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coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_and_delivery_of_coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coal_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coal processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boiler_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boiler_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Boiler operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boiler_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ash_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ash_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ash disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ash_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fly_ash_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fly_ash_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Fly ash collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fly_ash_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bottom_ash_collection_and_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bottom_ash_collection_and_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Bottom ash collection and disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bottom_ash_collection_and_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Flexibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_power_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_power_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Coal power generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_power_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Integrated gasification combined cycle design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Carbon dioxide emissions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Carbon_dioxide_emissions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Carbon dioxide emissions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phase_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Phase out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammonia_co-firing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammonia_co-firing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Ammonia co-firing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammonia_co-firing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Carbon capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pollution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Local air pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Water pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation_of_local_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation_of_local_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Mitigation of local pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation_of_local_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsidies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Subsidies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Capacity factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stranded_assets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stranded_assets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Stranded assets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stranded_assets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coal-fired power station</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محطة طاقة فحمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محطة طاقة فحمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="داش کؤمور الکتریک مرکزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داش کؤمور الکتریک مرکزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uheln%C3%A1_elektr%C3%A1rna" title="Uhelná elektrárna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhelná elektrárna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlekraftwerk" title="Kohlekraftwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlekraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_el%C3%A9ctrica_de_carb%C3%B3n" title="Central eléctrica de carbón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Central eléctrica de carbón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2" title="نیروگاه زغال سنگ سوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروگاه زغال سنگ سوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_tenaga_batu_bara" title="Pembangkit listrik tenaga batu bara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembangkit listrik tenaga batu bara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_a_carbone" title="Centrale a carbone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centrale a carbone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolencentrale" title="Kolencentrale – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kolencentrale" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%81%AB%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80" title="石炭火力発電所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石炭火力発電所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullkraftverk" title="Kullkraftverk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kullkraftverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkraftverk" title="Kolkraftverk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kolkraftverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrownia_w%C4%99glowa" title="Elektrownia węglowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektrownia węglowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uho%C4%BEn%C3%A1_elektr%C3%A1re%C5%88" title="Uhoľná elektráreň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhoľná elektráreň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkraftverk" title="Kolkraftverk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolkraftverk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="โรงไฟฟ้าพลังงานถ่านหิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรงไฟฟ้าพลังงานถ่านหิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вугільна електростанція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вугільна електростанція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%B3%DB%92_%DA%86%D9%84%D9%86%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="کوئلے سے چلنے والا بجلی گھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوئلے سے چلنے والا بجلی گھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%83%E7%85%A4%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="燃煤發電廠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="燃煤發電廠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Type of thermal power station</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg/220px-Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg/330px-Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg/440px-Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Power_Station" title="Bełchatów Power Station">Bełchatów Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w" title="Bełchatów">Bełchatów</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frimmersdorfkw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Frimmersdorfkw.jpg/220px-Frimmersdorfkw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Frimmersdorfkw.jpg/330px-Frimmersdorfkw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Frimmersdorfkw.jpg/440px-Frimmersdorfkw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frimmersdorf_Power_Station" title="Frimmersdorf Power Station">Frimmersdorf Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grevenbroich" title="Grevenbroich">Grevenbroich</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/220px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/330px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/440px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Coal-fired power station diagram</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share-electricity-coal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Share-electricity-coal.svg/220px-Share-electricity-coal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Share-electricity-coal.svg/330px-Share-electricity-coal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Share-electricity-coal.svg/440px-Share-electricity-coal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Share of electricity production from coal</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>coal-fired power station</b> or <b>coal power plant</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power station</a> which burns <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> to generate <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. Worldwide there are about 2,500 coal-fired power stations,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on average <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">capable</a> of generating a <a href="/wiki/Gigawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatts">gigawatt</a> each.