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style="display:none">Canadian translator and scholar</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Watson Kirkconnell</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1895-05-16</span>)</span>16 May 1895<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario" title="Port Hope, Ontario">Port Hope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 1977<span style="display:none">(1977-02-26)</span> (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Wolfville,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfville, Nova Scotia">Wolfville, Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Watson Kirkconnell</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">OC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span> (16 May 1895 – 26 February 1977) was a <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Literary_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary scholar">literary scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_poetry" title="Canadian poetry">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satirist" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirist">satirist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary translation">translator</a>. </p><p>Kirkconnell was born in <a href="/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario" title="Port Hope, Ontario">Port Hope, Ontario</a> into a proudly <a href="/wiki/Scottish-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish-Canadian">Scottish-Canadian</a> family descended from <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a> and more recent immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. After his university studies were interrupted by the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Captain Watson Kirkconnell was extremely disappointed to be classified as medically unfit for <a href="/wiki/Active_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Active service">active service</a> when he was only days away from being shipped to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a>. He instead spent the rest of the war guarding <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> POWs at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Henry National Historic Site">Fort Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapuskasing" title="Kapuskasing">Kapuskasing</a> <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camps</a> in rural <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. </p><p>Following the 1918 Armistice, he entered a university faculty career and became an internationally known poet, translator of poetry, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a>. After learning enormously from what he taught about world literature to his students, Kirkconnell made radical teaching innovations and also became an enormously influential <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a>, who publicized and denounced <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuse">human rights abuses</a> under <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his many many translations of their national poetry and that by "New Canadian" poets who composed in <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant language">immigrant languages</a>, Kirkconnell remains very well known in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his original poetry, <a href="/wiki/Verse_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse drama">verse dramas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Light_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light opera">light operas</a>, Kirkconnell drew upon both <a href="/wiki/Canadian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian history">Canadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">world history</a> and while skillfully emulating poets and playwrights from throughout <a href="/wiki/World_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="World Literature">World Literature</a>. He was also a highly skilled <a href="/wiki/Satirist" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirist">satirist</a>, as seen in his verse parodies of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in <i>"Rain on the Waste Land"</i>, of <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to his arguments against what he came to see as the excessive Anglocentrism of his country and its culture<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his use of the tapestry and mosaic metaphors in favor of embracing a <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic">multiethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian culture">Canadian culture</a>, Kirkconnell was credited by his friend, collaborator in translating <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Ukrainian literature</a> and poetry, and university colleague C.H. Andrusyshen with almost singlehandedly ending widespread discrimination against Canadians of <a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a> (meaning non-<a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">White Anglo-Saxon Protestant</a>) ancestry and cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has accordingly been dubbed the father of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">multiculturalism in Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also, paradoxically, very eccentric, a life-long <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theorist">conspiracy theorist</a>, and believer in the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudosciences</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>. Even more paradoxically, Kirkconnell was an anti-Semite as a young man and again as an old man, when he embraced <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theorist">conspiracy theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Guy_Carr" title="William Guy Carr">William Guy Carr</a>; but in the intervening period he regularly made and published literary translations of verse he admired by Jewish poets.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while Kirkconnell was hesitant to condemn Nazism in May 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he changed his mind and used his many literary contacts to help mobilize Canadian immigrant communities in favour of the Allied war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in 1943 he eulogized the victims of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> in a poem entitled <i>"Agony of Israel"</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1962 he mocked both Soviet and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ideology">Nazi ideology</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Stage_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage play">stage play</a> about <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, similarly to American and Canadian veterans of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, who were often vilified for being "premature anti-Fascists" after returning home, Kirkconnell was similarly vilified, not only by Soviet journalists and politicians, but even by Canadian ones, for being a "premature anti-Stalinist". Even so, he continued to write and speak publicly about <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuse">human rights abuses</a>, and what he saw as the domestic threat posed by both the pro-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Covert_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert operations">covert operations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> and <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a> on Canadian soil. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> seriously considered acting to protect Canada's military alliance with the USSR by silencing Kirkconnell with an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Order in council">order in council</a>. Only after the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defection</a> of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a> did the Canadian government and it's <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> services begin taking Kirkconnell's claims seriously and decide to recruit him as a covert informant. Even so, Kirkconnell was also a very harsh critic of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, whom he accused of having discredited <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> by acting in, "an offensive and blundering fashion."