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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultanate_of_Perak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanate_of_Perak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sultanate of Perak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanate_of_Perak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_protectorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_protectorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 British protectorate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_protectorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Post-war and independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_administration_issues_and_subsequent_2009_constitutional_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_administration_issues_and_subsequent_2009_constitutional_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 State administration issues and subsequent 2009 constitutional crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_administration_issues_and_subsequent_2009_constitutional_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Departments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statutory_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statutory_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Statutory bodies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statutory_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_and_water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Energy and water resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications_and_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications_and_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Telecommunications and broadcasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications_and_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnicity and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Perak</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirak" title="Pirak – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pirak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%82" title="فيرق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="পেরাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেরাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirak,_Malaysia" title="Pirak, Malaysia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pirak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Перак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(estado_sa_Malaysiya)" title="Perak (estado sa Malaysiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Perak (estado sa Malaysiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraki_osariik" title="Peraki osariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peraki osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perako" title="Perako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پراک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پراک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BD%EC%A3%BC" title="페락주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페락주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="पेराक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेराक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(negara_bagian)" title="Perak (negara bagian) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perak (negara bagian)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7_(%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94)" title="פרק (מלזיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרק (מלזיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პერაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakas" title="Perakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Перак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="पराक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पराक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پرک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پرک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak,_Malaysia" title="Perak, Malaysia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Perak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E5%B7%9E" title="ペラ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペラ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(Bundesstoot)" title="Perak (Bundesstoot) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Perak (Bundesstoot)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraque" title="Peraque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_suyu" title="Perak suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Perak suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Перак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பேராக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேராக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="รัฐเประ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเประ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Перак (штат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перак (штат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پیراک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیراک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="霹雳州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霹雳州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E5%B7%9E" title="霹靂州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="霹靂州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" title="霹靂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霹靂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak,_Malaysia" title="Perak, Malaysia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Perak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perak&params=4_45_N_101_0_E_type:city_region:MY">4°45′N 101°0′E / 4.750°N 101.000°E / 4.750; 101.000</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State of Malaysia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Perak_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Perak (disambiguation)">Perak (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Perak" title="Special:EditPage/Perak">editing it</a>. (August 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Malaysia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Perak</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Peghok</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Perak Darul Ridzuan <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>ڤيراق دار الرضوان‎</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڤيراق‎</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">霹雳 (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a>) 霹靂 (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a>) Pīlì (<a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">பேராக் Pērāk (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">Transliteration</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Perak"><img alt="Flag of Perak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/100px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/150px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/200px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Perak">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Perak"><img alt="Coat of arms of Perak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="438" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Perak">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Perak Aman Jaya Perak Peaceful Glorious</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan" title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan">Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan</a> God Lengthen the Sultan's Age <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="89" data-mwtitle="Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg/Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Perak_in_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Perak_in_Malaysia.svg/250px-Perak_in_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Perak_in_Malaysia.svg/375px-Perak_in_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Perak_in_Malaysia.svg/500px-Perak_in_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   Perak in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_2aedb1c59d0860a6a7a6726c6a3047e1738e3fbe"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Perak&revid=1255738871&groups=_2aedb1c59d0860a6a7a6726c6a3047e1738e3fbe" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Perak&revid=1255738871&groups=_2aedb1c59d0860a6a7a6726c6a3047e1738e3fbe 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perak&params=4_45_N_101_0_E_type:city_region:MY">4°45′N 101°0′E / 4.750°N 101.000°E / 4.750; 101.000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Established the Sultanate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1528</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkor Treaty">Pangkor Treaty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1874</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Federated into <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">FMS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1895</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accession into the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya</th><td class="infobox-data">31 August 1957</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Malaysia" title="List of capitals in Malaysia">Capital</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(and largest city) </th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Royal capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazrin_Shah_of_Perak" title="Nazrin Shah of Perak">Nazrin Shah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Menteris Besar of Perak">Menteri Besar</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saarani_Mohamad" title="Saarani Mohamad">Saarani Mohamad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">BN</a>–<a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">UMNO</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Leader of the Opposition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Razman_Zakaria" title="Razman Zakaria">Razman Zakaria</a> (PN-PAS)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,976 km2 (8,099 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Korbu" title="Mount Korbu">Mount Korbu</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,183 m (7,162 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-statistics-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000 (<a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Perakian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2010)<a href="#cite_note-total_population-2">[2]</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic composition</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> 57.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> 29%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a> 11%</li> <li>Other 2.9%</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a> • <a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a> • <a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a> Other <a href="#Languages">ethnic minority languages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Standard Time">MST</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of postal codes in Malaysia">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">30xxx<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> to 36xxx<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Malaysia" title="Telephone numbers in Malaysia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">033 to 058<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">MY-08, 36–39<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_vehicle_license_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian vehicle license plates">A</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.791<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index">11th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $21.161 billion (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a> 93.112 billion)<a href="#cite_note-:dosm-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $8,391 (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a> 36,924)<a href="#cite_note-:dosm-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP#Gross_Domestic_Product_per_capita_by_state" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $50.768 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $23,370 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP#Gross_Domestic_Product_per_capita_by_state" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perak.gov.my/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188953#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Perak (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Malay pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[peraʔ]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a>: Peghok; <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڤيراق‎) is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> on the west coast of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> to the south. <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat</a> provinces both lie to the northeast. Perak's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>, was known historically for its <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>-mining activities until the price of the metal dropped, severely affecting the state's economy. The royal capital remains <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a>, where the palace of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultan of Perak</a> is located. As of 2018, the state's population was 2,500,000. Perak has <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diverse</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforests" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical rainforests">tropical rainforests</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial climate">equatorial climate</a>. The state's main <a href="/wiki/Mountain_ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain ranges">mountain ranges</a> are composed of the <a href="/wiki/Titiwangsa_Mountains" title="Titiwangsa Mountains">Titiwangsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bintang_Mountains" title="Bintang Mountains">Bintang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keledang_Range" title="Keledang Range">Keledang Ranges</a>, where all of them are part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Tenasserim_Hills" title="Tenasserim Hills">Tenasserim Hills</a> system that connects <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and Malaysia. The discovery of an ancient skeleton in Perak revealed missing information on the migration of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> from mainland <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> through <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian</a> continent. Known as Perak Man, the skeleton is dated at around 10,000 years old. An early <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> kingdom, followed by several other minor kingdoms, existed before the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">arrival of Islam</a>. By 1528, a Muslim sultanate began to emerge in Perak, out of the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Sultanate">Malaccan Sultanate</a>. Although able to resist Siamese occupation for more than two hundred years, the sultanate was partly controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a>. This was particularly the case after the Aceh lineage took over the royal succession. With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC), and the VOC's increasing conflicts with Aceh, Perak began to distance itself from Acehnese control. The presence of the English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC) in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> of Penang provided additional protection for the state, with further Siamese attempts to conquer Perak thwarted by British expeditionary forces. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824</a> was signed to prevent further conflict between the British and the Dutch. It enabled the British to expand their control in the Malay Peninsula without interference from other foreign powers. The <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">1874 Pangkor Treaty</a> provided for direct British intervention, with Perak appointing a British <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident</a>. Following Perak's subsequent absorption into the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> (FMS), the British reformed administration of the sultanate through a new style of government, actively promoting a <a href="/wiki/Market-driven_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-driven economy">market-driven economy</a> and maintaining law and order while combatting the <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> widely practised across Perak at the time. The three-year <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> halted further progress. After the war, Perak became part of the temporary <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a>, before being absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>. It gained full independence through the Federation, which subsequently became Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Perak is ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse. The state is known for several traditional dances: bubu, dabus, and labu sayong, the latter name also referring to Perak's unique traditional <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>. The head of state is the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultan of Perak</a>, and the head of government is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Menteris Besar of Perak">Menteri Besar</a>. Government is closely modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster parliamentary system</a>, with the state administration divided into administrative districts. Islam is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, and other religions may be practised freely. <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> are recognised as the official languages of Perak. The economy is mainly based on <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">manufacturing</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> There are many theories about the origin of the name Perak.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-varous_theories-12">[12]</a> Although not used until after 1529, the most popular etymology is "<a href="/wiki/Silver_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver (colour)">silver</a>" (in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: perak);<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> mining from the state's large <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> deposits, reflecting Perak's position as one of the world's largest sources of tin.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perak_origin-15">[15]</a> The first Islamic kingdom established in the state was of the lineage of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Sultanate of Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_origin-15">[15]</a> Some local historians have suggested that Perak was named after Malacca's <a href="/wiki/Bendahara" title="Bendahara">bendahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tun_Perak" title="Tun Perak">Tun Perak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In maps prior to 1561, the area is marked as Perat.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_origin-15">[15]</a> Other historians believe that the name Perak derives from the Malay phrase "kilatan ikan dalam air" (the glimmer of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">fish</a> in water), which looks like silver.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-varous_theories-12">[12]</a> Perak has been translated into <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">دار الرضوان‎ (Dār al-Riḍwān), "abode of grace".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Perak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Perak Sultanate">Sultanate of Perak</a> 1528–1895 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> 1895–1942 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Empire of Japan</a> 1942–1945 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> 1946–1948 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> 1948–1963 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> 1963–present </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gua_Tambun5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gua_Tambun5.jpg/220px-Gua_Tambun5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gua_Tambun5.jpg/330px-Gua_Tambun5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gua_Tambun5.jpg/440px-Gua_Tambun5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tambun_rock_art" title="Tambun rock art">Tambun rock art</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era in <a href="/wiki/Tambun" title="Tambun">Tambun</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></figcaption></figure> Among the prehistoric sites in Malaysia where artefacts from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Palaeolithic">Middle Palaeolithic</a> era have been found are <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Bunuh" title="Bukit Bunuh">Bukit Bunuh</a>, Bukit Gua Harimau, Bukit Jawa, Bukit Kepala Gajah, and Kota Tampan in the <a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong Archaeological Heritage Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Of these, Bukit Bunuh and Kota Tampan are <a href="/wiki/Ancient_lake" title="Ancient lake">ancient lakeside</a> sites, the geology of Bukit Bunuh showing evidence of <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteoric impact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saad2016-20">[20]</a> The 10,000-year-old skeleton known as <a href="/wiki/Lenggong#Perak_Man" title="Lenggong">Perak Man</a> was found inside the Bukit Gunung Runtuh cave at Bukit Kepala Gajah.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Ancient tools discovered in the area of Kota Tampan, including <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">cores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">hammerstones</a>, provide information on the migrations of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saad2016-20">[20]</a> Other important <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites in the country include Bukit Gua Harimau, Gua Badak, Gua Pondok, and <a href="/wiki/Padang_Rengas" title="Padang Rengas">Padang Rengas</a>, containing evidence of human presence in the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perak_Axe_(BM).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG/220px-Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG/330px-Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG/440px-Perak_Axe_%28BM%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Iron socketed axe from Perak, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC–AD</a> 200</figcaption></figure> In 1959, a British artillery officer stationed at an inland army base during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Tambun_rock_art" title="Tambun rock art">Tambun rock art</a>, identified by archaeologists as the largest <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> site in the Malay Peninsula. Most of the paintings are located high above the cave floor, at an elevation of 6–10 metres (20–33 ft).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Seashells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> fragments scattered along the cave floor are evidence that the area was once underwater.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The significant numbers of statues of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and of <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Bidor" title="Bidor">Bidor</a>, Kuala Selensing, Jalong, and Pengkalan Pegoh indicate that, before the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">arrival of Islam</a>, the inhabitants of Perak were mainly <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>. The influence of Indian culture and beliefs on society and values in the Malay Peninsula from early times is believed to have culminated in the semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a> kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a> mention that Gangga Negara at one time fell under <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siamese</a> rule, before Raja Suran of Thailand sailed further south down the Malay Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultanate_of_Perak">Sultanate of Perak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sultanate of Perak">edit</a>]</div> By the 15th century, a kingdom named Beruas had come into existence. <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Inscriptions</a> found on early <a href="/wiki/Tombstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstone">tombstones</a> of the period show clear <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> influence, believed to have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Sultanate of Malacca</a>, the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and the rural areas of the <a href="/wiki/Perak_River" title="Perak River">Perak River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The first organised local government systems to emerge in Perak were the Manjung government and several other governments in Central and Hulu Perak (Upper Perak) under Raja Roman and Tun Saban.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-24">[24]</a> With the spread of Islam, a sultanate subsequently emerged in Perak; the second oldest Muslim kingdom in the Malay Peninsula after the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Based on Salasilah Raja-Raja Perak (Perak Royal Genealogy), the Perak Sultanate was formed in the early 16th century on the banks of the Perak River by the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mahmud Shah of Malacca">Mahmud Shah</a>, the 8th <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Sultan of Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> He ascended to the throne as Muzaffar Shah I, first Sultan of Perak, after surviving the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">capture of Malacca</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in 1511 and living quietly for a period in <a href="/wiki/Siak_Regency" title="Siak Regency">Siak</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. He became sultan through the efforts of Tun Saban, a local leader and trader between Perak and Klang.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-35">[35]</a> There had been no sultan in Perak when Tun Saban first arrived in the area from <a href="/wiki/Kampar_Regency" title="Kampar Regency">Kampar</a> in Sumatra.<a href="#cite_note-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak-37">[37]</a> Most of the area's residents were traders from Malacca and <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, and from Siak, Kampar, and <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> in Sumatra. Among them was an old woman, Tok Masuka from <a href="/wiki/Daik" title="Daik">Daik</a>, who raised a Temusai child named Nakhoda Kassim.<a href="#cite_note-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak-37">[37]</a> Before her death, she called on the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Sang_Sapurba" title="Sang Sapurba">Sang Sapurba</a> to take her place, to prevent the royal lineage from disappearing from the Malay Peninsula. Tun Saban and Nakhoda Kassim then travelled to Kampar, where Mahmud Shah agreed to their request and named his son the first Sultan of Perak.<a href="#cite_note-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Perak's administration became more organised after the sultanate was established and adopted Malacca's form of elective monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-varous_theories-12">[12]</a> With the opening up of Perak in the 16th century, the state became a source of tin ore. It appears that anyone was free to trade in the commodity, although the tin trade did not attract significant attention until the 1610s.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg/220px-Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg/330px-Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg/440px-Aceh_Sultanate_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Sultanate of Aceh</a>'s influence in Perak, <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang" title="Sultan of Pahang">Pahang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Terengganu Sultanate">Terengganu</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1570s</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 1570s, the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Sultanate of Aceh</a> subjected most parts of the Malay Peninsula to continual harassment.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-41">[41]</a> The sudden disappearance of Perak's Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Shah_I_of_Perak" title="Mansur Shah I of Perak">Mansur Shah I</a> in 1577 gave rise to rumours of abduction by Acehnese forces.<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-41">[41]</a> Soon afterwards, the late sultan's widow and his 16 children were taken as captives to Sumatra.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-41">[41]</a> Sultan Mansur Shah I's eldest son, Raja <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Mansur_Syah" title="Alauddin Mansur Syah">Alauddin Mansur Syah</a>, married an Acehnese princess and subsequently became the Sultan of Aceh. The Sultanate of Perak was left without a ruling monarch, and Perak nobles went to Aceh in the same year to ask the new Sultan Alauddin for a successor.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-35">[35]</a> The ruler sent his younger brother to become Perak's third monarch. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin_Shah_of_Perak" title="Ahmad Tajuddin Shah of Perak">Ahmad Tajuddin Shah</a> ruled Perak for seven years, maintaining the unbroken lineage of the Malacca dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-35">[35]</a> Although Perak did fall under the authority of the Acehnese Sultanate, it remained entirely independent of Siamese control for over two hundred years from 1612,<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> in contrast with its neighbour, Kedah, and many of the Malay sultanates in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which became <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary states</a> of Siam.<a href="#cite_note-Blagden1925-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-44">[44]</a> In 1620, the Acehnese sultanate <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_conquest_of_Perak" title="Acehnese conquest of Perak">invaded</a> Perak and captured its sultan. When Sultan <a href="/wiki/Salehuddin_of_Perak" title="Salehuddin of Perak">Sallehuddin Riayat Shah</a> died without an heir in 1635, a state of uncertainty prevailed in Perak. This was exacerbated by a deadly <a href="/wiki/Cholera_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera epidemic">cholera epidemic</a> that swept through the state, killing many royal family members.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-35">[35]</a> Perak chieftains were left with no alternative but to turn to Aceh's Sultan <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Thani" title="Iskandar Thani">Iskandar Thani</a>, who sent his relative, Raja Sulong, to become the new Sultan of Perak as <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_II_of_Perak" title="Muzaffar Shah II of Perak">Muzaffar Shah II</a>. Aceh's influence on Perak began to wane when the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) arrived, in the mid-17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-41">[41]</a> When Perak refused to enter into a contract with the VOC as its northern neighbours had done, a blockade of the Perak River halted the tin trade, causing suffering among Aceh's merchants.<a href="#cite_note-Prakash1998-45">[45]</a> In 1650, Aceh's Sultana <a href="/wiki/Taj_ul-Alam" title="Taj ul-Alam">Taj ul-Alam</a> ordered Perak to sign an agreement with the VOC, on the condition that the tin trade would be conducted exclusively with Aceh's merchants.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prakash1998-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> By the following year, the VOC had secured a monopoly over the tin trade, setting up a store in Perak.<a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-48">[48]</a> Following long competition between Aceh and the VOC over Perak's tin trade,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> on 15 December 1653, the two parties jointly signed a treaty with Perak granting the Dutch exclusive rights to tin extracted from mines located in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Sultanate_of_Perak_background-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg/220px-Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg/330px-Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg/440px-Dutch_Fort_Pulau_Pangkor_2007_020_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>The 1670 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fort" title="Dutch Fort">Dutch Fort</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Island" title="Pangkor Island">Pangkor Island</a>, built as a <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> ore warehouse by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a><a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-48">[48]</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fort" title="Dutch Fort">fort</a> was built on <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Island" title="Pangkor Island">Pangkor Island</a> in 1670 as a warehouse to store tin ore mined in Perak even though Perak nobles had destroyed an earlier store structure, on orders from the Dutch base in <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-48">[48]</a> This warehouse was also destroyed in further attacks in 1690, but was repaired when the Dutch returned with reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-48">[48]</a> In 1699, when the regional dominant Sultanate of Johor lost its last Malaccan dynasty sultan, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud II of Johor">Mahmud Shah II</a>, Perak now had the sole claim of being the final heir of the Sultanate of Malacca. However, Perak could not match the prestige and power of either the Malacca or Johor Sultanates.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> The early 18th century started with 40 years of civil war where rival princes were bolstered by local chiefs, the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> and Minang, fighting for a share of the tin revenue. The Bugis and several Perak chiefs were successful in ousting the Perak ruler, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III in 1743.