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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legends and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emigration_of_the_Boeotians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_of_the_Boeotians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Emigration of the Boeotians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_of_the_Boeotians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_century_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_century_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fifth century BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_century_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boeotian_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boeotian_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Boeotian League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boeotian_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_century_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_century_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fourth century BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_century_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Middle Ages and later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Archaeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prefecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Prefecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natives_of_Boeotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natives_of_Boeotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Natives of Boeotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natives_of_Boeotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeotia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6otien" title="Böotien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Böotien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيوتيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيوتيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beotiya" title="Beotiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beotiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Беотыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беотыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Беотия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беотия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiotia" title="Boiotia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boiotia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitat_perif%C3%A8rica_de_Be%C3%B2cia" title="Unitat perifèrica de Beòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unitat perifèrica de Beòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom%C3%B3s_Voiot%C3%ADas" title="Nomós Voiotías – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nomós Voiotías" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boj%C3%B3tie_(region%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_jednotka)" title="Bojótie (regionální jednotka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bojótie (regionální jednotka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Boeotia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiotien" title="Boiotien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Boiotien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6otien_(Regionalbezirk)" title="Böotien (Regionalbezirk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Böotien (Regionalbezirk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiootia_piirkonna%C3%BCksus" title="Boiootia piirkonnaüksus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boiootia piirkonnaüksus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Νομός Βοιωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νομός Βοιωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_perif%C3%A9rica_de_Beocia" title="Unidad periférica de Beocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad periférica de Beocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beotio" title="Beotio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beotio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beozia" title="Beozia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beozia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بوئوتیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوئوتیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9otie" title="Béotie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Béotie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bh%C3%A9%C3%B3itia" title="An Bhéóitia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhéóitia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84%ED%98%84" title="보이오티아현 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보이오티아현" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բեոտիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեոտիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefektura_Beotija" title="Prefektura Beotija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prefektura Beotija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiotia" title="Boiotia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Boiotia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beozia_(unit%C3%A0_periferica)" title="Beozia (unità periferica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Beozia (unità periferica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="בויוטיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בויוטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბეოტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეოტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotia_(regionalis_unitas)" title="Boeotia (regionalis unitas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Boeotia (regionalis unitas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojotija" title="Bojotija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bojotija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi%C3%B3tia" title="Boiótia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boiótia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Boeotia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeoti%C3%AB" title="Boeotië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boeotië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E7%9C%8C" title="ヴィオティア県 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィオティア県" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiotia" title="Boiotia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boiotia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viot%C3%ADa" title="Viotía – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Viotía" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beocia" title="Beocia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Beocia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بوتیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوتیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednostka_regionalna_Beocja" title="Jednostka regionalna Beocja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jednostka regionalna Beocja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%B3cia" title="Beócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectura_Boeotia" title="Prefectura Boeotia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prefectura Boeotia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Беотия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беотия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beotia" title="Beotia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beotia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi%C3%B3tia" title="Boiótia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boiótia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beocija" title="Beocija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beocija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3)" title="Беотија (округ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Беотија (округ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beotija" title="Beotija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beotija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiotia" title="Boiotia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boiotia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiotien" title="Boiotien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boiotien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="போயோட்டியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போயோட்டியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6otya_(b%C3%B6lgesel_birim)" title="Böotya (bölgesel birim) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Böotya (bölgesel birim)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Беотія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Беотія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بوتیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بوتیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%93%E5%8C%BA" title="维奥蒂亚专区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维奥蒂亚专区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8257871#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boeotia&params=38.44_N_22.88_E_type:city(106056)_region:GR-H"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">22°53′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.44°N 22.88°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.44; 22.88</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free 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.infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Boeotia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="el"><small>Περιφερειακή ενότητα</small><br />Βοιωτίας</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional unit</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Dimi_Viotias_numbered.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Municipalities of Boeotia"><img alt="Municipalities of Boeotia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2010_Dimi_Viotias_numbered.svg/270px-2010_Dimi_Viotias_numbered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2010_Dimi_Viotias_numbered.svg/405px-2010_Dimi_Viotias_numbered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/2010_Dimi_Viotias_numbered.svg/540px-2010_Dimi_Viotias_numbered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Municipalities of Boeotia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boeotia is located in Greece"><img alt="Boeotia is located in Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Greece_location_map.svg/270px-Greece_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Greece_location_map.svg/405px-Greece_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Greece_location_map.svg/540px-Greece_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="825" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.108%;left:35%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Boeotia"><img alt="Boeotia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Boeotia</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size:115%; height:auto; padding-right:2em;">Boeotia within Greece</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomos_Viotias.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nomos_Viotias.png/250px-Nomos_Viotias.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nomos_Viotias.png/375px-Nomos_Viotias.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nomos_Viotias.png/500px-Nomos_Viotias.