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They generate about a third of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">world's electricity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but cause many illnesses and the most early deaths per unit of energy produced,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly from <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World installed capacity doubled from 2000 to 2023 and increased 2% in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A coal-fired power station is a type of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">fossil fuel power station</a>. The coal is usually <a href="/wiki/Pulverizer" title="Pulverizer">pulverized</a> and then burned in a <a href="/wiki/Pulverized_coal-fired_boiler" title="Pulverized coal-fired boiler">pulverized coal-fired boiler</a>. The furnace heat converts boiler water to <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, which is then used to spin <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> that turn <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a>. Thus chemical energy stored in coal is converted successively into <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a> and, finally, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a>. </p><p>Coal-fired power stations emit about 12 billion tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> each year,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about one fifth of world <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so are the single largest <a href="/wiki/Attribution_of_recent_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribution of recent climate change">cause of climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of all the coal-fired electricity in the world is generated in China.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 the total number of plants started falling<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they are being retired in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and America<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although still being built in Asia, almost all in China.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some remain profitable because <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">costs to other people</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a> are not priced into the cost of generation,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is the risk newer plants may become <a href="/wiki/Stranded_asset" title="Stranded asset">stranded assets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary General">UN Secretary General</a> has said that <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries should <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal phase out">stop generating electricity from coal</a> by 2030, and the rest of the world by 2040.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Power_station#History" title="Power station">Power station § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_Electric_Light_Station,_Holborn_Viaduct,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Edison_Electric_Light_Station%2C_Holborn_Viaduct%2C_London.jpg/170px-Edison_Electric_Light_Station%2C_Holborn_Viaduct%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Edison_Electric_Light_Station%2C_Holborn_Viaduct%2C_London.jpg/255px-Edison_Electric_Light_Station%2C_Holborn_Viaduct%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Edison_Electric_Light_Station%2C_Holborn_Viaduct%2C_London.jpg/340px-Edison_Electric_Light_Station%2C_Holborn_Viaduct%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holborn_Viaduct_power_station" title="Holborn Viaduct power station">Holborn Viaduct power station</a> in London, the world's first public steam-driven coal power station, opened in 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>The first coal-fired power stations were built in the late 19th century and used <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engines</a> to generate <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbines</a> allowed much larger plants to be built in the early 20th century and <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> was used to serve wider areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport_and_delivery_of_coal">Transport and delivery of coal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transport and delivery of coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Gate_Power_Plant,_Utah_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg/220px-Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg/330px-Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg/440px-Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Power_Plant" title="Carbon Power Plant">Castle Gate Plant</a> near <a href="/wiki/Helper,_Utah" title="Helper, Utah">Helper, Utah</a></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Coal-fired power station">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Coal is delivered by highway truck, <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier (ship type)">collier</a> ship or <a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal slurry pipeline">coal slurry pipeline</a>. Generating stations are sometimes built next to a mine; especially one mining coal, such as <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, which is not valuable enough to transport long-distance; so may receive coal by <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belt</a> or massive <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric">diesel-electric</a>-drive <a href="/wiki/Haul_truck" title="Haul truck">trucks</a>. A large coal train called a "unit train" may be 2 km long, containing 130-140 cars with around 100 tonnes of coal in each one, for a total load of over 10,000 tonnes. A large plant under full load requires at least one coal delivery this size every day. Plants may get as many as three to five trains a day, especially in "peak season" during the hottest summer or coldest winter months (depending on local climate) when power consumption is high. </p><p>Modern unloaders use rotary dump devices, which eliminate problems with coal freezing in bottom dump cars. The unloader includes a train positioner arm that pulls the entire train to position each car over a coal hopper. The dumper clamps an individual car against a platform that swivels the car upside down to dump the coal. Swiveling couplers enable the entire operation to occur while the cars are still coupled together. Unloading a unit train takes about three hours. </p><p>Shorter trains may use railcars