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> In 1747, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III, now only holding power in the area of Upper Perak, signed a treaty with Dutch Commissioner Ary Verbrugge under which Perak's ruler recognised the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade, agreed to sell all tin ore to Dutch traders, and allowed the Dutch to build a new warehouse fort on the Perak River estuary.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> With construction of the new warehouse near the Perak River (also known as Sungai Perak), the old warehouse was abandoned permanently and left in ruins.<a href="#cite_note-Pangkor_Island_Dutch_Fort-48">[48]</a> The mid-18th century saw Sultan Muzaffar ruling inland Perak while the coastal region was ruled by Raja Iskandar, animosity grew between the two as Raja Iskandar was unable to reach the tin-bearing highlands while the sultan had restricted access to the strait. Reconciliation occurred later with Iskandar's marriage to the sultan's daughter. His accession in 1752 saw unprecedented peace in Perak, especially due to an alliance (which lasted until 1795) with the Dutch to protect Perak against external attacks.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_(1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg/220px-Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg/330px-Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg/440px-Image_from_page_833_of_%22Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula%22_%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Semang from <a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">Gerik</a> or Janing, Perak, 1906</figcaption></figure>When repeated <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_wars" title="Burmese–Siamese wars">Burmese invasions</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1765–67)">destruction and defeat</a> of the Siamese <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> in 1767 by the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a>, neighbouring Malay tributary states began to assert their independence from Siam.<a href="#cite_note-Schliesinger2017-54">[54]</a> To further develop Perak's tin mines, the Dutch administration suggested that its 17th sultan, Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda, should allow <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese miners</a> into Perak. The sultan himself encouraged the scheme in 1776, requesting that additional Chinese workers be sent from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a> in 1780 adversely affected the tin trade in Perak, and many Chinese miners left.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In a move which angered the Siamese court, neighbouring Kedah's Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Mukarram_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Abdullah Mukarram Shah of Kedah">Abdullah Mukarram Shah</a> then entered into an agreement with the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC), <a href="/wiki/Concession_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession (territory)">ceding</a> <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> to the British in 1786 in exchange for protection.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2019-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016182_Groepsportret_met_lokale_bestuurders_in_Perak_Auteur_Marie-Fran%C3%BEois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_(1840_-_1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016182_Groepsportret_met_lokale_bestuurders_in_Perak_Auteur_Marie-Fran%C3%BEois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016182_Groepsportret_met_lokale_bestuurders_in_Perak_Auteur_Marie-Fran%C3%BEois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016182_Groepsportret_met_lokale_bestuurders_in_Perak_Auteur_Marie-Fran%C3%BEois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> group, Perak, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880–1881<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> Siam regained strength under the <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a>, after freeing itself from Burmese occupation. After repelling another <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1785%E2%80%931786)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786)">large-scale Burmese invasion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a>) led by <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a>, as the successor of the Thonburi Kingdom, turned its attention to its insubordinate southern Malay subjects, fearing renewed attacks from Burma along the western seaboard of the Malay Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Blagden1925-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_relations-61">[61]</a> Attention to the south was also needed because of disunity and rivalries among the various southern tributary sultanates, stemming from personal conflicts and a reluctance to submit to Siamese authority.<a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_relations-61">[61]</a> One example of this resistance was the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Pattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Pattani">Sultanate of Pattani</a> under Sultan Muhammad, who refused to aid Siam during the Siamese war of liberation. This led Rama I's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Boworn_Maha_Surasinghanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Boworn Maha Surasinghanat">Prince Surasi</a>, to attack Pattani in 1786. Many Malays were killed, and survivors were taken to the Siamese stronghold in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok#Rattanakosin" title="History of Bangkok">Bangkok</a> as <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schliesinger2017-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Siam's subjugation of Pattani served as a warning to the other Malay tributary states, particularly Kedah, they too having been forced to provide thousands of men, and food supplies, throughout the Siamese resistance campaign against the Burmese.<a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_encounter-64">[64]</a> In 1795, the Dutch temporarily withdrew from Malacca for the duration of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in Europe. Malacca's authority was transferred to the British <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> When war ended, the Dutch returned to administer Malacca in 1818.<a href="#cite_note-CasparisGraaf1900-66">[66]</a> In 1818, the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade in Perak was renewed, with the signing of a new recognition treaty.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty-67">[67]</a> The same year, when Perak refused to send a <a href="/wiki/Bunga_mas" title="Bunga mas">bunga mas</a> tribute to the Siamese court, <a href="/wiki/Rama_II_of_Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama II of Siam">Rama II of Siam</a> had Kedah attack Perak. The Sultanate of Kedah knew the intention behind the order was to weaken ties between fellow Malay states,<a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_encounter-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-BegbieBanerjee1834-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall1981-69">[69]</a> but complied, unable to resist Siam's further territorial expansion into inland Hulu Perak. Siam's tributary Malay state, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Kingdom of Reman</a>, then illegally operated tin mines in Klian Intan, angering the Sultan of Perak and provoking a dispute that escalated into civil war. Reman, aided by Siam, succeeded in controlling several inland districts.<a href="#cite_note-Reman_occupied_districts-70">[70]</a> In 1821, Siam invaded and <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">conquered</a> the Sultanate of Kedah, angered by a breach of trust.<a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_relations-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kedah-Siam_encounter-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2002-71">[71]</a> The exiled Sultan of Kedah turned to the British to help him regain his throne, despite Britain's policy of non-engagement in expensive minor wars in the Malay Peninsula at the time, which the EIC upheld through the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall1981-69">[69]</a> Siam's subsequent plan to extend its conquests to the southern territory of Perak<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-CasparisGraaf1900-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall1981-69">[69]</a> failed after Perak defeated the Siamese forces with the aid of mixed <a href="/wiki/Bugis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis people">Bugis</a> and Malay reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sultanate">Sultanate of Selangor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Andaya1982-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stearn2019-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-BegbieBanerjee1834-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw2002-71">[71]</a> As an expression of gratitude to Selangor for assisting it to defeat Siam, Perak authorised Raja Hasan of Selangor to collect <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> in its territory. This power, however, was soon misused, causing conflict between the two sultanates.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_protectorate">British protectorate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British protectorate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Residents_of_Perak" title="List of British Residents of Perak">List of British Residents of Perak</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Peta_negeri_reman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1899 Malay Peninsula map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peta_negeri_reman.jpg/234px-Peta_negeri_reman.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peta_negeri_reman.jpg/351px-Peta_negeri_reman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peta_negeri_reman.jpg/468px-Peta_negeri_reman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="543" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1899 map showing neighbouring Malay states Kedah, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantan Sultanate">Kelantan</a>, Perlis and Terengganu, which sent a <a href="/wiki/Bunga_mas" title="Bunga mas">bunga mas</a> to the Siamese court every three years before their cession to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> under the 1909 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a>. Perak's interior shown under Siamese tributary the <a href="/wiki/Reman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reman Kingdom">Reman Kingdom</a>, before recovery with British help in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-Reman_occupied_districts-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-1912_Perak_details-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak-75">[75]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Malaya-_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya;_with_a_specially_compiled_map,_numerous_illustrations_reproduced_from_photographs_and_a_frontispiece_in_(14581039678).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1907 Malay Peninsula map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Malaya-_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B_with_a_specially_compiled_map%2C_numerous_illustrations_reproduced_from_photographs_and_a_frontispiece_in_%2814581039678%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Malaya-_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B_with_a_specially_compiled_map%2C_numerous_illustrations_reproduced_from_photographs_and_a_frontispiece_in_%2814581039678%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_Malaya-_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B_with_a_specially_compiled_map%2C_numerous_illustrations_reproduced_from_photographs_and_a_frontispiece_in_%2814581039678%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2477" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1907 British map of the Malay Peninsula, showing Perak (green outline), the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> including Dindings (red), northern Malay Siamese tributary states (yellow), and Sultanates of Pahang and <a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sultanate">Selangor</a> (brown and orange)</div></div></div></div></div> When the EIC established a British presence in Penang, the British already had a trading post in <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">Singapore</a>, avoiding involvement in the affairs of the nearby Malay sultanates.<a href="#cite_note-Mackay2005-76">[76]</a> In 1822, the British authority in <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">India</a> sent British diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a> to Siam to negotiate trade concessions and gather information with a view to restoring the Sultan of Kedah to the throne. The mission failed.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 1823, the Sultanates of Perak and Selangor signed a joint agreement to block the Dutch tin monopoly in their territories.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty-67">[67]</a> EIC policy shifted with the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> in 1824 with Siam becoming an important ally.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1981-69">[69]</a> Through its governor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fullerton" title="Robert Fullerton">Robert Fullerton</a>, Penang tried to convince the main EIC authority in India to continue helping the Sultan of Kedah to regain his throne.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Throughout 1824, Siam aimed to expand its control towards Perak and Selangor.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The dispute between the British and Dutch formally ceased when Dutch Malacca in the Malay Peninsula was exchanged with <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British Bencoolen</a> in Sumatra, both parties agreeing to limit their sphere of influence through the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In July 1825, an initial negotiation was held between Siam, represented by their tributary state the <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat#History" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Kingdom of Ligor</a>, and the EIC.<a href="#cite_note-British-Siam_negotiation-81">[81]</a> The King of Ligor promised that Siam would not send its armada to Perak and Selangor, resolving the issue of its attacks. The British renounced any aspiration of conquering Perak or interfering in its administration, promising to prevent Raja Hasan of Selangor from making trouble in Perak, and to try to reconcile the differences between Selangor and Ligor.<a href="#cite_note-British-Siam_negotiation-81">[81]</a> A month later, in August 1825, Sultan of Selangor <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Shah_of_Selangor" title="Ibrahim Shah of Selangor">Ibrahim Shah</a> signed a friendship and peace treaty with the EIC, represented by John Anderson, ending the long feud between the governments of Selangor and Perak.<a href="#cite_note-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty-82">[82]</a> Under the treaty, Selangor gave assurances to the British that it would not interfere in the affairs of Perak; the border between Perak and Selangor was finalised; and Raja Hasan of Selangor was to be immediately exiled from Perak, paving the way for peace between the two Malay states and the resolution of the power struggle between the British and Siam.<a href="#cite_note-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangkor_Island,_Perak,_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg/220px-Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg/330px-Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg/440px-Pangkor_Island%2C_Perak%2C_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Pangkor Island within Dindings in the British Straits Settlements, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1874</figcaption></figure> In 1826, the Kingdom of Ligor broke its promise and attempted to conquer Perak. A small British expeditionary force thwarted the attack. The Sultan of Perak then ceded to the British Dindings and Pangkor (the two now constitute <a href="/wiki/Manjung_District" title="Manjung District">Manjung District</a>) so that the British could suppress <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirate</a> activity along the Perak coast where it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2019-59">[59]</a> The same year, the British and Siam concluded the <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a>, signed by British Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Burney" title="Henry Burney">Henry Burney</a> and the Siamese government, the British agreed not to intercede in the affairs of Kedah despite their friendly relations with Kedah's ruler, and the Siamese agreed not to attack Perak or Selangor.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_tin_miners_in_Perak,_late_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg/220px-Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg/330px-Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg/440px-Women_tin_miners_in_Perak%2C_late_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Women of different ethnic groups in Perak; the majority <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a>, with some <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a> employed as <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> miners in the late 19th century</figcaption></figure> The discovery of tin in Larut and rapid growth of the tin ore trade in the 19th century saw an increasing influx of Chinese labour. Later, rivalry developed between two Chinese <a href="/wiki/Secret_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret societies">secret societies</a>. This, coupled with internal political strife between two faction of Perak's local Malay rulers, escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Larut_Wars" title="Larut Wars">Larut Wars</a> in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> After 21 years wars, neighbouring Kedah freed itself from full Siamese rule in 1843, although it remained a Siamese tributary state until 1909.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2019-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-BegbieBanerjee1834-68">[68]</a> By 1867, the link between the Straits Settlements on the Malay coast and the British authority in India was broken, with separate administration and the transfer of the respective territories to the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mackay2005-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaties_of_1870%E2%80%931871" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–1871">Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–1871</a> enabled the Dutch to consolidate control over Aceh in Sumatra. This later escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg/125px-SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg/188px-SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg/250px-SultanAbdullahPerak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Raja <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Muhammad_Shah_II_of_Perak" title="Abdullah Muhammad Shah II of Perak">Abdullah Muhammad Shah II</a>, whose request for British intervention in Perak's affairs resulted in the 1874 <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty</a><a href="#cite_note-1874_Pangkor_Treaty-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty-90">[90]</a></figcaption></figure>Internal conflicts ensued in Perak. In 1873, the ruler of one of Perak's two local Malay factions, Raja <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Muhammad_Shah_II_of_Perak" title="Abdullah Muhammad Shah II of Perak">Abdullah Muhammad Shah II</a>, wrote to the Governor of the Straits Settlements, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Clarke_(British_Army_officer,_born_1824)" title="Andrew Clarke (British Army officer, born 1824)">Andrew Clarke</a>, requesting British assistance.<a href="#cite_note-1874_Pangkor_Treaty-89">[89]</a> This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Treaty of Pangkor</a>, signed on Pangkor Island on 20 January 1874, under which the British recognised Abdullah as the legitimate Sultan of Perak.<a href="#cite_note-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty-90">[90]</a> In return, the treaty provided for direct British intervention through the appointment of a Resident who would advise the sultan on all matters except religion and customs, and oversee revenue collection and general administration, including maintenance of peace and order.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.,_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif/lossy-page1-220px-KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif/lossy-page1-330px-KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif/lossy-page1-440px-KITLV_-_3608_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Members_of_the_first_meeting_of_the_Federal_Conference_in_Kuala_Kangsar_in_Perak_-_1897-07-14.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3849" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption>First Federal Conference after Perak joined the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">FMS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> held in Kuala Kangsar as a mark of British regard for Sultan <a href="/wiki/Idris_Murshidul_Azzam_Shah_of_Perak" title="Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah of Perak">Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1897<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></figcaption></figure>The treaty marked the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">British residential system</a>, with Perak going on to become part of the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> (FMS) in 1895. It was also a shift from the previous British policy of non-intervention in Perak's affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2019-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-1874_Pangkor_Treaty-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-signing_of_1874_Pangkor_Treaty-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-1912_Perak_details-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_W._W._Birch" title="James W. W. Birch">James W. W. Birch</a> was appointed as Perak's first <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Residents_of_Perak" title="List of British Residents of Perak">British Resident</a>. His inability to understand and communicate well with the locals, ignorance of Malay customs, and disparagement of the efforts of the sultan and his dignitaries to implement British tax control and collection systems caused resentment. Local nationalist <a href="/wiki/Lela_Pandak_Lam" title="Lela Pandak Lam">Maharaja Lela</a> and the new monarch, Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, opposed him, and the following year, in 1875, Birch was assassinated through a conspiracy of local Malay dignitaries Seputum, Pandak Indut, Che Gondah, and Ngah Ahmad.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The assassination angered the British authority, and following anti-British uprisings in several areas, a major military campaign was fought by the British in Perak in 1875-76. The perpetrators were arrested and executed and the sultan and his chiefs, also suspected of involvement in the plot, were <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">banished</a> to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#British_rule" title="History of Seychelles">British Seychelles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-Scarr2000-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-innocent_Sultan_of_Perak-96">[96]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png/220px-The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png/330px-The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png/440px-The_Author%27s_first_ride_in_Perak.png 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>British female explorer, naturalist and writer <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Bird" title="Isabella Bird">Isabella Bird</a> led by two local men in her first ride on elephant in Perak, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1883</figcaption></figure> During his exile, the sultan had use of a government-owned residence at Union Vale in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_Seychelles" title="Mahé, Seychelles">Mahé</a>. The other exiled chiefs were given allowances, but remained under strict surveillance. The sultan and his chiefs were temporarily relocated to <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Island" title="Félicité Island">Félicité Island</a> for five years, before being allowed to return to Victoria in 1882 when turmoil in Perak had subsided. The sultan led a quiet life in the Seychellois community, and had communications access to <a href="/wiki/State_House_(Seychelles)" class="mw-redirect" title="State House (Seychelles)">Government House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-correspondence-97">[97]</a> After many years, the Sultan was pardoned following petitioning by the Seychellois and correspondence between W. H. Hawley of Government House, Mauritius, and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland,_1st_Viscount_Knutsford" title="Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford">Henry Holland</a>. He was allowed to return to the Malay Peninsula, and spent most of his later life in Singapore and Penang before returning to <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar_(town)" title="Kuala Kangsar (town)">Kuala Kangsar</a> in Perak in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-correspondence-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_(1840_-_1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/220px-Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/330px-Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg/440px-Collectie_NM_van_Wereldculturen_TM-60016187_Foto_Auteur_Marie-Francois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore_Brau_de_Saint-Pol_Lias_%281840_-_1914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7356" data-file-height="5057" /></a><figcaption>Group portrait of 4th British Resident <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Low" title="Hugh Low">Hugh Low</a> and two Perak and Larut Malay rajas, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880–1881</figcaption></figure>British Resident in Perak <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Low" title="Hugh Low">Hugh Low</a> proved an effective administrator, preferring to adopt a generous approach that avoided confrontation with local leaders. As a result, he was able to secure the co-operation of many rajas and village <a href="/wiki/Penghulu" title="Penghulu">penghulu</a> with his policy rather than resorting to force, despite giving transport infrastructure little attention during his term.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin2004-100">[100]</a> In 1882, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Swettenham" title="Frank Swettenham">Frank Swettenham</a> succeeded Low for a second term as the Resident of Perak. During his mandate, Perak's rail and road infrastructure was put in place. Increasing numbers of labourers were brought from India, primarily to work as railway and municipal <a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">coolies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin2004-100">[100]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png/220px-Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png/330px-Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png/440px-Groepsportret_van_meisjes_uit_Kuala_Kangsar.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Perak <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay</a> girls in <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">traditional dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar_(town)" title="Kuala Kangsar (town)">Kuala Kangsar</a>, image pre-1921</figcaption></figure>The British introduced several changes to the local political structure, exerting influence on the appointment of the sultan and restricting the power of his chiefs to Malay local matters. The sultan and his chiefs were no longer entitled to collect taxes, but received a monthly allowance from the state treasury in compensation.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">[101]</a> British intervention marked the beginning of Perak's transition from a primarily Malay society to a multi-ethnic one. The new style of government worked to promote a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market-driven economy</a>, maintain law and order, and combat <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, seen by the British as an obstacle to economic development and incompatible with a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist economy">capitalist economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">[101]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a>, signed in Bangkok in 1909, Siam ceded its northern Malay tributary states of Kedah, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantan Sultanate">Kelantan</a>, Perlis, and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Terengganu Sultanate">Terengganu</a> and nearby islands to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> . Exceptions were the <a href="/wiki/Patani_(historical_region)" title="Patani (historical region)">Patani</a> region, which remained under Siamese rule, and Perak, which regained the previously lost inland territory that became the <a href="/wiki/Hulu_Perak_District" title="Hulu Perak District">Hulu Perak District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reman_occupied_districts-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak-75">[75]</a> The treaty terms stipulated that the British, through their government of the FMS, would assume responsibility for all debts owed to Siam by the four ceded Malay states, and relinquish British <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial rights</a> in Siam.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malayan Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Battle of Kampar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slim_River" title="Battle of Slim River">Battle of Slim River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg/220px-1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg/330px-1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg/440px-1942_Japanese_World_War_II_Map_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_and_Singapore_-_Geographicus_-_Kamatchka-japanese-1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3298" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese characters">Japanese characters</a> map of Malaya under the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">occupation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1942</figcaption></figure> There had been a <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Japanese">Japanese community</a> in Perak since 1893, managing the bus service between the town of <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batu_Gajah" title="Batu Gajah">Batu Gajah</a>, and running <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kinta_District" title="Kinta District">Kinta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-55">[55]</a> There were a number of other Japanese-run businesses in Ipoh, including <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo studio">photo studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">laundries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barber" title="Barber">barbers</a>, and hotels. Activity increased as a result of the close relationship created by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-55">[55]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Type_97_Te-Ke_tankette" title="Type 97 Te-Ke tankette">Type 97 Te-Ke</a> tanks, followed by their <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_infantry" title="Bicycle infantry">bicycle infantry</a>, advancing during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Battle of Kampar</a>, December 1941</figcaption></figure>Early in July 1941, a <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Ceylonese Malay</a> policeman serving under the British administration in Perak raised an alert after a Japanese business owner living in the same building told him that <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan">Japanese troops</a> were on their way, approaching not around Singapore from the sea, as expected by the British, but from <a href="/wiki/Kota_Bharu" title="Kota Bharu">Kota Bharu</a> in Kelantan, with <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_infantry" title="Bicycle infantry">bicycle infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubber_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber boat">rubber boats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-55">[55]</a> The policeman informed the British Chief Police Officer in Ipoh, but his claim was laughed off.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-55">[55]</a> By 26 December 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (IJA) had arrived in Ipoh, the capital, moving southwards from Thailand. The following day they went on to <a href="/wiki/Taiping,_Perak" title="Taiping, Perak">Taiping</a>, leaving destruction and heavy casualties in their wake.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-103">[103]</a> The British forces, retreating from the north of the Malay Peninsula under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Heath" title="Lewis Heath">Lewis Heath</a>, had moved a further 80–100 miles (130–160 km) to the Perak River (Sungai Perak), damaging the route behind them to slow the Japanese advance.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-103">[103]</a> With the approval of Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Percival" title="Arthur Percival">Arthur Percival</a>, the British mounted a defensive stand near the river mouth and in <a href="/wiki/Kampar,_Perak" title="Kampar, Perak">Kampar</a>, leaving the towns of Ipoh, Kuala Kangsar and Taiping unguarded.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-103">[103]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station,_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents,_WWII_(23916855204).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg/220px-Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg/330px-Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg/440px-Residents_of_Penang_at_Ipoh_Station%2C_Perak_having_refreshments_from_local_residents%2C_WWII_%2823916855204%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>European administrator civilians from Penang having their break in Ipoh Station before proceeding south to Singapore during the war, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1941</figcaption></figure>Most civil administrations were closed down, since the European administrators and civilians evacuated south.