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boeotia&params=38.44_N_22.88_E_type:city(106056)_region:GR-H"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">22°53′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.44°N 22.88°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.44; 22.88</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Greece" title="Regions of Greece">Administrative region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(administrative_region)" title="Central Greece (administrative region)">Central Greece</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,211 km<sup>2</sup> (1,240 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021)<sup id="cite_ref-census21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">106,056</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">33/km<sup>2</sup> (86/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Greece" title="Postal codes in Greece">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">32x xx, 190 12</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Greece" title="Telephone numbers in Greece">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">226x0</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Greece" title="Vehicle registration plates of Greece">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ΒΙ</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viotia.gr">www<wbr />.viotia<wbr />.gr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Boeotia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bee-<span style="font-size:90%">OH</span>-sh(ee-)ə</i></a>), sometimes <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> as <b>Boiotia</b> or <b>Beotia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Βοιωτία">Βοιωτία</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern</a>: <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Viotía</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Boiōtía</i></span>), is one of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">regional units of Greece</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern regions of Greece">region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(administrative_region)" title="Central Greece (administrative region)">Central Greece</a>. Its capital is <a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a>, and its largest city is <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. </p><p>Boeotia was also a region of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, from before the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boeotia lies to the north of the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a>. It also has a short coastline on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Euboea" title="Gulf of Euboea">Gulf of Euboea</a>. It bordered on <a href="/wiki/Megaris" title="Megaris">Megaris</a> (now <a href="/wiki/West_Attica" title="West Attica">West Attica</a>) in the south, <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> in the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> in the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Opuntian_Locris" title="Opuntian Locris">Opuntian Locris</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>) in the north and <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main mountain ranges of Boeotia are <a href="/wiki/Mount_Parnassus" title="Mount Parnassus">Mount Parnassus</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Helicon" title="Mount Helicon">Mount Helicon</a> in the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Cithaeron" title="Cithaeron">Cithaeron</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Parnitha" title="Parnitha">Parnitha</a> in the east. Its longest river, the <a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(Boeotia)" title="Cephissus (Boeotia)">Cephissus</a>, flows in the central part, where most of the low-lying areas of Boeotia are found.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lake_Copais" title="Lake Copais">Lake Copais</a> was a large lake in the center of Boeotia. It was drained in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Yliki" title="Lake Yliki">Lake Yliki</a> is a large lake near <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the name "Boeotians" may lie in the mountain <a href="/wiki/Boeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeon">Boeon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest inhabitants of Boeotia, associated with the city of <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a>, were called <a href="/wiki/Minyans" title="Minyans">Minyans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> mentions that Minyans established the maritime <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occupied the islands of <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> were sometimes referred to as Minyans. Also, according to legend the citizens of Thebes paid an annual tribute to their king <a href="/wiki/Erginus" title="Erginus">Erginus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minyans may have been <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">proto-Greek</a> speakers. Although most scholars today agree that the <a href="/wiki/Myceneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Myceneans">Myceneans</a> descended from the Minyans of the <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Helladic period">Middle Helladic period</a></i>, they believe that the progenitors and founders of <a href="/wiki/Minyans" title="Minyans">Minyan culture</a> were an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early wealth and power of Boeotia is shown by the reputation and visible Mycenean remains of several of its cities, especially Orchomenus and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. </p><p>Some toponyms and the common <a href="/wiki/Aeolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolic">Aeolic</a> dialect indicate that the Boeotians were related to the <a href="/wiki/Thessalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalian">Thessalians</a>. Traditionally, the Boeotians are said to have originally occupied <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, the largest fertile plain in Greece, and to have been dispossessed by the north-western Thessalians two generations after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Troy">Fall of Troy</a> (1200 BC). They moved south and settled in another rich plain, while others filtered across the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> and settled on <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. Others are said to have stayed in Thessaly, withdrawing into the hill country and becoming the <i>perioikoi</i> ("dwellers around").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boeotia was an early member of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<i>Anthelian</i>), a religious confederacy of related tribes, despite its distance from the League's original home in <a href="/wiki/Anthela_(Thessaly)" title="Anthela (Thessaly)">Anthela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they included great men such as <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, the Boeotian people were portrayed as proverbially dull by the Athenians (cf. <i>Boeotian ears</i> incapable of appreciating music or poetry and <i>Hog-Boeotians</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cratinus" title="Cratinus">Cratinus</a>.310).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends_and_literature">Legends and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legends and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helikonmountainascent.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Helikonmountainascent.JPG/220px-Helikonmountainascent.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Helikonmountainascent.JPG/330px-Helikonmountainascent.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Helikonmountainascent.JPG/440px-Helikonmountainascent.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Helicon" title="Mount Helicon">Mount Helicon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Regions_Central_Greece.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ancient_Regions_Central_Greece.png/300px-Ancient_Regions_Central_Greece.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ancient_Regions_Central_Greece.png/450px-Ancient_Regions_Central_Greece.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ancient_Regions_Central_Greece.png/600px-Ancient_Regions_Central_Greece.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Map showing ancient regions of central Greece in relation to geographical features</figcaption></figure> <p>Many ancient Greek legends originated or are set in this region. The older myths took their final form during the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean Greeks">Mycenean age</a> (1600–1200 BC) when the <a href="/wiki/Mycenean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenean Greeks">Mycenean Greeks</a> established themselves in Boeotia and the city of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> became an important centre. Many of them are related to the myths of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, and others indicate connections with <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, where the Mycenean Greeks and later the <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboean Greeks</a> established trading posts. </p><p>Important legends related to Boeotia include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a>, worshiped by a fertility cult in <a href="/wiki/Thespiae" title="Thespiae">Thespiae</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Helicon" title="Mount Helicon">Mount Helicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogyges" title="Ogyges">Ogyges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths#Ogyges" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Ogygian deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, who was said to have founded Thebes and brought the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> to Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, who was born in Thebes</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Theban_Cycle" title="Theban Cycle">Theban Cycle</a>, including the myths of <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_against_Thebes" title="Seven against Thebes">Seven against Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiope_(mother_of_Amphion)" title="Antiope (mother of Amphion)">Antiope</a> and her sons <a href="/wiki/Amphion_and_Zethus" title="Amphion and Zethus">Amphion and Zethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(mythology)" title="Orion (mythology)">Orion</a>, who was born in Boeotia and said to have fathered 50 sons with the daughters of a local river god.