with an "air-dump", which relies on air pressure from the engine plus a "hot shoe" on each car. This "hot shoe" when it comes into contact with a "hot rail" at the unloading trestle, shoots an electric charge through the air dump apparatus and causes the doors on the bottom of the car to open, dumping the coal through the opening in the trestle. Unloading one of these trains takes anywhere from an hour to an hour and a half. Older unloaders may still use manually operated bottom-dump rail cars and a "shaker" attached to dump the coal. </p><p>A collier (cargo ship carrying coal) may hold 41,000 tonnes (40,000 long tons) of coal and takes several days to unload. Some colliers carry their own conveying equipment to unload their own bunkers; others depend on equipment at the plant. For transporting coal in calmer waters, such as rivers and lakes, flat-bottomed <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> are often used. Barges are usually unpowered and must be moved by <a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">tugboats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Towboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Towboat">towboats</a>. </p><p>For start up or auxiliary purposes, the plant may use fuel oil as well. Fuel oil can be delivered to plants by <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tanker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_car" title="Tank car">tank car</a> or truck. Oil is stored in vertical cylindrical steel tanks with capacities as high as 14,000 cubic metres (90,000 bbl). The <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">heavier</a> no. 5 "bunker" and no. 6 fuels are typically steam-heated before pumping in cold climates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">Thermal power station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PowerStation3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PowerStation3.svg/220px-PowerStation3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PowerStation3.svg/330px-PowerStation3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PowerStation3.svg/440px-PowerStation3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Components of a coal-fired power station</figcaption></figure> <p>As a type of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power station</a>, a coal-fired power station converts chemical energy stored in coal successively into <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a> and, finally, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a>. The coal is usually <a href="/wiki/Pulverizer" title="Pulverizer">pulverized</a> and then burned in a <a href="/wiki/Pulverized_coal-fired_boiler" title="Pulverized coal-fired boiler">pulverized coal-fired boiler</a>. The heat from the burning pulverized coal converts boiler water to <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, which is then used to spin <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> that turn <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generators</a>. Compared to a thermal power station burning other fuel types, coal specific fuel processing and ash disposal is required. </p><p>For units over about 200 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a> capacity, redundancy of key components is provided by installing duplicates of the forced and induced draft fans, air preheaters, and fly ash collectors. On some units of about 60 MW, two boilers per unit may instead be provided. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_coal_power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of coal power stations">hundred largest coal power stations</a> range in size from 3,000 MW to 6,700 MW. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_processing">Coal processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coal processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Coal-fired power station">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Coal is prepared for use by crushing the rough coal to pieces less than 5 cm (2 in) in size. The coal is then transported from the storage yard to in-plant storage silos by <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belts</a> at rates up to 4,000 tonnes per hour. </p><p>In plants that burn pulverized coal, silos feed coal to <a href="/wiki/Pulverizer" title="Pulverizer">pulverizers</a> (coal mills) that take the larger 5 cm pieces, grind them to the consistency of <a href="/wiki/Talcum_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Talcum powder">talcum powder</a>, sort them, and mix them with primary combustion air, which transports the coal to the boiler furnace and preheats the coal in order to drive off excess moisture content. A 500 MW<sub>e</sub> plant may have six such pulverizers, five of which can supply coal to the furnace at 250 tonnes per hour under full load. </p><p>In plants that do not burn pulverized coal, the larger 5 cm pieces may be directly fed into the silos which then feed either mechanical distributors that drop the coal on a traveling grate or the <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_furnace" title="Cyclone furnace">cyclone</a> burners, a specific kind of combustor that can efficiently burn larger pieces of fuel. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boiler_operation">Boiler operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boiler operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fluidized_bed_combustion" title="Fluidized bed combustion">Fluidized bed combustion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circulating_fluidized_bed" title="Circulating fluidized bed">Circulating fluidized bed</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Coal-fired power station">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Plants designed for <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> (brown coal) are used in locations as varied as Germany, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>. Lignite is a much younger form of coal than black coal. It has a lower energy density than black coal and requires a much larger furnace for equivalent heat output. Such coals may contain up to 70% water and <a href="/wiki/Coal_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal ash">ash</a>, yielding lower furnace temperatures and requiring larger induced-draft fans. The firing systems also differ from black coal and typically draw hot gas from the furnace-exit level and mix it with the incoming coal in fan-type mills that inject the pulverized coal and hot gas mixture into the boiler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ash_disposal">Ash disposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ash disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ash is often stored in <a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">ash ponds</a>. Although the use of ash ponds in combination with air pollution controls (such as <a href="/wiki/Wet_scrubber" title="Wet scrubber">wet scrubbers</a>) decreases the amount of airborne pollutants, the structures pose serious health risks for the surrounding environment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power utility companies have often built the ponds without <a href="/wiki/Landfill_liner" title="Landfill liner">liners</a>, especially in the United States, and therefore chemicals in the ash can leach into <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and surface waters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, power utilities in the U.S. have designed many of their new plants with dry ash handling systems. The dry ash is disposed in landfills, which typically include liners and groundwater monitoring systems.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry ash may also be recycled into products such as concrete, structural fills for road construction and grout.