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-103">[103]</a> By mid-December, the Japanese had reached <a href="/wiki/Kroh" title="Kroh">Kroh</a> in the interior of Perak, moving in from Kota Bharu in Kelantan. The Japanese arrived both from the east and by boat along the western coast.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-103">[103]</a> Within 16 days of their first landings, they had captured the entire northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The British were left trying to blockade the main road heading south from Ipoh. While the defending troops briefly slowed the Japanese at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Battle of Kampar</a> and at the mouth of the Perak River, the Japanese advance along the trunk road, followed up with bombing and water-borne incursions, forced the British to retreat further south.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1987-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar,_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg/220px-Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg/330px-Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg/440px-Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> infantry of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian Army</a> serving alongside <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a> troops during a fierce battle against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (IJA) in Kampar, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1941–1942</figcaption></figure>The Japanese occupied all of Malaya and Singapore. Tokugawa Yoshichika, of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa clan</a> whose ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shoguns</a> who ruled Japan from the 16th to 19th centuries, proposed a plan for reform. Under its terms, <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate#Modern_Johore_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a>, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang, and Perlis would be restored and federated. Johor would control Perak, Selangor, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, and Malacca. An 800-square-mile (2,100 km2) area in southern Johor would be incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a> for defence purposes.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In the context of the military alliance between Japan and Thailand and their joint participation in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> against the Allied forces, in 1943 the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> gave Thailand its former Malay tributary states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu, which had been ceded to the British under the 1909 treaty. These territories were then administered as Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Four Malay States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: สี่รัฐมาลัย), with Japanese troops maintaining a presence.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kratoska1998-107">[107]</a> Perak suffered under harsh military control, restricted movement, and tight surveillance throughout the Japanese occupation and until 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The press in occupied Malaya, including the English-language occupation-era newspaper The Perak Times, was entirely under the control of the <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dmei_Tsushin" title="Dōmei Tsushin">Dōmei News Agency</a> (Dōmei Tsushin), publishing <a href="/wiki/Japanese_propaganda_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese propaganda during World War II">Japanese-related war propaganda</a>. The Dōmei News Agency also printed newspapers in Malay, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, and Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> stayed in the interior during the occupation. Much of their community was befriended by <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party#World_War_II" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party guerrillas</a>, who protected them from outsiders in return for information on the Japanese and their food supplies.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan2008-110">[110]</a> Strong resistance came mainly from the ethnic Chinese community, whilst some Malays collaborated with the Japanese through the <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Melayu_Muda" title="Kesatuan Melayu Muda">Kesatuan Melayu Muda</a> (KMM) movement for Malayan independence. But Malay support waned with increasingly harsh Japanese treatment of civilians during the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Two Chinese <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> organisations operated within Perak in northern Malaya. One, the Overseas Chinese Anti-Japanese Army (OCAJA), was aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. The other, the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a> (MPAJA), was closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. Although both opposed the Japanese, there were clashes between the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-Kratoska2018-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sybil_Kathigasu" title="Sybil Kathigasu">Sybil Kathigasu</a>, a Eurasian nurse and member of the Perak resistance, was tortured after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a> military police discovered a clandestine <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave radio</a> set in her home.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> John Davis, an officer of the British commando <a href="/wiki/Force_136" title="Force 136">Force 136</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE), trained local guerrillas prior to the Japanese invasion at the 101 Special Training School in Singapore, where he sought Chinese recruits for their commando teams.<a href="#cite_note-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya-115">[115]</a> Under the codename Operation Gustavus, Davis and five Chinese agents landed on the Perak coast north of Pangkor Island on 24 May 1943. They established a base camp in the Segari Hills, from which they moved to the plains to set up an intelligence network in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya-115">[115]</a> In September 1943, they met and agreed to co-operate with the MPAJA, which then provided Force 136 with support and manpower. This first intelligence network collapsed, when many of its leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Lim_Bo_Seng" title="Lim Bo Seng">Lim Bo Seng</a>, were caught, tortured and killed by the Kempeitai in June 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Operation_Gustavus_in_Malaya-115">[115]</a> On 16 December 1944, a second intelligence network, comprising five Malay SOE agents and two British liaison officers, Major Peter G. Dobree and Captain Clifford, was <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachuted</a> into Padang Cermin, near <a href="/wiki/Temenggor_Lake" title="Temenggor Lake">Temenggor Lake</a> Dam in Hulu Perak under the codename Operation Hebrides. Its main objective was to set up wireless communications between Malaya and Force 136 headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a>, after the MPAJA's failure to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Kratoska1998-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_and_independence">Post-war and independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war and independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg/220px-The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg/330px-The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg/440px-The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE6126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Suspected communist collaborators, believed involved in murders of civilians in Kuala Kangsar, under guard during an operation by the <a href="/wiki/53rd_Indian_Brigade" title="53rd Indian Brigade">53rd Indian Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Infantry Division (India)">25th Indian Division</a>), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1945</figcaption></figure> The Malay states became unstable following Japan's surrender to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in 1945. This was exacerbated by the emergence of nationalism and a popular demand for independence as the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration</a> took over from 1945 to 1946 to maintain peace and order, before the British began introducing new administrative systems under the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_brief_history-24">[24]</a> The four Malay states held by Thailand during the war were returned to the British. This was done under a proposal by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, offering Thailand admission to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) and a substantial American aid package to support its economy after the war.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The MPAJA, under the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Malaya">Communist Party of Malaya</a> (CPM), had fought alongside the British against the Japanese, and most of its members received awards at the end of the war. However, party policy become radicalised under the authority of Perak-born <a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a>, who took over the CPM administration after former leader <a href="/wiki/Lai_Teck" title="Lai Teck">Lai Teck</a> disappeared with party funds.<a href="#cite_note-Kantowicz2000-118">[118]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min,_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_(AWM_4281801).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG/180px-Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG/270px-Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG/360px-Outdoor_portrait_of_Lee_Min%2C_leader_of_the_communist_Kepayang_Gang_in_the_Ipoh_district_in_1951_%28AWM_4281801%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Notorious <a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">MLNA</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Lee_Meng" title="Lee Meng">Lee Meng</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kinta_District" title="Kinta District">Ipoh District</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1951<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></figcaption></figure>Under Chin's authority, the MPAJA killed those they considered to have been Japanese collaborators during the war, who were mainly Malays. This sparked <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">racial conflict</a> and Malay retaliation. Death squads were also dispatched by the CPM to murder European plantation owners in Perak, and <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> leaders in <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>. The Malayan government's subsequent declaration of a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> on 18 June 1948 marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kantowicz2000-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Perak and Johor became the main strongholds of the communist movement, the former through native-born figureheads like <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_CD" title="Abdullah CD">Abdullah CD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Maidin" title="Rashid Maidin">Rashid Maidin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-radhub-121">[121]</a> In the early stages their actions were not co-ordinated, and the security forces were able to counter them.<a href="#cite_note-Malayan_Communist_Insurgency-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Earlier in 1947, the head of the Perak's <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation_department#Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal investigation department">Criminal Investigation Department</a>, H. J. Barnard, negotiated an arrangement with the Kuomintang-influenced OCAJA leader <a href="/wiki/Leong_Yew_Koh" title="Leong Yew Koh">Leong Yew Koh</a>. This resulted in most OCAJA members being absorbed into the national Special Constabulary, and fighting against the MPAJA's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Races_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Races Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> (MNLA).<a href="#cite_note-Kratoska2018-112">[112]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant,_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg/220px-Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg/330px-Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg/440px-Sir_Gerald_Templer_and_his_assistant%2C_Major_Lord_Wynford_inspecting_the_members_of_Kinta_Valley_Home_Guard_in_Perak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a> and his assistant, Major Lord Wynford, inspecting the Kinta Valley Home Guard (KVHG), Perak, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1952</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Kinta_Valley" title="Kinta Valley">Kinta Valley</a>, one of the richest tin mining areas in Malaya, accounted for most of the country's tin exports to the United States. On 1 May 1952, the Perak Chinese Tin Mining Association established the Kinta Valley Home Guard (KVHG) to protect it from the communists. Often described as a private Chinese Army, most of the KVHG's Chinese members had links to the Kuomintang.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Many of the Kuomintang guerrillas were absorbed from the Lenggong area, where there were also members of Chinese secret societies whose main purpose was to defend Chinese private property against the communists.<a href="#cite_note-KhooLubis2005-55">[55]</a> Throughout the first emergency the British authorities and their Malayan collaborators fought against the communists. This continued even after the proclamation of the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, on 31 August 1957. As a result, most of the communist guerrillas were successfully pushed across the northern border into Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-Malayan_Communist_Insurgency-122">[122]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">radical left</a> nationalist movements started in Perak like those under <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Boestamam" title="Ahmad Boestamam">Ahmad Boestamam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_al-Helmy" title="Burhanuddin al-Helmy">Burhanuddin al-Helmy</a>; but were eventually overwhelmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a>'s local mobilization in the same decade.<a href="#cite_note-radhub-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></div> In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, sought to unite Malaya with the British colonies of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Federation of Malaysia</a> came into being on 16 September 1963, despite growing opposition from the governments of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and from communist sympathisers and nationalists in Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The Indonesian government later initiated a "policy of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">confrontation</a>" against the new state.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> This prompted the British, and their allies <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, to deploy armed forces, although no skirmishes arising from the Indonesian attacks occurred around Perak.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">second communist insurgency</a> began in the Malay Peninsula in 1968. This affected Perak mainly through attacks from Hulu Perak by the communist insurgents who had previously retreated to the Thai border.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The Perak State Information Office launched two types of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> to counter the increasing <a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">communist propaganda</a> disseminated from the insurgents' hide-out. The campaign against the second insurgency was carried out as two separate efforts, because communist activities in Perak were split into two factions. One faction involved infiltrators from across the Thai border; the other was a communist group living among local inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> With the end of British rule in Malaya and the subsequent formation of the Federation of Malaysia, new factories were built and many new suburbs developed in Perak. But there was also rising <a href="/wiki/Radicalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalisation">radicalism</a> among local Malay Muslims, with increasing <a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a> initiated by several religious organisations, and by Islamic preachers and intellectuals who caught the interest of both Malay royalty and commoners.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Good relations with the country's rulers resulted in Islamic scholars being appointed as palace officers and dignitaries, teachers, and religious judges, contributing to the further spread of Islam. Islam is now seen as a major factor that shaped current attitudes towards standing up for Malay rights.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> Perak has a total land area of 20,976 square kilometres (8,099 sq mi), and is situated in the west of the Malay Peninsula on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statistics-1">[1]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) extends into the Strait.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> It is the second largest Malaysian state on the Malay Peninsula, and the fourth largest in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The state has 230 kilometres (140 mi) of coastline, of which 140.2 kilometres (87.1 mi) are affected by <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a> forests grow along most of Perak's coast, with the exception of Pangkor Island, with its rich <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, where several of the country's <a href="/wiki/Forest_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest reserve">forest reserves</a> are located.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg/220px-Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg/330px-Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg/440px-Wohin_auswandern_malaysia_Taiping_Lake_Gardens_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Lake_Gardens" title="Taiping Lake Gardens">Taiping Lake Gardens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Larut" title="Bukit Larut">Bukit Larut</a>, formerly a mining ground</figcaption></figure>There is extensive <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swampland</a> along the coastal <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> zones of the west coast between central Perak and southern <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Perak has an overall total <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> of 1,027,404.31 hectares (2,538,771 acres), including 939,403.01 hectares (2,321,315 acres) of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">forest lands</a>, 41,616.75 hectares (102,837 acres) of mangroves, and another 2,116.55 hectares (5,230 acres) of forest plantations.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> A total of 995,284.96 hectares (2,459,403 acres) of forest has been gazetted by the state government as forest reserve, scattered across 68 areas throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg/220px-Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg/330px-Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg/440px-Limestone_hills_of_Tambun_near_the_Tibetan_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7096" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> hills, known as <a href="/wiki/Mogote" title="Mogote">mogotes</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Tambun" title="Tambun">Tambun</a>. Tambun is located within the <a href="/wiki/Karstic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karstic">karstic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinta_Valley_National_Geopark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinta Valley National Geopark (page does not exist)">Kinta Valley National Geopark</a>, where such a landform dominate the landscape.</figcaption></figure>Perak's geology is characterised by eruptive masses, which form its <a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a>. The state is divided by three <a href="/wiki/Mountain_chain" title="Mountain chain">mountain chains</a> into the three <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> of Kinta, Larut and Perak, running parallel to the coast.<a href="#cite_note-(U.S.)1895-146">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Titiwangsa_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Titiwangsa Range">Titiwangsa Range</a> passes along the eastern borders of Perak, with its highest point, the 2,183-metre (7,162 ft) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Korbu" title="Mount Korbu">Mount Korbu</a>, is located in the district of Kinta near the border with the state of Kelantan.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Other mountain ranges in Perak are the <a href="/wiki/Bintang_Mountains" title="Bintang Mountains">Bintang Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Keledang_Range" title="Keledang Range">Keledang Range</a>. Alluvium covers much of the plains, with detached masses of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> appearing at rare intervals.<a href="#cite_note-(U.S.)1895-146">[146]</a> An extensive network of rivers originates from the inland mountain ranges and hills.<a href="#cite_note-US_commercial_relations-34">[34]</a> Perak's borders with the states of Kedah, Penang and Selangor are marked by rivers, including the <a href="/wiki/Bernam_River" title="Bernam River">Bernam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerian_River" title="Kerian River">Kerian Rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Perak has 11 major <a href="/wiki/River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River basin">river basins</a> of more than 80 km (50 miles). Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Perak_River" title="Perak River">Perak River</a> basin is the largest, with an area of 14,908 km2 (5,756 sq mi), about 70% of the total area of the state. It is the second largest river basin on the Malay Peninsula, after the Pahang River basin.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The Perak River is the longest river in the state, at some 400 km (250 miles), and is the Malay Peninsula's second longest after the <a href="/wiki/Pahang_River" title="Pahang River">Pahang River</a>. It originates in the mountains of the Perak-Kelantan-<a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala</a> border, snaking down to the Strait of Malacca.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Other major rivers include the Beruas, Jarum Mas, Kurau, Larut, Manjung, Sangga Besar, Temerloh, and Tiram Rivers.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Perak is located in a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">tropical region</a> with a typically hot, humid and wet <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">equatorial climate</a>, and experiences significant rainfall throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The temperature remains fairly constant, between 21 and 27 °C (70 and 81 °F). <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a> is often above 80%.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Annual rainfall is about 3,000 millimetres (120 in), the central area of the state receiving an average of 5,000 mm (200 in) of rain.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The state experiences two <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> seasons: the northeast and southwest seasons. The northeast season occurs from November to March, the southwest from May to September, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and June. The northeast monsoon brings heavy rains, especially in the upper areas of Hulu Perak, causing floods.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Little effect of the southwest monsoon is felt in the Kinta Valley, although coastal areas of southern Perak occasionally experience <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorms">thunderstorms</a>, heavy rain and strong, gusting winds in the predawn and early morning.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landscapes of Perak</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Korbu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Korbu with surrounding vegetation"><img alt="Mount Korbu with surrounding vegetation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Korbu.jpg/240px-Mount_Korbu.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Korbu.jpg/360px-Mount_Korbu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Korbu.jpg/480px-Mount_Korbu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Korbu" title="Mount Korbu">Mount Korbu</a> with surrounding <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mirror Lake in Ipoh"><img alt="Mirror Lake in Ipoh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/270px-Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/405px-Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/540px-Mirror_Lake_in_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mirror Lake in Ipoh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forest Brook in Tapah Hills"><img alt="Forest Brook in Tapah Hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/271px-Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/406px-Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/541px-Forest_Brook_in_Tapah_Hills%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Forest Brook in Tapah Hills</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twilight in Lumut Beach"><img alt="Twilight in Lumut Beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/271px-Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/407px-Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/542px-Twilight_in_Lumut_Beach%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Twilight" title="Twilight">Twilight</a> in Lumut Beach</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Belum_Rainforest_Resort_Outdoor_Walkway%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Belum Rainforest Resort Outdoor Walkway on <a href="/wiki/Banding_Island" title="Banding Island">Banding Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Temenggor_Lake" title="Temenggor Lake">Temenggor Lake</a></figcaption></figure> The jungles of Perak are highly <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiverse</a>. The state's main natural park, <a href="/wiki/Belum-Temengor" title="Belum-Temengor">Royal Belum State Park</a>, covers an area of 117,500 hectares (290,349 acres) in northern Perak. It contains 18 species of <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toad</a>, 67 species of <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a>, more than 132 species of <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a>, 28 species of <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicada</a>, 97 species of <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moth</a>, and 41 species of <a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonfly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damselflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Damselflies">damselfly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The park was further gazetted as National Heritage Site by the federal government in 2012, and was inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia#Tentative_list" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia">World Heritage Site tentative list</a> of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Royal Belum State Park also hosts an estimated 304 <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species, including <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a> species, in addition to birds endemic to the three forest reserve areas of Pangkor Island.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Ten <a href="/wiki/Hornbill" title="Hornbill">hornbill</a> species are found within the area, including large flocks of the <a href="/wiki/Plain-pouched_hornbill" title="Plain-pouched hornbill">plain-pouched hornbill</a>. Mammal species include the <a href="/wiki/Seladang" class="mw-redirect" title="Seladang">Seladang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Malayan tiger</a>. The area is also notable for harbouring high concentrations of at least three <a href="/wiki/Rafflesia" title="Rafflesia">Rafflesia</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The Pulau Sembilan (Nine Islands) State Park in western Perak covers an area of 214,800 hectares (530,782 acres).<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a> are home to <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">coral reef fish</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In addition, 173 freshwater fish species have been identified as native to the state.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Another natural attraction, the tin-mining ponds in Kinta District, was gazetted as a state park in 2016. The Kinta Nature Park, Perak's third state park, covers an area of 395.56 hectares (977 acres).<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_(Ptychozoon_kuhli)_(8744026399).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg/220px-Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg/330px-Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg/440px-Kuhl%27s_Flying_Gecko_%28Ptychozoon_kuhli%29_%288744026399%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Kuhl's flying gecko (<a href="/wiki/Ptychozoon_kuhli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptychozoon kuhli">Ptychozoon kuhli</a>) in Tapah Hills</figcaption></figure> The government of Perak has stated its commitment to protecting its forests to ensure the survival of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered wildlife</a> species, and to protect biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The Perak Forestry Department is the state body responsible for forest management and preservation.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In 2013, the state planted some 10.9 million <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> under the "26 Million Tree Planting Campaign: One Citizen One Tree", associated with global <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Widespread conversion and reclamation of mangroves and <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> for economic and residential purposes has caused the rapid decline of shore birds, 86% of the reduction on the Malay Peninsula having occurred on Perak's coasts.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a> in forest reserve areas has caused a stark decline in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> populations. The Perak State Park Corporation estimates that there were only 23 <a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Malayan tigers</a> left within the state's two forest reserves of Royal Belum and Temenggor in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The state government of Perak has also been blamed in part for destroying forest reserves for the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> businesses. Records since 2009 reveal that more than 9,000 hectares (22,239 acres) of permanent forest reserves have been degazetted in the state, the latest occurring within the Bikam Permanent Forest Reserve in July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> A number of business activities permitted by the state government have caused environmental damage, including to many of Perak's rivers, which require extensive water treatment because of severe pollution.<a href="#cite_note-land-based_pollution_sources-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Between 1982 and 1994, the state government was embroiled in a <a href="/wiki/1982_Bukit_Merah_radioactive_pollution#Background" title="1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution">radioactive environmental pollution controversy</a> over the deaths of seven residents who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leukaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukaemia">leukaemia</a> resulting from exposure. The factory involved was only closed and cleaned up following lengthy court action by affected residents and increasing international pressure. No responsibility has been accepted by the associated companies, the state government, or the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Although Perak has the highest number of mangrove reserves of the Malay Peninsula states, with 19 reserves in the mangroves of Matang,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> growing uncontrolled clearance of mangroves for <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> projects and residential areas is causing significant <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> in addition to the damage resulting from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-land-based_pollution_sources-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_Politics">Government and Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government and Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Perak_State_Executive_Council" title="Perak State Executive Council">Perak State Executive Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Perak State Legislative Assembly">Perak State Legislative Assembly</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_State_Assembly_Representatives_(2018-)#Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018-)">Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018-) § Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Politics of Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_Perak" title="Order of precedence in Perak">Order of precedence in Perak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Perak" title="Menteri Besar of Perak">Menteri Besar of Perak</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:DUN_Perak_GE15.