, New York: New York University Press. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-7467-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-7467-9"><bdi>0-8147-7467-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000906/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&q=Gordon+1959+gala&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Homosexualities%3A+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Literature&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8147-7467-9&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Murray%2C+Stephen+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Zw-AAAAQBAJ%26q%3DGordon%2B1959%2Bgala%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Pritchard, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuzzy2005" class="citation book cs1">Muzzy, Frank (2005). Gay and Lesbian Washington, D.C. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738517537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738517537"><bdi>978-0738517537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+and+Lesbian+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0738517537&rft.aulast=Muzzy&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Morris (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_lesbian_and_gay_studies/v005/5.3kaplan.html">"Who's Afraid Of John Saul? Urban Culture and the Politics of Desire in Late Victorian London"</a>. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 5 (3): 267–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10642684-5-3-267">10.1215/10642684-5-3-267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140452093">140452093</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112123013/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_lesbian_and_gay_studies/v005/5.3kaplan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GLQ%3A+A+Journal+of+Lesbian+and+Gay+Studies&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Afraid+Of+John+Saul%3F+Urban+Culture+and+the+Politics+of+Desire+in+Late+Victorian+London&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10642684-5-3-267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140452093%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_lesbian_and_gay_studies%2Fv005%2F5.3kaplan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630103200/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG03/comedy/bringingupbaby.html">"Bringing Up Baby"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG03/comedy/bringingupbaby.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bringing+Up+Baby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~UG03%2Fcomedy%2Fbringingupbaby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "The Truth About Homosexuals", Sir, June 1950, Sara H. Carleton, New York, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiles2001" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Geoffrey J (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiles2001" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Geoffrey J. (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 240–242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/monday-remembering-lgbt-people-murdered-holocaust">"Remembering LGBT people murdered in the Holocaust"</a>. Morning Star. 27 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127064438/https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/monday-remembering-lgbt-people-murdered-holocaust">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morning+Star&rft.atitle=Remembering+LGBT+people+murdered+in+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmorningstaronline.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmonday-remembering-lgbt-people-murdered-holocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld" class="citation web cs1">Rosenfeld, Dana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/aids-epidemic-lasting-impact-gay-men/">"The AIDS epidemic's lasting impact on gay men"</a>. The British Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126061642/https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/aids-epidemic-lasting-impact-gay-men/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Academy&rft.atitle=The+AIDS+epidemic%27s+lasting+impact+on+gay+men&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishacademy.ac.uk%2Fblog%2Faids-epidemic-lasting-impact-gay-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307005805/http://www.kqed.org/topics/history/heritage/lgbt/timeline.jsp">KQED LGBT Timeline</a>. Kqed.org. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsella1989" class="citation book cs1">Kinsella, James (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coveringplague00jame">Covering the Plague: AIDS and the American Media</a>. 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Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AMA+Journal+of+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Decriminalization+of+Sodomy+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E916-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fvirtualmentor.2014.16.11.hlaw1-1411&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25397652&rft.aulast=Weinmeyer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalofethics.ama-assn.org%2Farticle%2Fdecriminalization-sodomy-united-states%2F2014-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfmoma.org/essay/rauschenberg-affection/">"Rauschenberg, with Affection"</a>. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200711130005/https://www.sfmoma.org/essay/rauschenberg-affection/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.atitle=Rauschenberg%2C+with+Affection&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfmoma.org%2Fessay%2Frauschenberg-affection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButt2005" class="citation book cs1">Butt, Gavin (2005). Between You and Me: Queer Disclosures in the New York Art World, 1948–1963. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3486-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-3486-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57285910">57285910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+You+and+Me%3A+Queer+Disclosures+in+the+New+York+Art+World%2C+1948%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57285910&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3486-6&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-11-17-bk-65405-story.html">"'Dancing the Night Away: Alvin Ailey: A Life in Dance'. By Jennifer Dunning (Addison-Wesley): 'The Joffrey Ballet: Robert Joffrey and the Making of an American Dance Company'. By Sasha Anawalt (Scribner's) [book reviews]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 17 November 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729150427/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-11-17-bk-65405-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019. 