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fly_ash_collection">Fly ash collection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fly ash collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Coal-fired power station">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a> is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic precipitators or fabric bag filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced draft fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers below the precipitators or bag filters. Generally, the fly ash is pneumatically transported to storage silos and stored on site in <a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">ash ponds</a>, or transported by trucks or railroad cars to <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bottom_ash_collection_and_disposal">Bottom ash collection and disposal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bottom ash collection and disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bottom_ash" title="Bottom ash">Bottom ash</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Coal-fired power station">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the bottom of the furnace, there is a hopper for collection of <a href="/wiki/Bottom_ash" title="Bottom ash">bottom ash</a>. This hopper is kept filled with water to quench the ash and clinkers falling down from the furnace. Arrangements are included to crush the <a href="/wiki/Clinker_(waste)" title="Clinker (waste)">clinkers</a> and convey the crushed clinkers and bottom ash to on-site ash ponds, or off-site to landfills. Ash extractors are used to discharge ash from municipal solid waste–fired boilers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexibility">Flexibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flexibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv/220px--Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv/Coal-fired_plant_animation.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Coal-fired power station animation</figcaption></figure> <p>A well-designed <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">energy law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity_market" title="Electricity market">electricity market</a> are critical for flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although technically the flexibility of some coal-fired power stations could be improved they are less able to provide <a href="/wiki/Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchable generation</a> than most <a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant" title="Gas-fired power plant">gas-fired power plants</a>. The most important flexibility is low minimum load;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, some flexibility improvements may be more expensive than <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coal_power_generation">Coal power generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coal power generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global-electricity-prod-source.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global-electricity-prod-source.png/220px-Global-electricity-prod-source.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global-electricity-prod-source.png/330px-Global-electricity-prod-source.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global-electricity-prod-source.png/440px-Global-electricity-prod-source.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2765" /></a><figcaption>Coal generates over 30% of world electricity</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> two-thirds of coal burned is to generate electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 coal was the largest source of electricity at 34%.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half coal generation in 2020 was in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 60% of electricity in China, India and Indonesia is from coal.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020 worldwide 2,059 GW of coal power was operational, 50 GW was commissioned, and 25 GW started construction (most of these three in China); and 38 GW retired (mostly USA and EU).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, global coal power capacity increased to 2,130 GW, driven by China adding 47.4 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 7–64">: 7–64 </span></sup> </p><p>At COP26 2021, countries have joined the Global Coal to Clean Power pledge. However, intricate challenges remain, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 4 main types of coal-fired power station in increasing order of efficiency are: subcritical, <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_steam_generator" title="Supercritical steam generator">supercritical</a>, ultra-supercritical and <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> (also called combined heat and power or CHP).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subcritical is the least efficient type, however recent innovations have allowed retrofits to older subcritical plants to meet or even exceed efficiency of supercritical plants.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle_design">Integrated gasification combined cycle design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Integrated gasification combined cycle design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle" title="Integrated gasification combined cycle">Integrated gasification combined cycle</a></div> <p>Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a coal power generation technology that uses a high pressure gasifier to turn coal (or other carbon based fuels) into pressurized gas—synthesis gas (<a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a>). Converting the coal to gas enables the use of a <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">combined cycle generator</a>, typically achieving high efficiency. The IGCC process can also enable removal of some pollutants from the syngas prior to the power generation cycle. However, the technology is costly compared with conventional coal-fired power stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carbon_dioxide_emissions">Carbon dioxide emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png/220px-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png/330px-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png/440px-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_energy_source.png 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Greenhouse gases by energy source. Coal is the energy source with the most greenhouse gases.