<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though Kirkconnell's pioneering vision for multiculturalism was intended to make his country less Anglocentric and more accepting only of Canadians who spoke <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant language">immigrant languages</a> and had ancestral roots in European nations other than Great Britain, the concept has been widened before and since his death to also acknowledge the cultural contributions of First Nation peoples and other non-Whites. </p><p>One of his most popular literary translations from <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Hungarian literature</a> is of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Arany" title="János Arany">János Arany</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bards_of_Wales" title="The Bards of Wales">The Bards of Wales</a></i>, an 1864 <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballad</a> criticizing the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">conquest of Wales</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward Longshanks</a>, but which was intended as a covert denunciation of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Franz_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Franz Joseph">Emperor Franz Joseph</a> over the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_revolution_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian revolution of 1848">Hungarian revolution of 1848</a>, and which Kirkconnell translated into the same idiom as the <a href="/wiki/Child_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Child ballads">Child ballads</a>. Furthermore, Watson Kirkconnell's 1933 translation of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> soldier-poet <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Gy%C3%B3ni" title="Géza Gyóni">Géza Gyóni</a>'s iconic <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> poem, <i>Csak egy éjszakára</i> ("For Just One Night"), which was composed during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a> in 1915 and flown out of the besieged city by <a href="/wiki/Aeroplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeroplane">aeroplane</a> for publication in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Kirkconnell rendered into the same idiom as English <a href="/wiki/War_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="War poet">war poets</a> <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Rosenberg" title="Isaac Rosenberg">Isaac Rosenberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remains just as popular.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background">Family background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watson Kirkconnell's paternal ancestors derived their surname from the village and ruined monastery of <a href="/wiki/Kirkconnel" title="Kirkconnel">Kirkconnel</a>. They were <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, spoke <a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a>, wore the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Douglas" title="Clan Douglas">Clan Douglas</a> <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a>, and farmed near <a href="/wiki/Kirkcudbright" title="Kirkcudbright">Kirkcudbright</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to what Kirkconnell later dubbed, "the almost universal <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">holocaust</a> of Scottish archives during <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">the Reformation</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-auto13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> could not be traced with complete accuracy or linked, as he strongly suspected was the case, to a <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of the Clan Douglas or <a href="/wiki/Clan_Maxwell" title="Clan Maxwell">Clan Maxwell</a> lairds of Kirkconnel.<sup id="cite_ref-auto13_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkconnell's own visit to his ancestral village inspired his original poem <i>"Kirkconnell, Galloway, A.D. 600. Visited A.D. 1953"</i>. The poet pondered how much the culture of the region and the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> had changed since Kirkconnell Abbey was founded by St. <a href="/wiki/Conal" title="Conal">Conal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Culdee" class="mw-redirect" title="Culdee">Culdee</a> monk and missionary of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Church">Celtic Church</a>. The landscape, he commented, remained largely unchanged and called upon his readers to embrace the awe that their ancestors had once felt before the incarnation and birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In, "an almost imperceptible little ripple in the vast tide of Scottish immigration that flowed into Canada", Walter Kirkconnell (1795–1860), the poet's great-grandfather, sailed for the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> in 1819 and settled as a pioneer in Chatham Township, <a href="/wiki/Argenteuil_County,_Quebec" title="Argenteuil County, Quebec">Argenteuil County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. As a result of a 1953 search made at Kirkconnell's request by the Scottish Council, he learned that everyone named Kirkconnell had similarly joined the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a> and that no one with the same surname still lived in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, Chatham Township was largely being settled by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Gaelic-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">evictees</a> and voluntary immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Siorrachd Pheairt</i>). Walter Kirkconnell accordingly married one of them; Mary McCallum, the daughter of John and Janet (née McDiarmid) McCallum, from the farmhouse known as "Carnban" in what is now a ruined and completely depopulated village in <a href="/wiki/Glen_Lyon" title="Glen Lyon">Glen Lyon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Gleann Lìomhann</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_worship" title="Reformed worship">Reformed worship</a> in Chatham Township continued the <a href="/wiki/16th-century" class="mw-redirect" title="16th-century">16th-century</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">exclusive</a> and unaccompanied <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_psalm_singing" title="Gaelic psalm singing">Gaelic psalm singing</a> in a form known as <a href="/wiki/Precenting_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Precenting the line">precenting the line</a>. In her old age, Mary (née McCallum) Kirkconnell, despite having gone blind, could still sing all 154 <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metrical_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrical Psalms">Metrical Psalms</a> from memory.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirkconnell's maternal great-grandfather, Christopher Watson, emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Alston,_Cumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alston, Cumberland">Alston, Cumberland</a> to Upper Canada in 1819 and became a schoolmaster in York, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Christopher's youngest son, Thomas Watson, had adopted his father's profession and taught at the schools in <a href="/wiki/Allanburg,_Ontario" title="Allanburg, Ontario">Allanburg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beachwood,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beachwood, Ontario (page does not exist)">Beachwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lundy%27s_Lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamford, Ontario">Stamford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario" title="Port Hope, Ontario">Port Hope, Ontario</a>. In 1851, Thomas Watson had married Margaret Elma Green of Lundy's Lane, a woman descended from <a href="/wiki/Welsh-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-American">Welsh-American</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a>, as well as more recent British immigrants to Canada with both German and Spanish roots.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirkconnell's parents, Thomas Kirkconnell (1862–1934) and Bertha (née Watson) Kirkconnell (1867–1957), were living in Port Hope, Ontario when their earliest children were born.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watson Kirkconnell was born on 16 May 1895 in <a href="/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario" title="Port Hope, Ontario">Port Hope, Ontario</a>, where his father, Thomas Kirkconnell, was <a href="/wiki/Headmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Headmaster">headmaster</a> of <a href="/wiki/Port_Hope_High_School" title="Port Hope High School">Port Hope High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkconnell was a sickly child and was accordingly delayed entry for two years into Port Hope Public School and only began taking classes at the age of seven.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the delays, Kirkconnell proved to be very academically gifted pupil and was twice allowed to skip a grade.