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<li id="toc-Russians_in_Harbin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russians_in_Harbin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Russians in Harbin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russians_in_Harbin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_control_and_Japanese_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_control_and_Japanese_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Chinese control and Japanese occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_control_and_Japanese_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russians_in_Xinjiang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russians_in_Xinjiang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Russians in Xinjiang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russians_in_Xinjiang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Russian migrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xinjiang_Russians_under_the_reign_of_Yang_Zengxin,_Jin_Shuren_and_Sheng_Shicai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xinjiang_Russians_under_the_reign_of_Yang_Zengxin,_Jin_Shuren_and_Sheng_Shicai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Xinjiang Russians under the reign of Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xinjiang_Russians_under_the_reign_of_Yang_Zengxin,_Jin_Shuren_and_Sheng_Shicai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russians_at_the_Argun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russians_at_the_Argun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Russians at the Argun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russians_at_the_Argun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Russian_Civil_War_and_its_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Russian_Civil_War_and_its_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>The Russian Civil War and its aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Russian_Civil_War_and_its_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Japanese occupation and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shanghai_Russians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shanghai_Russians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Shanghai Russians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanghai_Russians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القومية الروسية الصينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القومية الروسية الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Руснаци в Китай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руснаци в Китай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Minderheit_in_China" title="Russische Minderheit in China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Minderheit in China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusos_en_China" title="Rusos en China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rusos en China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusoj_en_%C4%88inio" title="Rusoj en Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusoj en Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russes_de_Chine" title="Russes de Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russes de Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-koet_Ng%C3%B2-l%C3%B2-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Chûng-koet Ngò-lò-sṳ̂-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-koet Ngò-lò-sṳ̂-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%A4%84%EC%93%B0%EC%A1%B1" title="어뤄쓰족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어뤄쓰족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia_Tiongkok" title="Rusia Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rusia Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_rusai" title="Kinijos rusai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinijos rusai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="روس صينيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روس صينيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_minderheid_in_China" title="Russische minderheid in China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische minderheid in China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E6%97%8F" title="オロス族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オロス族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Русские в Китае – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русские в Китае" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руси у Кини – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руси у Кини" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_ven%C3%A4l%C3%A4iset" title="Kiinan venäläiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan venäläiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in%27deki_Ruslar" title="Çin'deki Ruslar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin'deki Ruslar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="رۇس مىللىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رۇس مىللىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Nga_(Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c)" title="Người Nga (Trung Quốc) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Nga (Trung Quốc)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%97%8F" title="中國俄羅斯族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國俄羅斯族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%97%8F" title="中国俄罗斯族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中国俄罗斯族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1365234#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Russians in China</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中国俄罗斯族</span></span><br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Pусские в Китае</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">>16,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> and other areas</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a><br />Minority <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Hong_Kong" title="Russians in Hong Kong">Russians in Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Japan" title="Russians in Japan">Russians in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Korea" title="Russians in Korea">Russians in Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Taiwan" title="Russians in Taiwan">Russians in Taiwan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3-language_plate_Manzhouli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/3-language_plate_Manzhouli.jpg/220px-3-language_plate_Manzhouli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/3-language_plate_Manzhouli.jpg/330px-3-language_plate_Manzhouli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/3-language_plate_Manzhouli.jpg/440px-3-language_plate_Manzhouli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Bread store in <a href="/wiki/Manzhouli" title="Manzhouli">Manzhouli</a>, with a sign in Chinese, Russian, and Manchu.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Russians in China</b> are one of the 56 <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">ethnic groups</a> officially recognized in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enhe" title="Enhe">Enhe Russian Ethnic Township</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_townships,_towns,_and_sums" title="Ethnic townships, towns, and sums">ethnic township</a> in China designated for China's <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian minority</a>. </p><p>Russians have been living in China for centuries, the earliest being <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> that settled in China during the late 17th century. There are currently over 16,000 ethnic Russians in China. In the 1957 census, there were over 9,000 ethnic Russians. The 1978 census counted just 600 Russians, but the figure rose to 2,935 in the 1982 census and 13,504 in the 1990 census. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russians_in_Harbin">Russians in Harbin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Russians in Harbin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></div> <p>The first generation of Russians built the city from scratch. By 1913, Harbin had become an established Russian colony for the construction and maintenance work on the <a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="China Eastern Railway">China Eastern Railway</a>. A record shows Harbin had a total of 68,549 people, most of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> descent. There were a total of 53 different nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Harbin population were of Russian and/or European descent. Most were ethnic Russians including a minority of Germans, Ukrainians, Jews, and Poles. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the decade from 1913 to 1923, Russia went through <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. In the 1920s Harbin was flooded with 100,000 to 200,000 <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a> fleeing from Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Harbin held the largest Russian population outside of the state of Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_control_and_Japanese_occupation">Chinese control and Japanese occupation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chinese control and Japanese occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Russians_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Russians in China">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With Russian influence in Harbin coming to an end, Harbin had to live under Chinese and Japanese control for the next several decades. </p><p>In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> announced that it would no longer recognize the Russian consulates in China. On September 23, China ceased relations with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and deprived Russians of <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterritorial rights">extraterritorial rights</a>. The Chinese government took control of institutions in Harbin such as courts, police, prison, post office, and some research and educational institutions. </p><p>From 1932 to 1945, Harbin Russians had a difficult time under the <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> régime and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Manchuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of Manchuria">Japanese occupation of Manchuria</a>. Some Harbin Russians initially welcomed the occupation, hoping that the Japanese would help them in their anti-Soviet struggles and provide protection from the Chinese, who were desperately trying to restore their sovereignty over Harbin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russians_in_Xinjiang">Russians in Xinjiang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russians in Xinjiang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_migrations">Russian migrations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russian migrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> launched several military actions against the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>. Some of the captives were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Battle of Yagsi</a>, nearly 100 Russians surrendered to the Qing authorities, and the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> authorized them to join the Bordered Yellow Banner. Their descendants exist to this day and are known as <a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a>. </p><p>From 1860 to 1884, many Russians came to <a href="/wiki/Hulun_Buir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulun Buir">Hulun Buir</a> panning for gold. In 1900, Russian troops entered China, and destroyed several sentries. By 1907 there were already 1,000 households of Russian settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Ergun_City" title="Ergun City">Ergun Right Banner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Russian immigrants who came to <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerjaks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerjaks (page does not exist)">Kerjaks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Кержаки">ru</a>]</span> (кержаки in Russian, <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>), who were persecuted under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> for refusing to convert to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. They sent four heralds to negotiate with the Kazakh chief Kala Usman and they were allowed to settle down in <a href="/wiki/Burqin_County" title="Burqin County">Burqin</a>. After several years, they also pioneered some settlements in <a href="/wiki/Kanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanas">Kanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuguchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuguchak">Chuguchak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a>. In 1861, 160 Kerjaks entered the area of <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nur" title="Lop Nur">Lop Nur</a> to settle down. </p><p>Almost all the Kerjaks were devout Christians; they rarely communicated with other groups. According to the census in 1943, there were 1,200 Kerjaks in Bulqin and <a href="/wiki/Habahe_County" title="Habahe County">Kaba</a>. Many moved to Australia after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1851, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a> was established and many Russian merchants swarmed into <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. The Russian merchants killed approximately 200 mineworkers at <a href="/wiki/Chuguchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuguchak">Chuguchak</a>, which enraged the local people, who burned the Russian trade circle down under the lead of two <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui men</a> Xu Tianrao and An Yuxian. As a result, the Russians forced the <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> government to pay heavy <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>. In 1871, the Russian Empire conquered the area of <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a> and many Russian merchants migrated there.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An anti-Russian uproar broke out when Russian customs officials, three Cossacks, and a Russian courier invited local <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China#Xinjiang" title="Prostitution in China">Uyghur prostitutes</a> to a party in January 1902 in <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>. This caused a massive brawl by the inflamed local Uyghur populace against the Russians on the pretext of protecting Muslim women because <a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">anti-Russian sentiment</a> had built up. Even though morality was not strict in Kashgar, the local Uyghurs clashed violently with the Russians before they were dispersed. The Chinese sought to end the tensions to avoid giving the Russians a pretext to invade.