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perak State Assembly Composition"><img alt="Perak State Assembly Composition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DUN_Perak_GE15.svg/220px-DUN_Perak_GE15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DUN_Perak_GE15.svg/330px-DUN_Perak_GE15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/DUN_Perak_GE15.svg/440px-DUN_Perak_GE15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Affiliation </th> <th rowspan="2">Coalition/Party Leader </th> <th rowspan="2">Status </th> <th colspan="2">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perak_state_election,_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Perak state election, 2022">2022 election</a> </th> <th>Current </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarani_Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Saarani Mohammad">Saarani Mohammad</a> </td> <td>Government </td> <td>33 </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">Perikatan Nasional</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Razman_Zakaria" title="Razman Zakaria">Razman Zakaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Malaysia)" title="Opposition (Malaysia)">Opposition</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Total </th> <th>59 </th> <th>59 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Government majority </th> <th>7 </th> <th>7 </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/220px-Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/330px-Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/440px-Istana_Iskandariah_Bukit_Chandan_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istana_Iskandariah" title="Istana Iskandariah">Iskandariah Palace</a> on Chandan Hill, Kuala Kangsar</figcaption></figure> Perak is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, with a ruler elected by an electoral college composed of the major chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The sultan is the constitutional head of Perak. The current <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultan of Perak</a> is <a href="/wiki/Nazrin_Shah_of_Perak" title="Nazrin Shah of Perak">Nazrin Shah</a>, who acceded to the throne on 29 May 2014.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The main royal palace is the <a href="/wiki/Istana_Iskandariah" title="Istana Iskandariah">Iskandariah Palace</a> in Kuala Kangsar. Kinta Palace in Ipoh is used by the sultan as an occasional residence during official visits.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palaces_of_Perak-188">[188]</a> Other palaces in Ipoh include the Al-Ridhuan Palace, Cempaka Sari Palace, and Firuz Palace.<a href="#cite_note-Palaces_of_Perak-188">[188]</a> The state government is headed by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Menteris Besar of Perak">Menteri Besar</a> (Chief Minister), assisted by an 11-member <a href="/wiki/Perak_State_Executive_Council" title="Perak State Executive Council">Executive Council</a> (Exco) selected from the members of the <a href="/wiki/Perak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Perak State Legislative Assembly">Perak State Legislative Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The 59-seat Assembly is the legislative branch of Perak's government, responsible for making laws in matters regarding the state. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. Members of the Assembly are elected by citizens every five years by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. The Chief Minister is appointed on the basis of his or her ability to command a majority in the Assembly. The majority (33 seats) is currently held by <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (BN) and <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH). Prior to the major British overhaul of Perak's administration, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> was widely practised along with a type of <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> labour system, called kerah. The chief of a given area could call on his citizens to work as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> without pay, although under normal circumstances food was still provided.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak_under_the_British-190">[190]</a> The system was created to ensure the maintenance of the ruling class. It was often described as onerous and demanding, as there were times when the call to duty, and its duration, interfered with citizens' individual work.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak_under_the_British-190">[190]</a> The slaves were divided into two classes: <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debtor-bondsmen</a> and ordinary slaves. The debtor-bondsmen had the higher status, being ranked as free men and acknowledged as members of their masters' society. In contrast, the ordinary slaves had no prospect of status redemption. As Islam does not allow enslavement of fellow Muslims, the ordinary slaves came mainly from non-Muslim groups, especially the Orang Asli, <a href="/wiki/Batak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak people">Batak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">Africans</a> purchased by Malays on <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan2008-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak_under_the_British-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_administration_issues_and_subsequent_2009_constitutional_crisis">State administration issues and subsequent 2009 constitutional crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: State administration issues and subsequent 2009 constitutional crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2009_Perak_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Perak constitutional crisis">2009 Perak constitutional crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nizar_Jamaluddin_v_Zambry_Abdul_Kadir" title="Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin v Zambry Abdul Kadir">Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin v Zambry Abdul Kadir</a></div> The opposition <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a> (PR) coalition won Perak in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian general election, 2008">2008 general election</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party" title="Democratic Action Party">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP) had won the most seats of the opposition parties, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nizar_Jamaluddin" title="Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin">Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party">Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party</a> (PAS) was appointed Menteri Besar of the state.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> This happened because the state constitution states that the Menteri Besar must be a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, unless the sultan specially appoints a non-Muslim to the office.<a href="#cite_note-BernauerBochsler2014-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> As the DAP did not have any Muslim assemblymen in Perak at that time, the Menteri Besar had to come from one of its two allied parties, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">People's Justice Party</a> (PKR) or the PAS.<a href="#cite_note-BernauerBochsler2014-192">[192]</a> However, the national ruling party, <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (BN), gained control over the state government administration when three PR assemblymen, <a href="/wiki/Hee_Yit_Foong" title="Hee Yit Foong">Hee Yit Foong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jelapang_(state_constituency)" title="Jelapang (state constituency)">Jelapang</a>), Jamaluddin Mohd Radzi (<a href="/wiki/Behrang_(state_constituency)" title="Behrang (state constituency)">Behrang</a>), and Mohd Osman Mohd Jailu (<a href="/wiki/Changkat_Jering_(state_constituency)" title="Changkat Jering (state constituency)">Changkat Jering</a>) defected to the BN as independent assemblymen during the crisis, on 3 February 2009.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> A statement from the office of the Sultan of Perak urged the PR Menteri Besar to resign, but also refused to dissolve the State Legislative Assembly, which would have triggered new elections.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Amid multiple protests, lawsuits and arrests, a new BN-led Assembly was sworn in on 7 May. The takeover was then ruled illegal by the <a href="/wiki/High_Courts_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts (Malaysia)">High Court</a> in Kuala Lumpur, on 11 May 2009, restoring power to the PR.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ooi2010-198">[198]</a> The following day, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia" title="Court of Appeal of Malaysia">Court of Appeal of Malaysia</a> suspended the High Court ruling pending a new Court of Appeal judgment. On 22 May 2009, the Court of Appeal overturned the High Court's decision and returned power to the BN. Many opposition party supporters believed that the crisis was effectively a "power grab", in which the democratically elected government was ousted through the political machinations of the more dominant national ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi2010-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departments">Departments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Departments">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Perak State Finance Office<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li>Perak Irrigation and Drainage Department<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li>Perak State Forestry Department<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li>Perak Social Welfare Department<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li>Perak Syariah Judiciary Department<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li>Perak Public Works Department<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li> <li>Perak State Islamic Religious Affairs Department<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li>Perak Public Service Commission<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li> <li>Perak State Agriculture Department<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li>Office of Lands and Mines Perak<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>Perak State Mufti Office<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li>Perak Town and Country Planning Department<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li>Department of Veterinary Services of Perak<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statutory_bodies">Statutory bodies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Statutory bodies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Perak Islamic Religious and Malay Customs Council<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li>Perak State Public Library Corporation<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">List of districts in Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_local_governments_in_Malaysia" title="List of local governments in Malaysia">List of local governments in Malaysia</a></div> Perak is divided into 12 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Malaysia">districts</a> (daerah), 81 <a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">mukims</a>, and 15 local governments.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> There are district officers for each district and a village headperson (ketua kampung or <a href="/wiki/Penghulu" title="Penghulu">penghulu</a>) for each village in the district. Before the British arrived, Perak was run by a group of relatives and friends of the sultan who held rights to collect taxes and duties.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">[101]</a> The British developed a more organised administration following Perak's integration into the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> (FMS). The FMS government created two institutions, the State Council and the Malay Administrative Service (MAS).<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">[101]</a> The two institutions encouraged direct Malay participation and gave the former ruling class a place in the new administrative structure. Most of the sultan's district chiefs removed from authority at that time were given new positions in the State Council, although their influence was restricted to Malay social matters raised in council business. The sultan and the district chiefs were compensated for their loss of tax revenue with a monthly allowance from the state treasury.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">[101]</a> The role of the local penghulus changed considerably when they were appointed no longer by the sultan but by the British Resident.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Colonial land policy introduced individual landholding, thereby making land a commodity, and the penghulu were then involved in matters relating to this property.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">[101]</a> The Perak State Council was established in 1875 to assist the British Resident in most administrative matters. It also brought together the Malay chiefs and Chinese leaders (<a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Cina" title="Kapitan Cina">Kapitan Cina</a>) to deal with certain administrative issues relating to Perak's growing Malay and Chinese populations.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">[101]</a> The State Council also helped provide education and training to assist Malays in qualifying for government positions. When the post of the FMS Resident was abolished, other European-held administrative posts were gradually occupied by local appointees. As in the rest of Malaysia, local government comes under the purview of state government.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">[101]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Administrative divisions of Perak </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15" style="font-size:larger"><div style="position: relative" class="center"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 350px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg/350px-Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="560" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg/525px-Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg/700px-Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="2176" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:174px; top:109.6px"><a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">ɢᴇʀɪᴋ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:30px; top:207.4px"><a href="/wiki/Parit_Buntar" title="Parit Buntar">ᴘᴀʀɪᴛ ʙᴜɴᴛᴀʀ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:72px; top:274px"><a href="/wiki/Taiping,_Perak" title="Taiping, Perak">ᴛᴀɪᴘɪɴɢ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:292px"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar_(town)" title="Kuala Kangsar (town)">ᴋᴜᴀʟᴀ ᴋᴀɴɢsᴀʀ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186px; top:322px"><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">ɪᴘᴏʜ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:364px"><a href="/wiki/Batu_Gajah" title="Batu Gajah">ʙᴀᴛᴜ ɢᴀᴊᴀʜ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:78px; top:391px"><a href="/wiki/Seri_Iskandar" title="Seri Iskandar">sᴇʀɪ ɪsᴋᴀɴᴅᴀʀ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:156px; top:404.2px"><a href="/wiki/Kampar,_Perak" title="Kampar, Perak">ᴋᴀᴍᴘᴀʀ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:210px; top:406px"><a href="/wiki/Tapah" title="Tapah">ᴛᴀᴘᴀʜ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:72px; top:410.2px"><a href="/wiki/Seri_Manjung" title="Seri Manjung">sᴇʀɪ ᴍᴀɴᴊᴜɴɢ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:449.2px"><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Intan" title="Teluk Intan">ᴛᴇʟᴜᴋ ɪɴᴛᴀɴ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:482.8px"><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk_(town)" title="Bagan Datuk (town)">ʙᴀɢᴀɴ ᴅᴀᴛᴜᴋ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:532px"><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">ᴛᴀɴᴊᴜɴɢ ᴍᴀʟɪᴍ</a></div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>UPI code<a href="#cite_note-UPI-215">[215]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Malaysia">Districts</a> </th> <th>Population (2010 census)<a href="#cite_note-total_population-2">[2]</a> </th> <th>Area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> </th> <th>Seat </th> <th>Mukims </th></tr> <tr> <th>0801 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Batang_Padang_District" title="Batang Padang District">Batang Padang</a> </th> <td>123,600 </td> <td>1,794.18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tapah" title="Tapah">Tapah</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0802 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Manjung_District" title="Manjung District">Manjung</a> </th> <td>227,071 </td> <td>1,113.58 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seri_Manjung" title="Seri Manjung">Seri Manjung</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0803 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kinta_District" title="Kinta District">Kinta</a> </th> <td>749,474 </td> <td>1,305 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batu_Gajah" title="Batu Gajah">Batu Gajah</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0804 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kerian_District" title="Kerian District">Kerian</a> </th> <td>176,975 </td> <td>921.47 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parit_Buntar" title="Parit Buntar">Parit Buntar</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0805 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar_District" title="Kuala Kangsar District">Kuala Kangsar</a> </th> <td>155,592 </td> <td>2,563.61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a> </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0806 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Larut,_Matang_and_Selama_District" title="Larut, Matang and Selama District">Larut, Matang and Selama</a> </th> <td>326,476 </td> <td>2,112.61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiping,_Perak" title="Taiping, Perak">Taiping</a> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0807 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hilir_Perak_District" title="Hilir Perak District">Hilir Perak</a> </th> <td>128,179 </td> <td>792.07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Intan" title="Teluk Intan">Teluk Intan</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0808 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hulu_Perak_District" title="Hulu Perak District">Hulu Perak</a> </th> <td>89,926 </td> <td>6,560.43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">Gerik</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE;"> <th>0809 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Selama" class="mw-redirect" title="Selama">Selama</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0810 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Perak_Tengah_District" title="Perak Tengah District">Perak Tengah</a> </th> <td>99,854 </td> <td>1,279.46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seri_Iskandar" title="Seri Iskandar">Seri Iskandar</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0811 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kampar_District" title="Kampar District">Kampar</a> </th> <td>96,303 </td> <td>669.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kampar,_Perak" title="Kampar, Perak">Kampar</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0812 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Muallim_District" title="Muallim District">Muallim</a> </th> <td>69,639 </td> <td>934.35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">Tanjung Malim</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0813 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk_District" title="Bagan Datuk District">Bagan Datuk</a> </th> <td>70,300 </td> <td>951.52 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagan Datuk">Bagan Datuk</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:left">Note: Population data for Hilir Perak, Bagan Datuk, Batang Padang, and Muallim are based on district land office data. Selama is an autonomous sub-district (daerah kecil) under Larut, Matang and Selama.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Most districts and sub-districts have a single local government, excepting Hulu Perak and Kinta, respectively divided into three (Gerik, Lenggong and Pengkalan Hulu), and two (Batu Gajah and Ipoh) local councils. Bagan Datuk remains under the jurisdiction of Teluk Intan council. </td></tr></tbody></table> On 26 November 2015, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/Batang_Padang_District" title="Batang Padang District">Batang Padang District</a> sub-district of Tanjung Malim would become Perak's 11th district, to be called <a href="/wiki/Muallim_District" title="Muallim District">Muallim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Sultan Nazrin officiated at its formal creation on 11 January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> On 9 January 2017, the sultan proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk_District" title="Bagan Datuk District">Bagan Datuk</a> the 12th district of the state.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The proclamation marked the start of transformation for the district, one of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> producers in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:#808000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#808000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#808000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 344.20225766692px; border-left-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 28.372565943692px; border-left-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#800080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:63.257016191312px 77.450306019873px 0 0; border-top-color:#000080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#000080"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Perak GDP Share by Sector (2016)<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Services (60.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Manufacturing (18.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Agriculture (16.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Construction (4.0%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Fishing_village_in_Kuala_Sepetang%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5621" data-file-height="3162" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Sepetang" title="Kuala Sepetang">Kuala Sepetang</a> illuminated by lamps during the <a href="/wiki/Blue_hour" title="Blue hour">blue hour</a>. Agriculture, especially <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">prawn farming</a>, is a major economic sector in Perak, along with services and manufacturing.</figcaption></figure> From the 1980s on, Perak began an economic transition away from the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector</a>, where for decades income was generated by the <a href="/wiki/Tin_mining" title="Tin mining">tin mining</a> industry.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Early in 2006, the state government established the Perak Investment Management Centre (InvestPerak) to serve as the contact point for investors in the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a> sectors.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> The state's economy today relies mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism industry">tourism industry</a> contributed <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a>201.4 billion (14.9%) to the state <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP).<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Malaysia_Plan" title="Eleventh Malaysia Plan">Eleventh Malaysia Plan</a> (11MP), the state has set targets under its five-year 2016–2020 development plan, including economic development corridor targets for Southern Perak.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Perak has several development corridors, with a different focus for each district.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> A 20-year masterplan was also formulated in 2017 to drive economic development in the state, with a development value of up to RM30 billion.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In the first quarter of 2018, the state received a total of RM249.8 million in investments. A year later, investments in the first quarter of 2019 had increased to RM1.43 billion. Perak ranks fifth after <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, Kedah, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> and Selangor in total value of investments.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> In 2018, investments of RM1.9 billion were planned for the implementation of a range of manufacturing projects and associated factory construction from 2019.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Since 2005, Perak has made efforts to remain the biggest <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> producer in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> In 2008, the state sought to legalise the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">prawn-farming</a> industry, mostly located in western Perak with some activity in <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Tualang" title="Tanjung Tualang">Tanjung Tualang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> In 2016, some 17,589 young people in Perak were involved in implementing a range of state initiatives in Perak's agriculture sector.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> In 2019, the Perak State Agriculture Development Corporation (SADC) launched the Perak AgroValley Project to increase the state's agricultural production. This initiative covers an area of 1,983.68 hectares (4,902 acres) in the Bukit Sapi Mukim Lenggong region.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Most of Perak's abandoned tin mine lakes provide suitable environments for the breeding of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a>. 65% of abandoned mines have been used for fisheries production, with 30% of the fish exported to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> To further improve agricultural productivity and meet increasing demand, the state plans to expand the permanent cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_farming" title="Vegetable farming">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">flowers</a>, coconut, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">durian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, in different areas throughout Perak.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The construction sector accounted for 5.6% of Perak's economic growth in 2015, dropping to 4.0% the following year. Development and <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">housing projects</a> represented the sector's major contribution to the state's economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Perak" title="List of tourist attractions in Perak">List of tourist attractions in Perak</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg/197px-Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg/296px-Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg/394px-Kellie%27s_Castle_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4921" data-file-height="3272" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg/87px-Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg/131px-Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg/174px-Menera_Condong_Teluk_Intan_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Istana_kenangan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Istana_kenangan.jpg/85px-Istana_kenangan.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Istana_kenangan.jpg/128px-Istana_kenangan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Istana_kenangan.jpg/170px-Istana_kenangan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/199px-Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/299px-Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg/398px-Istana_Ulu_Kuala_Kangsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Historic architecture of Perak, clockwise from top right: <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Teluk_Intan" title="Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan">Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Gallery" title="Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery">Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak_Royal_Museum" title="Perak Royal Museum">Perak Royal Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kellie%27s_Castle" title="Kellie's Castle">Kellie's Castle</a></div></div></div></div> The tertiary sector is Perak's main economic sector. In 2018, the state was the second most popular destination for <a href="/wiki/Domestic_tourism" title="Domestic tourism">domestic tourists</a> in Malaysia, after the state of <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Perak's attractions include the royal town of Kuala Kangsar and its iconic buildings, such as the Iskandariah Palace, Pavilion Square Tower, <a href="/wiki/Perak_Royal_Museum" title="Perak Royal Museum">Perak Royal Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Gallery" title="Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery">Sultan Azlan Shah Gallery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ubudiah_Mosque" title="Ubudiah Mosque">Ubudiah Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The British colonial legacy in Perak includes the Birch Memorial Clock Tower, Ipoh High Court, Ipoh railway station, Ipoh Town Hall and Old Post Office, <a href="/wiki/Kellie%27s_Castle" title="Kellie's Castle">Kellie's Castle</a>, Majestic Station Hotel, <a href="/wiki/Malay_College_Kuala_Kangsar" title="Malay College Kuala Kangsar">Malay College Kuala Kangsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Larut" title="Bukit Larut">Maxwell Hill</a> (Bukit Larut), <a href="/wiki/Perak_Museum" title="Perak Museum">Perak State Museum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Royal Ipoh Club, St. John Church, and Taiping Lake Gardens.<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_architecture-252">[252]</a> The historical events of the local Malay struggle are remembered in the <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Salak_Historical_Complex" title="Pasir Salak Historical Complex">Pasir Salak Historical Complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> There are also several historical ethnic Chinese landmarks, mainly in Ipoh, the capital. They include the Darul Ridzuan Museum building,<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> a former wealthy Chinese tin miner's mansion; Han Chin Pet Soo, a former club for Hakka miners and haven of shadowy activities;<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_architecture-252">[252]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Teluk_Intan" title="Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan">Leaning Tower of Teluk Intan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Road_bridge_passing_the_Royal_Belum_Rainforest%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Road bridge passing the Royal Belum Rainforest during blue hour</figcaption></figure> The state also contains a number of natural attractions, including <a href="/wiki/Bird_sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird sanctuaries">bird sanctuaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>, forest reserves, islands, limestone cliffs, mountains, and white sandy beaches. Among the natural sites are <a href="/wiki/Banding_Island" title="Banding Island">Banding Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belum-Temengor" title="Belum-Temengor">Belum-Temengor</a> Forest Reserve,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Kek Lok Tong Cave Temple and Zen Gardens,<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-258">[258]</a> Kinta Nature Park,<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-258">[258]</a> Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Mount Yong Belar,<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-258">[258]</a> Pangkor Island,<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tempurung_Cave" title="Tempurung Cave">Tempurung Cave</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> and Ulu Kinta Forest Reserve.<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-258">[258]</a> Recreational attractions include the Banjaran Hotsprings Retreat,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-261">[261]</a> D. R Seenivasagam Recreational Park,<a href="#cite_note-Perak's_garden_city-262">[262]</a> Gaharu Tea Valley Gopeng,<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Go Chin Pomelo Nature Park,<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Gunung Lang Recreational Park,<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_nature_attractions-258">[258]</a> Kinta Riverfront Walk,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-261">[261]</a> Kuala Woh Jungle Park,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-261">[261]</a> Lang Mountain,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-261">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lost_World_of_Tambun" title="Lost World of Tambun">Lost World of Tambun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> My Gopeng Resort,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-261">[261]</a> Perak Herbal Garden,<a href="#cite_note-Perak_recreational_parks-261">[261]</a> Sultan Abdul Aziz Recreational Park, and Sungai Klah Hot Spring Park.<a href="#cite_note-Perak's_garden_city-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Ipoh,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Downtown_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4379" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption>Old and new infrastructure in capital city <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></figcaption></figure> Perak has a 2016–2020 state government development plan. A Development Fund amounting to RM397,438,000 was approved by the State Legislative Assembly in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> The 2018 Budget allocated Perak a further RM1.176 billion, of which RM421.28 million was earmarked for development expenditure, and RM755.59 million for management costs.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In addition to attracting investors, the state government is working to improve and build new infrastructure. The new government elected in 2018 announced its intention to continue development projects initiated by the previous government for all districts in Perak.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_water_resources">Energy and water resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Energy and water resources">edit</a>]</div> Electricity distribution in Perak is operated and managed by the <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional_Berhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenaga Nasional Berhad">Tenaga Nasional Berhad</a> (TNB). The <a href="/wiki/Temenggor_Dam" title="Temenggor Dam">Temenggor Power Station</a> in Gerik has a capacity of 348 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a>, the largest of the many <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric plants</a> in the state. Built by the British, <a href="/wiki/Chenderoh_Power_Station" title="Chenderoh Power Station">Chenderoh Power Station</a>, the state's oldest hydroelectric dam power station, has a capacity of 40.5 MW.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Other hydroelectric power stations include the Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station (120 MW), Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Hydroelectric Power Station (72 MW), Sungai Piah Lower Power Station (54 MW), and Sungai Piah Upper Power Station (14.6 MW).