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirkconnell later credited his love of poetry to the influence of his maternal grandfather, Thomas Watson, who he later described as a, "grey-bearded... pillar of the local Methodist church". Thomas Watson used to reward his grandson by giving him one cent for every stanza he memorized from <i>Divine and Moral Songs</i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a>. Kirkconnell later recalled, "From an entire volume thus committed to memory, I gained considerable cash, indelible recollections of many edifying verses, and an indelible love of <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">prosody</a>. Neither of us dreamt that back of several of Watts' poems lay the fine <a href="/wiki/Christian_Latin_literature" title="Christian Latin literature">Latin hymns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Kazimierz_Sarbiewski" title="Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski">Kazimierz Sarbiewski</a> (1595-1640)."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirkconnell further recalled that his "first awareness of small town <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> came" after his "second Christmas-time promotion". The <i>Port Hope Guide</i> reported that "a local lawyer" had angrily protested during a <a href="/wiki/School_board" class="mw-redirect" title="School board">school board</a> meeting that his son has not been similarly promoted and accused Watson Kirkconnell of having been "shoved", solely because his father was the headmaster of <a href="/wiki/Port_Hope_High_School" title="Port Hope High School">Port Hope High School</a>. For this reason, the Kirkconnell family felt both vindicated and overjoyed the following summer, after the same newspaper published the results of the Provincial "Entrance Examinations". These proved that the headmaster's controversial son had scored, "nearly fifty points higher than anyone else in town or county."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of twelve, Kirkconnell asked for and received both <a href="/wiki/Adult_baptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult baptism">baptism</a> and membership in the Port Hope Baptist Church. According to J.M.R. Beveridge, "Thus began his commitment to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> which, although subjected to periods of doubt, sometimes perhaps even approaching despair, survived and matured. Throughout his adult life he played an active and on many occasions leading role in the Baptist denomination."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkconnell, however, seriously considered leaving the Baptist faith as a young man, and as an older man was far more <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical</a> and critical in his approach to Evangical Christianity than many of his Baptist peers were comfortable with. For example, writing in his memoirs that Evangelicals who "ignorantly or deliberately disregard <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> elements in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">early Hebrew thinking</a>... are noisy without knowledge" and expressing "more love for poetry than theology."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also as a child in Port Hope, Kirkconnell's interest in <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> was sparked by attending a lecture about local prehistory, <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois" title="Glacial Lake Iroquois">Glacial Lake Iroquois</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Philemon_Coleman" title="Arthur Philemon Coleman">Arthur Philemon Coleman</a>, who was visiting from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. Afterwards, Kirkconnell recalls, "walking and cycling through the countryside now took on a new meaning", and after the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Lindsay,_Ontario" title="Lindsay, Ontario">Lindsay, Ontario</a> in 1908, Kirkconnell continued to research local prehistory and how it had shaped the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time he graduated high school, Kirkconnell had learned Latin, French, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, and had been exposed to works of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_philology" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative philology">comparative philology</a>. He later wrote, "The labours of my lifetime have been more in the field of language study than in any other."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913, at the urging of his father, Kirkconnell began studies at his father's <i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a>. Even though <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> had been his best subject in high school, Kirkconnell proceeded to honours in <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a> and graduated as a <a href="/wiki/University_Medal" title="University Medal">double medallist</a> in Latin and Greek. He received a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 August 1914, Kirkconnell was attending <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Although he enthusiastically hoped to see combat in France, Kirkconnell chose, similarly to <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, to delay enlistment until after his graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His brother, Walter Kirkconnell, enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Montreal_Regiment" title="Royal Montreal Regiment">Royal Montreal Regiment</a> on 5 August 1914. After training in the mud of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a>, Lt. Walter Kirkconnell was <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Battle of Amiens</a> on 8 August 1918, when the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a> platoon under his command ran into a German <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun_nest" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine gun nest">machine gun nest</a> in a grain field near <a href="/wiki/Villers-Bretonneux" title="Villers-Bretonneux">Villers-Bretonneux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1916, Kirkconnell volunteered for <a href="/wiki/Active_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Active service">active service</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. In November 1916, however, despite having been personally requested by Major P.G.C. Campbell and shortly before he was to be shipped overseas with the 253rd Battalion, Captain Kirkconnell was ruled unfit for combat duty by three successive Medical Boards.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A deeply disappointed Captain Watson Kirkconnell spent the rest of the war guarding POWs and civilian internees at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Henry National Historic Site">Fort Henry</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Kapuskasing" title="Kapuskasing">Kapuskasing</a> <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camp</a>, both in rural <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. In his words, "The great majority of the prisoners were Slovaks, Ruthenians, and Poles. There were also a hundred Turks, a few Bulgars, a Magyar or two, and a handful of genuine Austrians. Ignorant, sullen, inert, the mass of these interns were the very incarnation of passive resistance ... there prevailed among all these hundreds of thick heads a strange belief that for every day of their captivity they would receive at the close of the war an indemnity of five dollars wrung from Canada by a victorious Austria ... guarding them was something of a sinecure."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While serving as camp paymaster at Kapuskasing, Captain Watson Kirkconnell helped prevent a prisoner uprising and, on two occasions, he also discovered and foiled attempts to tunnel out of the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his many later translations of <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian literature">French Canadian literature</a> and poetry, during the war years Kirkconnell was adamant that no “French Catholic curs” be allowed into Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>’s cabinet, adding “I used to think that Aunt Jane might be exaggerating in her denunciation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> but we know <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> now. Colonel Date calls them ‘the cockroaches of Canada’ and he is not far out.” He also urged his mother and sister "to take advantage of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wartime_Election_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wartime Election Act (page does not exist)">Wartime Election Act</a> to vote in the ... Union election 'against Frenchmen, Catholicism, and the abandonment of all national honour.'"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the fall of 1919, Captain Kirkconnell accompanied 445 POWs and internees from Fort Henry and Kapuskasing internment camp aboard the <i>S.S. Pretorian</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, pending their <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. Kirkconnell later recalled, after surrendering his prisoners to the neutral <a href="/wiki/Dutch_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch armed forces">Dutch armed forces</a>, "That they bore me no ill will for my performance at Fort Henry and Kapuskasing seemed clear when on the wharf my former prisoners called for, 'Three cheers for Captain Kirkconnell', and gave them lustily."