</li></ul> <p>Many of these legends were used in plays by the tragic Greek poets, <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>: </p> <ul><li>Aeschylus's <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a></i></li> <li>Sophocles's <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone (Sophocles)">Antigone</a></i>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sophocles#Theban_plays" title="Sophocles">Theban plays</a></li> <li>Euripides's <i><a href="/wiki/Bacchae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchae">Bacchae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician Women">Phoenician Women</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Suppliants_(Euripides)" title="The Suppliants (Euripides)">Suppliants</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Herakles_(Euripides)" title="Herakles (Euripides)">Heracles</a></i></li></ul> <p>They were also used in lost plays such as Aeschylus's <i>Niobe</i> and Euripides's <i>Antiope</i>. </p><p>Boeotia was also notable for the ancient oracular shrine of Trophonius at <a href="/wiki/Lebadea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebadea">Lebadea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Graea" title="Graea">Graea</a>, an ancient city in Boeotia, is sometimes thought to be the origin of the Latin word <i>Graecus</i>, from which English derives the words <i>Greece</i> and <i>Greeks</i>. </p><p>The major poets <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> were Boeotians. Nonetheless, the French use the term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%A9otien" class="extiw" title="wikt:béotien">béotien</a> ("Boeotian") to denote <a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Boeotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_of_Boeotia.jpg/220px-Map_of_Boeotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_of_Boeotia.jpg/330px-Map_of_Boeotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_of_Boeotia.jpg/440px-Map_of_Boeotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5136" data-file-height="3974" /></a><figcaption>18th century map of ancient Boeotia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thebes-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thebes-1.jpg/220px-Thebes-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thebes-1.jpg/330px-Thebes-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thebes-1.jpg/440px-Thebes-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Cadmeia, the central fortress of ancient <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Boeotia had significant political importance, owing to its position on the north shore of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a>, the strategic strength of its frontiers, and the ease of communication within its extensive area. On the other hand, the lack of good harbours hindered its maritime development. </p><p>The importance of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Minyae" class="mw-redirect" title="Minyae">Minyae</a> has been confirmed by archaeological remains (notably the "Treasury of Minyas"). The Boeotian population entered the land from the north possibly before the <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorian</a> invasion. With the exception of the Minyae, the original peoples were soon absorbed by these immigrants, and the Boeotians henceforth appear as a homogeneous nation. <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a> was spoken in Boeotia. </p><p>In historical times, the leading city of Boeotia was Thebes, whose central position and military strength made it a suitable capital;<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other major towns were <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plataea" title="Plataea">Plataea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thespiae" title="Thespiae">Thespiae</a>. It was the constant ambition of the Thebans to absorb the other townships into a single state, just as <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> had annexed the <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> communities. But the outlying cities successfully resisted this policy, and only allowed the formation of a loose federation that, initially, was merely religious.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cup_birds_Boeotia_Louvre_A572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cup_birds_Boeotia_Louvre_A572.jpg/220px-Cup_birds_Boeotia_Louvre_A572.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cup_birds_Boeotia_Louvre_A572.jpg/330px-Cup_birds_Boeotia_Louvre_A572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cup_birds_Boeotia_Louvre_A572.jpg/440px-Cup_birds_Boeotia_Louvre_A572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2390" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>Boeotian cup from <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> painted with birds, 560–540 BC (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Boeotians, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadians</a>, generally acted as a united whole against foreign enemies, the constant struggle between the cities was a serious check on the nation's development. Boeotia hardly figures in history before the late 6th century BC. </p><p>Previous to this, its people are chiefly known as the makers of a type of geometric pottery, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Dipylon_ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipylon ware">Dipylon ware</a> of Athens. In about 519 BC, the resistance of <a href="/wiki/Plataea" title="Plataea">Plataea</a> to the federating policy of Thebes led to the interference of Athens on behalf of the former; on this occasion, and again in 507 BC, the Athenians defeated the Boeotian levy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> is often used by economists and historians alike to provide invaluable evidence for the Boetian economic system and its developments in the Homeric Age. In the poem Hesiod, who lived in Boeotia, describes the beginnings of a modern economy, with the use of artisans to 'do the technical work in making his plow and wagon' and the beginnings of sea commerce and its increasing importance in the economic life of Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration_of_the_Boeotians">Emigration of the Boeotians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emigration of the Boeotians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to myth, the Boeotians (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Βοιώτιοι</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Boiotioi</i></span>) lived in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, especially in the area around <a href="/wiki/Arne_(Thessaly)" title="Arne (Thessaly)">Arne</a>, though some may have gone to the <a href="/wiki/Pagasetic_Gulf" title="Pagasetic Gulf">Pagasitic Gulf</a> before migrating to the land later termed Boeotia. The location of <a href="/wiki/Arne_(Thessaly)" title="Arne (Thessaly)">Arne</a> is unknown, though sometimes it is equated with <a href="/wiki/Cierium" title="Cierium">Cierium</a> in Central <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. The presence in Classical times in Boeotia of cults and place-names of Thessalian origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Itonia" title="Itonia">Itonia</a> and Itonian Athena, <a href="/wiki/Homolium" title="Homolium">Homole</a> and Homoloian Zeus, <a href="/wiki/Alalcomenae_(Boeotia)" title="Alalcomenae (Boeotia)">Alalcomenae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corseia" title="Corseia">Corseia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharae" title="Pharae">Pharae</a>, confirm for most scholars the merits of these traditions. It is, therefore, generally believed that the Boeotians originated in Thessaly and lived there as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnos</a>, in Phthiotis or in Thessaliotis, before they migrated to Boeotia, taking elements with them from other parts of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Boeotians were expelled from <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan war</a> although there are three traditions which disagree on how expulsion played out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One tradition says that the Boiotoi were expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessalians</a> who were led by <a href="/wiki/Thessalus" title="Thessalus">Thessalus</a>, son of Aiatus, son of <a href="/wiki/Phidippus_(mythology)" title="Phidippus (mythology)">Pheidippus</a>, son of another Thessalus. <a href="/wiki/Phidippus_(mythology)" title="Phidippus (mythology)">Pheidippus</a> appears in the <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of ships</a> as one of the commanders of the force from Cos and Carpathus. He was thought to have been driven to <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> after the war and to have settled at <a href="/wiki/Cichyrus" title="Cichyrus">Ephyra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thesprotians" title="Thesprotians">Thesprotid</a>. Hence the Boiotoi were expelled two generations after the Trojan War. <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus</a> is probably the source of this tradition, and the source of <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>' "sixtieth year", that is, two generations of thirty years. A second tradition puts the expulsion of the Boiotoi in the reign of Aiatus, one generation after the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">War</a>. To this should also belong the story in <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, which tells how <a href="/wiki/Opheltes_(mythology)" title="Opheltes (mythology)">Opheltas</a> king of the Boiotoi took <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a> "by force from the barbarians." Opheltas is the son of <a href="/wiki/Peneleos" title="Peneleos">Peneleus</a>, one of the leaders of the Boeotian contingent in the <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue</a>, and living one generation after the war. It is not until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Damasichthon_(King_of_Thebes)" title="Damasichthon (King of Thebes)">Damasichthon</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Opheltes_(mythology)" title="Opheltes (mythology)">Opheltas</a>, that control of Thebes was gained by the Boiotoi. Hence in this tradition one generation after the war, the Boiotoi were expelled and western Boeotia was invaded; two generations after the war, Thebes was won. A third tradition combines the other two: the two generations until the expulsion from <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> after the War and the two generations until Thebes is gained give the four generations cited by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Cardia" title="Hieronymus of Cardia">Hieronymus</a> in his tale of the <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmean</a> return to Thebes after the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The entry-point to Boeotia by Boeotians seems to be put in the same general area by all traditions. The second tradition gives <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a> as the first place attacked, while the first says that <a href="/wiki/Coroneia_(Boeotia)" title="Coroneia (Boeotia)">Coronea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a> were captured virtually simultaneously and then the sanctuary of Itonian Athena was founded. It is clear that both traditions envisaged the Boiotoi as following a well-known invasion route from <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, the one via <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyampolis" title="Hyampolis">Hyampolis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>, where the invaders would be poised to attack both <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coroneia_(Boeotia)" title="Coroneia (Boeotia)">Coronea</a>. Having gained control of <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coroneia_(Boeotia)" title="Coroneia (Boeotia)">Coronea</a>, and their territories, the Boiotoi seem to have paused to digest western Boeotia; the generation or two before <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> was captured marks this pause in all traditions. The siting close to Coronea of the sanctuary of Itonian Athena, and the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Pamboeotia" title="Pamboeotia">Pamboeotia</a> there, together with the renaming