<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> The 4,100 MW Manjung Power Plant, also known as the Sultan Azlan Shah Power Station, is a <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power station</a> located on an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial island</a> off the Perak coast. It is owned and operated by TNB Janamanjung, a wholly owned <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a> of the TNB. The plant is considered one of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Independent_Power_Producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Power Producer">Independent Power Producer</a> (IPP) projects in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> The GB3 <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">combined cycle power plant</a> in Lumut, operated by <a href="/wiki/Malakoff_(power_company)" title="Malakoff (power company)">Malakoff</a>, has a capacity of 640 MW.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The state's piped <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> is managed by the Perak Water Board (PWB), a corporate body established under the Perak Water Board Enactment in 1988. It serves over 2.5 million people, and is among the biggest water operators on the Malay Peninsula, after Selangor and Johor. Before the PWB was established, water services were initially provided by the Perak Public Works Department, and subsequently by the Perak Water Supply Department.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> The state's water supplies mainly come from its two major dams, the Air Kuning Dam in Taiping and the Sultan Azlan Shah Dam in Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications_and_broadcasting">Telecommunications and broadcasting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Telecommunications and broadcasting">edit</a>]</div> Telecommunications in Perak was originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department, and maintained by the British <a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Communications" title="Cable & Wireless Communications">Cable & Wireless Communications</a>, responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-telecom_merged-279">[279]</a> The first telegraph line, connecting the British Resident's Perak House in Kuala Kangsar to the house of the Deputy British Resident at Taiping, was laid by the Department of Posts and Telegraph in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Further lines were then built to link all of the key British economic areas of the time, and in particular the British Straits Settlements territory.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, in 1968 the telecommunications departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia, which later became <a href="/wiki/Telekom_Malaysia" title="Telekom Malaysia">Telekom Malaysia</a> (TM).<a href="#cite_note-telecom_merged-279">[279]</a> The state remains committed to full co-operation with the federal government to implement the latest telecommunications development projects in Perak.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Perak is set to become the first Malaysian state to introduce the National Fiberisation and Connectivity Plan (NFCP) for high-speed Internet in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Television broadcasting in the state is divided into <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>. There are two types of <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> television providers: <a href="/wiki/MYTV_Broadcasting" title="MYTV Broadcasting">MYTV Broadcasting</a> (digital terrestrial) and <a href="/wiki/Astro_NJOI" title="Astro NJOI">Astro NJOI</a> (satellite), while <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> is accessed via <a href="/wiki/Unifi_TV" title="Unifi TV">Unifi TV</a> through the UniFi <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic">fibre optic</a> internet subscription service.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The Malaysian federal government operates one state radio channel, Perak FM.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipoh_Highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ipoh_Highway.jpg/150px-Ipoh_Highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ipoh_Highway.jpg/225px-Ipoh_Highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ipoh_Highway.jpg/300px-Ipoh_Highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg/134px-Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg/201px-Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg/268px-Tanjungmalimrailwaystation1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="728" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG/122px-Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG/183px-Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG/244px-Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg/162px-Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg/243px-Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg/324px-Jetty_at_Lumut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top right: <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim_railway_station" title="Tanjung Malim railway station">Tanjung Malim railway station</a>, Pangkor Island ferry, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport" title="Sultan Azlan Shah Airport">Sultan Azlan Shah Airport</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_(Malaysia)" title="North–South Expressway (Malaysia)">North–South Expressway</a> of Ipoh</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg/220px-Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg/330px-Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg/440px-Gloomy_Sunset_After_The_Rain_in_Kampar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">Rush hour</a> traffic at <a href="/wiki/Dusk" title="Dusk">dusk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kampar_District" title="Kampar District">Kampar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar,_Ipoh_(220806)_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Perak_Transit_bus_at_Jalan_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Ipoh_%28220806%29_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>A PerakTransit bus at Kuala Kangsar road, <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></figcaption></figure> Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_(Malaysia)" title="North–South Expressway (Malaysia)">North–South Expressway</a> connects Perak with the other west coast Malaysian states and federal territories. Perak has two categories of road, as at 2016 totalling 1,516 kilometres (942 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Federal_Roads_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Federal Roads system">federal roads</a>, and 28,767 kilometres (17,875 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_State_Roads_system" title="Malaysian State Roads system">state roads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> A new highway, the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Expressway" title="West Coast Expressway">West Coast Expressway</a>, is being built to link the coastal areas of the state and reduce the growing <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> Perak has a <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a> road network, and follows the <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">left-hand traffic rule</a>. Towns provide public transport, including buses, taxis, and <a href="/wiki/Grab_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (company)">Grab</a> services. Under the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Malaysia_Plan" title="Eleventh Malaysia Plan">Eleventh Malaysia Plan</a> (11MP), around 23 infrastructure projects, worth RM4.7 billion, have been implemented. These include 11 road projects for the state, involving allocations of RM1.84 billion for upgrade and expansion works carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Public_Works_Department" title="Malaysian Public Works Department">Public Works Department</a> (PWD).<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipoh_railway_station" title="Ipoh railway station">Ipoh railway station</a>, on Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab in the state capital, is the oldest station of Perak's rail network. It was built by the British in 1917, and upgraded in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> In 2019, an integrated development project was launched to upgrade the railway station and its surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boat_service" title="Boat service">Boat services</a> provide the main transport access to Pangkor Island, in addition to air travel.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Airport" title="Sultan Azlan Shah Airport">Sultan Azlan Shah Airport</a> is Perak's main international airport, acting as the main gateway to the state. Other public airports include <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Airport" title="Pangkor Airport">Pangkor Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sitiawan_Airport" title="Sitiawan Airport">Sitiawan Airport</a>, and there are private or restricted airfields such as <a href="/wiki/Jendarata_Airport" title="Jendarata Airport">Jendarata Airport</a> and the military <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Airport" title="Taiping Airport">Taiping Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Malaysia" title="List of hospitals in Malaysia">List of hospitals in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Taiping_General_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Hospital" title="Taiping Hospital">Taiping Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taiping,_Perak" title="Taiping, Perak">Taiping</a></figcaption></figure> Health services in Perak are administered by the Perak State Health Department (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Perak). The state's main government hospital is the 990-bed Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, previously known as the Ipoh Hospital, which also incorporates the women's and children's hospital.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Other hospitals include four specialist hospitals: <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Hospital" title="Taiping Hospital">Taiping Hospital</a>, Teluk Intan Hospital, Seri Manjung Hospital, and the minor speciality Slim River Hospital; nine district hospitals: Batu Gajah Hospital, Changkat Hospital, Gerik Hospital, Kampar Hospital, Kuala Kangsar Hospital, Parit Buntar Hospital, Selama Hospital, Sungai Siput Hospital, Tapah Hospital; and one psychiatric hospital: Bahagia Ulu Kinta Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> Other public health clinics, <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia#1Malaysia_clinics" title="1Malaysia">1Malaysia clinics</a>, and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state. There are a number of private hospitals, including the Anson Bay Medical Centre, Apollo Medical Centre, Ar-Ridzuan Medical Centre, Colombia Asia Hospital, Fatimah Hospital, Ipoh Pantai Hospital, Ipoh Specialist Centre, Kinta Medical Centre, Manjung Pantai Hospital, Perak Community Specialist Hospital, Sri Manjung Specialist Hospital, Taiping Medical Centre, and Ulu Bernam Jenderata Group Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> In 2009, the state's doctor–patient ratio was 3 per 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Perak" title="List of schools in Perak">List of schools in Perak</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malaysia" title="List of universities in Malaysia">List of universities in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg/220px-UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg/330px-UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg/440px-UTAR%27s_Grand_Hall_Lighted_Up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman">Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> (UTAR) Campus Grand Hall, Kampar, at night<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></figcaption></figure> All primary and secondary schools are within the jurisdiction of the Perak State Education Department, under the guidance of the national <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Education (Malaysia)">Ministry of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Among the oldest schools in Perak are the <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_School,_Taiping" title="King Edward VII School, Taiping">King Edward VII School</a> (1883), the Anglo-Chinese School (1895), and <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Institution" title="St. Michael's Institution">St. Michael's Institution</a> (1912).<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> As of 2019, Perak had a total of 250 government secondary schools,<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> six <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international schools</a> (City Harbour International School,<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> Fairview International School Ipoh Campus,<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> Imperial International School Ipoh,<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Seri Botani International School,<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Tenby Schools Ipoh,<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> and the Westlake International School),<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> and nine <a href="/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school" title="Chinese independent high school">Chinese independent schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> There is one Japanese learning centre, located in the state capital, Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Idris_Education_University" title="Sultan Idris Education University">Sultan Idris Education University</a> is the sole <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public university</a>, and there are three <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private universities</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman">Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> (UTAR), Quest International University,<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_Petronas" title="Universiti Teknologi Petronas">Universiti Teknologi Petronas</a>, as well as the campus branch of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="University of Kuala Lumpur">University of Kuala Lumpur</a> Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology (UniKL MIMET),<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> and the University of Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP).<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Other colleges include the Cosmopoint College, Maxwell College Ipoh, Olympia College Ipoh, Sunway College Ipoh, Syuen College, Taj College, Tunku Abdul Rahman College Perak Branch Campus, and WIT College Ipoh Branch. There are several polytechnics, including the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Polytechnic" title="Sultan Azlan Shah Polytechnic">Sultan Azlan Shah Polytechnic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Behrang" class="mw-redirect" title="Behrang">Behrang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ungku_Omar_Polytechnic" title="Ungku Omar Polytechnic">Ungku Omar Polytechnic</a> in Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_immigration">Ethnicity and immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ethnicity and immigration">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,569,139</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,743,655</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,877,471</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,973,368</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,299,582</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+16.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,496,041</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000)"><div class="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#cite_note-2020KF-318">[318]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:250px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic groups in Perak (2010)<a href="#cite_note-total_population-2">[2]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:52.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">52.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:29.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">29.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Indian">Indian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:11.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Teal; width:2.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Non-Malaysian citizen</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:2.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.9%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> The 2015 Malaysian Census reported the population of Perak at 2,477,700, making it the fifth most populous state in Malaysia, with a non-citizen population of 74,200.<a href="#cite_note-2015_population-319">[319]</a> Of the Malaysian residents, 1,314,400 (53.0%) are <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a>, 713,000 (28.0%) are <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a>, 293,300 (11.0%) are <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Indian">Indian</a>, and another 72,300 (2.9%) identified as other <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">bumiputera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2015_population-319">[319]</a> In 2010, the population was estimated to be around 2,299,582, with 1,212,700 (52.0%) Malay, 675,517 (29.0%) Chinese, 274,631 (11.0%) Indian, and another 62,877 (2.7%) from other bumiputera.<a href="#cite_note-total_population-2">[2]</a> Once the most populous state during the British administration under the FMS, Perak has yet to recover from the decline of the tin-mining industry.<a href="#cite_note-transformation_of_Perak_under_the_British-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> The associated economic downturn resulted in a massive manpower drain to higher-growth states such as <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, Selangor, and <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> The current constitution defines Malays as someone who is Muslim and assimilated with Malay community [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditionally, the native <a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malays" title="Perakian Malays">Malays</a> mostly live in <a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">Gerik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinta_District" title="Kinta District">Kinta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bota" title="Bota">Bota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beruas" title="Beruas">Beruas</a> while the Javanese mostly lived in Hilir Perak, comprising Bagan Datuk, <a href="/wiki/Batak_Rabit" title="Batak Rabit">Batak Rabit</a>, Sungai Manik, Teluk Intan, and a few other places along the Perak shores. The Mandailing and <a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a> people were mostly in Gopeng, Kampar, <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">Tanjung Malim</a>, and Kampung Mandailing at Gua Balak. These people had mostly come from neighbouring Selangor, escaping the <a href="/wiki/Klang_War" title="Klang War">Klang War</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Buginese are found in Kuala Kangsar, especially in Kota Lama Kiri and <a href="/wiki/Sayong" title="Sayong">Sayong</a>. The few Minangkabau people in the state lived among the other ethnic groups with no distinct villages or settlements of their own.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of 2015, there were some 3,200 <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Malaysian Siamese</a> in Perak, a legacy of the Siamese presence in the northern Malay states.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> There is also a scattered <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a> presence, dating back to the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Sultanate of Aceh</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Perak's highest <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> is mainly concentrated in the coastal and lowland areas. The Chinese and Indian population represents a higher percentage of the state's total population than in the neighbouring northern Malay states.<a href="#cite_note-RumleyMinghi2014-324">[324]</a> The presence of these groups was particularly significant after the British opened many tin mines and extensive rubber plantations in the mid-19th century. More than half of Perak's inhabitants in the 1930s were <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese immigrants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-British_in_the_Malay_States-325">[325]</a> Perak's Indian community is mostly of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Malaysian">Tamil</a> ethnicity, although it also includes other South Indian communities such as the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayalees</a>, principally in Sitiawan, Sungai Siput, Trolak and Kuala Kangsar; the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Telugus</a>, in Teluk Intan and Bagan Datuk; and the <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, scattered in and around Perak, predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Tualang" title="Tanjung Tualang">Tanjung Tualang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-327">[327]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Population density is relatively low in much of Perak's interior, where the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> are scattered, including in the northernmost border district of Hulu Perak.<a href="#cite_note-RumleyMinghi2014-324">[324]</a> The indigenous people originally inhabited most of Perak's coastal areas, but were pushed deeper into the interior with the arrival of increasing numbers of Javanese, Banjar, Mandailing, Rawa, Batak, Kampar, Bugis and Minangkabau immigrants in the early 19th century. The Orang Asli <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> preserve stories of Rawa and Batak atrocities and enslavement of the aboriginal population.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan2008-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuala_Kangsar,_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg/140px-Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg/210px-Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg/280px-Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg/144px-Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg/216px-Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg/288px-Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4784" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple,_Ipoh,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg/144px-Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg/216px-Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg/288px-Kallumalai_Murugan_Temple%2C_Ipoh%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6019" data-file-height="3885" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sjc2_170916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sjc2_170916.jpg/140px-Sjc2_170916.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sjc2_170916.jpg/210px-Sjc2_170916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sjc2_170916.jpg/280px-Sjc2_170916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place of worship</a> in Perak, clockwise from top right: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple" title="Sam Poh Tong Temple">Sam Poh Tong Temple</a>, St. John Church, Kallumalai Murugan Temple and the <a href="/wiki/Ubudiah_Mosque" title="Ubudiah Mosque">Ubudiah Mosque</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:250px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Perak (2010)<a href="#cite_note-total_religion-328">[328]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:55.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">55.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:25.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">25.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:10.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:4.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unknown</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Brown; width:0.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Magenta; width:1.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:0.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:0.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.8%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> As in the rest of Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is recognised as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, although other religions may be freely practised.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> According to the 2010 Malaysian Census, Perak's population was 55.3% <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 25.4% <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, 10.9% <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, 4.3% <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, 1.7% <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> or followers of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, 0.8% other religions or unknown, and 0.9% non-religious.<a href="#cite_note-total_religion-328">[328]</a> The census indicated that 83.7% of Perak's Chinese population identified as Buddhist, with significant minorities identifying as Christian (9.2%), Chinese folk religion adherents (5.8%), and Muslim (0.2%). The majority of the Indian population identified as Hindu (87.6%), with significant minorities identifying as Christian (6.01%), Muslim (2.67%), and Buddhist (1.0%). The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a> (28.2%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslim (24.1%), and Christian (22.9%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslim. <a href="/wiki/Article_160_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia">Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia</a> defines professing the Islamic faith as one of the criteria of being a Malay.<a href="#cite_note-total_religion-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg/220px-Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg/330px-Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg/440px-Malay_signboard_with_English_location_name_in_Ipoh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> road sign with English location name in Ipoh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Roadsign_in_Ipoh_city_centre_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Road sign near <a href="/wiki/Ipoh_City_Council" title="Ipoh City Council">Ipoh City Council</a></figcaption></figure> As a multi-ethnic state, Perak is also linguistically diverse. The main local variety of Malay spoken in the state is <a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a>, which is characterised by its "e" (as in "red", [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]) and its "r", like the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> "r" ([<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]). It is commonly spoken in central Perak, more specifically in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar_District" title="Kuala Kangsar District">Kuala Kangsar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perak_Tengah_District" title="Perak Tengah District">Perak Tengah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malay_dialects_of_Perak-333">[333]</a> Speakers of the northern <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a> dialect are also found in the northern part of Perak, comprising <a href="/wiki/Kerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerian">Kerian</a>, Pangkor Island, and <a href="/wiki/Larut,_Matang_and_Selama_District" title="Larut, Matang and Selama District">Larut, Matang and Selama</a> districts.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> In the northeastern part of Perak (Hulu Perak), and some parts of Selama and Kerian, the Malay people speak another distinct Malay language variant known as <a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a> or locally known as Basa Ulu/Grik (named after <a href="/wiki/Grik" class="mw-redirect" title="Grik">Grik</a>), which is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a> in Kelantan and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">southern Thailand</a> (Yawi) due to geographical proximity and historical assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-Malay_dialects_of_Perak-333">[333]</a> In the southern parts of Perak (Hilir Perak and Batang Padang), and also in the districts of Kampar and Kinta and several parts of Manjung, the dialect spoken is heavily influenced by the southern Malay dialects of the peninsula such as Selangor, Malacca, and Johore-Riau Malay. It is also influenced by several languages of the Indonesian archipelago: <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a> (a variety of <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, as a result of historical immigration, civil wars such as the Klang War, and other factors.<a href="#cite_note-Malay_dialects_of_Perak-333">[333]</a> Among Perak's various Chinese ethnicities, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a> has become the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, although a number of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dialect">dialects</a> are spoken including <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchiu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> The Tamil community mainly speaks a <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian</a> dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayalees</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>; the Telugus speak the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>; and the Sikhs speak <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-327">[327]</a> Over time, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> became a lingua franca among Perak's different Indian communities as Tamil-speaking people became the majority in several west coast Malaysian states with higher Indian populations.<a href="#cite_note-British_in_the_Malay_States-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-327">[327]</a> A small number of <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> speakers also found in parts of the state capital, Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-Omar2015-327">[327]</a> Several Orang Asli languages are spoken within the state, all belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a>. These languages are <a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a>. Members of the Siamese community mainly speak a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a> variant, and are fluent in Malay, also having some knowledge of some of the Chinese dialects. With the multi-ethnic make-up of Perak's society, some people speak more than one language.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture of Malaysia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantonese_opera,_Ipoh,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/123px-Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/185px-Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/246px-Cantonese_opera%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Thaipusam_Festival,_Ipoh,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/122px-2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/183px-2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/244px-2017_Thaipusam_Festival%2C_Ipoh%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg/250px-Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg/375px-Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg/500px-Dance_at_the_2017_Ipoh_Cultural_Parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5584" data-file-height="3723" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Multiculturalism in Perak. Clockwise from top right: <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a> festival, Cultural Parade, and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a> performance</div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar,_Perak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/122px-Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/183px-Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/244px-Labu_Sayong_Kuala_Kangsar%2C_Perak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Labu sayong <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> traditional in Kuala Kangsar<a href="#cite_note-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery-339">[339]</a></figcaption></figure> Perak's <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> society reflects the influences of different ethnicities throughout its history. Several Malay art forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> and performances like dabus, show apparent <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab cultural</a> influence. The state's characteristic embroidery, tekat emas (gold embroidery), was once presented to royalty. Designs are based on <a href="/wiki/Floral" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral">floral</a>, animal, and <a href="/wiki/Geometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric">geometric</a> motifs.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> Dabus has existed for some 300 years, and is inseparable from a ritual involving <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> It was brought to Perak by traders from Sumatra, and practised by the Malay community in Lumut, Pasir Panjang Laut Village in Sitiawan, and Teluk Intan.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The traditional Malay <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> handicraft called labu sayong is part of the art heritage of Kuala Kangsar. Its unique design is uninfluenced by foreign techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery-339">[339]</a> Labu sayong is associated with a dance called the sayong.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> Another dance local to the Malays of Perak is the bubu, known for 120 years, which originates from Tanjung Bidara Village on Tiga Parit Island.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a> once flourished in the town of Ipoh, as the majority of Chinese there were Cantonese.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">history of China</a>, and particularly <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, is recreated in Qing Xin Ling Leisure and Cultural Village (nicknamed Little <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>) in Ipoh, with painted wooden structures around a lake set among limestone hills and caves.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> Another ethnic Chinese cultural location in Perak is <a href="/wiki/Bercham" title="Bercham">Bercham</a>, originally called Wo Tau Kok in Cantonese in the 1950s. The area was formerly a tin mining centre, which also become one of the relocation points for Malayan ethnic Chinese during the British era under the government's <a href="/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a> to protect and distance them from communist influence.