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Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Type&rft.atitle=Kehinde+Wiley%2C+the+Portrait+Artist+Who+is+%27Transforming+the+Way+African+Americans+are+Seen%2C%27+Makes+Time+100+List&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Victoria+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturetype.com%2F2018%2F04%2F20%2Fkehinde-wiley-the-portrait-artist-who-is-transforming-the-way-african-americans-are-seen-makes-time-100-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carleton.edu/news/stories/mexican-american-artist-and-activist-julio-salgado-to-present-convocation/">"Mexican-American artist and activist Julio Salgado to present convocation"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=What+does+it+mean+to+be+camp%3F&rft.aulast=Bekhrad&rft.aufirst=Joobin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20190503-what-does-it-mean-to-be-camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Babuscio (1993, 20), Feil (2005, 478), Morrill (1994, 110), Shugart and Waggoner (2008, 33), and Van Leer (1995) </li> <li id="cite_note-Eiss2016-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Eiss2016_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEiss2016" class="citation book cs1">Eiss, Harry (11 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17f6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">The Joker</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-9429-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-9429-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-9429-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421062338/https://books.google.com/books?id=17f6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Joker&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-9429-6&rft.aulast=Eiss&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17f6DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy" class="citation magazine cs1">Murphy, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/14/how-ryan-murphy-became-the-most-powerful-man-in-tv">"How Ryan Murphy Became the Most Powerful Man in TV"</a>. 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The Met. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111021550/https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2019/camp-notes-on-fashion">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Met&rft.atitle=Camp%3A+Notes+on+Fashion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Flistings%2F2019%2Fcamp-notes-on-fashion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadley" class="citation web cs1">Hadley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlife.org.uk/fs157-whats-wrong-with-camp-gay-men">"Why there's nothing wrong with camp gay men"</a>. Outlife. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119060605/https://www.outlife.org.uk/fs157-whats-wrong-with-camp-gay-men">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlife&rft.atitle=Why+there%27s+nothing+wrong+with+camp+gay+men&rft.au=Hadley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlife.org.uk%2Ffs157-whats-wrong-with-camp-gay-men&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazur,_M._A.Emmers-Sommer,_T._M.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mazur, M. A.; Emmers-Sommer, T. M. (2002). "The Effect of Movie Portrayals on Audience Attitudes about Nontraditional Families and Sexual Orientation". Journal of Homosexuality. 44 (1): 157–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj082v44n01_09">10.1300/j082v44n01_09</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12856761">12856761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35184339">35184339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Homosexuality&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Movie+Portrayals+on+Audience+Attitudes+about+Nontraditional+Families+and+Sexual+Orientation&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35184339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12856761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2Fj082v44n01_09&rft.au=Mazur%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Emmers-Sommer%2C+T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStacey2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stacey, Judith (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/426797?mobileUi=0&journalCode=signs">"The Families of Man: Gay Male Intimacy and Kinship in a Global Metropolis"</a>. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 30 (3): 1911–1935. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F426797">10.1086/426797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146782211">146782211</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214114605/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/426797?mobileUi=0&journalCode=signs">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs%3A+Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Families+of+Man%3A+Gay+Male+Intimacy+and+Kinship+in+a+Global+Metropolis&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1911-%3C%2Fspan%3E1935&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F426797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146782211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F426797%3FmobileUi%3D0%26journalCode%3Dsigns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Lavender_Scare-161"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Lavender_Scare_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, David K. (13 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivCo3yph63QC">The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government</a> (1 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226401966" title="Special:BookSources/9780226401966"><bdi>9780226401966</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309213108/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lavender_Scare/ivCo3yph63QC?hl=en&gbpv=1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lavender+Scare%3A+The+Cold+War+Persecution+of+Gays+and+Lesbians+in+the+Federal+Government&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.isbn=9780226401966&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivCo3yph63QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alfred-hitchcock-films.net/theme-homosexuality.htm">"Homosexuality in Hitchcock's Movies"</a>. Alfred Hitchcock Films. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014130035/https://www.alfred-hitchcock-films.net/theme-homosexuality.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+Films&rft.atitle=Homosexuality+in+Hitchcock%27s+Movies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfred-hitchcock-films.net%2Ftheme-homosexuality.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_163-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaermer1985" class="citation journal cs1">Laermer, R. (5 February 1985). "The Televised Gay: How We're Pictured on the Tube". 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Visual Communication Quarterly. 25: 3–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15551393.2017.1343152">10.1080/15551393.2017.1343152</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150001974">150001974</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505112921/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119020/7/119020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2020. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwXwBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Sexual Identities and the Media: An Introduction</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-29135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-29135-7"><bdi>978-1-136-29135-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Identities+and+the+Media%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-136-29135-7&rft.aulast=Hilton-Morrow&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Battles%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwXwBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohnen-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kohnen_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohnen_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohnen_167-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohnen2015" class="citation book cs1">Kohnen, M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wpzhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21">Queer Representation, Visibility, and Race in American Film and Television: Screening the Closet</a>. Routledge Research in Cultural and Media Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 21,85,90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51989-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51989-5"><bdi>978-1-136-51989-5</bdi></a>. 