of rivers and other toponyms, and the sanctity attached to the neighbouring settlement of <a href="/wiki/Alalcomenae_(Boeotia)" title="Alalcomenae (Boeotia)">Alalcomenae</a>, all strengthen the belief that this western section was the area where the first Boeotian settlement took place, and where Boeotian institutions were first established in the new homeland. The advance eastward eventually proceeded both to the north and to the south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Copais" title="Lake Copais">Copais lake</a>. On the north side it ultimately reached <a href="/wiki/Anthedon_(Boeotia)" title="Anthedon (Boeotia)">Anthedon</a>, a town credited with once having been occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian settlement">Thracians</a>. On the south side it came as far as <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thespiae" title="Thespiae">Thespiae</a>. In Thebes, according to one version, <a href="/wiki/Damasichthon_(King_of_Thebes)" title="Damasichthon (King of Thebes)">Damasichthon</a> took the rule from <a href="/wiki/Autesion" title="Autesion">Autesion</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Tisamenus_(King_of_Thebes)" title="Tisamenus (King of Thebes)">Tisamenus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Thersander_(Epigoni)" title="Thersander (Epigoni)">Thersander</a>, another stemma that puts the Boeotians in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> two generations after the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. The tradition intimates that there was a peaceful take-over, with <a href="/wiki/Autesion" title="Autesion">Autesion</a> joining the <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>. There must have been another pause for some time. The next advance, into the <a href="/wiki/Asopos_(Boeotia)" title="Asopos (Boeotia)">Asopus</a> valley, was led by <a href="/wiki/Xanthus_(mythology)" title="Xanthus (mythology)">Xanthus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Thebes" title="Ptolemy of Thebes">Ptolemy</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Damasichthon_(King_of_Thebes)" title="Damasichthon (King of Thebes)">Damasichthon</a>, that is, two generations after the gaining of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. The Thebans remembered, according to Thucydides, that the <a href="/wiki/Asopos_(Boeotia)" title="Asopos (Boeotia)">Asopus</a> valley and <a href="/wiki/Plataea" title="Plataea">Plataea</a> were reduced later than the rest of Boeotia and were occupied in accordance with an agreed plan. The Boeotian advance was apparently stalled on what became the Athenian-Boeotian frontier, by the efforts of local forces, if the legend of <a href="/wiki/Xanthus_(mythology)" title="Xanthus (mythology)">Xanthus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanthus" title="Melanthus">Melanthus</a> has any historical significance. In any event the death of <a href="/wiki/Xanthus_(mythology)" title="Xanthus (mythology)">Xanthus</a> symbolized traditionally the completion of the conquest of Boeotia under the kings and the consequent immediate extinction of the kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_century_BC">Fifth century BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fifth century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeotia_ancient-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boeotia_ancient-en.svg/220px-Boeotia_ancient-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boeotia_ancient-en.svg/330px-Boeotia_ancient-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Boeotia_ancient-en.svg/440px-Boeotia_ancient-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Map of ancient Boeotia</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Wars">Persian invasion</a> of 480 BC, Thebes assisted the invaders. In consequence, for a time, the presidency of the Boeotian League was taken from Thebes, but in 457 BC the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> reinstated that city as a bulwark against Athenian aggression after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanagra_(457_BC)" title="Battle of Tanagra (457 BC)">Battle of Tanagra</a>. Athens retaliated with a sudden advance upon Boeotia, and after the victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oenophyta" title="Battle of Oenophyta">Battle of Oenophyta</a> took control of the whole country, taking down the wall the Spartans had built. With the victory the Athenians also occupied <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, the original source of the conflict, and Opuntian <a href="/wiki/Locrians" title="Locrians">Locris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For ten years the land remained under Athenian control, which was exercised through the newly installed democracies; but in 447 BC the people revolted, and after a victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronea_(447_BC)" title="Battle of Coronea (447 BC)">Battle of Coronea</a> regained their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> the Boeotians fought zealously against Athens. Although slightly estranged from Sparta after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nicias" title="Peace of Nicias">peace of Nicias</a>, they never abated their enmity against their neighbours. They rendered good service at <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Battle of Arginusae</a> in the closing years of the Peloponnesian War; but their greatest achievement was the decisive victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delium" title="Battle of Delium">Battle of Delium</a> over the Athenian army (424 BC) in which both their heavy infantry and their cavalry displayed unusual efficiency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boeotian_League">Boeotian League</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Boeotian League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 375px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 250px; width: 375px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 375px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="375" data-height="250" data-zoom="9" data-lat="38.34" data-lon="23.233" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/38.34/23.233/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,9,38.34,23.233,375x250.png?lang=en" width="375" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,9,38.34,23.233,375x250@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -62.5px; left: 0px; width: 375px; height: 375px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 118px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 232px; left: 362px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 232px; left: 265px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 206px; left: 313.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 205.875px; left: 359px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 15km<br />10miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 166.98839103057px; left: 234.07365543427px; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 167.48839103057px; left: 251.57365543427px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Erythrae</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 166.98839103057px; left: 241.07365543427px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 11px; font-weight:bold;">16</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 131.69951403134px; left: 235.25969718156px; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 132.19951403134px; left: 252.75969718156px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Scolus</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 131.69951403134px; left: 242.25969718156px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 11px; font-weight:bold;">15</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 175.08706324565px; left: 194.63185549604px; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 175.58706324565px; left: 191.13185549604px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Plataea</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 175.08706324565px; left: 201.63185549604px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 11px; font-weight:bold;">14</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 44.513525567344px; left: 36.553450208321px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 42.513525567344px; left: 45.053450208321px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Chaeronea (⅓)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 44.513525567344px; left: 45.053450208321px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">13</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 41.000803339421px; left: 153.63912649298px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 39.000803339421px; left: 162.13912649298px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Copae (⅓)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 41.000803339421px; left: 162.13912649298px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">12</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 63.732466366182px; left: 174.16249932139px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 65.732466366182px; left: 194.66249932139px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Acraephia (⅓)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 63.732466366182px; left: 182.66249932139px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">11</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 92.24313388795px; left: 78.637658034769px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #8E5913; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 112.24313388795px; left: 87.137658034769px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Coronea (⅓)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 92.24313388795px; left: 87.137658034769px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">10</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 74.074239633478px; left: 43.482572695767px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #8E5913; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 72.074239633478px; left: 51.982572695767px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Lebadea (⅓)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 74.074239633478px; left: 51.982572695767px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">9</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 98.22109356351px; left: 125.7442400503px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #8E5913; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 96.22109356351px; left: 134.2442400503px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Haliartus (⅓)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 98.22109356351px; left: 134.2442400503px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">8</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 149.26172527568px; left: 168.69049479755px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #165916; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 151.26172527568px; left: 189.19049479755px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Eutresis (⅔)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 149.26172527568px; left: 177.19049479755px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">7</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 153.21241452523px; left: 82.725809744904px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #165916; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 151.21241452523px; left: 91.225809744904px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Thisbe (⅔)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 153.21241452523px; left: 91.225809744904px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">6</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 137.63862577896px; left: 149.21011358402px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #165916; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 135.63862577896px; left: 157.71011358402px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Thespiae (⅔)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 137.63862577896px; left: 157.71011358402px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">5</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 143.81654752103px; left: 297.95582925908px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 145.81654752103px; left: 318.45582925908px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Tanagra (1)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 143.81654752103px; left: 306.45582925908px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">4</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 170.49881360383px; left: 218.10627414481px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 190.49881360383px; left: 226.60627414481px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Hysiae (1)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 170.49881360383px; left: 226.60627414481px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 49.610843591958px; left: 88.055176407427px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 51.610843591958px; left: 108.55517640743px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Orchomenus (1)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 49.610843591958px; left: 96.555176407427px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 124.88988915332px; left: 209.84120857671px; width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 122.88988915332px; left: 218.34120857671px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Thebes (4)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 124.88988915332px; left: 218.34120857671px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 339px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/38.34/23.233/en" data-zoom="10" data-lat="38.34" data-lon="23.233" data-overlays="["_e68114fcc0e36d8c61317fb92a4f696fb29a4376"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Members of the Boeotian League with their number of Boeotarchs in brackets, 395 BC. Members of the same colour with fractional numbers elected 1 or 2 Boeotarchs between them. Black: conquered by Thebes</div></div></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenica_Oxyrhynchia" title="Hellenica Oxyrhynchia">Hellenica Oxyrhynchia</a>, in 395 BC the Boeotian League comprised eleven groups of sovereign cities and associated townships, each of which elected one <a href="/wiki/Boeotarch" title="Boeotarch">Boeotarch</a> or minister of war and foreign affairs, contributed sixty delegates to the federal council at Thebes, and supplied a contingent of about 1000 infantry and 100 cavalry to the federal army. A safeguard against undue encroachment on the part of the central government was provided in the councils of the individual cities, to which all important questions of policy had to be submitted for ratification. These local councils, to which the propertied classes alone were eligible, were subdivided into four sections, resembling the <a href="/wiki/Prytaneis" title="Prytaneis">prytaneis</a> of the Athenian council, which took it in turns to vote on all new measures.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Boeotarchs were provided by Thebes, but by 395 BC Thebes was providing four Boeotarchs, including two who had represented places now conquered by Thebes such as Plataea, <a href="/wiki/Scolus_(Boeotia)" title="Scolus (Boeotia)">Scolus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythrae_(Boeotia)" title="Erythrae (Boeotia)">Erythrae</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scaphae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scaphae (page does not exist)">Scaphae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hysiae_(Boeotia)" title="Hysiae (Boeotia)">Hysiae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a> each supplied one Boeotarch. <a href="/wiki/Thespiae" title="Thespiae">Thespiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thisbe_(Boeotia)" title="Thisbe (Boeotia)">Thisbe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eutresis_(Boeotia)" title="Eutresis (Boeotia)">Eutresis</a> supplied two between them. <a href="/wiki/Haliartus" title="Haliartus">Haliartus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebadea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebadea">Lebadea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronea" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronea">Coronea</a> supplied one in turn, and so did <a href="/wiki/Acraephia_(Boeotia)" title="Acraephia (Boeotia)">Acraephia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copae" title="Copae">Copae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total military force of the Boiotian League (11,000 infantry and 1,100 cavalry) has been used as the basis for a number of calculations of the population of the region in the early fourth century BC. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bintliff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bintliff (page does not exist)">John Bintliff</a> assumes an additional 21,000 light troops and rowers in the navy, for a total of 33,100 men. Assuming the same number of women, two children and one slave for every household, he estimates the total Boeotian population at 165,500 (including 33,100 slaves).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Mogens Herman Hansen</a> assumes an additional 12,100 light troops, for a total of 24,200 men in the army. He assumes that 25% of men were ineligible for military service, so his total population of men between the ages of twenty and fifty is 30,250. Using <a href="/wiki/Model_life_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Model life table">model life tables</a> he calculates a total male citizen population of 72,240 and an equal number of women, for a minimum free population of 144,050, plus an unknown number of slaves and foreign residents. He proposes a maximum of 250,000. By comparison, the population of Boeotia was 38,000-50,000 in the late sixteenth century, according to <a href="/wiki/Defter" title="Defter">tahrir</a> records, 40,000-42,000 in the 1889 census, and 117,920 in the 2011 census.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_century_BC">Fourth century BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fourth century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boeotia took a prominent part in the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> against Sparta, especially in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haliartus" title="Battle of Haliartus">Haliartus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronea_(394_BC)" title="Battle of Coronea (394 BC)">Coronea</a> (395–394 BC). This change of policy was mainly due to the popular resentment against foreign interference. Yet disaffection against Thebes was now growing rife, and Sparta fostered this feeling by insisting on the complete independence of all the cities in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">Peace of Antaclidas</a> (387 BC). In 374 BC, <a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a> restored Theban dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boeotian contingents fought in all the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a> against the Spartans, most notably at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a> in 371 BC, and in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Sacred_War" title="Third Sacred War">Third Sacred War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a> (356–346 BC); while in the dealings with <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip of Macedon</a> the cities merely followed Thebes. </p><p>The federal constitution was also brought into accord with the democratic governments now prevalent throughout the land. Sovereign power was vested in the popular assembly, which elected the Boeotarchs (between seven and twelve in number), and sanctioned all laws. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)">Battle of Chaeroneia</a>, in which the Boeotian heavy infantry once again distinguished itself, the land never again rose to prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The destruction of Thebes by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (335 BC) destroyed the political energy of the Boeotians. They never again pursued an independent policy, but followed the lead of protecting powers. Although military training and organization continued, the people proved unable to defend the frontiers, and the land became more than ever the "dancing-ground of Ares". Although enrolled for a short time in the Aetolian League (about 245 BC) Boeotia was generally loyal to <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>, and supported its later kings against Rome. Rome dissolved the league in 171 BC, but it was revived under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and merged with the other central Greek federations in the <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaean</a> synod. The death-blow to the country's prosperity was dealt by the devastations during the <a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_later">Middle Ages and later</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monastery_of_Hosios_Loukas_winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Monastery_of_Hosios_Loukas_winter.jpg/250px-Monastery_of_Hosios_Loukas_winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Monastery_of_Hosios_Loukas_winter.jpg/375px-Monastery_of_Hosios_Loukas_winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Monastery_of_Hosios_Loukas_winter.jpg/500px-Monastery_of_Hosios_Loukas_winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></figcaption></figure><p>Save for a short period of prosperity under the <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish rulers of Athens</a> (1205–1310), who repaired the underground drainage channels (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">καταβόθρα</span></span> <i>katavóthra</i>) of Lake Kopais and fostered agriculture, Boeotia long continued in a state of decay, aggravated by occasional barbarian incursions. The first step toward the country's recovery was not until 1895, when the drainage channels of Kopais were again put into working order. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_sites">Archaeological sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archaeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchomenos_20_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Orchomenos_20_C.jpg/220px-Orchomenos_20_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Orchomenos_20_C.jpg/330px-Orchomenos_20_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Orchomenos_20_C.jpg/440px-Orchomenos_20_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Ancient theatre of <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 1880–86, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a>'s excavations at <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a> (H. Schliemann, <i>Orchomenos</i>, Leipzig 1881) revealed the tholos tomb he called the "Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Minyas_(mythology)" title="Minyas (mythology)">Minyas</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> monument that equalled the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_tomb" title="Beehive tomb">beehive tomb</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_Atreus" title="Treasury of Atreus">Treasury of Atreus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>. In 1893, A. de Ridder excavated the temple of <a href="/wiki/Asclepios" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepios">Asclepios</a> and some burials in the Roman necropolis. In 1903–05, a Bavarian archaeological mission under <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bulle" title="Heinrich Bulle">Heinrich Bulle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Adolf Furtwängler">Adolf Furtwängler</a> conducted successful excavations at the site. Research continued in 1970–73 by the Archaeological Service under <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Spyropoulos" title="Theodore Spyropoulos">Theodore Spyropoulos</a>, uncovering the Mycenaean palace, a prehistoric cemetery, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, and other structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livadeia_general.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Livadeia_general.jpg/220px-Livadeia_general.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Livadeia_general.jpg/330px-Livadeia_general.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Livadeia_general.jpg/440px-Livadeia_general.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a> town</figcaption></figure> <p>The regional unit Boeotia is subdivided into 6 municipalities. These are (number as in the map in the infobox):<sup id="cite_ref-Kallikratis_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kallikratis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliartos-Thespies" title="Aliartos-Thespies">Aliartos-Thespies</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra" title="Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra">Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenos</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> (<i>Thiva</i>, 4)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prefecture">Prefecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prefecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaironeia_lion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chaironeia_lion.JPG/220px-Chaironeia_lion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chaironeia_lion.JPG/330px-Chaironeia_lion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chaironeia_lion.JPG/440px-Chaironeia_lion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="2367" /></a><figcaption>The lion of <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Boeotia was created as a <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">prefecture</a> in 1836 (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Διοίκησις Βοιωτίας</span>), again in 1899 (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Νομός Βοιωτίας</span></span>) and again in 1943; in all cases it was split from <a href="/wiki/Attica_and_Boeotia_Prefecture" title="Attica and Boeotia Prefecture">Attica and Boeotia Prefecture</a>. As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Boeotia was created out of the former prefecture Boeotia. The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-Kallikratis_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kallikratis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>New municipality</th> <th>Old municipalities & communities</th> <th>Seat </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aliartos" title="Aliartos">Aliartos</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aliartos" title="Aliartos">Aliartos</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Aliartos </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thespies" title="Thespies">Thespies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra" title="Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra">Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distomo" title="Distomo">Distomo</a></td> <td rowspan="3">Distomo </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arachova" title="Arachova">Arachova</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antikyra" title="Antikyra">Antikyra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a></td> <td rowspan="5">Livadeia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davleia" title="Davleia">Davleia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koroneia,_Boeotia" title="Koroneia, Boeotia">Koroneia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyriaki" title="Kyriaki">Kyriaki</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaironeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaironeia">Chaironeia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Orchomenus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akraifnia" title="Akraifnia">Akraifnia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a></td> <td rowspan="4">Schimatari </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dervenochoria" title="Dervenochoria">Dervenochoria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oinofyta" title="Oinofyta">Oinofyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schimatari" title="Schimatari">Schimatari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> (<i>Thiva</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></td> <td rowspan="4">Thebes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vagia" title="Vagia">Vagia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thisvi" title="Thisvi">Thisvi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plataies" title="Plataies">Plataies</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces">Provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Greece" title="Provinces of Greece">provinces</a> were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livadeia_Province" title="Livadeia Province">Livadeia Province</a> - <a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes_Province" title="Thebes Province">Thebes Province</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boeotia is the home of the third largest <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a> factory in Europe, built by <a href="/wiki/MISKO" class="mw-redirect" title="MISKO">MISKO</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/Barilla_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Barilla Group">Barilla Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, some of the biggest companies in Greece and Europe have factories in this place. For example, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viohalco" title="Viohalco">Viohalco</a> have factories in <a href="/wiki/Oinofyta" title="Oinofyta">Oinofyta</a>, Boeotia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Road_1" title="Greek National Road 1">Greek National Road 1</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_route_E75" title="European route E75">E75</a>, SE, E, NE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Road_3" title="Greek National Road 3">Greek National Road 3</a>, S, E, Cen., W, NW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Road_27" title="Greek National Road 27">Greek National Road 27</a>, W, SW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Road_44" title="Greek National Road 44">Greek National Road 44</a>, E</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Road_48" title="Greek National Road 48">Greek National Road 48</a>, W</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natives_of_Boeotia">Natives of Boeotia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Natives of Boeotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakis" title="Bakis">Bakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachyllas" title="Brachyllas">Brachyllas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinna" title="Corinna">Corinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgidas" title="Gorgidas">Gorgidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a> (traditionally location of his death)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander_of_Boeotia" title="Scamander of Boeotia">Scamander of Boeotia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeotian_helmet" title="Boeotian helmet">Boeotian helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotian_shield" title="Boeotian shield">Boeotian shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Boeotia" title="List of settlements in Boeotia">List of settlements in Boeotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%AFke" class="mw-redirect" title="Graïke">Graïke</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census21_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx">"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό"</a> [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D+-+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD+2021%2C+%CE%9C%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC+%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C&rft.pub=Hellenic+Statistical+Authority&rft.date=2024-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gr%2Fdocuments%2F20181%2F17286366%2FMON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Boeotia">"Boeotia | Greece, Map, Location, & History | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Boeotia+%7C+Greece%2C+Map%2C+Location%2C+%26+History+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBoeotia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvain_Auroux2000" class="citation book cs1">Sylvain Auroux (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygDHVYyEXOMC&q=Greek+Epirus+Boeotians&pg=PA439"><i>History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110111033" title="Special:BookSources/9783110111033"><bdi>9783110111033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+language+sciences%3A+an+international+handbook+on+the+evolution&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9783110111033&rft.au=Sylvain+Auroux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DygDHVYyEXOMC%26q%3DGreek%2BEpirus%2BBoeotians%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias.<i>Description of Greece</i> 7.3.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheke</a></i> 2.4.11 records the origin of the Theban tribute as recompense for the mortal wounding of <a href="/wiki/Clymenus" title="Clymenus">Clymenus</a>, king of the Minyans, with a cast of a stone by a charioteer of <a href="/wiki/Menoeceus" title="Menoeceus">Menoeceus</a> in the precinct of Poseidon at Onchestus; the myth is also reported by <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, 4.10.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCambitoglouDescœudres1990">Cambitoglou & Descœudres 1990</a>, p. 7 under "Excavations in the Region of Pylos" by George S. Korrés.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. H .Jeffery (1976). <i>Archaic Greece. The Greek city-states 700-500 BC</i>. Ernest Benn Ltd. London & Tonbridge. pp. 71, 77 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-510-03271-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-510-03271-0">0-510-03271-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Parian marble. Entry No 5: "When <a href="/wiki/Amphictyon" title="Amphictyon">Amphictyon</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a> became king of <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a> brought together those living round the temple and named them <i>Amphictyones</i>; Entry No 6: Graeces-Hellenes <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/faqs/q004/q004008.