<sup id="cite_ref-NightingaleSkrine2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NightingaleSkrine2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NightingaleSkrine2013_2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NightingaleSkrine2013_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SkrineNightingale1973_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkrineNightingale1973-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the riot, the Russians sent troops to Sarikol in Tashkurghan and demanded that the Sarikol postal services be placed under Russian supervision, the locals of Sarikol believed that the Russians would seize the entire district from the Chinese and send more soldiers even after the Russians tried to negotiate with the Begs of Sarikol and sway them to their side, they failed since the Sarikoli officials and authorities demanded in a petition to the Amban of Yarkand that they be evacuated to Yarkand to avoid being harassed by the Russians and objected to the Russian presence in Sarikol, the <a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Sarikolis</a> did not believe the Russian claim that they would leave them alone and only involved themselves in the mail service.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> was defeated in the war against the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and other refugees fled to Xinjiang under the lead of General <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8)" class="extiw" title="ru:Иванов, Михаил Михайлович (генерал Российской империи)">Ivanov</a>. Some of them rioted in <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuguchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuguchak">Chuguchak</a> but were finally suppressed by the Chinese warlord <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a>. Part of them later joined the <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Guihua</a> soldiers recruited by the Xinjiang government.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1931 to 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> government forced a lot of Chinese and their Russian relatives to move to China. More than 20,000 Russians entered China through the Crossings of Xinjiang and after 1941, many refugees fled to Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xinjiang_Russians_under_the_reign_of_Yang_Zengxin,_Jin_Shuren_and_Sheng_Shicai"><span id="Xinjiang_Russians_under_the_reign_of_Yang_Zengxin.2C_Jin_Shuren_and_Sheng_Shicai"></span>Xinjiang Russians under the reign of Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Xinjiang Russians under the reign of Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the reign of Yang Zengxin, the Russians in Xinjiang were mainly divided into 3 parts: some of the refugees had joined the Chinese nationality, were called "Guihua ren" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">歸化人</span>, lit. "Naturalized people") and had to fill out applications and write volunteer certificates. Yang ordered officials from various regions to distribute land for them, and gave them farm animals and seeds. Some had joined the USSR nationality. Others refused to join either nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, when <a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a> came to power, he strengthened supervision and taxation of the Russians. Freedom of movement and trade were curtailed. According to the records from <i>Xinjiang Gazette</i>, from 1930 to 1931 there were 207 Russians who went through the Guihua procedure in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> and 288 in Chuguchak.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1933, Jin abdicated. In 1935, the 2nd People's Congress was held and the Guihua people were officially recognized as a minority group of Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides damage done by previous European explorers, <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> bandits escaping from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> were responsible for vandalizing much of the Buddhist art at the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Grottoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogao Grottoes">Mogao Grottoes</a>. They had caused trouble in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, but were defeated when they tried to attack Qitai. The Governor of Xinjiang, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a>, arranged for them to be transported to Dunhuang at the Mogao Grottoes, after talks with Governor Lu Hongtao of Gansu. The bandits wrote profanities on Buddhist statues, destroyed or damaged paintings, gouging out eyes and amputating the limbs of the statues, in addition to committing arson. This damage can still be seen to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> broke out in Xinjiang and the Province Army was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a>'s troops. So Jin Shuren ordered <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Peiyuan" title="Zhang Peiyuan">Zhang Peiyuan</a> to form the Guihua army. The conscripted Russians were organized as the 1st Guihua Cavalry under the regimental commander Mogutnov. Later the cavalry were expanded into two groups, with Antonov and Bapingut as the commanders. Zhang Peiyuan commanded the Guihua Army and the Province Army finally defeated Ma's army, reoccupied Zhenxi and raised the siege of <a href="/wiki/Kumul_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumul (city)">Hami</a>. In 1932, the peasants of <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> rebelled under the lead of Makhsut, but were beaten down by Guihua Army.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the Chinese New Year Eve of 1933, the capital Ürümqi was besieged by Ma Shimin's units during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urumqi_(1933)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Urumqi (1933)">Battle of Urumqi (1933)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a> formed the 2nd Guihua Cavalry and repulsed them.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Guihua soldiers were unhappy with Jin's arrears of military expenditures. Several Jin dissenters persuaded <a href="/wiki/Pappengut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappengut">Pappengut</a> and Antonov to launch a coup d'état, and they occupied the city defense command on the afternoon of April 12. Later Jin Shuren fled to the outskirts. At the same night, they established the Interim Sustain Committee and sent liaison officers to contact <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a>. Later that night Jin's troops fought back, but were finally defeated and Jin had to return to give up his office, more than 70 Russians died in that battle.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ma Zhongying heard that the coup had taken place in Xinjiang, he promptly led the army to the west and sent his general Ma Heying to Altay. In May 1933, the Russian and Kazakh peasants of Bulqin armed themselves to fight against Ma's army, but were forced to give ground. Sheng ordered Guihua colonel Helovsky to reinforce them, and defeated Ma Heying after two days. In June 1933, Sheng Shicai and Ma Zhongying fought a decisive battle at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziniquan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziniquan (page does not exist)">Ziniquan</a>, Ma was defeated, and was forced to flee to <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhang Peiyuan then defected and joined forces with Ma Zhongying. Together, they almost defeated Sheng Shicai at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urumqi_(1933%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Urumqi (1933–34)">Battle of Urumqi (1933–34)</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a>, however, the Soviets intervened on the side of the Provincial government and the Guihua White Russians, and Ma Zhongying ended up in control of southern Xinjiang while the provincial government controlled the north. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Vasel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Vasel (page does not exist)">Georg Vasel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> agent, was told "Must I tell him that I am a Russian? You know how the Tungans hate the Russians." by his driver, a White Russian when meeting <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasel1937_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasel1937-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, during the <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a>, the traveler Ahmad Kamal was asked by Uyghur men if the veils donned by Turki women in Xinjiang were also worn by women in America (Amerikaluk).<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamal2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label of "whores" (Jilops) was used for Russian (Russ) and American (Amerikaluk) women by Uyghur men when what these women wore in public while bathing and the fact that no veil was worn by them was described by Ahmad Kamal to the Turki men.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal2000_2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamal2000_2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chinese swines and Russ infidels</i> was a saying by Turki Muslims (Uyghurs) in Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal2000_3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamal2000_3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti Russian hatred was spouted by Tungans (Hui Muslims) to the adventurer Ahmad Kamal in Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal2000_4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamal2000_4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Kamal saw Russians in the bazar at Aksu.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal2000_5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamal2000_5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he saw Russian soldiers and Russian girls in the bazar at Urumchi.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal2000_6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamal2000_6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1934, when the war ended pro tempore, Sheng retracted the Guihua Headquarters, and selected about 500 Russians to form the 6th Cavalry to quarter at Ürümqi. In 1937, the Cavalry and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> finally defeated Ma Hushan's troops during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)</a>. And later it was disbanded, all the Guihua soldiers became ordinary people.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The White Russians again sided with the Soviets during the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a> in 1944. </p><p>During the Ili Rebellion, American telegrams reported that the Soviet secret police threatened to assassinate Muslim leaders from Ining and put pressure on them to flee to "inner China" via Tihwa (Ürümqi), White Russians grew fearful of Uyghur Muslim mobs as they chanted, "We freed ourselves from the yellow men, now we must destroy the white.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the last days of World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet–Japanese War (1945)">USSR entered the war against Japan</a> and invaded western China. In doing so, Soviet forces encountered, to their surprise, Russian <a href="/wiki/Old_Believer" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Believer">Old Believer</a> villages. Many of the Old Believer men were taken back to Russia and imprisoned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those who stayed found their way of life drastically changed and they often sought ways to leave China. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> learned of the Old Believers' plight and came to their aid, helping them gather in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and prepare for resettlement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those from <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and some from <a href="/wiki/Sinkiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinkiang">Sinkiang</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Others from Sinkiang went to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and a few went to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The receiving countries offered them refugee assistance, including land, equipment, building materials and food.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One group aboard a ship stopped for a few days in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, which since 1905 had been the center of a large community of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Christians">Spiritual Christians</a> from Russia. The <i>Pryguny</i> who recently immigrated via Iran rushed to the port and offered to host the Old Believers at their homes and prayer halls. In the process, addresses were exchanged. Later, once settled in South America, the elders used these addresses to contact potential sponsors, and eventually came to Los Angeles, with recommendations to go north to <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. <i>Pryguny</i> in Oregon agreed to advise them in settlement. Later on, the Sinkiang Old Believers in South America also joined the growing Old Believer community in Oregon. Therefore, a number of Russian Old Believers now live in <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette Valley</a>, Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Russians found employment and remained in China: as late as 1969, <a href="/wiki/Francis_James" title="Francis James">an Australian journalist</a> in the region identified a "Kazakh <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> regiment of the People's Republic of China — Chinese Cossacks — stationed in the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tien Shan">Tien Shan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russians_at_the_Argun">Russians at the Argun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russians at the Argun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Tryokhrechye</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Трёхречье</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[trʲɵxˈrʲet͡ʃjɪ]</a></span> ‘Three-River Country’, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 三河, <i>Sānhé</i>) designates a region of former Russian settlement in the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, in the present-day city-prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a>, at the border with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, of roughly 11,500 km<sup>2</sup> size. It takes its name from the three rivers <a href="/wiki/Gan_River_(Inner_Mongolia)" title="Gan River (Inner Mongolia)">Gan</a>, Derbul and Khaul that descend from the heavily forested <a href="/wiki/Khingan_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Khingan Mountains">Khingan Mountains</a> in the East and join the border river <a href="/wiki/Argun_River_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argun River (Asia)">Argun</a> in the West. In the North, there are dense <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a> forests, in the South – the open steppe around <a href="/wiki/Hailar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailar">Hailar</a>. While the region is naturally separated from <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> by the Khingan, it is quite open to Russian territory across the Argun as the river freezes in winter and presents many fords and islands even in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While soils on the left Russian bank of the Argun are poor, those in the Trekhrechye are fertile, enabling agriculture as known in Russia proper. Forests in the east provided wood and game, the steppe to the South offered ample pasture.