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station#Carbon_dioxide" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station § Carbon dioxide</a></div> <p>As coal is mainly <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, coal-fired power stations have a high <a href="/wiki/Carbon_intensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon intensity">carbon intensity</a>. On average, coal power stations emit far more <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> per unit electricity generated compared with other energy sources (see also <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources">life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources</a>). In 2018 coal burnt to generate electricity emitted over 10 Gt CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-IEA_Emissions_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_Emissions-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the 34 Gt total from fuel combustion<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the overall total greenhouse gas emissions for 2018 was 55 Gt CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>e<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phase_out">Phase out</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phase out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal phase out">Coal phase out</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2000-_Retired_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2000-_Retired_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg/217px-2000-_Retired_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2000-_Retired_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg/326px-2000-_Retired_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2000-_Retired_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg/434px-2000-_Retired_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The annual amount of coal plant capacity being retired increased into the mid-2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEnergyMonitor_RetiredCoal_2023_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEnergyMonitor_RetiredCoal_2023-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rate of retirement has since stalled,<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEnergyMonitor_RetiredCoal_2023_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEnergyMonitor_RetiredCoal_2023-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and global coal phase-out is not yet compatible with the goals of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Climate Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalEnergyMonitor20230405_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalEnergyMonitor20230405-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2000-_New_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/2000-_New_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg/217px-2000-_New_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/2000-_New_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg/326px-2000-_New_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/2000-_New_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg/434px-2000-_New_coal-fired_power_capacity_-_Global_Energy_Monitor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In parallel with retirement of some coal plant capacity, other coal plants are still being added, though the annual amount of added capacity has been declining since the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>From 2015 to 2020, although coal generation hardly fell in absolute terms, some of its market share was taken by wind and solar.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 only China increased coal power generation, and globally it fell by 4%.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2021, China declared that it limited coal generation until 2025 and subsequently phase it out over time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary General">UN Secretary General</a> has said that <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries should stop generating electricity from coal by 2030 and the rest of the world by 2040, otherwise limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, a target of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, would be extremely difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2024 analysis by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> concluded that financing phase-out would be cheaper than <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">carbon offsets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However phasing out in Asia can be a financial challenge as plants there are relatively young:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in China the co-benefits of closing a plant vary greatly depending on its location.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnam is among the few coal-dependent fast developing countries that fully pledged to phase out unbated coal power by the 2040s or as soon as possible thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ammonia_co-firing">Ammonia co-firing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ammonia co-firing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> has a high hydrogen density and is easy to handle. It can be used as storing carbon-free fuel in gas turbine power generation and help significantly reduce CO₂ emissions as a fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, the first major four-year test project was started in June 2021 to develop technology to enable co-firing a significant amount of ammonia at a large-scale commercial coal-fired plant.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However low-carbon hydrogen and ammonia is in demand for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">sustainable shipping</a>, which unlike electricity generation, has few other clean options.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion">Conversion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some power stations are being converted to burn gas, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> or waste,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conversion to <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">thermal storage</a> will be trialled in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_capture">Carbon capture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Carbon capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retrofitting some existing coal-fired power stations with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> was being considered in China in 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is very expensive,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduces the energy output and for some plants is not technically feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution">Pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the coal industry">Environmental impact of the coal industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png/220px-Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png/330px-Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png/440px-Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption>Coal power plant wastestreams</figcaption></figure> <p>Coal burning power plants kill many thousands of people every year with their emissions of <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a>, microscopic air pollutants that enter human lungs and other human organs and induce a variety of adverse medical conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>. In the U.S. alone, such particulates, known as PM<sub>2.5</sub> (particulates with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less), caused at least 460,000 excess deaths over two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries pollution is somewhat controlled by <a href="/wiki/Best_available_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Best available techniques">best available techniques</a>, for example those in the EU<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through its <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Emissions_Directive" title="Industrial Emissions Directive">Industrial Emissions Directive</a>. In the United States, coal-fired plants are governed at the national level by several air pollution regulations, including the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_and_Air_Toxics_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury and Air Toxics Standards">Mercury and Air Toxics Standards</a> (MATS) regulation,<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-MATS_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-MATS-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">effluent guidelines</a> for <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-steam-electric_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-steam-electric-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by solid waste regulations under the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (RCRA).