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite years of grief over the combat death of his brother, Watson Kirkconnell later wrote, "Generally speaking, I could feel little animus against our German prisoners. Guarding them was simply a job. It was their duty to try to get away and our duty to prevent it. The ingenuity that they displayed in their attempts to escape was being duplicated by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">our men in German captivity</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kirkconnell was first sworn into <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada" title="Freemasonry in Canada">Freemasonry in Canada</a> in December 1920 at the "Faithful Brethren" Lodge No. 77 in <a href="/wiki/Lindsay,_Ontario" title="Lindsay, Ontario">Lindsay, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained in "The Craft" for the rest of his life and even served as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a> of St. George's Lodge No. 20 of the <a href="/wiki/York_Rite" title="York Rite">York Rite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wolfville,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfville, Nova Scotia">Wolfville, Nova Scotia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkconnell later experienced some doubt about the organization, as his subsequent research made him realize that <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>'s legend of the murder of <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Abif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Abif">Hiram Abif</a> is contradicted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. Kirkconnell later wrote, "I turned to books on the Craft itself, and found that most of its ritual lecture material was composed in England in the 18th century by Dr. <a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson</a>, Dr. J.T. Desaguliers, <a href="/wiki/George_Payne_(Freemason)" title="George Payne (Freemason)">George Payne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Freemason)" title="William Preston (Freemason)">William Preston</a>. I had grave reasons for suspecting that the Free and Accepted Masons were not much more 'ancient' than the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Grand Lodge Masonry in London</a> in 1717."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Kirkconnell subsequently changed his mind about what he had formerly considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a> and, "passed from my early skepticism into a growing sense of the profound age of the Craft... There are elements in Masonry that are nearly as much older than <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> as Solomon is older than <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, Kirkconnell accepted the offer of a faculty position in the English Department at <a href="/wiki/Wesley_College_(Manitoba)" title="Wesley College (Manitoba)">Wesley College</a>. Kirkconnell taught English there for the eleven years, before switching to the Department of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a> for the next seven years. The experience for him proved life changing.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other English-speaking Canadians of his class and generation, Kirkconnell had been brought up to believe in the racial superiority of <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a>. After he grew to adulthood, he accordingly opposed allowing any further non-British immigration into Canada. He also became passionately interested in the now discredited <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudosciences</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a>. Kirkconnell read widely in all three subjects, and composed his own <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicist</a> tract predicting the imminent demise of the "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic race</a>" in Ontario due to the increasing immigration of <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadian">French-Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Jew">Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic peoples</a>. Although his racist writings remain largely unpublished, his eugenicist views were expounded in <i>The International Aspects of Unemployment</i> (1923), which called for the internment in <a href="/wiki/Labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camp">labour camps</a> and wholesale <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilization</a> of disabled Canadians and all others deemed "unfit."<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirkconnell's experiences, however, as a professor in the <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic">multiethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> exposed him to <a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">world literature</a>, which caused him to begin questioning his views and making radical teaching innovations. For example, Kirkconnell believed that, not only the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic sagas">Icelandic sagas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Edda" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder Edda">Elder Edda</a>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Low German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a></i>, "threw light on <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caedmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Caedmon">Caedmonian</a> <i>Genesis</i>", and advocated teaching all of those texts together.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While seeking background literature for teaching a course on <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, Kirkconnell discovered and fell in love with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> poetry in <a href="/wiki/Cerdd_dafod" title="Cerdd dafod">strict metre</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gwilym" title="Dafydd ap Gwilym">Dafydd ap Gwilym</a>, whom he called, "a great contemporary of Chaucer, with a feeling for nature that was beyond the reach of the London <a href="/wiki/Vintner" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintner">vintner</a>'s son."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkconnell felt similarly when he discovered the Medieval Latin poetry of the <a href="/wiki/Goliards" title="Goliards">Wandering Scholars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Hebrew poetry">Medieval Hebrew poetry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, Kirkconnell grew to believe that Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">intermarriage</a> among the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/European_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="European peoples">European peoples</a> had not been detrimental, but positive. Therefore, Kirkconnell concluded, as all Europeans are of genetically mixed ancestry, further <a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a> immigration and intermarriage would actually strengthen the development of Canada as a nation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was finally the 1925 death of his wife while giving birth to twin sons that brought Kirkconnell to a more tolerant position. As both a tribute and a memorial to his late wife, Kirkconnell decided to select and translate poetry from forty different languages. He worked in close collaboration with distinguished literary scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Verwey" title="Albert Verwey">Albert Verwey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Popovi%C4%87" title="Pavle Popović">Pavle Popović</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He eventually published the volume <i>European Elegies</i> in <a href="/wiki/1928_in_poetry" title="1928 in poetry">1928</a>. In the process, Kirkconnell came to believe that treating the languages, cultures, and literatures of <a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a> immigrants to Canada with respect would instill in them a sense of loyalty and gratitude to their adopted country. In later years, he often used the metaphor of a <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> to express his vision for the nation's future.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rest of his life, Kirkconnell continued to fret about the decline of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant majority in Canada and always believed in lesser forms of scientific racism and the <a href="/wiki/Racial_inferiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial inferiority">racial inferiority</a> of non-Whites.