<sup id="cite_ref-Franz_Steiner_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franz_Steiner-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Argun river served as a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Russian border">Sino-Russian border</a> since the 1689 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">treaty of Nerchinsk</a> but was hardly policed in a meaningful way. While the Russians erected Cossack posts (<i><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">ostrogi</a></i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</a> region, the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> was for a long time not interested in development of their side of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a> of 1825, political prisoners were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Nerchinsk" title="Nerchinsk">Nerchinsk</a> area. Some of them are said to have escaped from <a href="/wiki/Katorga" title="Katorga">Katorga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penal_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal labor">penal labor</a>) across the river and to have married <a href="/wiki/Siberian_native_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian native groups">indigenous</a> women. Since the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> began grazing their cattle on the Chinese side, first along the Khaul river which is closest to Russia, only a day's ride away from the Russian settlements. They erected simple shelters for haymaking in summer and autumn and for hunting in winter. Already before 1900, some of these cattle stations began to coalesce into the first villages, like <i>Manerka</i> (Russian: Манерка) at the lower Khaul. </p><p>These settlers were tolerated by Chinese officials, usually themselves from nomadic groups (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solons" class="mw-redirect" title="Solons">Solons</a>). <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, which would have preferred farming like the Russians, were at first not allowed to settle here. Around 1900, there were only a few Chinese shopkeepers in the area, selling alcohol and tobacco. The latter became much more profitable after the introduction of customs controls in 1900 and especially with the end of the 50-<a href="/wiki/Verst" title="Verst">verst</a> free trade zone along the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Franz_Steiner_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franz_Steiner-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qing authorities unsuccessfully tried to encourage Han farmers to settle there, but from 1905, they replaced indigenous officials with Han men, much to the chagrin of the Mongols. After the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_(1911)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Revolution (1911)">revolutionary turmoil</a> of 1911, China struggled to reassert control of the Hulunbuir area which was partially achieved in 1915, fully only in 1920. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Russian_Civil_War_and_its_aftermath">The Russian Civil War and its aftermath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Russian Civil War and its aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and its aftermath changed the make-up of the Trekhrechye Russian community. Four waves of immigrants might be distinguished: firstly, the Cossacks which had lived on the Russian side on the Argun and now settled down on the Chinese side; secondly, other refugees of the civil war from the remainder of <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</a>, many hoping to return soon; thirdly, the largest wave of refugees from <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Soviet collectivization</a>, starting in 1929 (known as the <i>tridtsatniki</i> '1930-ers'); and lastly, laid-off employees of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a>, which was run largely by Russians up until that time. As a result of these, ethnic Russians represented more than 80% of this region's population in the late 1930s to the early 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cossack settlers organized an administration of their own, consisting of village elders, with a chief elder in the village of Suchye (Russian: Сучье), where there was also a Chinese district chief. Chinese authorities attempted to assimilate the emigrants in the 1920s by introducing passports, raising taxes, prohibiting Orthodox feast days. When the archbishop of Harbin visited Dragotsenka in 1926, he was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Population estimates for the Tryokhrechye by ethnic groups<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Total population</th> <th>Density per km<sup>2</sup></th> <th>Russians</th> <th>Han Chinese</th> <th>others </th></tr> <tr> <td>1928</td> <td>2,330</td> <td>0,2</td> <td>2,130</td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>5,519</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>ca. 13,100</td> <td>0,9</td> <td>ca. 11,000</td> <td>ca. 1,100</td> <td>ca. 1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>ca. 3,000</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>23</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>ca. 50,000</td> <td>4,3</td> <td>"Ethnic Russians": 1,748; <p>"Mixed" (<i>polukrovtsy</i>): 3,468 </p> </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The numbers have been compiled by Sören Urbansky (Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun', 2014) and stem from different sources. For 1928: V. A. Kormazov: Èkonomičeskij očerk. Harbin 1928, pp. 50 f. For 1933: V. A. Anučin: Geografičeskie očerki Man'čžurii. Moskau 1948. Anučin claims to rely on research by Kormazov. For 1945: Julija Argudjaeva: Russkoe naselenie v Trechreč'e. In: Rossija i ATR (2004), vol. 4, p. 126. For 1955 and 1972: V. N. Žernakov: Trechreč'e. Oakland (Ca.) no year, p. 4. From the private archive of Olga Bakich, Toronto. For 1990: E'erguna you qi zhi [Chronicle of the Right Argun banner]. Haila'er 1993, pp. 106 and 127. These very high numbers published by Chinese authorities for 1990 are especially problematic and unrealistic, given the fact that members of minorities are entitled to privileges in education and family policies.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>At its height, there were 21 Russian villages in the Three-River Country, with <i>Dragotsenka</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Драгоценка</span>, modern <i>Sanhexiang</i> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">三河鄕</span>) as its political and socioeconomic center. Dragotsenka counted only 450 inhabitants in 1933 but grew to 3,000 in 1944. Only half of those inhabitants were Russians whereas there lived 1,000 Chinese and 500 Japanese. (Most of the other villages were almost exclusively inhabited by Russians.) There was also a 500-strong garrison nearby. It was the seat of the head cossack, responsible for the Russians in the area, as well as the seat of regional police and a Japanese military mission. There was a small power station, a refinery for vegetable oil, a steel-rolling mill, a dairy factory, auto repair shops, saddleries, leather and felt factories, a post and telegraph office, a bank, and branches of national trading houses. Most of the Chinese worked in small own businesses. The Russian community could find here its only high school in the area, the seat of the Russian Association and the local branch of the nation-wide <i>Office for the Russian Emigrants' Affairs</i> (BREM) which published the weekly newspaper <i>The Cossack Life</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Казачья Жизнь</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Soviet visitors of the late 1940s, the Tryokhrechye villages seemed like curious, almost museum-like images of life in prerevolutionary Siberia. The villages were grouped around long straight streets and consisted of <a href="/wiki/Blockhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockhouses">blockhouses</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Larch" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Larch">larch</a> wood, facing south, with ocher-painted floors. A similar archaism prevailed in religion and customs. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> continued to play a central role. In addition to St. Peter and Paul's Church in Dragotsenka, there were nine other village churches and one monastery. With regards to traditions, people would e.g. strew flour into their hallways nine days after <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Easter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Easter">Easter</a> and check the next morning whether their dead parents had returned. On <a href="/wiki/Pentecost#Eastern_churches" title="Pentecost">Whitmonday</a>, the Cossacks washed and consecrated their horses.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Soviet intervention</a> for the Chinese Eastern Railway, the Red Army led punitive expeditions into the Tryokhrechye in August and September 1929. It was reported that 150 emigrants were killed, and that there was a wave of refugees to <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>. For some time before, <a href="/wiki/White_russian_emigre" class="mw-redirect" title="White russian emigre">White</a> units had made small-scale raids onto Soviet territory. The Russian diaspora proved to be well-connected: The Russians of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> pleaded to US <a href="/wiki/President_Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="President Hoover">President Hoover</a> in a telegram to put an end to "the bloody nightmare of the Red henchmen".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II">Japanese occupation and World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this climate of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-Soviet</a> fear, the Three-River Russians initially welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion</a>. In December 1932, they greeted the new "era of order and justice" and promised their cooperation. Japan permitted a certain degree of cultural autonomy for minorities like the Russians, mainly to counter the numerically dominant Han Chinese in their new puppet state, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Russian language propaganda of Manchukuo painted local life in idyllic colors.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This initial optimism was weakened by strict Japanese surveillance. The main tool for this was the BREM with which they had to register. In 1944, the BREM district for the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Khingan prefecture">Khingan</a> (incl. Tryokhrechye) was the second largest by members (21,202) after Harbin (39,421). The BREM organized local propaganda and indoctrination, especially for Russian youth, and the celebrations for March 1, Manchukuo's national holiday. From 1937 onwards, control of the border region was intensified, and from the 1940s, traveling to and settling in the region required a permit. This increased the isolation of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese general <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Doihara" title="Kenji Doihara">Kenji Doihara</a> forced White Russian women into prostitution and drug addiction to spy and spread drugs to their male Chinese clients.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands Russian <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a> women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> anti-Bolshevik movement during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Intervention">Entente</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_the_Siberian_Intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan during the Siberian Intervention">Japanese</a> armies from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Having lost their livelihoods, and with most of them widowed, Doihara forced the women into prostitution, using them to create a network of <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a> throughout China where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the women were used to further spread the use of opium among the Chinese population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they were selling to Chinese customers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese scientists conducted human experiments on White Russian men, women and children by gassing, injecting and vivisecting them in <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unit_100" title="Unit 100">Unit 100</a>. There were multiple Russian victims of Unit 731 and testimonies and records show that a Russian girl and her mother were gassed and one Russian man was cut into two and preserved with formaldehyde.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some children grew up inside the walls of Unit 731, infected with syphilis. A Youth Corps member deployed to train at Unit 731 recalled viewing a batch of subjects that would undergo syphilis testing: " one was a White Russian woman with a daughter of four or five years of age, and the last was a White Russian woman with a boy of about six or seven."<sup id="cite_ref-gold-testimony_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-testimony-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The children of these women were tested in ways similar to their parents, with specific emphasis on determining how longer infection periods affected the effectiveness of treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-gold-testimony_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-testimony-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senior Sergeant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazuo_Mitomo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazuo Mitomo (page does not exist)">Kazuo Mitomo</a> described some of Unit 100's human experiments: </p> <dl><dd>"On some of the prisoners I experimented 5-6 times, testing the action of <a href="/wiki/Convolvulus_arvensis" title="Convolvulus arvensis">Korean bindweed</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bactal (page does not exist)">bactal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a> seeds. One of the prisoners of Russian nationality became so exhausted from the experiments that no more could be performed on him, and Matsui ordered me to kill that Russian by giving him an injection of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">potassium cyanide</a>. After the injection, the man died at once. Bodies were buried in the unit's cattle cemetery."