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> Perak's Malay, Chinese, and Indian communities, representing its three main ethnic groups, each have their own traditional arts and dance associations to maintain and preserve their respective cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ipoh_cuisine" title="Ipoh cuisine">Ipoh cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg/220px-IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg/330px-IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg/440px-IpohWhiteCoffee..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1862" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ipoh_white_coffee" title="Ipoh white coffee">Ipoh white coffee</a>, Perak's signature <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">drink</a><a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_white_coffee-353">[353]</a></figcaption></figure> As a melting pot of different cultures, Perak features various cuisines. <a href="/wiki/Lemang" title="Lemang">Lemang</a>, a Malay delicacy made from <a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">glutinous rice</a> cooked in a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> tube over a slow fire, is very popular in the state. It is mainly served during the festivities of <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (Hari Raya Aidilfitri) and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (Hari Raya Haji), along with <a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_cuisine-354">[354]</a> The method of its preparation is believed to derive partly from the indigenous Orang Asli of Perak, explaining the origins of the dish. Another popular Malay delicacy is <a href="/wiki/Tempoyak" title="Tempoyak">tempoyak</a>, a durian extract that is preserved and kept in a traditional urn. It is commonly mixed with <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's eye chilli">bird's eye chillies</a>, and eaten with other dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_cuisine-354">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a> is very common in Perak, because of the state's history of Chinese migration and trade relations over centuries. It was traditionally popular chiefly in Ipoh. Through over 2,000 years of contact with India, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">influence of Indian cuisine</a> also spread in Perak.<a href="#cite_note-Perak_cuisine-354">[354]</a> The state is particularly known as a producer of the Bali <a href="/wiki/Pomelo" title="Pomelo">pomelo</a> (limau bali). This fruit was introduced by Hugh Low, Perak's fourth British Resident, who brought <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seedlings</a> from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> and distributed them both in Penang and in Perak (mainly in Tambun).<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> Other districts are also known for their agricultural production: Bidor for its <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, Hulu Perak (durian), Menglembu (<a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnut</a>), and Tapah (<a href="/wiki/Petai" class="mw-redirect" title="Petai">petai</a>).<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipoh_white_coffee" title="Ipoh white coffee">Ipoh white coffee</a>, a popular Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">drink</a>, traces its origin to Ipoh.<a href="#cite_note-Ipoh_white_coffee-353">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perak_football_supporters,_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg/220px-Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg/330px-Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg/440px-Perak_football_supporters%2C_2017_Malaysia_Cup_quarter-finals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perak_FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Perak FA">Perak FA</a> football supporters at the <a href="/wiki/2017_Malaysia_Cup" title="2017 Malaysia Cup">Malaysia Cup</a> quarter-finals against <a href="/wiki/Pahang_FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahang FA">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak_Stadium" title="Perak Stadium">Perak Stadium</a>, Ipoh, 24 September 2017</figcaption></figure> Perak became a part of Malaya since 1957, and its athletes have represented Malaya, and later Malaysia, at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a>. The Perak State Youth and Sports Department was established in 1964 to raise the standard of sports in the state.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> Perak hosted the <a href="/wiki/Sukma_Games" title="Sukma Games">Sukma Games</a> in 1994 and <a href="/wiki/2018_Sukma_Games" title="2018 Sukma Games">2018</a>. The state has a number of sports complexes, located around Ipoh and in other districts.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> The state government allocates funds for sports development to each district-level sports association.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> Ipoh's <a href="/wiki/Perak_Stadium" title="Perak Stadium">Perak Stadium</a> is the main stadium for <a href="/wiki/Perak_FA" class="mw-redirect" title="Perak FA">Perak FA</a>. The team was formed in 1951, although the state had had a football team since 1921.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> Perak FA won the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_FA_Cup" title="Malaysia FA Cup">Malaysia FA Cup</a> in 1990 and 2004; the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Cup" title="Malaysia Cup">Malaysia Cup</a> in 1926, 1931, 1957, 1967, 1970, 1998, 2000, and <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysia_Cup" title="2018 Malaysia Cup">2018</a>; was runner-up in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Super_League" title="Malaysia Super League">Malaysia Super League</a> in <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Malaysia_Super_League" title="2006–07 Malaysia Super League">2006–07</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysia_Super_League" title="2018 Malaysia Super League">2018</a>; and won the <a href="/wiki/President_Cup_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="President Cup Malaysia">President Cup Malaysia</a> in 2006–07, 2012 and 2014. The state women's football team was runner-up in the <a href="/wiki/Tun_Sharifah_Rodziah_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup">Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup</a> in 1977, 1979 and 1992. Another notable stadium in the state is <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Stadium" title="Naval Base Stadium">Naval Base Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lumut,_Perak" title="Lumut, Perak">Lumut</a>. The annual <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> tournament in Perak, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Shah_Cup" title="Sultan Azlan Shah Cup">Sultan Azlan Shah Cup</a>, traced its roots to former state sultan named <a href="/wiki/Azlan_Shah_of_Perak" title="Azlan Shah of Perak">Azlan Shah</a>, an avid fan of the sport.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> Perak was the first Malaysian state to introduce <a href="/wiki/E-sports" class="mw-redirect" title="E-sports">e-sports</a>, in the Sukma Games. The state government is further targeting e-sports development with the increase in youth interest.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-statistics-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=RTRycHhPcisweHpMdlVwKzhMY25XUT09">"Perak @ a Glance"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Lost+city+is+%27not+Kota+Gelanggi%27&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.au=Mazwin+Nik+Anis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2005%2F02%2F08%2Flost-city-is-not-kota-gelanggi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_James_WilkinsonCuthbert_Woodville_Harrison1908" class="citation web cs1">Richard James Wilkinson; Cuthbert Woodville Harrison (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eventspriortobr00peragoog/page/n68">"Events Prior to British Ascendancy ...: Notes on Perak History ..."</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. J. 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New Straits Times. Retrieved 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=The+story+behind+Malaysia%27s+second+oldest+sultanate+uncovered&rft.date=2018-07-08&rft.au=Alan+Teh+Leam+Seng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Flifestyle%2Fsunday-vibes%2F2018%2F07%2F388675%2Fstory-behind-malaysias-second-oldest-sultanate-uncovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190907035014/http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/senarai-sultan-perak">"Senarai Sultan Perak"</a> [List of Sultans of Perak] (in Malay). The Administration Office of His Majesty the Sultan of Perak. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/senarai-sultan-perak">the original</a> on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senarai+Sultan+Perak&rft.pub=The+Administration+Office+of+His+Majesty+the+Sultan+of+Perak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsultan.perak.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Finformasi-kesultanan%2Fsenarai-sultan-perak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-background_of_the_Sultanate_of_Perak_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015042530/http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/sejarah/tok-temong">"Tok Temong (Keramat Tok Temong)"</a> (in Malay). The Administration Office of His Majesty the Sultan of Perak. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/sejarah/tok-temong">the original</a> on 15 October 2019. 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NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-9948-51-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-9948-51-6"><bdi>978-967-9948-51-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+and+the+Straits+of+Melaka%2C+1575-1619%3A+Power%2C+Trade%2C+and+Diplomacy&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-967-9948-51-6&rft.au=Paulo+Jorge+de+Sousa+Pinto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9hRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamad_Rashidi_PakriNik_Haslinda_Nik_Hussain2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohamad Rashidi Pakri; Nik Haslinda Nik Hussain (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rdw8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">Klian Intan: Perlombongan Bijih Timah dan Perkembangan Sosioekonomi (Penerbit USM)</a> [Klian Intan: Tin Mining and Socio-Economic Development (USM Publisher)] (in Malay). Penerbit USM. pp. 35–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-461-134-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-461-134-7"><bdi>978-967-461-134-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klian+Intan%3A+Perlombongan+Bijih+Timah+dan+Perkembangan+Sosioekonomi+%28Penerbit+USM%29&rft.pages=35-&rft.pub=Penerbit+USM&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-967-461-134-7&rft.au=Mohamad+Rashidi+Pakri&rft.au=Nik+Haslinda+Nik+Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRdw8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andaya1982-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_41-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andaya1982_41-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Watson_Andaya1982" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Watson Andaya (11 November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-16927-6">History Of Malaysia</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 61–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-16927-6">10.1007/978-1-349-16927-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16927-6"><bdi>978-1-349-16927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Malaysia&rft.pages=61-117&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=1982-11-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-16927-6&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16927-6&rft.au=Barbara+Watson+Andaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-16927-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76I3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA152">The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia</a>. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 1841. pp. 152–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asiatic+Journal+and+Monthly+Register+for+British+and+Foreign+India%2C+China%2C+and+Australia&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=Parbury%2C+Allen%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76I3AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blagden1925-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blagden1925_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blagden1925_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Otto_Blagden1925" class="citation book cs1">Charles Otto Blagden (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8QmAQAAMAAJ&q=tributary+Malays">British Malaya, 1824-67</a>. Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Malaya%2C+1824-67&rft.pub=Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Charles+Otto+Blagden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di8QmAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtributary%2BMalays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearn2019-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stearn2019_44-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Stearn2019" class="citation book cs1">Duncan Stearn (25 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qX6ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56">Slices of Thai History: From the curious & controversial to the heroic & hardy</a>. Proglen Trading Co., Ltd. pp. 56–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-456-012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-456-012-3"><bdi>978-616-456-012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slices+of+Thai+History%3A+From+the+curious+%26+controversial+to+the+heroic+%26+hardy&rft.pages=56-&rft.pub=Proglen+Trading+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.isbn=978-616-456-012-3&rft.au=Duncan+Stearn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqX6ODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash1998-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash1998_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prakash1998_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOm_Prakash1998" class="citation book cs1">Om Prakash (28 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hciTRYbE27gC&pg=PA235">European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25758-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25758-9"><bdi>978-0-521-25758-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Commercial+Enterprise+in+Pre-Colonial+India&rft.pages=235-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-06-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25758-9&rft.au=Om+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhciTRYbE27gC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Hasymy1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ali Hasymy (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vk8bAAAAIAAJ&q=Taj+ul-Alam+perak+tin+dutch">59 [i.e. Limapuluh sembilan] tahun Aceh merdeka di bawah pemerintahan ratu</a> [59 [i.e. Fifty nine] years of Aceh independence under the rule of queen] (in Indonesian). Bulan Bintang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=59+%26%2391%3Bi.e.+Limapuluh+sembilan%26%2393%3B+tahun+Aceh+merdeka+di+bawah+pemerintahan+ratu&rft.pub=Bulan+Bintang&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Ali+Hasymy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvk8bAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DTaj%2Bul-Alam%2Bperak%2Btin%2Bdutch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSher_Banu._A_Latiff_Khan2018" class="citation book cs1">Sher Banu. A Latiff Khan (27 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ah5qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106">Sovereign Women in a Muslim Kingdom</a>. 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St Martin's Press. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Malaysia&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Watson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915033845/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/sultan-muzaffar-shah-iii-perak-menandatangani-perjanjian-monopoli-belanda-belanda-ke-atas-perdagangan-bijih-timah-di-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"Sultan Muzaffar Shah III Of Perak Signed The Treaty Of Dutch Monopoly Over Trading Of Tin In Perak"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 25 June 1747. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/sultan-muzaffar-shah-iii-perak-menandatangani-perjanjian-monopoli-belanda-belanda-ke-atas-perdagangan-bijih-timah-di-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">the original</a> on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sultan+Muzaffar+Shah+III+Of+Perak+Signed+The+Treaty+Of+Dutch+Monopoly+Over+Trading+Of+Tin+In+Perak&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1747-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fsultan-muzaffar-shah-iii-perak-menandatangani-perjanjian-monopoli-belanda-belanda-ke-atas-perdagangan-bijih-timah-di-negeri-perak%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndaya1982" class="citation book cs1">Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofmalaysi0000anda">A History of Malaysia</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38120-2"><bdi>978-0-312-38120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Malaysia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-312-38120-2&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Watson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmalaysi0000anda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schliesinger2017-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schliesinger2017_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schliesinger2017_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_Schliesinger2017" class="citation book cs1">Joachim Schliesinger (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kOgzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">Traditional Slavery in Southeast Asia and Beyond</a>. Booksmango. pp. 186–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64153-020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64153-020-0"><bdi>978-1-64153-020-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Slavery+in+Southeast+Asia+and+Beyond&rft.pages=186-&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-64153-020-0&rft.au=Joachim+Schliesinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkOgzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KhooLubis2005-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhooLubis2005_55-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo_Salma_NasutionAbdur-Razzaq_Lubis2005" class="citation book cs1">Khoo Salma Nasution; Abdur-Razzaq Lubis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgsZvl1zTXgC&pg=PA5">Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development</a>. Areca Books. pp. 5, 225, 228 and 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-42113-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-42113-0-1"><bdi>978-983-42113-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinta+Valley%3A+Pioneering+Malaysia%27s+Modern+Development&rft.pages=5%2C+225%2C+228+and+310&rft.pub=Areca+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-983-42113-0-1&rft.au=Khoo+Salma+Nasution&rft.au=Abdur-Razzaq+Lubis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgsZvl1zTXgC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo_Kay_Kim1972" class="citation book cs1">Khoo Kay Kim (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PIXAAAAIAAJ&q=Chinese+miners+left">The Western Malay States, 1850-1873: the effects of commercial development on Malay politics</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Malay+States%2C+1850-1873%3A+the+effects+of+commercial+development+on+Malay+politics&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Khoo+Kay+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PIXAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DChinese%2Bminers%2Bleft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Todd_Harlow1964" class="citation book cs1">Vincent Todd Harlow (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingofsecond0002harl">The founding of the Second British Empire, 1763-1793</a>. Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+founding+of+the+Second+British+Empire%2C+1763-1793&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Vincent+Todd+Harlow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundingofsecond0002harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheah_Boon_Kheng2007" class="citation book cs1">Cheah Boon Kheng (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MW6cAAAAMAAJ">New Perspectives and Research on Malaysian History: Essays on Malaysian Historiography</a>. MBRAS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-9948-40-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-9948-40-0"><bdi>978-967-9948-40-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+and+Research+on+Malaysian+History%3A+Essays+on+Malaysian+Historiography&rft.pub=MBRAS&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-967-9948-40-0&rft.au=Cheah+Boon+Kheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMW6cAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrédéric_DurandRichard_Curtis2014" class="citation book cs1">Frédéric Durand; Richard Curtis (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-BUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Maps of Malaysia and Borneo: Discovery, Statehood and Progress</a>. Editions Didier Millet. pp. 52–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-10617-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-10617-3-2"><bdi>978-967-10617-3-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps+of+Malaysia+and+Borneo%3A+Discovery%2C+Statehood+and+Progress&rft.pages=52-&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.isbn=978-967-10617-3-2&rft.au=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Durand&rft.au=Richard+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-BUAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFʻUdomsombat_(Lūang.)1993" class="citation book cs1">ʻUdomsombat (Lūang.) (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yktxAAAAMAAJ&q=Fearing+a+Siamese+attack+upon+Kedah%2C+the+Sultan+agreed+to+allow+the+British+to+lease+Penang+">Rama III and the Siamese expedition to Kedah in 1839: the Dispatches of Luang Udomsombat</a>. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. pp. 2–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7326-0521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7326-0521-6"><bdi>978-0-7326-0521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rama+III+and+the+Siamese+expedition+to+Kedah+in+1839%3A+the+Dispatches+of+Luang+Udomsombat&rft.pages=2-&rft.pub=Center+for+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Monash+University&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7326-0521-6&rft.au=%CA%BBUdomsombat+%28L%C5%ABang.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyktxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DFearing%2Ba%2BSiamese%2Battack%2Bupon%2BKedah%252C%2Bthe%2BSultan%2Bagreed%2Bto%2Ballow%2Bthe%2BBritish%2Bto%2Blease%2BPenang%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler2019-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2019_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2019_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2019_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler2019_59-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Richmond_Wheeler2019" class="citation book cs1">L. Richmond Wheeler (19 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqqbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50">The Modern Malay</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 50–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-60316-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-60316-7"><bdi>978-0-429-60316-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Malay&rft.pages=50-70&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft.isbn=978-0-429-60316-7&rft.au=L.+Richmond+Wheeler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqqbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Balfour1873" class="citation book cs1">Edward Balfour (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9UBAAAAYAAJ&q=perak+interior+characteristics+forest&pg=PA377">Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures</a>. Printed at the Scottish & Adelphi presses. pp. 377–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+India+and+of+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia%2C+Commercial%2C+Industrial+and+Scientific%3A+Products+of+the+Mineral%2C+Vegetable+and+Animal+Kingdoms%2C+Useful+Arts+and+Manufactures&rft.pages=377-&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Scottish+%26+Adelphi+presses&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Edward+Balfour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9UBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Binterior%2Bcharacteristics%2Bforest%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kedah-Siam_relations-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_relations_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_relations_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_relations_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobkua_Suwwannathat-pian1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kobkua Suwwannathat-pian (1999). "A Brief Moment in Time: Kedah-Siam Relations Revisited". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 72 (2): 65–90. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493393">41493393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Moment+in+Time%3A+Kedah-Siam+Relations+Revisited&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-90&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41493393%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Kobkua+Suwwannathat-pian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnuar_Nik_Mahmud_(Nik.)1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anuar Nik Mahmud (Nik.) (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMRwAAAAMAAJ">Sejarah perjuangan Melayu Patani, 1785-1954</a> [History of the Patani Malay struggle, 1785-1954] (in Malay). Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-942-443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-942-443-0"><bdi>978-967-942-443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+perjuangan+Melayu+Patani%2C+1785-1954&rft.pub=Penerbit+Universiti+Kebangsaan+Malaysia&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-967-942-443-0&rft.au=Anuar+Nik+Mahmud+%28Nik.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMRwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_R._DeRouenPaul_Bellamy2008" class="citation book cs1">Karl R. DeRouen; Paul Bellamy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpckqY51AUEC&pg=PA804">International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 804–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99255-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99255-2"><bdi>978-0-275-99255-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Security+and+the+United+States%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=804-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99255-2&rft.au=Karl+R.+DeRouen&rft.au=Paul+Bellamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpckqY51AUEC%26pg%3DPA804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kedah-Siam_encounter-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_encounter_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_encounter_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kedah-Siam_encounter_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharom_Ahmad1971" class="citation web cs1">Sharom Ahmad (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910041655/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_059_1g_SharomAhmat_KedahSiamRelations.pdf">"Kedah-Siam Relations, 1821-1905"</a> (PDF). pp. 97–99. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_059_1g_SharomAhmat_KedahSiamRelations.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019 – via Siamese Heritage Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kedah-Siam+Relations%2C+1821-1905&rft.pages=97-99&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Sharom+Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1971%2FJSS_059_1g_SharomAhmat_KedahSiamRelations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76I3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA153">The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia</a>. Parbury, Allen, and Company. 1841. pp. 153–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asiatic+Journal+and+Monthly+Register+for+British+and+Foreign+India%2C+China%2C+and+Australia&rft.pages=153-&rft.pub=Parbury%2C+Allen%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76I3AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CasparisGraaf1900-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CasparisGraaf1900_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasparisGraaf1900_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._G._de_CasparisHermanus_Johannes_de_GraafJoseph_KennedyWilliam_Henry_Scott1900" class="citation book cs1">J. G. de Casparis; Hermanus Johannes de Graaf; Joseph Kennedy; William Henry Scott (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA137">Geschichte</a>. BRILL. pp. 137–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04859-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04859-6"><bdi>90-04-04859-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte.&rft.pages=137-141&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=90-04-04859-6&rft.au=J.+G.+de+Casparis&rft.au=Hermanus+Johannes+de+Graaf&rft.au=Joseph+Kennedy&rft.au=William+Henry+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRYQeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_and_Selangor_treaty_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915040018/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-antara-negeri-selangor-dan-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"The Treaty Between The States Of Selangor And Perak"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 11 July 1823. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-antara-negeri-selangor-dan-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">the original</a> on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+Between+The+States+Of+Selangor+And+Perak&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1823-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fperjanjian-antara-negeri-selangor-dan-negeri-perak%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BegbieBanerjee1834-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BegbieBanerjee1834_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BegbieBanerjee1834_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BegbieBanerjee1834_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_James_BegbieDiptendra_M._Banerjee1834" class="citation book cs1">Peter James Begbie; Diptendra M. Banerjee (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malayanpeninsul00banegoog">The Malayan Peninsula: Embracing Its History, Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants, Politics, Natural History, Etc. from Its Earliest Records</a>. Vepery Mission Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malayanpeninsul00banegoog/page/n61">85</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Peninsula%3A+Embracing+Its+History%2C+Manners+and+Customs+of+the+Inhabitants%2C+Politics%2C+Natural+History%2C+Etc.+from+Its+Earliest+Records&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Vepery+Mission+Press&rft.date=1834&rft.au=Peter+James+Begbie&rft.au=Diptendra+M.+Banerjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalayanpeninsul00banegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall1981-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1981_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1981_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1981_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall1981_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_George_Edward_Hall1981" class="citation book cs1">Daniel George Edward Hall (1 May 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA554">History of South East Asia</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 554–555. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16521-6"><bdi>978-1-349-16521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+East+Asia&rft.pages=554-555&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=1981-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16521-6&rft.au=Daniel+George+Edward+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD9dDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Reman_occupied_districts-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reman_occupied_districts_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reman_occupied_districts_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reman_occupied_districts_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913061651/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penyerahan-daerah-daerah-takluk-reman-kepada-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"The Surrender of Reman Occupied Districts To Perak"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 16 July 1909. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penyerahan-daerah-daerah-takluk-reman-kepada-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">the original</a> on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Surrender+of+Reman+Occupied+Districts+To+Perak&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1909-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fpenyerahan-daerah-daerah-takluk-reman-kepada-perak%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw2002-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw2002_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw2002_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Kershaw2002" class="citation book cs1">Roger Kershaw (4 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zq-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">Monarchy in South East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition</a>. Routledge. pp. 189–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-66707-9"><bdi>978-1-134-66707-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchy+in+South+East+Asia%3A+The+Faces+of+Tradition+in+Transition&rft.pages=189-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-134-66707-9&rft.au=Roger+Kershaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzq-EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-slAAAAMAAJ">Monographs on Malay Subjects</a>. 