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823171940/http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/faqs/q004/q004008.html">Archived</a> 23 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. H . Jeffery (1976). <i>Archaic Greece. The Greek city states c. 700-500 B.C</i>. Ernest Benn Ltd. London & Tonbridge pp. 72, 73 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-510-03271-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-510-03271-0">0-510-03271-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories</i>, Merriam-Webster, 1 Jan 1991, p.360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1959" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Donald (April 1959). "Some Greek Stereotypes of other Peoples". <i>Race</i>. <b>1</b> (2). SAGE Publications: 65–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030639685900100207">10.1177/030639685900100207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race&rft.atitle=Some+Greek+Stereotypes+of+other+Peoples&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-71&rft.date=1959-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030639685900100207&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boeotia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boeotia">Boeotia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boeotia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=114-115&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span> This cites as authorities: <ul><li>Thucydides iv. 76-101</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, Hellenica, iii.-vii.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, pp. 400-412</li> <li>Pausanias ix.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a> (or Cratippus) in the <i>Oxyrhynchus Papyri</i>, vol v. (London, 1908, No. 842, col 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Martin_Leake" title="William Martin Leake">W. M. Leake</a>, <i>Travels in Northern Greece</i>, chs. xi.-xix. (London, 1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fanshawe_Tozer" title="Henry Fanshawe Tozer">H. F. Tozer</a>, <i>Geography of Greece</i> (London, 1873), pp. 233-238</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Rhys_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Rhys Roberts (page does not exist)">W. Rhys Roberts</a>, <i>The Ancient Boeotians</i> (Cambridge, 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Freeman" title="Edward Augustus Freeman">E. A. Freeman</a> <i>Federal Government</i> (ed. 1893, London), ch. iv. § 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclay_V._Head" title="Barclay V. Head">B. V. Head</a>, <i>Historia Nomorum</i>, pp. 291 sqq. (Oxford, 1887)</li> <li>W. Larfeld, <i>Sylloge Inscriptionum Boeoticarum</i> (Berlin, 1883). (See also <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>.)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrever1924" class="citation journal cs1">Trever, Albert Augustus (April 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F360574">"The Age of Hesiod: A Study in Economic History"</a>. <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 157–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F360574">10.1086/360574</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161121733">161121733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+Hesiod%3A+A+Study+in+Economic+History&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-168&rft.date=1924-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161121733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-837X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F360574&rft.aulast=Trever&rft.aufirst=Albert+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F360574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1979" class="citation book cs1">Buck, Robert (1979). <i>A history of Boeotia</i>. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: The University of Alberta Press. pp. 90–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88864-051-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88864-051-X"><bdi>0-88864-051-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Boeotia&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta%2C+Canada&rft.pages=90-94&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-88864-051-X&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine,_John_VA1983" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John VA (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john"><i>The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john/page/354">354–355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Greeks%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=354-355&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Fine%2C+John+VA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientgreeks00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides (v. 38), in speaking of the "four councils of the Boeotians," is referring to the plenary bodies in the various states. (Chisholm 1911)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Sekunda, The Ancient Greeks, p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bintliff 1985, 141-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2006" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Mogens Herman (2006). <i>The shotgun method : the demography of the ancient Greek city-state culture</i>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 84–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826216670" title="Special:BookSources/9780826216670"><bdi>9780826216670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shotgun+method+%3A+the+demography+of+the+ancient+Greek+city-state+culture&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=84-88&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780826216670&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Mogens+Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kallikratis-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kallikratis_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kallikratis_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL8-SrPzKAEPjjtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIukI0UzcPsWCK0LpLhpa7rhiWB4R5ntTnoWw7U8E1Amg.">"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text"</a> (in Greek). <a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A6%CE%95%CE%9A+A+87%2F2010%2C+Kallikratis+reform+law+text&rft.pub=Government+Gazette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.et.gr%2Fidocs-nph%2Fsearch%2FpdfViewerForm.html%3Fargs%3D5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL8-SrPzKAEPjjtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIukI0UzcPsWCK0LpLhpa7rhiWB4R5ntTnoWw7U8E1Amg.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005235437/http://www.miskocareers.gr/">"Καλώς ήρθατε στην MISKO"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miskocareers.gr/">the original</a> on 5 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%82+%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+MISKO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miskocareers.gr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambitoglouDescœudres1990" class="citation book cs1">Cambitoglou, Alexander; Descœudres, Jean-Paul (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEtoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Eumousia: Ceramic and Iconographic Studies in Honour of Alexander Cambitoglou</i></a>. Sydney, Australia: Meditarch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909797-17-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-909797-17-X"><bdi>0-909797-17-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eumousia%3A+Ceramic+and+Iconographic+Studies+in+Honour+of+Alexander+Cambitoglou&rft.place=Sydney%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Meditarch&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-909797-17-X&rft.aulast=Cambitoglou&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Desc%C5%93udres%2C+Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEtoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Davis_Hanson1999" class="citation book cs1">Victor Davis Hanson (1999). <i>The Soul of Battle</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Battle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Victor+Davis+Hanson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeotia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Larson, Stephanie L. <i>Tales of epic ancestry: Boiotian collective identity in the late archaic and early classical periods</i> (Historia Einzelschriften, 197). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2007. 238 p.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeotia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boeotia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boeotia">Boeotia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/B%C5%93otia" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Bœotia">Bœotia</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629072108/http://boeotia.ehw.gr/forms/fmain.aspx">"Boeotia digital cultural encyclopedia"</a>. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boeotia.ehw.gr/forms/fmain.aspx">the original</a> on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_division_of_the_Central_Greece_Region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_division_of_the_Central_Greece_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(administrative_region)" title="Central Greece (administrative region)">Central Greece</a> Region</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Area</dt> <dd>15,549 km<sup>2</sup> (6,004 sq mi)</dd> <dt>Population</dt> <dd>547,390 (as of 2011)</dd> <dt>Municipalities</dt> <dd>25 (since <a href="/wiki/Kallikratis_Programme" title="Kallikratis Programme">2011</a>)</dd> <dt>Capital</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lamia_(city)" title="Lamia (city)">Lamia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional unit of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boeotia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliartos-Thespies" title="Aliartos-Thespies">Aliartos-Thespies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra" title="Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra">Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Periferia_Stereas_Elladas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Periferia_Stereas_Elladas.png/120px-Periferia_Stereas_Elladas.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Periferia_Stereas_Elladas.png/180px-Periferia_Stereas_Elladas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Periferia_Stereas_Elladas.png/240px-Periferia_Stereas_Elladas.