</dd></dl> <p>Unit 100 staff poisoned and drugged Russians with heroin, castor oil, tobacco and other substances for weeks at a time. Some died during the experimentation. When survivors were determined to no longer be useful for experimentation and were complaining of illness, staff told them they would receive a shot of medicine, but instead executed them with potassium cyanide injections. Executions were also carried out by gunshots.<sup id="cite_ref-trialmaterials_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trialmaterials-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 323">: 323 </span></sup> </p><p>The small Russian community beyond the Argun drew a disproportionate interest of Japanese imperial researchers: ethnographers, anthropologists, agronomists. The number of their publication exceeds the Russian and Chinese ones by far, and much of what we know about the community comes from Japanese research.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They idolized the Cossacks and their way of dealing with the harsh climate, drawing potential conclusions for the settlement of Japanese in Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Soviet invasion in 1945, the secret service (<a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>) entered the area and arrested about a quarter of the male population, especially the larger number of the <i>tridtsatniki</i>, which were deported to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>. The other residents received Soviet passports. In autumn 1949, the farms of the remaining Russians were <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">forcibly collectivized</a>. Most of them were repatriated to the Soviet Union over the following years, with the last significant wave going to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> from 1955 to 1956; Chinese farmers took over the vacated areas. Most of the Russians who stayed, emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> after the Chinese government permitted them to do so in 1962. The few remaining Russians relocated back to the left riverbank during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. Soviet citizens were not harassed but those of mixed ancestry (<i>polukrovtsy</i> 'half-bloods') were accused of espionage, often tortured and killed. Speaking Russian was forbidden during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shanghai_Russians">Shanghai Russians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shanghai Russians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai Russians</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many local Russians in China are of mixed Russian and Chinese ancesty due to intermarriage; this is evident in genetic studies that were conducted on them. Russians in China that migrated to China after the 18th century absorbed local East Asian males marrying Russian females into their population, with one sample showing most of the Russians had European mtDNA, though East Asian <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175" title="Haplogroup O-M175">haplogroup O</a> made up 58% of their Y haplogroup. O3-M122 specifically made up 47% of the Russian sample.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East Asian Y haplogroup O3-M122 was found in 47% of Russian males in China. In another test the East Asian paternal Y Haplogroup O made up 58% of Russian males samples in China, while European-origin mitochondrial DNA predominated in the Russian population in China, showing that the ethnic Russian population receive male East Asian paternal lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O3-M122 is the commonly shared genetic signature of Sino-Tibetan speaking ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A replica of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Motherland_Calls" title="The Motherland Calls">The Motherland Calls</a></i> in Manchuria</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1957 census counted over 9,000 ethnic Russians in China, while the 1978 census counted just 600. That number rose again to 2,935 in the 1982 census and 13,504 in the 1990 census, mostly in northern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. Some of them live in <a href="/wiki/Enhe" title="Enhe">Enhe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiwei,_Inner_Mongolia" title="Shiwei, Inner Mongolia">Shiwei</a>, the only Russian ethnic townships in China. Beijing's <a href="/wiki/Yabaolu" title="Yabaolu">Yabaolu</a> commercial district also maintains a visible Russian (specifically Siberian) presence due to its active fur trade and import market, although business has deteriorated since the <a href="/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)">Russian financial crisis of 2014</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There continues to be disagreement over the number of ethnic Russians living in China.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics as of the 2002 Census are shown below.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pink designates native region. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" valign="middle"><span style="font-size:100%;">Area</span><br /> </th> <th align="center" valign="middle"><span style="font-size:100%;">Total<br />Population</span><br /> </th> <th align="center" valign="middle"><span style="font-size:100%;">Russians<br />in China<br />(Eluosi Zu)</span><br /> </th> <th align="center" valign="middle"><span style="font-size:100%;">Proportion of<br />all Russians<br />in China (%)</span><br /> </th> <th align="center" valign="middle"><span style="font-size:100%;">Russians as<br />proportion of<br />local minority population</span><br /> </th> <th align="center" valign="middle"><span style="font-size:100%;">Russians as<br />proportion of<br />total local population (%）</span><br /> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#CAE4FF"><span style="font-size:100%;">Total</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#CAE4FF"><span style="font-size:100%;">1,245,110,826</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#CAE4FF"><span style="font-size:100%;">15,631</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#CAE4FF"><span style="font-size:100%;">100</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#CAE4FF"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0148</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#CAE4FF"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00126</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">31 Province area</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">1,242,612,226</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">15,609</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">99.86</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0148</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00126</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a></span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">89,258,221</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">9,128</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">58.40</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0523</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.01023</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a></span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">145,896,933</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">5,406</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">34.59</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0620</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00371</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">104,864,179</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">479</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">3.06</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0044</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00046</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East China</a></span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">358,849,244</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">271</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.73</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0108</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00008</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central China</a></span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">350,658,477</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">182</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.16</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0006</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00005</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">Southwest China</a></span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">193,085,172</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">143</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.91</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0004</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00007</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">18,459,511</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">8,935</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">57.16</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0815</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.04840</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">23,323,347</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">5,020</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">32.12</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.1033</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.02152</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">36,237,576</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">265</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.70</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0150</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00073</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">13,569,194</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">216</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">1.38</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0369</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00159</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">41,824,412</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">150</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.96</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0022</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00036</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">66,684,419</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">102</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.65</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0035</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00015</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">16,407,734</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">76</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.49</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0732</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00046</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">35,365,072</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">69</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.44</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0391</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00020</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">89,971,789</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">68</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.44</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0108</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00008</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">73,043,577</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">67</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.43</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0258</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00009</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">26,802,191</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">64</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.41</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0026</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00024</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">9,848,731</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">60</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.38</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0225</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00061</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">25,124,282</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">55</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.35</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0025</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00022</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">91,236,854</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">54</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.35</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0047</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00006</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">85,225,007</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">50</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.32</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0039</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00006</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">82,348,296</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">48</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.31</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0012</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00006</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">4,822,963</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">48</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.31</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0022</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00100</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">42,360,089</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">32</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.20</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0002</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00008</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">35,247,695</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">31</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