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France 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421063841/https://www.france24.com/en/20121126-les-invisibles-france-film-gay-marriage-adoption-documentary-homosexual-sebastien-lifshitz">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=French+documentary+on+gay+seniors+strikes+timely+chord&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft.aulast=Guguen&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft.au=Frosch%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20121126-les-invisibles-france-film-gay-marriage-adoption-documentary-homosexual-sebastien-lifshitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerger1996" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Raymond Mark (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmexJusly5oC">Gay and Gray: The Older Homosexual Man</a> (2 ed.). Harrington Park Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560249863" title="Special:BookSources/9781560249863"><bdi>9781560249863</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309213106/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gay_and_Gray/FmexJusly5oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+and+Gray%3A+The+Older+Homosexual+Man&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Harrington+Park+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781560249863&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmexJusly5oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gay,_bisexual,_and_queer_trans_men_navigating_sexual_fields-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gay,_bisexual,_and_queer_trans_men_navigating_sexual_fields_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gay,_bisexual,_and_queer_trans_men_navigating_sexual_fields_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gay,_bisexual,_and_queer_trans_men_navigating_sexual_fields_238-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScheimAdamMarshall2017" class="citation journal cs1">Scheim, Ayden; Adam, Barry; Marshall, Zack (27 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460717716426">"Gay, bisexual, and queer trans men navigating sexual fields"</a>. Sexualities. 22 (4): 566–586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1363460717716426">10.1177/1363460717716426</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149431143">149431143</a>. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexualities&rft.atitle=Gay%2C+bisexual%2C+and+queer+trans+men+navigating+sexual+fields&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E566-%3C%2Fspan%3E586&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1363460717716426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149431143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scheim&rft.aufirst=Ayden&rft.au=Adam%2C+Barry&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F1363460717716426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gay_and_bisexual_identity_development_among_female-to-male_transsexuals_in_North_America-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gay_and_bisexual_identity_development_among_female-to-male_transsexuals_in_North_America_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gay_and_bisexual_identity_development_among_female-to-male_transsexuals_in_North_America_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBocktingBennerColeman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bockting, Walter; Benner, Autumn; Coleman, Eli (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19330439/">"Gay and bisexual identity development among female-to-male transsexuals in North America: emergence of a transgender sexuality"</a>. Arch Sex Behav. 38 (5): 688–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-009-9489-3">10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19330439">19330439</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27207925">27207925</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305022510/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19330439/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch+Sex+Behav&rft.atitle=Gay+and+bisexual+identity+development+among+female-to-male+transsexuals+in+North+America%3A+emergence+of+a+transgender+sexuality&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E688-%3C%2Fspan%3E701&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27207925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19330439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-009-9489-3&rft.aulast=Bockting&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Benner%2C+Autumn&rft.au=Coleman%2C+Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19330439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transmen_and_the_City-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Transmen_and_the_City_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Transmen_and_the_City_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Meter2009" class="citation web cs1">Van Meter, William (30 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/66064/">"Transmen and the City"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309064702/https://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/66064/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Transmen+and+the+City&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft.aulast=Van+Meter&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Fintelligencer%2F66064%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen-ZeevBailey2017" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Zeev, Avi; Bailey, Pete (3 October 2017). Trans Homo...GASP!: Gay FTM and Cis Men on Sex and Love (1 ed.). Transgress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0998252131" title="Special:BookSources/978-0998252131"><bdi>978-0998252131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trans+Homo...GASP%21%3A+Gay+FTM+and+Cis+Men+on+Sex+and+Love&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Transgress+Press&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0998252131&rft.aulast=Ben-Zeev&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernandezDiamond2004" class="citation book cs1">Hernandez, Michael M.; Diamond, Morty (15 October 2004). From the Inside Out: Radical Gender Transformation, FTM and Beyond (1 ed.). Manic Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0916397968" title="Special:BookSources/978-0916397968"><bdi>978-0916397968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Inside+Out%3A+Radical+Gender+Transformation%2C+FTM+and+Beyond&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Manic+Press&rft.date=2004-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0916397968&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Morty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheels_of_Change-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheels_of_Change_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheels_of_Change_243-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheels_of_Change_243-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheels_of_Change_243-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheels_of_Change_243-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Peter (26 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/wheels-of-change-dating-for-gay-men-with-disabilities/">"Wheels of Change: Dating for Gay Men with Disabilities"</a>. Medill School of Journalism. Northwestern University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421062339/https://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/wheels-of-change-dating-for-gay-men-with-disabilities/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medill+School+of+Journalism&rft.atitle=Wheels+of+Change%3A+Dating+for+Gay+Men+with+Disabilities&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.medill.northwestern.edu%2Fchicago%2Fwheels-of-change-dating-for-gay-men-with-disabilities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuterKillacky2014" class="citation book cs1">Guter, Bob; Killacky, John (4 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_g5IAwAAQBAJ">Queer Crips: Disabled Gay Men and Their Stories</a> (1 ed.). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317712695" title="Special:BookSources/9781317712695"><bdi>9781317712695</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309213144/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Queer_Crips/_g5IAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queer+Crips%3A+Disabled+Gay+Men+and+Their+Stories&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft.isbn=9781317712695&rft.aulast=Guter&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Killacky%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_g5IAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_245-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00031224221075776#table3-00031224221075776">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00031224221075776#table3-00031224221075776</a> Intersecting the Academic Gender Gap: The Education of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual America by Joel Mittleman // Section "Results: Study 2: The Academic Experiences and Outcomes of The Hsls Cohort" </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMittleman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mittleman, Joel (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00031224221075776">"Intersecting the Academic Gender Gap: The Education of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual America"</a>. American Sociological Review. 87 (2): 303–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00031224221075776">10.1177/00031224221075776</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Intersecting+the+Academic+Gender+Gap%3A+The+Education+of+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+and+Bisexual+America&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00031224221075776&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft.aulast=Mittleman&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F00031224221075776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGay+men" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Gay men at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gay_men" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Gay men">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gay_men" class="extiw" title="q:Gay men">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104969456" class="extiw" title="d:Q104969456">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/photo-collection-shows-19th-and-20th-century-gay-relationships-180976161/">Portraits of Gay Men in Love</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> portrait photographs of gay men in the United States.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2902177/">Reported Effects of Masculine Ideals on Gay Men</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> report on masculine idealization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/gaybears/gaylib/">Gay Bears at UC Berkeley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421062407/https://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/gaybears/gaylib/">Archived</a> 21 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> history of the <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aidsmemorial.org/interactive-aids-quilt">Interactive AIDS Memorial Quilt</a> – National AIDS Memorial digital <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmhc.org">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a> – GMHC website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/archives-of-sexuality-and-gender">Gale Archive of Sexuality and Gender</a> – archive related to the history of sexuality</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template talk:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gender_and_sexual_identities174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual</a> identities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Genders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femboy" title="Femboy">Femboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_of_center" title="Masculine of center">Masculine of center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third genders</a> and sexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apwint" title="Apwint">Apwint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binabinaaine" title="Binabinaaine">Binabinaaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bugis genders</a> <ul><li>Bissu</li> <li>Calabai</li> <li>Calalai</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibados" title="Chibados">Chibados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enaree" title="Enaree">Enaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27afafine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'afafine">Fa'afafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakafifine" title="Fakafifine">Fakafifine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCevedoce" title="Güevedoce">Güevedoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">Lhamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">Nádleehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullo_(body_modification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullo (body modification)">Nullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palopa" title="Palopa">Palopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipiniq" title="Sipiniq">Sipiniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakasalewalewa" title="Vakasalewalewa">Vakasalewalewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Alternative labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)" title="Down-low (sexual slang)">Down-low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysexuality">Polysexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asociality" title="Asociality">Asociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">Homosociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosociality" title="Heterosociality">Heterosociality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achillean" title="Achillean">Achillean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allosexuality" title="Allosexuality">Allosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analloeroticism" title="Analloeroticism">Analloeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Plurisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphism" title="Sapphism">Sapphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Discrimination against transgender men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare and the LGBTQ community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Mental health of LGBTQ people">Mental health of LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_personal_identity" title="Right to personal identity">Right to personal identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Transgender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_topics806" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ" title="Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ" title="Template talk:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Education and the LGBTQ community">LGBTQ topics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="Lists of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride Nights">Pride Nights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBTQ)" title="Rainbow flag (LGBTQ)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity2422" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations625" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/15px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/23px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/30px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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