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirkconnell continued publicizing and making translations of the <a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">national poetry</a> of European immigrants for the rest of his life. For example, his collection <i>A Golden Treasury of Polish Lyrics</i> was published by The Polish Press, Ltd, in Winnipeg in 1936. Kirkconnell dedicated the book, which included his translations in chronological order from <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska" title="Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska">Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska</a>, to the memory of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>, about whom Kirkconnell also composed a funeral ode. The title page describes Kirkconnell as having been made a knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta" title="Order of Polonia Restituta">Order of Polonia Restituta</a> by the government of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. </p><p>Beginning with the poetry composed by <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic-Canadians">Icelandic-Canadians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Stephan_G._Stephansson" title="Stephan G. Stephansson">Stephan G. Stephansson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guttormur_J._Guttormsson" title="Guttormur J. Guttormsson">Guttormur J. Guttormsson</a>, Kirkconnell also translated and publicized verse by recent immigrants to Canada and their descendants, whom he sometimes termed, "New Canadians", from <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a>. </p><p>By <a href="/wiki/1916_in_poetry" title="1916 in poetry">1916</a>, disinterest in the poetry of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> based on distaste for his <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a> had reached a new low. Due in large part to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>, the Puritan poet was even declared deposed, with little or no fanfare, in favor of <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>'s greatest composer of <a href="/wiki/Christian_poetry" title="Christian poetry">Christian poetry</a>. In response, Kirkconnell sought during the interwar period to return John Milton to his pedestal by translating and publishing what had long been believed to been the poet's many sources of inspiration from <a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">World literature</a> in many other languages. His <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a> translations of the neo-Classical but Biblically centered plays of Dutch <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a>, which Kirkconnell strongly believed to have been a major influence on Milton's <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Samson_Agonistes" title="Samson Agonistes">Samson Agonistes</a></i> date from this period.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, Watson Kirkconnell was made a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Kirkconnell used his many contacts among Canadians of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> descent to mobilize them in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> war effort against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>. These same contacts, however, had made Kirkconnell well aware of the sufferings of the relatives of his immigrant friends under both Soviet rule and occupation and he accordingly continued to write articles and to give public lectures attacking both <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses">human rights abuses</a> under <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninism">Marxist-Leninism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his memoirs, Kirkconnell recalled about the war years, "I even wrote a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> of <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a> and his learned appendices, in which almost my entire poem was a patchwork, from my own library shelves, of some forty score high-sounding phrases from all literatures and all periods, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a>, each with its appropriate footnote. E.K. Brown, to whom I showed it, warned me, with a grin, to keep my unholy hands off <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">the Ark</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Brown's cautions, the same poem, <i>"Rain on <a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">the Waste Land</a>. (With apologies to Mr. T.S. Eliot)"</i>, was eventually published anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1944 publication of <i>Seven Pillars of Freedom</i>, a book which, similarly to <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lyons" title="Eugene Lyons">Eugene Lyons</a>'s 1941 volume <i>The Red Decade: The Stalinist Penetration of America</i>, warned about dangers posed by the Pro-Soviet sympathies among many Canadian intellectuals, Kirkconnell was denounced by two <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a> representatives in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian House of Commons">Canadian House of Commons</a>, as well as savaged by the Canadian communist press. One Canadian Communist publication called Kirkconnell a, "<a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a>, mad dog, and a traitor."<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirkconnell's poem <i>"Agony of Israel"</i>, which compares the perpetrators of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> to <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, was written, "out of life-long sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> and keen distress over our Government's attitude towards the refugee situation", and first appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_Review" title="Canadian Jewish Review">Canadian Jewish Review</a></i> on 11 June 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Trud_(Russian_newspaper)" title="Trud (Russian newspaper)">Trud</a></i> also attacked Kirkconnell for being both an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainophile">Ukrainophile</a>, and even dubbed him, "the Führer of Canadian <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, so vocal were Kirkconnell's continuing criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a> that <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> seriously considered acting to protect the Soviet-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> by silencing Kirkconnell with an <a href="/wiki/Order-in-Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Order-in-Council">Order-in-Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Category:Conservatism in Canada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#1034A6; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Canada</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/90px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/135px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/180px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_School" title="Calgary School">Calgary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right#Canada" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Right-wing populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism#Canada" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement" title="Canadian social credit movement">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Toryism">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Toryism">Red</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#Canada" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Tories" title="Lower Canada Tories">Lower Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hope_Conference" title="Port Hope Conference">Port Hope Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_(Canada)" title="Unite the Right (Canada)">Unite the Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_K._Alexander" title="Bruce K. Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Blackwood" title="Stephen J. Blackwood">Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Bouchard" title="Gérard Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Byfield" title="Ted Byfield">Byfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Brodie" title="Ian Brodie">Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_F._Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry F. Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Duchesne" title="Ricardo Duchesne">Duchesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dart" title="Ron Dart">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Farthing" title="John Farthing">Farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Flanagan_(political_scientist)" title="Tom Flanagan (political scientist)">Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley" title="Bruce Gilley">Gilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">Granatstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gwyn_(Canadian_writer)" title="Richard Gwyn (Canadian writer)">Gwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann" title="Eric Kaufmann">Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cold_War">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pageau" title="Jonathan Pageau">Pageau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Tiger" title="Lionel Tiger">Tiger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett (R. B.