.20</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0002</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00009</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">59,508,870</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">26</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.17</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0010</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00004</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">63,274,173</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">25</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.16</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0004</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00004</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">58,999,948</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">22</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.14</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0055</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00004</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">45,930,651</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">21</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.13</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0053</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00005</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">5,486,393</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">21</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.13</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0011</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00038</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">2,616,329</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">20</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.13</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0008</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00076</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">7,559,035</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">14</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.09</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0011</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00019</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">34,097,947</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">13</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.08</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0022</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00004</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">43,854,538</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">13</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.08</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0001</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00003</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">30,512,763</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">12</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.08</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0006</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00004</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">32,471,242</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">8</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.05</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0078</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00002</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">40,397,598</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">4</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.03</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0032</span> </td> <td align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00001</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">In active duty</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">2,498,600</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">22</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.14</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.0197</span> </td> <td align="right" bgcolor="#FFFF00"><span style="font-size:100%;">0.00088</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hu_(general)" title="Lin Hu (general)">Lin Hu</a>, lieutenant general, deputy commander of the <a href="/wiki/PLA_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Air Force">PLA Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotii_Leskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotii Leskin (page does not exist)">Fotii Leskin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">法铁依·伊凡诺维奇·列斯肯</span>); <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Фотий Иванович Лескин</span>), lieutenant general, commander of the 5th Corps of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelizaveta_Pavlovna_Kishkina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yelizaveta Pavlovna Kishkina (page does not exist)">Yelizaveta Pavlovna Kishkina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">李莎</span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Елизавета Павловна Кишкина</span>), the wife of <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a>, niece of the last <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> of pre-Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Fang-liang" title="Chiang Fang-liang">Chiang Fang-liang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">蔣方良</span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Фаина Ипатьевна Вахрева</span>), the <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> in 1978–88</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ivanovich_Lunev" title="Nikolai Ivanovich Lunev">Nikolai Ivanovich Lunev</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">尼古拉·伊萬諾維奇·盧尼奧夫</span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Николай Иванович Лунёв</span>), deputy to the tenth <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_Ge" title="Misha Ge">Misha Ge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">戈米沙</span>), the figure skater of Russian, Chinese, and Korean descent, had Chinese nationality from 2001 to 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Hong_Kong" title="Russians in Hong Kong">Russians in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Far_East_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="China Far East Railway">China Far East Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Eastern Railway Zone">Chinese Eastern Railway Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Mikhaylovich_Semyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov">Grigory Semyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">Chinese Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Japan" title="Russians in Japan">Russians in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Korea" title="Russians in Korea">Russians in Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLi_YijuanFan_Yiying2022" class="citation web cs1">Li Yijuan; Fan Yiying (2 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1010180/blood-brothers-the-scarred-history-of-chinas-ethnic-russians">"Blood Brothers: The Scarred History of China's Ethnic Russians"</a>. <i>Sixth Tone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixth+Tone&rft.atitle=Blood+Brothers%3A+The+Scarred+History+of+China%27s+Ethnic+Russians&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft.au=Li+Yijuan&rft.au=Fan+Yiying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1010180%2Fblood-brothers-the-scarred-history-of-chinas-ethnic-russians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li 2003, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakich, Olga Mikhailovna, "Emigre Identity: The Case of Harbin," <i>The South Atlantic Quarterly</i>, Vol.99, No.1 (2000): 51–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, pp.7 – 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, pp.9 – 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, p.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NightingaleSkrine2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NightingaleSkrine2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_NightingaleC.P._Skrine2013" class="citation book cs1">Pamela Nightingale; C.P. Skrine (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTn-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124"><i>Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890–1918</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57609-6"><bdi>978-1-136-57609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macartney+at+Kashgar%3A+New+Light+on+British%2C+Chinese+and+Russian+Activities+in+Sinkiang%2C+1890%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-57609-6&rft.au=Pamela+Nightingale&rft.au=C.P.+Skrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTn-AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NightingaleSkrine2013_2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NightingaleSkrine2013_2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_NightingaleC.P._Skrine2013" class="citation book cs1">Pamela Nightingale; C.P. Skrine (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bbr5AQAAQBAJ&q=Russian+couriers+three+Cossacks+Russian+customs+native+prostitutes+Kashgar&pg=PT126"><i>Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57616-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57616-4"><bdi>978-1-136-57616-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macartney+at+Kashgar%3A+New+Light+on+British%2C+Chinese+and+Russian+Activities+in+Sinkiang%2C+1890-1918&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-57616-4&rft.au=Pamela+Nightingale&rft.au=C.P.+Skrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBbr5AQAAQBAJ%26q%3DRussian%2Bcouriers%2Bthree%2BCossacks%2BRussian%2Bcustoms%2Bnative%2Bprostitutes%2BKashgar%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SkrineNightingale1973-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SkrineNightingale1973_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Clarmont_Percival_SkrinePamela_Nightingale1973" class="citation book cs1">Sir Clarmont Percival Skrine; Pamela Nightingale (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DgIAQAAIAAJ&q=Russian+couriers+three+Cossacks+Russian+customs+native+prostitutes+Kashgar"><i>Macartney at Kashgar: new light on British, Chinese and Russian activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918</i></a>. Methuen. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780416653908" title="Special:BookSources/9780416653908"><bdi>9780416653908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macartney+at+Kashgar%3A+new+light+on+British%2C+Chinese+and+Russian+activities+in+Sinkiang%2C+1890-1918&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780416653908&rft.au=Sir+Clarmont+Percival+Skrine&rft.au=Pamela+Nightingale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DgIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DRussian%2Bcouriers%2Bthree%2BCossacks%2BRussian%2Bcustoms%2Bnative%2Bprostitutes%2BKashgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_NightingaleC.P._Skrine2013" class="citation book cs1">Pamela Nightingale; C.P. Skrine (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTn-AQAAQBAJ&q=100+petty+Sarikol+protested+against+Russians+molest&pg=PA125"><i>Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890–1918</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 125–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57609-6"><bdi>978-1-136-57609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macartney+at+Kashgar%3A+New+Light+on+British%2C+Chinese+and+Russian+Activities+in+Sinkiang%2C+1890%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=125-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-57609-6&rft.au=Pamela+Nightingale&rft.au=C.P.+Skrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTn-AQAAQBAJ%26q%3D100%2Bpetty%2BSarikol%2Bprotested%2Bagainst%2BRussians%2Bmolest%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Clarmont_Percival_SkrinePamela_Nightingale1973" class="citation book cs1">Sir Clarmont Percival Skrine; Pamela Nightingale (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DgIAQAAIAAJ&q=On+8+February+a+deputation+from+Sarikol+arrived+at+Yarkand+and+presented+to+the+Amban+three+petitions+which+bore+the+seals+of+six+headmen+and+the+thumb-marks+of+about+100+petty+Sarikol+officials.+They+protested+against+the+arrival+of+the+Russians+and+asked+to+be+given+land+near+Yarkand+as+they+were+certain+that+the+Russians+would+molest+them."><i>Macartney at Kashgar: new light on British, Chinese and Russian activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918</i></a>. Methuen. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780416653908" title="Special:BookSources/9780416653908"><bdi>9780416653908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macartney+at+Kashgar%3A+new+light+on+British%2C+Chinese+and+Russian+activities+in+Sinkiang%2C+1890-1918&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780416653908&rft.au=Sir+Clarmont+Percival+Skrine&rft.au=Pamela+Nightingale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DgIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DOn%2B8%2BFebruary%2Ba%2Bdeputation%2Bfrom%2BSarikol%2Barrived%2Bat%2BYarkand%2Band%2Bpresented%2Bto%2Bthe%2BAmban%2Bthree%2Bpetitions%2Bwhich%2Bbore%2Bthe%2Bseals%2Bof%2Bsix%2Bheadmen%2Band%2Bthe%2Bthumb-marks%2Bof%2Babout%2B100%2Bpetty%2BSarikol%2Bofficials.%2BThey%2Bprotested%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2Barrival%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRussians%2Band%2Basked%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bgiven%2Bland%2Bnear%2BYarkand%2Bas%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bcertain%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BRussians%2Bwould%2Bmolest%2Bthem.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, p.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, p.16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, p.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiuqing_Yang_杨秀清,_甘肃省新闻办公室2006" class="citation book cs1">Xiuqing Yang 杨秀清, 甘肃省新闻办公室 (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xtshc7KLLJwC&q=yang+zengxin+kazakh+mongol&pg=PT163"><i>风雨敦煌话沧桑: 历经劫难的莫高窟 Feng yu Dunhuang hua cang sang: li jing jie nan de Mogao ku</i></a>. 五洲传播出版社中信出版社. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5085-0916-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-5085-0916-1"><bdi>7-5085-0916-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%A3%8E%E9%9B%A8%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E8%AF%9D%E6%B2%A7%E6%A1%91%3A+%E5%8E%86%E7%BB%8F%E5%8A%AB%E9%9A%BE%E7%9A%84%E8%8E%AB%E9%AB%98%E7%AA%9F+Feng+yu+Dunhuang+hua+cang+sang%3A+li+jing+jie+nan+de+Mogao+ku&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE+%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=7-5085-0916-1&rft.au=Xiuqing+Yang+%E6%9D%A8%E7%A7%80%E6%B8%85%2C+%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxtshc7KLLJwC%26q%3Dyang%2Bzengxin%2Bkazakh%2Bmongol%26pg%3DPT163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, pp.22 – 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, p.24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, pp.25 – 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, p.27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasel1937-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vasel1937_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Vasel1937" class="citation book cs1">Georg Vasel (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAEbAAAAIAAJ&q=tungans+hate+russians"><i>My Russian jailers in China</i></a>. Hurst & Blackett. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Russian+jailers+in+China&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Blackett&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Georg+Vasel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAEbAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtungans%2Bhate%2Brussians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamal2000-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamal2000_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Kamal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&q=veil&pg=PA80"><i>Land Without Laughter</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 80–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9"><bdi>978-0-595-01005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Without+Laughter&rft.pages=80-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01005-9&rft.au=Ahmad+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM2fGu9nnPUC%26q%3Dveil%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamal2000_2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamal2000_2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Kamal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&q=veil&pg=PA81"><i>Land Without Laughter</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 81–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9"><bdi>978-0-595-01005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Without+Laughter&rft.pages=81-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01005-9&rft.au=Ahmad+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM2fGu9nnPUC%26q%3Dveil%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamal2000_3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamal2000_3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Kamal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA204"><i>Land Without Laughter</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 204–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9"><bdi>978-0-595-01005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Without+Laughter&rft.pages=204-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01005-9&rft.au=Ahmad+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM2fGu9nnPUC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamal2000_4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamal2000_4_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Kamal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA82"><i>Land Without Laughter</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 82–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9"><bdi>978-0-595-01005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Without+Laughter&rft.pages=82-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01005-9&rft.au=Ahmad+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM2fGu9nnPUC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamal2000_5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamal2000_5_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Kamal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA221"><i>Land Without Laughter</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 221–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9"><bdi>978-0-595-01005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Without+Laughter&rft.pages=221-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01005-9&rft.au=Ahmad+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM2fGu9nnPUC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamal2000_6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamal2000_6_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Kamal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Kamal (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM2fGu9nnPUC&pg=PA298"><i>Land Without Laughter</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. 298–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01005-9"><bdi>978-0-595-01005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Without+Laughter&rft.pages=298-&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01005-9&rft.au=Ahmad+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM2fGu9nnPUC%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eluosi zu jian shi</i>, p.30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1947" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, E. Ralph, ed. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1947v07/reference/frus.frus1947v07.i0008.pdf">"Unsuccessful attempts to resolve political problems in Sinkiang; extent of Soviet aid and encouragement to rebel groups in Sinkiang; border incident at Peitashan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Far East: China</i>. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947. Vol. VII. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. p. 549. Documents 450–495.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unsuccessful+attempts+to+resolve+political+problems+in+Sinkiang%3B+extent+of+Soviet+aid+and+encouragement+to+rebel+groups+in+Sinkiang%3B+border+incident+at+Peitashan&rft.btitle=The+Far+East%3A+China&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1947&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.library.wisc.edu%2FFRUS%2FEFacs%2F1947v07%2Freference%2Ffrus.frus1947v07.i0008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830083804/https://sites.google.com/a/lclark.edu/rsco/immigrant-communities/old-believers">"OLD BELIEVERS – Russian-Speaking Communities in Oregon"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/lclark.edu/rsco/immigrant-communities/old-believers">the original</a> on August 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=OLD+BELIEVERS+%E2%80%93+Russian-Speaking+Communities+in+Oregon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fa%2Flclark.edu%2Frsco%2Fimmigrant-communities%2Fold-believers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Teacher Guide for Old Believers]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_James1969" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_James" title="Francis James">Francis James</a> (August 9, 1969). "The first Western look at the secret H-bomb centre in China". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Toronto_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="The Toronto Star">The Toronto Star</a></i>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=The+first+Western+look+at+the+secret+H-bomb+centre+in+China&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1969-08-09&rft.au=Francis+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_James1969" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_James" title="Francis James">Francis James</a> (June 15, 1969). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.date=1969-06-15&rft.au=Francis+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franz_Steiner-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franz_Steiner_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franz_Steiner_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 110 f.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=110+f&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 112 f.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=112+f&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШестаков1943" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Шестаков, М. (1943). "Благодатное Трёхречье". <i>Вестник Казачьей Выставке в Харбине 1943 г. Сборник статей о казаках и казачестве</i> (in Russian). Harbin: 194 f. <q>They live their traditional Russian-patriarchal life in satisfaction and prosperity, they work on the field, respect the interests, the law and order of the country that assists them in all their troubles, and keep in dear memory their suffering <a href="/wiki/Mother_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Russia">Mother Russia</a>, which the shape of their villages so strongly recalls, with the cathedral whose domes and towers, crowned by the holy cross, rise up proudly at the best spot of the village into the blue sky of the gracious Manchu Empire that they revere as their second home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+1943+%D0%B3.+%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%91%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B5&rft.pages=194+f&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). "Der Kosake als Lehrer oder Exot? Fragen an einen Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm über die bäuerliche russische Diaspora am Grenzfluss Argun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian,p.298, Jamie Bisher, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714656908" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714656908">978-0714656908</a>, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisher2006" class="citation book cs1">Bisher, Jamie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg6RAgAAQBAJ&dq=doihara+opium+russian+women&pg=PA298"><i>White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135765952" title="Special:BookSources/1135765952"><bdi>1135765952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Terror%3A+Cossack+Warlords+of+the+Trans-Siberian&rft.pages=298&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1135765952&rft.aulast=Bisher&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMg6RAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddoihara%2Bopium%2Brussian%2Bwomen%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1997" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Jay Robert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JG0OAQAAMAAJ&q=doihara+opium+russian+women"><i>Spies: A Narrative Encyclopedia of Dirty Deeds and Double Dealing from Biblical Times to Today</i></a>. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series (illustrated ed.). M. Evans, Incorporated. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871317907" title="Special:BookSources/0871317907"><bdi>0871317907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spies%3A+A+Narrative+Encyclopedia+of+Dirty+Deeds+and+Double+Dealing+from+Biblical+Times+to+Today&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=M.+Evans%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0871317907&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Jay+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJG0OAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddoihara%2Bopium%2Brussian%2Bwomen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowdy2011" class="citation book cs1">Crowdy, Terry (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnmICwAAQBAJ&dq=doihara+opium+russian+women&pg=PT169"><i>The Enemy Within: A History of Spies, Spymasters and Espionage</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780962245" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780962245"><bdi>978-1780962245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemy+Within%3A+A+History+of+Spies%2C+Spymasters+and+Espionage&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1780962245&rft.aulast=Crowdy&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnmICwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddoihara%2Bopium%2Brussian%2Bwomen%26pg%3DPT169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeagraveSeagrave2003" class="citation book cs1">Seagrave, Sterling; Seagrave, Peggy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3c_gKdOXAcC&dq=doihara+opium+russian+women&pg=PA35"><i>Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold</i></a> (reprint ed.). Verso. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859845428" title="Special:BookSources/1859845428"><bdi>1859845428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+Warriors%3A+America%27s+Secret+Recovery+of+Yamashita%27s+Gold&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1859845428&rft.aulast=Seagrave&rft.aufirst=Sterling&rft.au=Seagrave%2C+Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn3c_gKdOXAcC%26dq%3Ddoihara%2Bopium%2Brussian%2Bwomen%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMana2019" class="citation web cs1">Mana, Davide (2 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://karavansara.live/2019/12/02/curse-of-the-golden-bat-ii-lawrence-of-manchuria/">"Curse of the Golden Bat II – Lawrence of Manchuria"</a>. <i>Karavansara</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Karavansara&rft.atitle=Curse+of+the+Golden+Bat+II+%E2%80%93+Lawrence+of+Manchuria&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft.aulast=Mana&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaravansara.live%2F2019%2F12%2F02%2Fcurse-of-the-golden-bat-ii-lawrence-of-manchuria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreskar2021" class="citation web cs1">Preskar, Peter (Mar 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328021823/https://historyofyesterday.com/how-imperial-japan-created-a-vast-drug-empire-to-destroy-china-823f31fc3979">"How Imperial Japan Created a Vast Drug Empire to Destroy China"</a>. <i>Short History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofyesterday.com/how-imperial-japan-created-a-vast-drug-empire-to-destroy-china-823f31fc3979">the original</a> on 2021-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Short+History&rft.atitle=How+Imperial+Japan+Created+a+Vast+Drug+Empire+to+Destroy+China&rft.date=2021-03-07&rft.aulast=Preskar&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofyesterday.com%2Fhow-imperial-japan-created-a-vast-drug-empire-to-destroy-china-823f31fc3979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreskar2021" class="citation web cs1">Preskar, Peter (Mar 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://short-history.com/how-imperial-japan-created-a-vast-drug-empire-to-destroy-china-823f31fc3979">"How Imperial Japan Created a Vast Drug Empire to Destroy China"</a>. <i>Short History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Short+History&rft.atitle=How+Imperial+Japan+Created+a+Vast+Drug+Empire+to+Destroy+China&rft.date=2021-03-07&rft.aulast=Preskar&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshort-history.com%2Fhow-imperial-japan-created-a-vast-drug-empire-to-destroy-china-823f31fc3979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of espionage, p.315, Ronald Sydney Seth, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385016094" title="Special:BookSources/9780385016094">9780385016094</a>, Doubleday, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKRISTOF1995" class="citation news cs1">KRISTOF, NICHOLAS D. (March 17, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/17/world/unmasking-horror-a-special-report-japan-confronting-gruesome-war-atrocity.html">"Unmasking Horror -- A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unmasking+Horror+--+A+special+report.