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monographs+on+Malay+Subjects&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-slAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail_Mohd._Abu_HassanHakimah_Haji_YaacobKhairatul_Akmar_Ab._Latif2004" class="citation book cs1">Ismail Mohd. Abu Hassan; Hakimah Haji Yaacob; Khairatul Akmar Ab. Latif (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BNKYAAAAMAAJ">Introduction to Malaysian legal history</a>. Ilmiah Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-3074-23-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-3074-23-5"><bdi>978-983-3074-23-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Malaysian+legal+history&rft.pub=Ilmiah+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-983-3074-23-5&rft.au=Ismail+Mohd.+Abu+Hassan&rft.au=Hakimah+Haji+Yaacob&rft.au=Khairatul+Akmar+Ab.+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBNKYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1912_Perak_details-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1912_Perak_details_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1912_Perak_details_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4tEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1388">The Directory & Chronicle for China, Japan, Corea, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Malay States, Sian, Netherlands India, Borneo, the Philippines, &c: With which are Incorporated "The China Directory" and "The Hong Kong List for the Far East" ...</a> Hong Kong Daily Press Office. 1912. pp. 1388–1389.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Directory+%26+Chronicle+for+China%2C+Japan%2C+Corea%2C+Indo-China%2C+Straits+Settlements%2C+Malay+States%2C+Sian%2C+Netherlands+India%2C+Borneo%2C+the+Philippines%2C+%26c%3A+With+which+are+Incorporated+%22The+China+Directory%22+and+%22The+Hong+Kong+List+for+the+Far+East%22+...&rft.pages=1388-1389&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Daily+Press+Office&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4tEAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_aid_resulted_to_the_regain_of_Hulu_Perak_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_Hamzah1995" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M Hamzah (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916115618/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/470/2/BAB1.pdf">"Bab 1 (Pengenalan)"</a> [Chapter 1 (Introduction)] (PDF) (in Malay). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Malaya">University of Malaya</a> Students Repository. p. 8 [7/31]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/470/2/BAB1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bab+1+%28Pengenalan%29&rft.pages=8+7%2F31&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Students+Repository&rft.date=1995&rft.au=M+Hamzah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudentsrepo.um.edu.my%2F470%2F2%2FBAB1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay2005-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackay2005_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackay2005_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Mackay2005" class="citation book cs1">Derek Mackay (24 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3EAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Hunt for Opium</a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 10–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-230-1"><bdi>978-0-85771-230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Customs%3A+The+Customs+Service+in+British+Malaya+and+the+Hunt+for+Opium&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-230-1&rft.au=Derek+Mackay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3EAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoginder_Singh_Jessy1963" class="citation book cs1">Joginder Singh Jessy (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwc5AQAAIAAJ&q=anglo+burmese+war+1824+siam+ally">History of Malaya, 1400-1959</a>. Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications. pp. 82–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Malaya%2C+1400-1959&rft.pages=82-&rft.pub=Jointly+published+by+the+United+Publishers+and+Peninsular+Publications&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Joginder+Singh+Jessy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddwc5AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Danglo%2Bburmese%2Bwar%2B1824%2Bsiam%2Bally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Miller1966" class="citation book cs1">Harry Miller (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5luAAAAMAAJ&q=anglo+burmese+war+1824+siam+ally">A short history of Malaysia</a>. F.A. Praeger. pp. 79–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Malaysia&rft.pages=79-&rft.pub=F.A.+Praeger&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Harry+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5luAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Danglo%2Bburmese%2Bwar%2B1824%2Bsiam%2Bally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Thompson1941" class="citation book cs1">Virginia Thompson (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXTaAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1824%2C+the+year+of+Siam%27s+expansion+in+Selangor+and+Perak">Thailand, the new Siam</a>. The Macmillan company. pp. 150–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598971814" title="Special:BookSources/9780598971814"><bdi>9780598971814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%2C+the+new+Siam&rft.pages=150-&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+company&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=9780598971814&rft.au=Virginia+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXTaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DIn%2B1824%252C%2Bthe%2Byear%2Bof%2BSiam%2527s%2Bexpansion%2Bin%2BSelangor%2Band%2BPerak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916044624/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/5005d886-9c27-421e-a22d-44fb5965350c">"Signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty (Treaty of London) of 1824 [17 March 1824]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>, Singapore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/5005d886-9c27-421e-a22d-44fb5965350c">the original</a> on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Signing+of+the+Anglo-Dutch+Treaty+%28Treaty+of+London%29+of+1824+%5B17+March+1824%5D&rft.pub=National+Library+Board%2C+Singapore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2F5005d886-9c27-421e-a22d-44fb5965350c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-British-Siam_negotiation-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British-Siam_negotiation_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-British-Siam_negotiation_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913053751/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/rundingan-inggeris-siam/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"British-Siam Negotiation"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 31 July 1825. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/rundingan-inggeris-siam/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">the original</a> on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British-Siam+Negotiation&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1825-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Frundingan-inggeris-siam%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_peace_and_friendship_treaty_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910054553/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-damai-dan-persahabatan-selangor-inggeris/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"Selangor-English Peace And Friendship Treaty"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 20 August 1825. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-damai-dan-persahabatan-selangor-inggeris/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">the original</a> on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selangor-English+Peace+And+Friendship+Treaty&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1825-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fperjanjian-damai-dan-persahabatan-selangor-inggeris%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_George_Edward_Hall1974" class="citation book cs1">Daniel George Edward Hall (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XRuAAAAMAAJ">Henry Burney: A Political Biography</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-713583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-713583-9"><bdi>978-0-19-713583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Burney%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-713583-9&rft.au=Daniel+George+Edward+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XRuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThongchai_Winichakul1997" class="citation book cs1">Thongchai Winichakul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJEK4sHPlUsC&pg=PA62">Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation</a>. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 282–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24397-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24397-1"><bdi>978-0-415-24397-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triad+Societies%3A+Western+Accounts+of+the+History%2C+Sociology+and+Linguistics+of+Chinese+Secret+Societies&rft.pages=282-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24397-1&rft.au=Mervyn+Llewelyn+Wynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6irEoGgDrm4C%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_GroenveldMichael_Joseph_WintleAnglo-Dutch_Historical_Conference1992" class="citation book cs1">Simon Groenveld; Michael Joseph Wintle; Anglo-Dutch Historical Conference (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v360AAAAIAAJ&q=Anglo-Dutch+Treaties+of+1870%E2%80%9371+dutch+aceh">State and Trade: Government and the Economy in Britain and the Netherlands Since the Middle Ages; [papers Delivered to the Tenth Anglo-Dutch Historical Conference, Nijmegen, 1988]</a>. 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NIAS Press. pp. 26–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-91114-51-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-91114-51-9"><bdi>978-87-91114-51-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Up+Saga&rft.pages=26-&rft.pub=NIAS+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-87-91114-51-9&rft.au=Susan+M.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtDTYPUl-yEC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_101-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_101-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_101-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_101-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_101-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation_of_Perak's_political_and_economic_structure_101-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzrai_AbdullahIzdihar_BaharinRizal_Yaakop2012" class="citation journal cs1">Azrai Abdullah; Izdihar Baharin; Rizal Yaakop (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917090236/http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6228/1/d.pdf">"The Transformation of Perak's Political and Economic Structure in the British Colonial Period in Malaya (1874-1957)"</a> (PDF). Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategy, School of History, Politics & Strategy. 39 (2): 63–72. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2180-0251">2180-0251</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalarticle.ukm.my/6228/1/d.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 September 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Kebangsaan_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia">Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysian+Journal+of+History%2C+Politics+%26+Strategy%2C+School+of+History%2C+Politics+%26+Strategy&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+Perak%27s+Political+and+Economic+Structure+in+the+British+Colonial+Period+in+Malaya+%281874-1957%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-72&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=2180-0251&rft.au=Azrai+Abdullah&rft.au=Izdihar+Baharin&rft.au=Rizal+Yaakop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalarticle.ukm.my%2F6228%2F1%2Fd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917075317/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-british-siam-1909/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"Anglo-Siamese Treaty Of 1909"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 10 March 1909. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-british-siam-1909/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">the original</a> on 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anglo-Siamese+Treaty+Of+1909&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1909-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fen%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fperjanjian-british-siam-1909%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy1987-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1987_103-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Kennedy1987" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Kennedy (18 June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcivilians0000kenn">British Civilians and the Japanese War in Malaya and Singapore, 1941-45</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcivilians0000kenn/page/26">26</a>–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08691-7"><bdi>978-1-349-08691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Civilians+and+the+Japanese+War+in+Malaya+and+Singapore%2C+1941-45&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1987-06-18&rft.isbn=978-1-349-08691-7&rft.au=Joseph+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishcivilians0000kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TX2FRHU6BYgC&q=Although+this+attack+was+itself+a+failure%2C+it+did+succeed+in+ultimately+getting+the+Japanese+across+the+Perak+River">Japanese Land Operations (from Japanese Sources), December 8, 1941, to June 8, 1942</a>. Military Intelligence Service, War Department. 1942. pp. 31–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Land+Operations+%28from+Japanese+Sources%29%2C+December+8%2C+1941%2C+to+June+8%2C+1942&rft.pages=31-&rft.pub=Military+Intelligence+Service%2C+War+Department&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTX2FRHU6BYgC%26q%3DAlthough%2Bthis%2Battack%2Bwas%2Bitself%2Ba%2Bfailure%252C%2Bit%2Bdid%2Bsucceed%2Bin%2Bultimately%2Bgetting%2Bthe%2BJapanese%2Bacross%2Bthe%2BPerak%2BRiver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYōji_AkashiMako_Yoshimura2008" class="citation book cs1">Yōji Akashi; Mako Yoshimura (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHeGUGRrdtwC&pg=PA43">New Perspectives on the Japanese Occupation in Malaya and Singapore, 1941-1945</a>. NUS Press. pp. 43–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-299-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Japanese+Occupation+in+Malaya+and+Singapore%2C+1941-1945&rft.pages=43-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-299-5&rft.au=Y%C5%8Dji+Akashi&rft.au=Mako+Yoshimura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHeGUGRrdtwC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Army_Service_Forces1944" class="citation book cs1">United States. Army Service Forces (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rIp7NV9vngC&q=japanese+northern+malay+state+thailand&pg=PA3">Civil Affairs Handbook: Japan</a>. Headquarters, Army Service Forces. pp. 3–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Affairs+Handbook%3A+Japan&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Headquarters%2C+Army+Service+Forces&rft.date=1944&rft.au=United+States.+Army+Service+Forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rIp7NV9vngC%26q%3Djapanese%2Bnorthern%2Bmalay%2Bstate%2Bthailand%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratoska1998-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska1998_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska1998_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_H._Kratoska1998" class="citation book cs1">Paul H. Kratoska (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bePxcx7BFLEC&pg=PA85">The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History</a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 85–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-284-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-284-7"><bdi>978-1-85065-284-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Malaya%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.pages=85-299&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-284-7&rft.au=Paul+H.+Kratoska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbePxcx7BFLEC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong_Kuan_Yap1957" class="citation book cs1">Hong Kuan Yap (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PuWzAQAACAAJ">Perak Under the Japanese, 1942-1945</a>. University of Malaya, Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perak+Under+the+Japanese%2C+1942-1945&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya%2C+Singapore&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Hong+Kuan+Yap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPuWzAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnabel_Teh_Gallop2016" class="citation web cs1">Annabel Teh Gallop (13 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920071906/https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2016/05/the-perak-times-a-rare-japanese-occupation-newspaper-from-malaya.html">"The Perak Times: a rare Japanese-occupation newspaper from Malaya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2016/05/the-perak-times-a-rare-japanese-occupation-newspaper-from-malaya.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Perak+Times%3A+a+rare+Japanese-occupation+newspaper+from+Malaya&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.au=Annabel+Teh+Gallop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Fasian-and-african%2F2016%2F05%2Fthe-perak-times-a-rare-japanese-occupation-newspaper-from-malaya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan2008-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan2008_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan2008_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan2008_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_R._Duncan2008" class="citation book cs1">Christopher R. Duncan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqZYHdOMFsEC&pg=PA27">Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities</a>. NUS Press. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-418-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-418-0"><bdi>978-9971-69-418-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizing+the+Margins%3A+Southeast+Asian+Government+Policies+for+the+Development+of+Minorities&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-418-0&rft.au=Christopher+R.+Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqZYHdOMFsEC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_MorrisNaoko_ShimazuEdward_Vickers2014" class="citation book cs1">Paul Morris; Naoko Shimazu; Edward Vickers (26 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DUsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200">Imagining Japan in Post-war East Asia: Identity Politics, Schooling and Popular Culture</a>. Routledge. pp. 200–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68490-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68490-8"><bdi>978-1-134-68490-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Japan+in+Post-war+East+Asia%3A+Identity+Politics%2C+Schooling+and+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=200-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-134-68490-8&rft.au=Paul+Morris&rft.au=Naoko+Shimazu&rft.au=Edward+Vickers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_DUsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratoska2018-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska2018_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kratoska2018_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_H._Kratoska2018" class="citation book cs1">Paul H. Kratoska (30 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvlqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA299">The Japanese Occupation of Malaya and Singapore, 1941-45: A Social and Economic History</a>. NUS Press. pp. 299–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-638-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-638-2"><bdi>978-9971-69-638-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Malaya+and+Singapore%2C+1941-45%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.pages=299-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-638-2&rft.au=Paul+H.+Kratoska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvlqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeena_Babulal2017" class="citation news cs1">Veena Babulal (22 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/293647/forgotten-perak-town-was-backdrop-sybil-kathigasus-heroism">"Forgotten Perak town was backdrop of Sybil Kathigasu's heroism"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=State+PAS+secretary+made+Perak+Mentri+Besar&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Felection%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2008%2F3%2F12%2Felection2008%2F20080312174629%26sec%3DElection2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BernauerBochsler2014-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BernauerBochsler2014_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BernauerBochsler2014_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_BernauerDaniel_BochslerRogers_BrubakerMagdalena_Dembinska2014" class="citation book cs1">Julian Bernauer; Daniel Bochsler; Rogers Brubaker; Magdalena Dembinska; Fulya Memisoglu; Karolina Prasad; Antoine Roger; Edina Szöcsik; Hanna Vasilevich; Doris Wydra; Christina Isabel Zuber (3 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SxePBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">New Nation-States and National Minorities</a>. 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Retrieved 15 October 2019. <q>According to the state constitution, the menteri besar must be a Malay Muslim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Policy%3A+Storm+brewing+in+Perak&rft.pub=The+Edge+Markets&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.au=Mohsin+Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theedgemarkets.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics-and-policy-storm-brewing-perak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanariah_Abdul_Mutalib2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zanariah Abdul Mutalib (4 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015071510/https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2009/02/04/pakatan-rakyat-perak-tumbang-bn-bentuk-kerajaan">"Pakatan Rakyat Perak tumbang, BN bentuk kerajaan"</a> [Perak Pakatan Rakyat collapsed, BN form the government] (in Malay). mStar. 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Department of Geography, University of Malaya. 1994. pp. 85–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysian+Journal+of+Tropical+Geography&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Department+of+Geography%2C+University+of+Malaya&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJMSAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dperak%2Btin%2Bfall%2Bmigrate%2Bpenang%2Bselangor%2Bkuala%2Blumpur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatsanawadi_Kaeosanit2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Thatsanawadi Kaeosanit (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gscm.nida.ac.th/uploads/files/1536032634.pdf">Dynamic Construction of the Siamese-Malaysians' Ethnic Identity, Malaysia</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). 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Marshall Cavendish. 2007. pp. 1184–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7642-9"><bdi>978-0-7614-7642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pages=1184-&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7642-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72VwCFtYHCgC%26pg%3DPA1184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin_EmberCarol_R._EmberIan_Skoggard2004" class="citation book cs1">Melvin Ember; Carol R. 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 274–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48321-9"><bdi>978-0-306-48321-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diasporas%3A+Immigrant+and+Refugee+Cultures+Around+the+World.+Volume+I%3A+Overviews+and+Topics%3B+Volume+II%3A+Diaspora+Communities&rft.pages=274-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-306-48321-9&rft.au=Melvin+Ember&rft.au=Carol+R.+Ember&rft.au=Ian+Skoggard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QEjPVyd9YMC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omar2015-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_327-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_327-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_327-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar2015_327-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmah_Haji_Omar2015" class="citation book cs1">Asmah Haji Omar (16 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual strands in multilingual settings</a>. Routledge. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36421-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36421-4"><bdi>978-1-317-36421-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+the+Malaysian+Education+System%3A+Monolingual+strands+in+multilingual+settings&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-317-36421-4&rft.au=Asmah+Haji+Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaQ0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-total_religion-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-total_religion_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-total_religion_328-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-total_religion_328-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf">"Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri asas demografi (Population Distribution and Basic demographic characteristics 2010)"</a> (PDF). 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Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-983-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-983-8"><bdi>978-1-84731-983-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Malaysia%3A+A+Contextual+Analysis&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-84731-983-8&rft.au=Andrew+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZV6BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Hugh_Charles_CliffordSir_Frank_Athelstane_Swettenham1894" class="citation book cs1">Sir Hugh Charles Clifford; Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adictionarymala00swetgoog">A Dictionary of the Malay Language</a>. Authors at the Government's Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Malay+Language&rft.pub=Authors+at+the+Government%27s+Printing+Office&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Sir+Hugh+Charles+Clifford&rft.au=Sir+Frank+Athelstane+Swettenham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadictionarymala00swetgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malay_dialects_of_Perak-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malay_dialects_of_Perak_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malay_dialects_of_Perak_333-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malay_dialects_of_Perak_333-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTien-Ping_TanSang-Seong_GohYen-Min_Khaw2012" class="citation book cs1">Tien-Ping Tan; Sang-Seong Goh; Yen-Min Khaw (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024033022/http://language.cs.usm.my/publications/tienping/ialp2012-synthesis.pdf">"A Malay Dialect Translation and Synthesis System: Proposal and Preliminary System"</a> (PDF). 2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing. pp. 1–4 [109–112]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIALP.2012.14">10.1109/IALP.2012.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-6113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-6113-2"><bdi>978-1-4673-6113-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15342784">15342784</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://language.cs.usm.my/publications/tienping/ialp2012-synthesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 October 2019 – via Speech Processing Group, School of Computer Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia" title="Universiti Sains Malaysia">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Malay+Dialect+Translation+and+Synthesis+System%3A+Proposal+and+Preliminary+System&rft.btitle=2012+International+Conference+on+Asian+Language+Processing&rft.pages=1-4+109-112&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15342784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIALP.2012.14&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-6113-2&rft.au=Tien-Ping+Tan&rft.au=Sang-Seong+Goh&rft.au=Yen-Min+Khaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguage.cs.usm.my%2Fpublications%2Ftienping%2Fialp2012-synthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoriah_Mohamed2016" class="citation journal cs1">Noriah Mohamed (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024021613/http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol23_s1_2016/kajh23s12016_01.pdf">"Hybrid Language and Identity among the Samsam, Baba Nyonya and Jawi Peranakan Communities in North Peninsular Malaysia"</a> (PDF). A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Communication Arts and Innovation): 1–23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol23_s1_2016/kajh23s12016_01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 October 2019 – via Universiti Sains Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Dissertation+Submitted+in+Partial+Fulfillment+of+the+Requirements+for+the+Degree+of+Doctor+of+Philosophy+%28Communication+Arts+and+Innovation%29&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Language+and+Identity+among+the+Samsam%2C+Baba+Nyonya+and+Jawi+Peranakan+Communities+in+North+Peninsular+Malaysia&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Noriah+Mohamed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.usm.my%2Fkajh%2Fvol23_s1_2016%2Fkajh23s12016_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquetta_MegarryStanley_NisbetEric_Hoyle2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacquetta Megarry; Stanley Nisbet; Eric Hoyle (8 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wIErNLnCT1MC&pg=PA166">World Yearbook of Education: Education of Minorities</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 166–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39297-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39297-6"><bdi>978-0-415-39297-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Yearbook+of+Education%3A+Education+of+Minorities&rft.pages=166-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39297-6&rft.au=Jacquetta+Megarry&rft.au=Stanley+Nisbet&rft.au=Eric+Hoyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwIErNLnCT1MC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Y._Yong2017" class="citation web cs1">A. Y. Yong (9 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2017/12/09/the-rise-and-fall-of-languages-and-dialects/">"The rise and fall of languages and dialects"</a>. The Star. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+languages+and+dialects&rft.date=2017-12-09&rft.au=A.+Y.+Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fopinion%2Fletters%2F2017%2F12%2F09%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-languages-and-dialects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024041319/http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=100379">"Language unites Malay and Siamese community"</a>. Bernama. Daily Express. 5 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=100379">the original</a> on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019. <q>Thai was widely used among the Malays who live in villages shared by the Siamese community, especially in states like Perlis, Kedah, Perak, Kelantan and Terengganu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernama&rft.atitle=Language+unites+Malay+and+Siamese+community&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailyexpress.com.my%2Fnews.cfm%3FNewsID%3D100379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvia_Looi2019" class="citation news cs1">Sylvia Looi (17 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024041813/https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2019/10/17/how-knowing-mandarin-helps-this-perak-veterinarian-in-her-work/1801084">"How knowing Mandarin helps this Perak veterinarian in her work"</a>. The Malay Mail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2019/10/17/how-knowing-mandarin-helps-this-perak-veterinarian-in-her-work/1801084">the original</a> on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=How+knowing+Mandarin+helps+this+Perak+veterinarian+in+her+work&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.au=Sylvia+Looi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Flife%2F2019%2F10%2F17%2Fhow-knowing-mandarin-helps-this-perak-veterinarian-in-her-work%2F1801084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuala_Kangsar_pottery_339-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzmi_Arifin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Azmi Arifin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024091848/http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_07.pdf">"Traditional Malay Pottery of Kuala Kangsar: Its History and Development"</a> (PDF). Malaysia Research. 33 (2): 113–133. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_07.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 October 2019 – via Universiti Sains Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysia+Research&rft.atitle=Traditional+Malay+Pottery+of+Kuala+Kangsar%3A+Its+History+and+Development&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-133&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Azmi+Arifin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.usm.my%2Fkm%2F33%28Supp.2%292015%2Fkm33s22015_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachael_Lum2019" class="citation web cs1">Rachael Lum (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024085612/https://www.goingplacesmagazine.com/golden-heritage-the-malaysian-art-of-gold-embroidery/">"Golden Heritage: The Malaysian Art Of Gold Embroidery"</a>. Going Places Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goingplacesmagazine.com/golden-heritage-the-malaysian-art-of-gold-embroidery/">the original</a> on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019 – via Malaysia Airlines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Heritage%3A+The+Malaysian+Art+Of+Gold+Embroidery&rft.pub=Going+Places+Magazine&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.au=Rachael+Lum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goingplacesmagazine.com%2Fgolden-heritage-the-malaysian-art-of-gold-embroidery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_Loh2017" class="citation web cs1">Ivan Loh (16 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2017/09/16/bringing-old-dances-to-new-audiences">"Bringing old dances to new audiences"</a>. The Star. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Bringing+old+dances+to+new+audiences&rft.date=2017-09-16&rft.au=Ivan+Loh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Fmetro-news%2F2017%2F09%2F16%2Fbringing-old-dances-to-new-audiences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kkmm.gov.my/pdf/buku/dabus.pdf">"Dabus (Pengenalan)"</a> [Dabus (Introduction)] (PDF) (in Malay). Ministry of Communications and Multimedia of Malaysia. 2003. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dabus+%28Pengenalan%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Communications+and+Multimedia+of+Malaysia&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kkmm.gov.my%2Fpdf%2Fbuku%2Fdabus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025225806/https://www.tourism.gov.my/media/view/the-many-colours-of-malaysia">"The Many Colours of Malaysia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourism_Malaysia" title="Tourism Malaysia">Tourism Malaysia</a>. 24 March 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourism.gov.my/media/view/the-many-colours-of-malaysia">the original</a> on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019. <q>The most famous product which has every tourist in awe is the labu sayong - a calabash shaped <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a> used during mystical rituals or simply for storing water. It's a wonder as the water stored in it is always cool. The people of Perak even have a dance called the labu sayong.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Many+Colours+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Tourism+Malaysia&rft.date=2003-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism.gov.my%2Fmedia%2Fview%2Fthe-many-colours-of-malaysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaihana_Abdullah1987" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raihana Abdullah (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025231001/http://commonrepo.um.edu.my/7275/1/Perak-perkenal_n2-241287.jpg">"Perak perkenal Tarian Bubu sebagai seni budaya Melayu"</a> [Perak introduces Bubu Dance as Malay cultural art] (in Malay). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.usm.my/km/29(Supp1)2011/KM%20Vol.%2029%20Supp.%201%20-%20Art.%205%20-%20(Ngo%20Sheau%20Shi).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 October 2019 – via Universiti Sains Malaysia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysia+Research&rft.atitle=The+Shaw+Brothers%27+Wuxia+Pian%3A+An+Early+Identity+and+Business-Cultural+Connection+for+the+Chinese+in+Malaya&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-93&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Ngo+Sheau+Shi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.usm.my%2Fkm%2F29%28Supp1%292011%2FKM%2520Vol.%252029%2520Supp.%25201%2520-%2520Art.%25205%2520-%2520%28Ngo%2520Sheau%2520Shi%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivian_Chong2016" class="citation news cs1">Vivian Chong (24 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026023020/https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2016/07/24/a-walk-through-time-at-ipohs-qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village/1167711">"A walk through time at Ipoh's Qing Xin Ling Leisure & Cultural Village"</a>. The Malay Mail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2016/07/24/a-walk-through-time-at-ipohs-qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village/1167711">the original</a> on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=A+walk+through+time+at+Ipoh%27s+Qing+Xin+Ling+Leisure+%26+Cultural+Village&rft.date=2016-07-24&rft.au=Vivian+Chong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Flife%2F2016%2F07%2F24%2Fa-walk-through-time-at-ipohs-qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village%2F1167711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMing_Teoh2018" class="citation web cs1">Ming Teoh (19 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026023329/https://www.star2.com/travel/malaysia/2018/03/19/qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village/">"What to do at Qing Xin Ling Leisure and Cultural Village in Ipoh, Perak"</a>. Star2.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.star2.com/travel/malaysia/2018/03/19/qing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village/">the original</a> on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+do+at+Qing+Xin+Ling+Leisure+and+Cultural+Village+in+Ipoh%2C+Perak&rft.pub=Star2.com&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.au=Ming+Teoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.star2.com%2Ftravel%2Fmalaysia%2F2018%2F03%2F19%2Fqing-xin-ling-leisure-cultural-village%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Yeap2015" class="citation web cs1">Amanda Yeap (26 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2015/11/26/booming-township-bercham-a-former-tin-mining-centre-has-been-developing-rapidly-since-the-british-co">"Bercham - former tin mining centre turned booming township"</a>. The Star. 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Department of Museums Malaysia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmm.gov.my/files/5-PERAK.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senarai+Persatuan%2FPertubuhan+Tarian+dan+Seni+Kebudayaan+Kaum+di+Perak&rft.pub=Department+of+Museums+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmm.gov.my%2Ffiles%2F5-PERAK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ipoh_white_coffee-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_white_coffee_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ipoh_white_coffee_353-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Avran2019" class="citation news cs1">Dave Avran (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026044300/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2019/09/10/intriguing-and-interesting-inception-of-ipoh-white-coffee/">"Intriguing and interesting inception of Ipoh White Coffee"</a>. Free Malaysia Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2019/09/10/intriguing-and-interesting-inception-of-ipoh-white-coffee/">the original</a> on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Malaysia+Today&rft.atitle=Intriguing+and+interesting+inception+of+Ipoh+White+Coffee&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.au=Dave+Avran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemalaysiatoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fleisure%2F2019%2F09%2F10%2Fintriguing-and-interesting-inception-of-ipoh-white-coffee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perak_cuisine-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_cuisine_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_cuisine_354-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perak_cuisine_354-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026031613/http://www.peraktourism.com.my/about-perak/2014-11-14-20-40-24/food-and-cuisine.html">"Food and Cuisine"</a>. Perak Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peraktourism.com.my/about-perak/2014-11-14-20-40-24/food-and-cuisine.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+and+Cuisine&rft.pub=Perak+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peraktourism.com.my%2Fabout-perak%2F2014-11-14-20-40-24%2Ffood-and-cuisine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey_Ng2015" class="citation journal cs1">Casey Ng (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026033640/http://eprints.utar.edu.my/1975/1/Pomelo_-_Citrus_maxima_-_the_indigenous_mega-citrus_of_South-East_Asia.pdf">"Pomelo—Citrus maxima—the indigenous mega-citrus of South-East Asia"</a> (PDF). UTAR Agriculture Science Journal. 1 (3). 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The Star. Retrieved 26 October 2019. <q>Talking about fruits, Perak is one state where particular districts are known for certain fruits. Bidor is famous for the guava, Tapah the petai, Menglembu the groundnuts, Hulu Perak the durians, and of course Tambun for the pomelo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Please+keep+pomelos+special+to+Perak&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.au=Zari+Mahmood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fopinion%2Fletters%2F2007%2F08%2F01%2Fplease-keep-pomelos-special-to-perak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051521/http://www.jbsn.gov.my/en/2015-12-09-03-24-43.html">"Sejarah JBS Perak"</a> [History of Perak YSD] (in Malay). Perak State Youth and Sports Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbsn.gov.my/en/2015-12-09-03-05-18.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+JBS+Perak&rft.pub=Perak+State+Youth+and+Sports+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbsn.gov.my%2Fen%2F2015-12-09-03-05-18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026053250/http://www.mbi.gov.my/en/citizens/services/sports-complex">"Sports Complex"</a>. Ipoh City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbi.gov.my/en/citizens/services/sports-complex">the original</a> on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports+Complex&rft.pub=Ipoh+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbi.gov.my%2Fen%2Fcitizens%2Fservices%2Fsports-complex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIli_Aqilah2019" class="citation web cs1">Ili Aqilah (1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/community-sports/2019/10/01/boost-in-funding-for-district-level-sports-associations">"Boost in funding for district-level sports associations"</a>. The Star. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Boost+in+funding+for+district-level+sports+associations&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.au=Ili+Aqilah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fsport%2Fcommunity-sports%2F2019%2F10%2F01%2Fboost-in-funding-for-district-level-sports-associations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026054540/http://johorsoutherntigers.com.my/team/perak-fa/">"Perak FA"</a>. Johor Southern Tigers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johorsoutherntigers.com.my/team/perak-fa/">the original</a> on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+FA&rft.pub=Johor+Southern+Tigers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohorsoutherntigers.com.my%2Fteam%2Fperak-fa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorairaj_Nadason2014" class="citation web cs1">Dorairaj Nadason (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/why-not/2014/05/30/a-sultans-legacy">"A Sultan's legacy"</a>. The Star. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=A+Sultan%27s+legacy&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.au=Dorairaj+Nadason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fwhy-not%2F2014%2F05%2F30%2Fa-sultans-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzuan2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Azuan (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026055230/https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2019/03/536657/perak-mahu-bina-stadium-e-sports">"Perak Menjadi Negeri Pertama Memperkenalkan E-Sukan Dalam Temasya SUKMA 2018"</a> [Perak Becomes The First State To Introduce E-Sports At SUKMA Games 2018] (in Malay). TeknoRatz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teknoratz.com/perak-menjadi-negeri-pertama-memperkenalkan-e-sukan-dalam-temasya-sukma-2018/">the original</a> on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perak+Menjadi+Negeri+Pertama+Memperkenalkan+E-Sukan+Dalam+Temasya+SUKMA+2018&rft.pub=TeknoRatz&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.au=Azuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteknoratz.com%2Fperak-menjadi-negeri-pertama-memperkenalkan-e-sukan-dalam-temasya-sukma-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamsul_Kamal_Amarudin2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shamsul Kamal Amarudin (2 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030065109/https://teknoratz.com/perak-menjadi-negeri-pertama-memperkenalkan-e-sukan-dalam-temasya-sukma-2018/">"Perak mahu bina stadium e-sports"</a> [Perak wants to build an e-sports stadium]. Berita Harian (in Malay). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/wilayah/2019/03/536657/perak-mahu-bina-stadium-e-sports">the original</a> on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berita+Harian&rft.atitle=Perak+mahu+bina+stadium+e-sports&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.au=Shamsul+Kamal+Amarudin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharian.com.my%2Fberita%2Fwilayah%2F2019%2F03%2F536657%2Fperak-mahu-bina-stadium-e-sports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Frederick_Adolphus_McNair1878" class="citation web cs1">John Frederick Adolphus McNair (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perakmalayssaron00mcnauoft/page/n9">"Perak and the Malays: 'Sarong' and 'kris.'"</a>. University of Toronto Libraries. London, Tinsley brothers. p. 504.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto+Libraries&rft.atitle=Perak+and+the+Malays%3A+%27Sarong%27+and+%27kris.%27&rft.pages=504&rft.date=1878&rft.au=John+Frederick+Adolphus+McNair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperakmalayssaron00mcnauoft%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabella_Lucy_Bird1883" class="citation web cs1">Isabella Lucy Bird (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenchersones02birdgoog/page/n13">"The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither"</a>. Harvard University. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 543.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Chersonese+and+the+Way+Thither&rft.pages=543&rft.date=1883&rft.au=Isabella+Lucy+Bird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldenchersones02birdgoog%2Fpage%2Fn13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Watson_Andaya1979" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Watson Andaya (1979). Perak, the Abode of Grace: A Study of an Eighteenth-century Malay State. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580385-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580385-3"><bdi>978-0-19-580385-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perak%2C+the+Abode+of+Grace%3A+A+Study+of+an+Eighteenth-century+Malay+State&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-580385-3&rft.au=Barbara+Watson+Andaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdur-Razzaq_LubisKhoo_Salma_Nasution2003" class="citation book cs1">Abdur-Razzaq Lubis; Khoo Salma Nasution (2003). Raja Bilah and the Mandailings in Perak, 1875–1911. Areca Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-9948-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-9948-31-8"><bdi>978-967-9948-31-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raja+Bilah+and+the+Mandailings+in+Perak%2C+1875%E2%80%931911&rft.pub=Areca+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-967-9948-31-8&rft.au=Abdur-Razzaq+Lubis&rft.au=Khoo+Salma+Nasution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerak" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perak&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Perak at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Perak" class="extiw" title="c:Perak">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Perak" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Perak">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Perak" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Perak">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Perak" class="extiw" title="voy:Perak">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perak.gov.my/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188953#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/perak">Perak</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yala_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala Province">Yala Province</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat Province</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Perak<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Perak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perak" title="Template:Perak"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perak" title="Template talk:Perak"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perak" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perak"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Perak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perak</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>, Royal town: <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of Perak (page does not exist)">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Perak-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of Perak-related articles (page does not exist)">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Perak">History</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Perak (page does not exist)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Perak" title="Elections in Perak">Elections</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perak_State_Executive_Council" title="Perak State Executive Council">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Perak" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Menteris Besar of Perak">Menteris Besar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Perak State Legislative Assembly">Legislative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Geography_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Geography of Perak (page does not exist)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_in_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary in Perak (page does not exist)">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Perak (page does not exist)">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Perak (page does not exist)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_from_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people from Perak (page does not exist)">Perakians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:List_of_Perak_state_symbols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:List of Perak state symbols (page does not exist)">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan" title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Perak" title="Flag and coat of arms of Perak">Flag and coat of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Perak" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Perak">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Perakian_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Perakian culture (page does not exist)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Perak (page does not exist)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuisine_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuisine of Perak (page does not exist)">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Ipoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Ipoh">Ipoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Perak (page does not exist)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Perak (page does not exist)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Perak (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Perak" title="Category:Politics of Perak">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk_District" title="Bagan Datuk District">Bagan Datuk District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_Padang_District" title="Batang Padang District">Batang Padang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilir_Perak_District" title="Hilir Perak District">Hilir Perak District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulu_Perak_District" title="Hulu Perak District">Hulu Perak District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampar_District" title="Kampar District">Kampar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerian_District" title="Kerian District">Kerian District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinta_District" title="Kinta District">Kinta District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar_District" title="Kuala Kangsar District">Kuala Kangsar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larut,_Matang_and_Selama_District" title="Larut, Matang and Selama District">Larut, Matang and Selama District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjung_District" title="Manjung District">Manjung District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muallim_District" title="Muallim District">Muallim District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Tengah_District" title="Perak Tengah District">Perak Tengah District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous <a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_(Mukim)_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdistricts (Mukim) of Malaysia">sub-district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinta_District" title="Kinta District">Kinta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perak_Tengah_District" title="Perak Tengah District">Perak Tengah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Gajah" title="Kampung Gajah">Kampung Gajah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulu_Perak_District" title="Hulu Perak District">Hulu Perak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Hulu" title="Pengkalan Hulu">Pengkalan Hulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Larut,_Matang_and_Selama_District" title="Larut, Matang and Selama District">Larut, Matang & Selama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selama" class="mw-redirect" title="Selama">Selama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar_District" title="Kuala Kangsar District">Kuala Kangsar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Siput" title="Sungai Siput">Sungai Siput</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayer_Tawar" title="Ayer Tawar">Ayer Tawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Datuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagan Datuk">Bagan Datuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Serai" title="Bagan Serai">Bagan Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Gajah" title="Batu Gajah">Batu Gajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidor" title="Bidor">Bidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">Gerik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopeng" title="Gopeng">Gopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutan_Melintang" title="Hutan Melintang">Hutan Melintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelapang,_Perak" title="Jelapang, Perak">Jelapang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamunting" title="Kamunting">Kamunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampar,_Perak" title="Kampar, Perak">Kampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumut,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumut, Malaysia">Lumut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantai_Remis" title="Pantai Remis">Pantai Remis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parit" title="Parit">Parit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parit_Buntar" title="Parit Buntar">Parit Buntar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Hulu" title="Pengkalan Hulu">Pengkalan Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selama" class="mw-redirect" title="Selama">Selama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitiawan" title="Sitiawan">Sitiawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slim_River" title="Slim River">Slim River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Siput" title="Sungai Siput">Sungai Siput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungkai" title="Sungkai">Sungkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping,_Perak" title="Taiping, Perak">Taiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambun" title="Tambun">Tambun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Malim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjung Malim">Tanjung Malim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapah" title="Tapah">Tapah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Intan" title="Teluk Intan">Teluk Intan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential neighbourhoods and suburbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Pongsu" title="Alor Pongsu">Alor Pongsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulong" title="Aulong">Aulong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayer_Tawar" title="Ayer Tawar">Ayer Tawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Meru_Raya" title="Bandar Meru Raya">Bandar Meru Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Botani" title="Bandar Seri Botani">Bandar Seri Botani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behrang_Stesen" title="Behrang Stesen">Behrang Stesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behrang_2020" title="Behrang 2020">Behrang 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bercham" title="Bercham">Bercham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beruas" title="Beruas">Beruas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bota" title="Bota">Bota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Gantang" title="Bukit Gantang">Bukit Gantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Merah,_Perak" title="Bukit Merah, Perak">Bukit Merah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntong" title="Buntong">Buntong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changkat_Jering" title="Changkat Jering">Changkat Jering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemor" title="Chemor">Chemor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falim" title="Falim">Falim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greentown,_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greentown, Perak (page does not exist)">Greentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Rapat" title="Gunung Rapat">Gunung Rapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Gajah" title="Kampung Gajah">Kampung Gajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebang,_Perak" title="Klebang, Perak">Klebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kurau" title="Kuala Kurau">Kuala Kurau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Sepetang" title="Kuala Sepetang">Kuala Sepetang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahat,_Malaysia" title="Lahat, Malaysia">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkap" title="Langkap">Langkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menglembu" title="Menglembu">Menglembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Rengas" title="Padang Rengas">Padang Rengas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasir_Salak" title="Pasir Salak">Pasir Salak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokok_Assam" title="Pokok Assam">Pokok Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_City" title="Proton City">Proton City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusing" title="Pusing">Pusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_Iskandar" title="Seri Iskandar">Seri Iskandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_Manjung" title="Seri Manjung">Seri Manjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpang,_Perak" title="Simpang, Perak">Simpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpang_Pulai" title="Simpang Pulai">Simpang Pulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slim,_Perak" title="Slim, Perak">Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunway_City_Ipoh" title="Sunway City Ipoh">Sunway City Ipoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Rambutan" title="Tanjung Rambutan">Tanjung Rambutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terong" title="Terong">Terong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teronoh" title="Teronoh">Teronoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages / New Village</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Sungai_Burong" title="Bagan Sungai Burong">Bagan Sungai Burong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Rabit" title="Batak Rabit">Batak Rabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Kurau" title="Batu Kurau">Batu Kurau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikam" title="Bikam">Bikam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Chandan" title="Bukit Chandan">Bukit Chandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Larut" title="Bukit Larut">Bukit Larut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changkat_Keruing" title="Changkat Keruing">Changkat Keruing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenderiang" title="Chenderiang">Chenderiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenderong_Balai" title="Chenderong Balai">Chenderong Balai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikus" title="Chikus">Chikus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulek" title="Chulek">Chulek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damar_Laut" title="Damar Laut">Damar Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enggor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enggor (page does not exist)">Enggor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FELDA_Besout" title="FELDA Besout">FELDA Besout</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeram,_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeram, Perak (page does not exist)">Jeram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerlun,_Perak" title="Jerlun, Perak">Jerlun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampung_Coldstream&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampung Coldstream (page does not exist)">Kampung Coldstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Kuala_Slim" title="Kampung Kuala Slim">Kampung Kuala Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampung_Pintu_Gerbang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampung Pintu Gerbang (page does not exist)">Kampung Pintu Gerbang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampung_Tawas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampung Tawas (page does not exist)">Kampung Tawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai,_Perak" title="Karai, Perak">Karai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klian_Intan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klian Intan (page does not exist)">Klian Intan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Bharu,_Perak" title="Kota Bharu, Perak">Kota Bharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Setia" title="Kota Setia">Kota Setia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_Gajah" title="Kubu Gajah">Kubu Gajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekir" title="Lekir">Lekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malim_Nawar" title="Malim Nawar">Malim Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambang_Di_Awan" title="Mambang Di Awan">Mambang Di Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjoi" title="Manjoi">Manjoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manong,_Perak" title="Manong, Perak">Manong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matang" class="mw-redirect" title="Matang">Matang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Kopisan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Kopisan (page does not exist)">New Kopisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Gajah" title="Padang Gajah">Padang Gajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekan_Gurney" title="Pekan Gurney">Pekan Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauk,_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauk, Malaysia (page does not exist)">Sauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayong" title="Sayong">Sayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selekoh" title="Selekoh">Selekoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpang_Tiga" title="Simpang Tiga">Simpang Tiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpang_Empat_(Semanggol),_Perak" title="Simpang Empat (Semanggol), Perak">Simpang Empat Semanggol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpang_Empat,_Perak" title="Simpang Empat, Perak">Simpang Empat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanjung_Belanja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanjung Belanja (page does not exist)">Tanjung Belanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Piandang" title="Tanjung Piandang">Tanjung Piandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Tualang" title="Tanjung Tualang">Tanjung Tualang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapah_Road" title="Tapah Road">Tapah Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Batik" title="Teluk Batik">Teluk Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Rubiah" title="Teluk Rubiah">Teluk Rubiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoh" title="Temoh">Temoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoh_Station" title="Temoh Station">Temoh Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolak" title="Trolak">Trolak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tronoh_Mines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tronoh Mines (page does not exist)">Tronoh Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulu_Bernam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulu Bernam (page does not exist)">Ulu Bernam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_Kinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu Kinta">Ulu Kinta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banding_Island" title="Banding Island">Banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarak_Island" title="Jarak Island">Jarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Island" title="Pangkor Island">Pangkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Laut_Island" title="Pangkor Laut Island">Pangkor Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukun_Perak_Island" title="Tukun Perak Island">Tukun Perak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Perak" class="extiw" title="commons:Perak">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Perak" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Perak">Wikisource</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Perak" title="Category:Perak">Category</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Template:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States and federal territories of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188953#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188953#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188953#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126685202">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1217378/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4304095-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82001889">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946456v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946456v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550541605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616036306706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/cf701d61-32b2-4306-b9cc-5659ef2db694">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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