<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-Special_Wastes_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-Special_Wastes-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coal-fired power stations continue to pollute in lightly regulated countries; such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Balkans">Western Balkans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India, Russia and South Africa;<sup id="cite_ref-ETH_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETH-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing over a hundred thousand early deaths each year.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_air_pollution">Local air pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Local air pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Damage to health from <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxide</a> occurs mainly in Asia and is often due to burning low quality coal, such as <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, in plants lacking modern <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a> treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-ETH_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETH-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early deaths due to air pollution have been estimated at 200 per GW-year, however they may be higher around power plants where scrubbers are not used or lower if they are far from cities.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence indicates that exposure to sulfur, sulfates, or PM<sub>2.5</sub> from coal emissions may be associated with higher relative morbidity or mortality risk than that to other PM<sub>2.5</sub> constituents or PM<sub>2.5</sub> from other sources per unit concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_pollution">Water pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Water pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> leaching into ground water from unlined <a href="/wiki/Coal_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal ash">coal ash</a> storage ponds or landfills pollute water, possibly for decades or centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollutant discharges from <a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">ash ponds</a> to rivers (or other surface water bodies) typically include <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, lead, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-steam-electric_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-steam-electric-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants can fall back onto the land and water in rain, and then be converted into <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> by bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnification</a>, this mercury can then reach dangerously high levels in fish.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of atmospheric mercury comes from coal-fired power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coal-fired power plants also emit <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These emissions lead to <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, which can restructure <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a> and lead to the collapse of fish and <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation_of_local_pollution">Mitigation of local pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mitigation of local pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">Coal pollution mitigation</a></div> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> local pollution in China, which has by far the most coal-fired power stations, is forecast to be reduced further in the 2020s and 2030s, especially if small and low efficiency plants are retired early.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsidies">Subsidies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Subsidies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coal power plants tend to serve as <a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">base load</a> technology, as they have high availability factors, and are relatively difficult and expensive to ramp up and down. As such, they perform poorly in real-time <a href="/wiki/Energy_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy markets">energy markets</a>, where they are unable to respond to changes in the locational marginal price. In the United States, this has been especially true in light of the advent of cheap natural gas, which can serve as a fuel in <a href="/wiki/Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchable power plants</a> that substitute the role of baseload on the grid.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020 the coal industry was subsidized $US18 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></div><p>Coal financing is the financial support provided for coal-related projects, encompassing coal mining and coal-fired power stations.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its role in shaping the global energy landscape and its environmental and climate impacts have made it a subject of concern. The misalignment of coal financing with international climate objectives, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, has garnered attention.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Paris Agreement aims to restrict <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> to well below 2 degrees Celsius and ideally limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Achieving these goals necessitates a substantial reduction in coal-related activities.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies, including finance-based accounting of coal emissions, have revealed a misalignment of coal financing with climate objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major nations, such as China, Japan, and the U.S., have extended financial support to overseas coal power infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest backers are Chinese banks under the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> (BRI).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This support has led to significant long-term climate and financial risks and harms the objectives of reducing <a href="/wiki/CO2_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 emissions">CO2 emissions</a> set by the Paris Agreement, of which China, the United States and Japan are signatories. A substantial portion of the associated CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions is anticipated to occur after 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coal financing poses challenges to the global decarbonization of the power generation sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> technologies become cost-competitive, the economic viability of coal projects diminishes, making past <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> investments less attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To address these concerns and align with climate goals, there is a growing call for stricter policies regarding overseas coal financing.