%3B+Japan+Confronting+Gruesome+War+Atrocity&rft.date=1995-03-17&rft.aulast=KRISTOF&rft.aufirst=NICHOLAS+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F03%2F17%2Fworld%2Funmasking-horror-a-special-report-japan-confronting-gruesome-war-atrocity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyall2010" class="citation news cs1">Ryall, Julian (15 Feb 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/7236099/Human-bones-could-reveal-truth-of-Japans-Unit-731-experiments.html">"Human bones could reveal truth of Japan's 'Unit 731' experiments"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Tokyo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Human+bones+could+reveal+truth+of+Japan%27s+%27Unit+731%27+experiments&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft.aulast=Ryall&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fjapan%2F7236099%2FHuman-bones-could-reveal-truth-of-Japans-Unit-731-experiments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unit731.org/experiments/">"Experiments"</a>. <i>UNIT 731 Japan's Biological Warfare Project</i>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNIT+731+Japan%27s+Biological+Warfare+Project&rft.atitle=Experiments&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funit731.org%2Fexperiments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phantomsandmonsters.com/2012/08/savages-of-rising-sun.html">"Savages of the Rising Sun"</a>. <i>Phantoms and Monsters</i>. August 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phantoms+and+Monsters&rft.atitle=Savages+of+the+Rising+Sun&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phantomsandmonsters.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fsavages-of-rising-sun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold-testimony-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gold-testimony_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold-testimony_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2011" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Hal (2011). <i>Unit 731 Testimony</i> (1st ed.). New York: Tuttle Pub. pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1462900824" title="Special:BookSources/978-1462900824"><bdi>978-1462900824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unit+731+Testimony&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Tuttle+Pub.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1462900824&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trialmaterials-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trialmaterials_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons</i>. 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In Aust, Martin; Obertreis, Julia (eds.). <i>Osteuropäische Geschichte und Globalgeschichte</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Kosake+als+Lehrer+oder+Exot%3F+Fragen+an+einen+Mandschukuo-Dokumentarfilm+%C3%BCber+die+b%C3%A4uerliche+russische+Diaspora+am+Grenzfluss+Argun%27&rft.btitle=Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+und+Globalgeschichte&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Urbansky&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinami_manshū_testudō_Kabushiki_gaisha_Hokuman_keizai_chōsajo1943" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Minami manshū testudō Kabushiki gaisha Hokuman keizai chōsajo (1943). <i>Hokuman sanka rojin no jūtaku to seikatsu</i> (in Japanese). Tokyo. p. 2. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"It cannot be overlooked that their success [i.e. of the Russian settlers] is due to that perseverance which is peculiar for the Slavs. [...] Although [their way-of-life] can hardly be copied due to different environmental conditions and unequal living habits, their long experience with northern, cold terrain is to be respected. As there is much to learn in agriculture as well as everyday life, we have to adopt their advantages so that we can adapt, if only incrementally, to the climate of the North. What present Japanese settlers are lacking the most, is therefore an introduction into the everyday life [in the North]." (transl. by Okuto Gunji from Japanese to German for Urbansky's 2014 article)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hokuman+sanka+rojin+no+j%C5%ABtaku+to+seikatsu&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Minami+mansh%C5%AB+testud%C5%8D+Kabushiki+gaisha+Hokuman+keizai+ch%C5%8Dsajo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbansky2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Urbansky, Sören (2014). 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Sousa Mesquita (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121179">"Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (8): e103772. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j3772W">2014PLoSO...9j3772W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0103772">10.1371/journal.pone.0103772</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121179">4121179</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25090432">25090432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Genetic+Structure+of+Qiangic+Populations+Residing+in+the+Western+Sichuan+Corridor&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e103772&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4121179%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25090432&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0103772&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9j3772W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ling-Xiang&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+Rukesh&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Manfei&rft.au=Huang%2C+Xiu-Yuan&rft.au=Hu%2C+Kang&rft.au=Jin%2C+Li&rft.au=Li%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4121179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-07/20/content_15603329.htm">"A cool breeze keeps sales ticking over|Business|chinadaily.com.cn"</a>. <i>europe.chinadaily.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europe.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=A+cool+breeze+keeps+sales+ticking+over%7CBusiness%7Cchinadaily.com.cn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurope.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fepaper%2F2012-07%2F20%2Fcontent_15603329.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRen2018" class="citation web cs1">Ren, Yuan (2018-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thechinaproject.com/2018/10/18/beijing-ren-the-russian-district/">"Beijing Ren: The Russian District | China Travel and Culture"</a>. <i>The China Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+China+Project&rft.atitle=Beijing+Ren%3A+The+Russian+District+%7C+China+Travel+and+Culture&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=Ren&rft.aufirst=Yuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthechinaproject.com%2F2018%2F10%2F18%2Fbeijing-ren-the-russian-district%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson 1998, p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html/t0106.htm">"国家统计局：《2000年第五次人口普查数据》表1—6 省、自治区、直辖市分性别、民族的人口"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8A2000%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%8B%E8%A1%A81%E2%80%946+%E7%9C%81%E3%80%81%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E3%80%81%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%B8%82%E5%88%86%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E3%80%81%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Fndsj%2Frenkoupucha%2F2000pucha%2Fhtml%2Ft0106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="zh">俄罗斯族简史</bdi> [<i>Brief History of Russians in China)</i>] (in Chinese). Beijing: <a href="/wiki/Publishing_House_of_Minority_Nationalities" title="Publishing House of Minority Nationalities">Publishing House of Minority Nationalities</a>. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-105-08688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-105-08688-7"><bdi>978-7-105-08688-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298347724">298347724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%97%8F%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Publishing+House+of+Minority+Nationalities&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298347724&rft.isbn=978-7-105-08688-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2003" class="citation book cs1">Li, Xing (2003). <i>China's ethnic minorities</i>. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-03184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-03184-2"><bdi>978-7-119-03184-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+ethnic+minorities&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-7-119-03184-2&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Olson" title="James S. Olson">Olson, James S.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOM8qF34s4YC&pg=PA294">"Russian"</a>. <i>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China</i>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28853-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28853-4"><bdi>0-313-28853-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian&rft.btitle=An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+China&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-313-28853-4&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIOM8qF34s4YC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensonSvanberg1989" class="citation journal cs1">Benson, Linda; Svanberg, Ingvar (1989). "The Russians in Xinjiang: From immigrants to national minority". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634938908400666">10.1080/02634938908400666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Russians+in+Xinjiang%3A+From+immigrants+to+national+minority&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634938908400666&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Svanberg%2C+Ingvar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kotenev, Anatol M. (1934). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S0002930000167028" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S0002930000167028">The Status of the Russian Emigrants in China</a>". <i>American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 562–565.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwars1984" class="citation book cs1">Schwars, Henry G. (1984). <i>The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minorities+of+Northern+China%3A+A+Survey&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Schwars&rft.aufirst=Henry+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussians+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Nicol (1940). <i>Burma Road: The Story of the World's Most Romantic Highway</i> The Bobbs-Merrill Company, New York (34–35)</li> <li>Zissermann, Lenore Lamont (2016), <i>Mitya's Harbin; Majesty and Menace</i>, Book Publishers Network, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-940598-75-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-940598-75-8">978-1-940598-75-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodox.cn/news/040909xinjiang_en.htm">Security service investigation followed Orthodox priest's deportation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Shanghai" title="Japanese community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_community_of_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_China" title="Australians in China">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_China" title="Britons in China">Britons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Britons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_China" title="Canadians in China">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_China" title="Nigerians in China">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_China" title="Poles in China">Poles</a></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russians</a> <ul><li><a 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Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underoccupied_developments_in_China" title="Underoccupied developments in China">Underoccupied developments in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_China" title="Illegal immigration to China">Illegal immigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russian_diaspora348" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><br />or the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Belarus" title="Russians in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_minority_in_Poland" title="Russian minority in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Russians in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Estonia" title="Russians in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Lithuania" title="Russians in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Russians in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Tajikistan" title="Russians in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Turkmenistan" title="Russians in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russians in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Armenia" title="Russians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Russians in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Georgia" title="Russians in Georgia">Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Finland" title="Russians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Moldova" title="Russians in Moldova">Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Argentines" title="Russian Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Brazilians" title="Russian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Chileans" title="Russian Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Guatemalan" title="Russian Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mexicans" title="Russian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Uruguayans" title="Russian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Russians in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Hong_Kong" title="Russians in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Taiwan" title="Russians in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Japan" title="Russians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Korea" title="Russians in Korea">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian settlement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Afghanistan" title="Russians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_India" title="Russians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Nepal" title="Russians in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Pakistan" title="Russians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Turkey" title="Russians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Iran" title="Russians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Israel" title="Russians in Israel">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Lebanon" title="Russians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Russians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Austria" title="Russians