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional unit of <a href="/wiki/Euboea_(regional_unit)" title="Euboea (regional unit)">Euboea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirfys-Messapia" title="Dirfys-Messapia">Dirfys-Messapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istiaia-Aidipsos" title="Istiaia-Aidipsos">Istiaia-Aidipsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karystos" title="Karystos">Karystos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kymi-Aliveri" title="Kymi-Aliveri">Kymi-Aliveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantoudi-Limni-Agia_Anna" title="Mantoudi-Limni-Agia Anna">Mantoudi-Limni-Agia Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyros" title="Skyros">Skyros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional unit of <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrafa_(municipality)" title="Agrafa (municipality)">Agrafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karpenisi" title="Karpenisi">Karpenisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional unit of <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(modern_town)" title="Delphi (modern town)">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorida" title="Dorida">Dorida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional unit of <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amfikleia-Elateia" title="Amfikleia-Elateia">Amfikleia-Elateia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domokos" title="Domokos">Domokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamena_Vourla" title="Kamena Vourla">Kamena Vourla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia_(city)" title="Lamia (city)">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokroi_(municipality)" title="Lokroi (municipality)">Lokroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makrakomi" title="Makrakomi">Makrakomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylida" title="Stylida">Stylida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Regional governor</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fanis_Spanos" title="Fanis Spanos">Fanis Spanos</a> (since <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_local_elections" title="2019 Greek local elections">2019</a>)</dd> <dt>Decentralized Administration</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Administration_of_Thessaly_and_Central_Greece" title="Decentralized Administration of Thessaly and Central Greece">Thessaly and Central Greece</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prefectures_of_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Template:Prefectures of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Template talk:Prefectures of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectures of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prefectures_of_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Prefectures of Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_name" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaea_and_Elis_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achaea and Elis Prefecture (page does not exist)">Achaea and Elis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrianople_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrianople Prefecture (page does not exist)">Adrianople</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argolis_and_Corinthia_Prefecture" title="Argolis and Corinthia Prefecture">Argolis and Corinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argyrokastron_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argyrokastron Prefecture (page does not exist)">Argyrokastron</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attica_and_Boeotia_Prefecture" title="Attica and Boeotia Prefecture">Attica and Boeotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attica_Prefecture" title="Attica Prefecture">Attica</a><sup>c</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boeotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalonia_Prefecture" title="Cephalonia Prefecture">Cephalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios_(regional_unit)" title="Chios (regional unit)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_(regional_unit)" title="Corfu (regional unit)">Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a><sup>d</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboea_(regional_unit)" title="Euboea (regional unit)">Euboea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a><sup>d</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallipolis_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kallipolis Prefecture (page does not exist)">Kallipolis</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavala_Prefecture" title="Kavala Prefecture">Kavala</a><sup>d</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korytsa_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korytsa Prefecture (page does not exist)">Korytsa</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lacedaemon_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lacedaemon Prefecture (page does not exist)">Lacedaemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakoniki_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakoniki Prefecture (page does not exist)">Lakoniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefkada_(regional_unit)" title="Lefkada (regional unit)">Lefkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbos_Prefecture" title="Lesbos Prefecture">Lesbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_Prefecture" title="Magnesia Prefecture">Magnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthiotis_and_Phocis_Prefecture" title="Phthiotis and Phocis Prefecture">Phocis and Locris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthiotis_and_Phocis_Prefecture" title="Phthiotis and Phocis Prefecture">Phthiotis and Phocis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Prefecture" title="Piraeus Prefecture">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhaedestos_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhaedestos Prefecture (page does not exist)">Rhaedestos</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a><sup>d</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_Prefecture" title="Samos Prefecture">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saranta_Ekklisies_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saranta Ekklisies Prefecture (page does not exist)">Saranta Ekklisies</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfakia_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfakia Prefecture (page does not exist)">Sfakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifylia_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifylia Prefecture (page does not exist)">Trifylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a><sup>d</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_year_established" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By year established</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1833</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaea_and_Elis_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achaea and Elis Prefecture (page does not exist)">Achaea and Elis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Argolis_and_Corinthia_Prefecture" title="Argolis and Corinthia Prefecture">Argolis and Corinthia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attica_and_Boeotia_Prefecture" title="Attica and Boeotia Prefecture">Attica and Boeotia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Euboea_(regional_unit)" title="Euboea (regional unit)">Euboea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phthiotis_and_Phocis_Prefecture" title="Phthiotis and Phocis Prefecture">Phocis and Locris</a></dd> <dt>1845</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phthiotis_and_Phocis_Prefecture" title="Phthiotis and Phocis Prefecture">Phthiotis and Phocis</a></dd> <dt>1864</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Corfu_(regional_unit)" title="Corfu (regional unit)">Corfu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kefalonia_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia Prefecture">Kefallinia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lefkada_(regional_unit)" title="Lefkada (regional unit)">Lefkada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a></dd> <dt>1882</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a></dd> <dt>1899</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attica_Prefecture" title="Attica Prefecture">Attica</a><sup>c</sup></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boeotia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lacedaemon_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lacedaemon Prefecture (page does not exist)">Lacedaemon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakoniki_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakoniki Prefecture (page does not exist)">Lakoniki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_Prefecture" title="Magnesia Prefecture">Magnesia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifylia_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trifylia Prefecture (page does not exist)">Trifylia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1912</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfakia_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfakia Prefecture (page does not exist)">Sfakia</a></dd> <dt>1914</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt>1915</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argyrokastron_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argyrokastron Prefecture (page does not exist)">Argyrokastron</a><sup>b</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chios_(regional_unit)" title="Chios (regional unit)">Chios</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a><sup>d</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kavala_Prefecture" title="Kavala Prefecture">Kavala</a><sup>d</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korytsa_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korytsa Prefecture (page does not exist)">Korytsa</a><sup>b</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lesbos_Prefecture" title="Lesbos Prefecture">Lesbos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samos_Prefecture" title="Samos Prefecture">Samos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a></dd> <dt>1920</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrianople_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrianople Prefecture (page does not exist)">Adrianople</a><sup>a</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a><sup>d</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallipolis_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kallipolis Prefecture (page does not exist)">Kallipolis</a><sup>a</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhaedestos_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhaedestos Prefecture (page does not exist)">Rhaedestos</a><sup>a</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a><sup>d</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saranta_Ekklisies_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saranta Ekklisies Prefecture (page does not exist)">Saranta Ekklisies</a><sup>a</sup></dd> <dt>1930–1944</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a><sup>d</sup></dd> <dt>1947</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Prefecture" title="Piraeus Prefecture">Piraeus</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><sup>a</sup> In <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a> or <sup>b</sup> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a>, outside present-day Greece.</li> <li><sup>c</sup> From 1971, Attica consisted of four prefecture-level units: <a href="/wiki/Athens_Prefecture" title="Athens Prefecture">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Attica" title="East Attica">East Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Prefecture" title="Piraeus Prefecture">Piraeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Attica" title="West Attica">West Attica</a>. From 1994, Athens and Piraeus were grouped into a single <a href="/wiki/Super-prefectures_of_Greece" title="Super-prefectures of Greece">super-prefecture</a>.</li> <li><sup>d</sup> From 1994, Drama / Kavala / Xanthi and Evros / Rhodope prefectures were grouped into super-prefectures.</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Boeotian_League">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" 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