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries, including Japan and the U.S., have faced criticism for permitting the financing of certain coal projects. Strengthening the policies, potentially by banning public financing of coal projects entirely, would enhance their climate efforts and credibility. In addition, Enhanced transparency in disclosing financing details is crucial for evaluating their environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity_factors">Capacity factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Capacity factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India capacity factors are below 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 coal-fired power stations in the United States had an overall <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a> of 40%; that is, they operated at a little less than half of their cumulative nameplate capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stranded_assets">Stranded assets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Stranded assets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If global warming is limited to well below 2 °C as specified in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, coal plant <a href="/wiki/Stranded_asset" title="Stranded asset">stranded assets</a> of over US$500 billion are forecast by 2050, mostly in China.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 think tank <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Tracker" title="Carbon Tracker">Carbon Tracker</a> estimated that 39% of coal-fired plants were already more expensive than new renewables and <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">storage</a> and that 73% would be by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> about half of China's coal power companies are losing money and old and small power plants "have no hope of making profits".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> India is keeping potential stranded assets operating by subsidizing them.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_of_Greenpeace_with_coal_in_front_of_the_German_Chancellery_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Protest_of_Greenpeace_with_coal_in_front_of_the_German_Chancellery_03.jpg/220px-Protest_of_Greenpeace_with_coal_in_front_of_the_German_Chancellery_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Protest_of_Greenpeace_with_coal_in_front_of_the_German_Chancellery_03.jpg/330px-Protest_of_Greenpeace_with_coal_in_front_of_the_German_Chancellery_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Protest_of_Greenpeace_with_coal_in_front_of_the_German_Chancellery_03.jpg/440px-Protest_of_Greenpeace_with_coal_in_front_of_the_German_Chancellery_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> protesting against coal at the <a href="/wiki/German_Chancellery" title="German Chancellery">German Chancellery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In May 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a> committed to end support for coal-fired power stations within the year.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The G7's commitment to end coal support is significant as their coal capacity decreased from 23% (443 GW) in 2015 to 15% (310 GW) in 2023, reflecting a shift towards greener policies. This contrasts with China and India, where coal remains central to energy policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">the Group of Twenty</a> (G20) holds 92% of the world's operating coal capacity (1,968 GW) and 88% of pre-construction capacity (336 GW).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China#Coal" title="Energy policy of China">energy policy of China regarding coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">coal in China</a> are the most important factors regarding the future of coal-fired power stations, because the country has so many.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one analysis local officials overinvested in coal-fired power in the mid-2010s because central government guaranteed operating hours and set a high wholesale electricity price.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In democracies coal power investment follows an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Kuznets_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Kuznets curve">environmental Kuznets curve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India#Coal" title="Energy policy of India">energy policy of India about coal</a> is an issue in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">politics of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests">Protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century people have often protested against opencast mining, for example at <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Forest" title="Hambach Forest">Hambach Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akbelen_Forest" title="Akbelen Forest">Akbelen Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ffos-y-fran_Land_Reclamation_Scheme" title="Ffos-y-fran Land Reclamation Scheme">Ffos-y-fran</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at sites of proposed new plants, such as in Kenya<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powering_Past_Coal_Alliance" title="Powering Past Coal Alliance">Powering Past Coal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Monitor" title="Global Energy Monitor">Global Energy Monitor</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the number 7120 in the cite is actually the number of units - as explained by <a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Monitor" title="Global Energy Monitor">Global Energy Monitor</a> plants may have more than one unit</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/coal-burning-capacity-climbs-worldwide-despite-pledges-to-reduce-use">"Coal burning capacity climbs worldwide despite pledges to reduce use"</a>. <i>PBS News</i>. 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+News&rft.atitle=Coal+burning+capacity+climbs+worldwide+despite+pledges+to+reduce+use&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fcoal-burning-capacity-climbs-worldwide-despite-pledges-to-reduce-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal-fired+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/interactive/the-economist-explains/2024/11/15/what-would-it-cost-to-kill-coal">"What would it cost to kill coal?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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plant</a> Energy Education by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tva.com/Energy/Our-Power-System/Coal/How-a-Coal-Plant-Works">How a coal plant works video</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeXG8K5_UvU">How a coal plant works video</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Power_Generation" title="Ontario Power Generation">Ontario Power Generation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-coal/coal-electricity">Electricity from coal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Coal_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Coal Association">World Coal Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-worlds-coal-power-plants">World's coal power plants mapped</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Brief" title="Carbon Brief">Carbon Brief</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://endcoal.org">End Coal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501101418/https://endcoal.org/">Archived</a> 1 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by various environmental, social justice and health advocates</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-sector">Coal-fired power</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629141848/https://www.carbontracker-coal-economics-portal.com/">Economics of coal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Tracker" title="Carbon Tracker">Carbon Tracker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energyandcleanair.org/">Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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