in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Belgium" title="Russians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Bulgaria" title="Russians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_of_Croatia" title="Russians of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cypriots" title="Russian Cypriots">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_France" title="Russians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Greece" title="Russians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi_in_Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Russi in Italia">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Norway" title="Russians in Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard#Russian" title="Languages of Svalbard">Svalbard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Serbia" title="Russians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Spain" title="Russians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Sweden" title="Russians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Русские в Швейцарии">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Russians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Australians" title="Russian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_New_Zealanders" title="Russian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Related topics: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russians_in_post-Soviet_states" title="Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states">Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_of_China826" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_of_China826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people" title="Chuanqing people">Chuanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_people" title="Longjia people">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_people" title="Waxiang people">Waxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Nakhi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Achang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nu_people" title="Nu people">Nu</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jino_people" title="Jino people">Jino</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong" title="Kucong">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixingmin_people" title="Qixingmin people">Qixingmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Pumi_people" title="Pumi people">Pumi</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_people" title="Baima people">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrong_people" title="Gyalrong people">Gyalrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Derung_people" title="Derung people">Derung</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lhoba_people" title="Lhoba people">Lhoba</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishmi_people" title="Mishmi people">Deng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese in China">Vietnamese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Gin</a>)</u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Ta'ang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu" title="Bolyu">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Kunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Pakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Gaoshan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsuls" title="Utsuls">Utsuls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_people" title="Gejia people">Gejia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China#Subgroups" title="Mongols in China">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kam_people" title="Kam people">Dong</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nua</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Gelao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sui_people" title="Sui people">Sui</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mulao_people" title="Mulao people">Mulao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maonan_people" title="Maonan people">Maonan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_people" title="Buyang people">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_people" title="Qabiao people">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_people" title="Yang people">Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibes</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solon</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salars</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatars</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolan_people" title="Dolan people">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk People">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Tajiks</a>)</u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russians</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daman_people" title="Daman people">Daman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaoxianzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoxianzu">Chaoxian</a>)</u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">African Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese in China">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law#Acquisition_and_loss_of_nationality" title="Chinese nationality law">Naturalised citizens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overseas diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template talk:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_Chinese213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Algeria" title="Chinese people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Egypt" title="Chinese people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Libya" title="Chinese people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Morocco" title="Chinese people in Morocco">Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cape_Verde" title="Chinese people in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ghana" title="Chinese people in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Mali" title="Chinese people in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Nigeria" title="Chinese people in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Senegal" title="Chinese people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Tanzania" title="Chinese people in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uganda" title="Chinese people in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cameroon" title="Chinese people in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_DRC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in the DRC">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Republic_of_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Republic of Congo">Republic of Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Angola" title="Chinese people in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Botswana" title="Chinese people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Lesotho" title="Chinese people in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Madagascar" title="Chinese people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Malawi" title="Chinese people in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin" title="Mauritians of Chinese origin">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mozambique" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Namibia" title="Chinese people in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinois_(R%C3%A9union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinois (Réunion)">Réunion</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Seychellois" title="Sino-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zambia" title="Chinese people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="Chinese people in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Belize" title="Ethnic Chinese in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">from Taiwan</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="Chinese Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">from Taiwan</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Americans_by_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Chinese Americans by location">by city and state</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Costa_Rica" title="Chinese people in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nicaraguans" title="Chinese Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Panama" title="Ethnic Chinese in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Argentines" title="Chinese Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians" title="Chinese Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Chile" title="Chinese people in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peruvians" title="Chinese Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Venezuelans" title="Chinese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kazakhstan" title="Chinese people in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Chinese people in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Japan" title="Chinese people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Korea" title="Chinese people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mongolia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Timor-Leste" title="Chinese people in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Bangka-Belitung_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Bangka-Belitung Islands">Bangka-Belitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokang people">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthay">Panthay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Pashu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese nationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Straits-Born Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Phuket Baba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Chinese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoa Chinese people">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_N%C3%B9ng" title="Chinese Nùng">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diu_people" title="San Diu people">San Diu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bangladesh" title="Chinese people in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese community in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Chinese people in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Iran" title="Chinese people in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Chinese people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Denmark" title="Chinese people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Finland" title="Chinese people in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Norway" title="Chinese people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sweden" title="Chinese people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Belgium" title="Chinese people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora_in_France" title="Chinese diaspora in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_Paris" title="Chinese community in Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Germany" title="Chinese people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Chinese people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_London" title="Chinese community in London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Italy" title="Chinese people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Spain" title="Chinese people in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Chinese people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chinese people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_of_Romania" title="Chinese of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Serbia" title="Chinese people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Australia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">from Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Fiji" title="Chinese in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Chinese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Palau" title="Chinese in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Zealanders" title="Chinese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Chinese people in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Samoa" title="Chinese in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Tonga" title="Chinese in Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas department</a> of France in the western Indian Ocean. <i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Template:Hongkong_Disapora" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Hongkong Disapora">Hong Kong Diaspora</a><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Chinese nationalism">Han Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_China55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_China" title="Template talk:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_China55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigration to China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people_in_China" title="Burmese people in China">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_China" title="Israelis in China">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Shanghai" title="Japanese community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_community_of_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_China" title="Australians in China">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_China" title="Britons in China">Britons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Britons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_China" title="Canadians in China">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_China" title="Nigerians in China">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_China" title="Poles in China">Poles</a></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_immigration_policy" title="Hong Kong immigration policy">Immigration to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Macau" title="Immigration to Macau">Immigration to Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">History of the Jews in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underoccupied_developments_in_China" title="Underoccupied developments in China">Underoccupied developments in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_China" title="Illegal immigration to China">Illegal immigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size:85%;"><u>Underlined</u>: the 56 officially recognised ethnic groups ranked by population in their language families according to <a href="/wiki/2020_Chinese_census" title="2020 Chinese census">2020 census</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">Unrecognized ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" 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