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data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072302_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC072302_0"></i><p>Le Moyen 脗ge constitue 脿 la fois une p茅riode chronologique, un type r茅gional de soci茅t茅 et un processus historique de port茅e universelle.</p><p>Tout d茅coupage du temps historique est conventionnel. Cet arbitraire est patent quand il se fonde sur une pure quantit茅, comme le si猫cle. La p茅riodisation para卯t moins artificielle quand elle embrasse des dur茅es longues, comme le 芦聽Moyen 脗ge聽禄. Depuis la fin du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup>聽si猫cle, les n茅cessit茅s de la r茅partition des 茅poques dans les programmes d'enseignement ont g茅n茅ralis茅 l'usage de la p茅riodisation. Les historiens admettent g茅n茅ralement la pertinence d'un mill茅naire m茅di茅val, du <span class="pc">iv</span><sup>e</sup> ou <span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup>聽si猫cle au <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup>聽si猫cle. Certes, on a pu discuter les dates de d茅but et de fin de la p茅riode m茅di茅vale, mais les solutions propos茅es sont curieusement peu nombreuses聽: le Moyen 脗ge commence avec l'茅dit de Milan, publi茅 par Constantin (313) qui christianise l'脡tat romain, ou bien 脿 la d茅position de Romulus Augustule (476), signe de la chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident聽; tout s'ach猫ve soit avec la chute de Constantinople (1453), soit avec la d茅couverte de l'Am茅rique (1492). Ce d茅coupage fait l'objet d'un large consensus. Les variations nationales ne portent gu猫re que sur les subdivisions du Moyen 脗ge ou sur l'int茅r锚t plus ou moins marqu茅 pour tel ou tel aspect de la p茅riode.</p><p>Mais la question de son extension spatiale ouvre de redoutables questions. Dans un sens strict, le Moyen 脗ge n'a de pertinence qu'en Europe occidentale. Intuitivement, l'id茅e d'un Moyen 脗ge m茅lan茅sien ou am茅rindien para卯t absurde. Parler d'un Japon m茅di茅val nous entra卯ne sur le terrain d'un comparatisme s茅duisant et p茅rilleux. Et, au plus pr猫s de l'Occident m茅di茅val, on h茅site 脿茅voquer un Moyen 脗ge byzantin ou musulman.</p><p>La r茅gionalisation du d茅coupage chronologique nous conduit donc 脿 la question du Moyen 脗ge comme circonstance fondatrice d'un large processus historique聽: le Moyen 脗ge se d茅finit alors comme la p茅riode de gestation et de construction de l'Europe conqu茅rante, berceau de la production industrielle et des 茅changes g茅n茅ralis茅s. Aucun autre espace-temps, au-del脿 des diverses r茅ussites d'autres cultures, ne saurait pr茅tendre 脿 ce r么le matriciel, marqu茅 par l'茅laboration progressive d'une s茅rie de facteurs convergents qui devaient contribuer 脿 l'茅mergence de l'茅conomie-monde聽: ma卯trise de l'茅nergie animale, d茅but du salariat, commerce de longue port茅e, assurance maritime, urbanisation. Cette qualification de l'espace-temps m茅di茅val donne sens aux bornes de la p茅riode聽: la fin de l'Empire romain inaugure la d茅cadence du mode de production esclavagiste et la conqu锚te du nouveau monde pr茅pare la mondialisation du mod猫le europ茅en.</p><p>Ce sch茅ma para卯t 脿 la fois n茅cessaire et fragile. Il est n茅cessaire pour la part de factualit茅 qu'il comporte聽: l'Europe a bien 茅t茅 conqu茅rante et productrice聽; bon nombre des instruments de cette conqu锚te ont bien 茅t茅 forg茅s au Moyen 脗ge. La relativisation des 芦聽m茅rites聽禄 ou, du moins, de la sp茅cificit茅 du Moyen 脗ge risque de masquer une originalit茅 essentielle de l'espace-temps m茅di茅val, 脿 savoir l'existence d'un r茅gime de production sans doute unique dans l'histoire mondiale, d茅fini par une paysannerie libre ou semi-libre, contr么l茅e par une aristocratie militaire qui pr茅l猫ve une rente et par une 脡glise impliqu茅e 脿 la fois dans la domination culturelle des populations et dans la structure fonci猫re. La constitution progressive de ce que l'on nomme l'脡tat moderne proc猫de certainement de ce r茅gime.</p><p>La r茅duction du Moyen 脗ge 脿 l'Occident latin, au nom de la singularit茅 de son r么le dans l'histoire universelle, comporte bien des inconv茅nients et des distorsions. Si l'on prend, par exemple,<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonn茅s</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus vari茅s, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les 茅crans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicit茅</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">D茅couvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> D茅j脿 abonn茅 ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C072302_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">脡crit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="BOUREAU, Alain"><a title="Auteur : Alain BOUREAU" rel="author" href="/auteurs/alain-boureau/"><strong>Alain BOUREAU</strong></a> : directeur d'茅tudes 脿 l'脡cole des hautes 茅tudes en sciences sociales </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : MOYEN 脗GE - Vue d'ensemble" href="/carte-mentale/moyen-age-vue-d-ensemble/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> 脡largissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072302_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire du Moyen 脗ge" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-du-moyen-age/"> Histoire du Moyen 脗ge </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Occident m茅di茅val"> <a title="Classification : Occident m茅di茅val" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-du-moyen-age/occident-medieval/"> Occident m茅di茅val </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072302_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres r茅f茅rences</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/revolution-agricole/#c2455"> <span class="rg">AGRICOLE </span><span class="pc">RÉVOLUTION</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Abel POITRINEAU</span> et <span rel="author">Gabriel WACKERMANN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 076 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...si猫cle, l'agriculture traditionnelle est avant tout une agriculture de subsistance associ茅e 脿 une 茅conomie domestique ferm茅e, dite 茅conomie de besoin. 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Fourneaux 脿 fonte et forges hydrauliques ont permis de produire... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/croisade-contre-les-albigeois/"> <span class="rg">ALBIGEOIS (CROISADE CONTRE LES)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Jacques LE GOFF</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 152 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 m茅dias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALBIGEOIS (CROISADE CONTRE LES)" href="/encyclopedie/croisade-contre-les-albigeois/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Cathares expuls茅s de Carcassonne, 1209 - cr茅dits : British Library/ AKG-images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/d/csm_ph040724_38e08687c1.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le terme 芦聽albigeois聽禄 a servi, d猫s le milieu du <span class="pc">xii</span><sup>e</sup>聽si猫cle, 脿 d茅signer les h茅r茅tiques du Languedoc, bien que l'Albigeois ne paraisse pas, aux yeux des historiens modernes (qui ont continu茅脿 user de cette appellation devenue traditionnelle), avoir 茅t茅 le principal foyer de l' ...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-histoire-allemagne-medievale/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE </span><span class="rm">(Histoire) - Allemagne médiévale</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Pierre-Roger GAUSSIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">14 136 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 m茅dias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALLEMAGNE (Histoire) - Allemagne m&eacute;di&eacute;vale" href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-histoire-allemagne-medievale/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Allemagne, X<sup>e</sup> si猫cle - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/4/csm_ca040367_a642406f5a.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Plus de six si猫cles s茅parent la Germanie h茅rit茅e des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le nom de la seconde dynastie des rois francs lui vient de son repr茅sentant le plus illustre, Charlemagne. 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