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">Bennett (W. A. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(Canadian_politician)" title="Gordon Campbell (Canadian politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amor_De_Cosmos" title="Amor De Cosmos">De Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Ford" title="Doug Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">Legault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Manning (Ernest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chandler_Haliburton" title="Thomas Chandler Haliburton">Haliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning (Preston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rustad" title="John Rustad">Rustad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Vander_Zalm" title="Bill Vander Zalm">Vander Zalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Wall" title="Brad Wall">Wall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Chen" title="Lauren Chen">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Crowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Jivani" title="Jamil Jivani">Jivani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normand_Lester" title="Normand Lester">Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Levant" title="Ezra Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_McInnes" title="Gavin McInnes">McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_McIntyre" title="Steve McIntyre">McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Murphy" title="Rex Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Segal" title="Hugh Segal">Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Speer" title="Sean Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Steyn" title="Mark Steyn">Steyn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Canadian_Question" title="Canada and the Canadian Question">Canada and the Canadian Question</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lament_for_a_Nation" title="Lament for a Nation">Lament for a Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1965)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_Canadian_History%3F" title="Who Killed Canadian History?">Who Killed Canadian History?</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1998)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_Meaning" title="Maps of Meaning">Maps of Meaning</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_noir_du_Canada_anglais" title="Le Livre noir du Canada anglais">The Black Book of English Canada</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Series; 2001–2003)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Uniqueness_of_Western_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Uniqueness of Western Civilization">The Uniqueness of Western Civilization</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harperism_(book)" title="Harperism (book)">Harperism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley#The_Case_for_Colonialism" title="Bruce Gilley">The Case for Colonialism</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/12_Rules_for_Life" title="12 Rules for Life">12 Rules for Life</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whiteshift:_Populism,_Immigration_and_the_Future_of_White_Majorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities">Whiteshift</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Federal</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provincial</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_United" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia United">British Columbia United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_British_Columbia" title="Conservative Party of British Columbia">Conservative Party of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(2009%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (2009–present)">Conservative Party of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba">Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick">Progressive Conservative Party of NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Progressive Conservative Party of NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia">Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island">Progressive Conservative Party of PEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan">Progressive Conservative Party of Sask.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Party" title="Yukon Party">Yukon Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Federal</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provincial</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">British Columbia Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(historical)" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)">Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservative Assoc. of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Party" title="Wildrose Party">Wildrose Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFRA" title="CFRA">CFRA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climate_Audit" title="Climate Audit">Climate Audit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Dominion" title="Free Dominion">Free Dominion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeSiteNews" title="LifeSiteNews">LifeSiteNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_Millennial" title="The Post Millennial">The Post Millennial</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_News_Network" title="Sun News Network">Sun News Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dorchester_Review" title="The Dorchester Review">The Dorchester Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Standard" title="Western Standard">Western Standard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Sun" title="Winnipeg Sun">Winnipeg Sun</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Life_Coalition" title="Campaign Life Coalition">Campaign Life Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Bio-Ethical_Reform" title="Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform">Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coalition_for_Democracies" title="Canadian Coalition for Democracies">Canadian Coalition for Democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Taxpayers_Federation" title="Canadian Taxpayers Federation">Canadian Taxpayers Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Civil_Rights_League" title="Catholic Civil Rights League">Catholic Civil Rights League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family_Canada" title="Focus on the Family Canada">Focus on the Family Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Research_on_Public_Policy" title="Institute for Research on Public Policy">Institute for Research on Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTory" title="LGBTory">LGBTory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macdonald%E2%80%93Laurier_Institute" title="Macdonald–Laurier Institute">Macdonald–Laurier Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Institute" title="Mackenzie Institute">Mackenzie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Economic_Institute" title="Montreal Economic Institute">Montreal Economic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Citizens_Coalition" title="National Citizens Coalition">National Citizens Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada" title="Orange Order in Canada">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Group_for_Independent_Business" title="Progressive Group for Independent Business">Progressive Group for Independent Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REAL_Women_of_Canada" title="REAL Women of Canada">REAL Women of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_(company)" title="Rumble (company)">Rumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_North_Centre_for_Public_Policy" title="True North Centre for Public Policy">True North Centre for Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Canadians" title="Voice of Canadians">Voice of Canadians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Revolution" title="Common Sense Revolution">Common Sense Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Canada#Criticism_of_Canadian_censorship" title="Censorship in Canada">Censorship under the <i>Canadian Human<br />Rights Act</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Canada" title="Illegal immigration to Canada">Illegal immigration to Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Old Stock Canadians</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Pure laine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Agenda" title="Alberta Agenda">Alberta Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta separatism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/20px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/40px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the September 1945 <a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">defection and revelations</a> of <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a> Lt. <a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a> launched both the <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Cold War in Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/PROFUNC" title="PROFUNC">PROFUNC</a> <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> operation, Kirkconnell was recruited as a secret informant for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> <a href="/wiki/RCMP_Security_Service" title="RCMP Security Service">Security Service</a> regarding politicians, fellow university professors, and students who were suspected of links to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign intelligence">foreign intelligence</a> services or the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a>. According to Gordon L. Heath, however, Kirkconnell's motivations were based, "on lofty ideas of democracy" and he accordingly never advocated, "a policy of suppression", but preferred instead to see the real loyalties of Soviet spies, <a href="/wiki/Crypto-communism" title="Crypto-communism">crypto-communists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">fellow travellers</a> laid bare before the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian people">Canadian people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Kirkconnell went on the record as an extremely harsh critic of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allies" title="Western Allies">Western Allies</a>' policy of forced <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriations</a> of anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> to the USSR during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> for handing <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> over to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, and of the pervasive <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses">human rights abuses</a> in the new <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>. </p><p>Under the influence of both the <a href="/wiki/Child_ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Child ballads">Child ballads</a> and the ballads <i><a href="/wiki/Lepanto_(poem)" title="Lepanto (poem)">Lepanto</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_the_White_Horse" title="The Ballad of the White Horse">The Ballad of the White Horse</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/G.K._Chesterton" class="mw-redirect" title="G.K. Chesterton">G.K. Chesterton</a>, Kirkconnell also wrote a poem defending <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>, harshly denouncing the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Chetnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetnik">Chetnik</a> General's <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Draža Mihailović">show trial</a> by <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>'s Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>, and eulogizing the General's <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">execution by firing squad</a> on July 17, 1946. Kirkconnell wrote the poem, however, because he believed that General Mihailović was innocent of both <a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Chetnik war crimes in World War II</a> and of collaboration with the occupying <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces, that Mihailović had fought both honorably and selflessly to save his country from Nazism and <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a>, and that his "trial" was nothing more or less than a <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">witch hunt</a>. Kirkconnell ended the poem by predicting that one day all peoples under Communist rule, including the <a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russian people</a>, would be set free, that on that day Mihailović would be revered, "while Tito rots in <a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his vocal <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, Kirkconnell was also extremely critical of <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> and once wrote, "I have an uneasy feeling that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Senator McCarthy</a> messed up an important job by handling it in an offensive and blundering fashion. It is tragic that the very exposure of the Communist infiltration in the United States fell into his hands."<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1948 to 1964, Kirkconnell served as the ninth President of <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wolfville,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfville, Nova Scotia">Wolfville, Nova Scotia</a>. He had originally expected to be, "a full time administrative officer", but instead found himself repeatedly drawn back into the classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1967 memoirs, Kirkconnell credited his academic colleague Dr. R. MacGregor Fraser with introducing him, after his 1948 move to the Province, to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">many immortal contributions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a>. Kirkconnell and MacGregor Fraser also collaborated upon a <a href="/wiki/Literary_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary translation">literary translation</a> of the iconic poem <i>A' Choille Ghruamach</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tiree" title="Tiree">Tiree</a>-born Nova Scotia Gaelic poet <a href="/wiki/Iain_mac_Ailein" title="Iain mac Ailein">Iain mac Ailein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was published in the 1948-'49 theme issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie Review">Dalhousie Review</a></i> under the title, "John MacLean's <i>Gloomy Forest</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 1950 rediscovery of a <a href="/wiki/Medal#Fraternal_jewels" title="Medal">fraternal jewel</a> dating back to 1785 and from St. George's Masonic Lodge No. 20 in Wolfville, Kirkconnell wrote a poem celebrating the return to the Lodge of what is still called "The Relic."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1967 memoirs, Kirkconnell had very high praise for <a href="/wiki/Regular_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Freemasonry">Regular Freemasonry</a>, but singled out <a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a> for very harsh criticism. Kirkconnell accused Continental Freemasonry of being "<a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheistic</a>" and of having, "a zeal for political revolution in a spirit both <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian">anti-Christian</a> and conspiratorial". Kirkconnell accordingly expressed relief that <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Freemasonry" title="Anglo-American Freemasonry">Freemasonry in the Anglosphere</a>, "which today comprises over ninety per cent of the fraternity", refuses to recognize Continental Freemasonry, and considers it <a href="/wiki/Regular_Masonic_jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Masonic jurisdictions">irregular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 1960s, the fruits of Kirkconnell's decades long collaboration with C.H. Andrusyshen were finally published in two volumes by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. </p><p>In the 1963 volume <i>The Ukrainian Poets: 1189-1962</i>, Kirkconnell had translated Dr. Andrusyshen's selection from the whole literary canon of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian poetry">Ukrainian poetry</a>, from the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">The Tale of Igor's Campaign</a></i>, through the literary revival of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a> of the 1920s, and the many Ukrainian language poets, like <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Group_of_Poets" title="The New York Group of Poets">The New York Group of Poets</a>, who had escaped <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">censorship in the Soviet Union</a> by joining the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Free_World" title="Free World">Free World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, Drs. Kirkconnell and Andrusyshen's joint literary translations of the selected verse of Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a> were also published by the University of Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his memoirs, Kirkconnell recalled, "In 1963, public occasions evoked from me two <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a> plays, <i>The Primordial Church of Horton</i> and <i>Let My People Go</i>, a tragedy in strict <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Ancient Greece">Greek form</a> with its <i><a href="/wiki/Mise_en_sc%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mise en scène">mise en scène</a></i> before the palace of <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaoh</a> on the night before <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>. The action may take place in the fifteenth century B.C., but the conflict of humanities is equally applicable to the world of our time. Pharaoh echoes <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchov</a> in his indictment of the <a href="/wiki/Avante_garde" class="mw-redirect" title="Avante garde">avante garde</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> is a spiritual brother of <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Madariaga</a> in his insistence on liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his stage directions for the play, however, Kirkconnell took equal aim at <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>, by instructing that Pharaoh's soldiers were to greet their sovereign with arms raised in a <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <i>Let My People Go</i> was published in his 1965 poetry collection <i>Centennial Tales and Selected Poems</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkconnell summarized it as follows, "The guards of Pharaoh seek to arrest Moses on the night of the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> but cannot find him. In his place they bring to Pharaoh Moses' sister <a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a> and certain other <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew people">Hebrew</a> women. As Pharaoh threatens them with torture, Moses appears and orders him to stop. Pharaoh indulgently permits Moses to engage in a lengthy argument on the importance of freedom - for body, mind, and for soul. The death of Pharaoh's first-born son turns the scales and the Hebrews are permitted to depart."<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Kirkconnell aged, his <a href="/wiki/White_Supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White Supremacist">White Supremacist</a> beliefs became increasingly overt. During the 1960s, he accordingly accused believers in <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a> of having views with no basis in modern science. This is why Kirkconnell's vision for <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">multiculturalism in Canada</a> was never able to widen enough to include the cultures, languages, or literatures of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Canadians">Indigenous Canadians</a> or those of other non-Whites.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due in large part to his involvement with prominent <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theorist">conspiracy theorist</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Branch_(Canadian_Forces)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Branch (Canadian Forces)">Canadian Intelligence Service</a> operative <a href="/wiki/William_Guy_Carr" title="William Guy Carr">William Guy Carr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watson Kirkconnell also became, as he aged, a vocal conspiracy theorist. In 1959, he accused <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">water fluoridation</a> of being a Communist <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a> plot and also became a vocal adherent of both <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust revisionism">Holocaust revisionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly to American <a href="/wiki/New_Formalist" class="mw-redirect" title="New Formalist">Formalist poets</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hecht" title="Anthony Hecht">Anthony Hecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilbur" title="Richard Wilbur">Richard Wilbur</a>, Kirkconnell, due to his preference for both writing and rendering his translations into both grammatically correct English and formal verse, had significant conflicts as he grew older against <a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomer">Baby Boomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a> poets, who preferred to emulate the work of <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, Kirkconnell was made an Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> "for his services at home and abroad as an educator, scholar and writer". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He died at <a href="/wiki/Wolfville,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfville, Nova Scotia">Wolfville, Nova Scotia</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hungarian Helicon</i>, his last collection of verse translations of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Hungarian literature</a> was published posthumously in <a href="/wiki/1986_in_poetry" title="1986 in poetry">1986</a>. Despite Kirkconnell's espousal of both <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> in his later life, the posthumously published <i>The Hungarian Helicon</i> included his translations of four poems by <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Jew">Jewish</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Radn%C3%B3ti" title="Miklós Radnóti">Miklós Radnóti</a>. Intriguingly, three of the Radnóti poems that Kirkconnell translated were written down in a notebook that the poet carried while on a death march at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and were published only after Radnóti became, at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a>, perhaps the most widely lamented victim of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Hungary">Holocaust in Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His private papers are preserved at the Acadia University Archives, through which Gordon L. Heath was able to document Kirkconnell's secret role as an <a href="/wiki/RCMP_Security_Service" title="RCMP Security Service">RCMP Security Service</a> <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">informant</a> during the early Cold War, in Wolfville, Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1921 <i>Kapuskasing. An Historical Sketch</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>.</li> <li>1921 <i>Victoria County Centennial History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lindsay,_Ontario" title="Lindsay, Ontario">Lindsay, Ontario</a>. Revised and updated with the help of Frankie L. MacArthur in 1967.</li> <li>1928 <i>European Elegies: One Hundred Poems Chosen and Translated from European Literature in Fifty Languages</i>, Ottawa.</li> <li>1930 <i>The Tide of Life and Other Poems</i>, Ottawa.</li> <li>1930 <i>North American Book of Icelandic Verse</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li>1930 <i>The European Heritage: A Synopsis of European cultural achievement</i>, London and New York</li> <li>1933 <i>The Magyar Muse: An Anthology of Hungarian Poetry, 1400-1932</i>, Foreword by Mr. Francis Herczeg, Winnipeg.</li> <li>1935 <i>A Canadian Headmaster: A Brief Biography of Thomas Allison Kirkconnell, 1862-1934</i>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</li> <li>1935 <i>Canadian Overtones: An Anthology of Canadian Poetry Written Originally in Icelandic, Swedish, Norwegian, Hungarian, Italian, Greek, and Ukrainian, and Now Translated with Biographical, Historical, and Bibliographical Notes</i>, Winnipeg.</li> <li>1936 <i>A Golden Treasury of Polish Lyrics</i>, selected and rendered into English, with a foreword by Roman Dyboski, Winnipeg.</li> <li>1936 <i>The Death of King Buda: An Epic Poem by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Arany" title="János Arany">János Arany</a></i>, Rendered into English by Watson Kirkconnell in collaboration with Lulu Putnik Payerle, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>.</li> <li>1939 <i>Canada, Europe, and Hitler</i>, Toronto.</li> <li>1939 <i>Titus the Toad</i>, Toronto.</li> <li>1940 <i>European Elements in Canadian Life</i>, Toronto.</li> <li>1940 <i>The Flying Bull and Other Tales</i> (original poetry), Toronto. New editions published in 1949, 1956, & 1964.</li> <li>1940 <i>The Ukrainian Canadians and the War</i>, Toronto. A translation into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> by Honoré Ewach was also published.</li> <li>1940 <i>A Western Idyll</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>.</li> <li>1941 <i>Canadians All: A Primer of National Unity</i>, Ottawa.</li> <li>1941 <i>Twilight of Liberty</i>, Toronto.</li> <li>1943 <i>The Crow and the Nighthawk</i>, Hamilton.</li> <li>1943 <i>Our Communists and the New Canadians</i>, Toronto.</li> <li>1943 <i>Our Ukrainian Loyalists</i>, Winnipeg.</li> <li>1944 <i>Canada and Immigration</i> Toronto</li> <li>1944 <i>Seven Pillars of Freedom</i>, Toronto. Second edition published in 1952.</li> <li>1946 <i>The Quebec Tradition: An Anthology of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_literature" title="Quebec literature">French-Canadian Prose and Verse</a></i>, In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9raphin_Marion" title="Séraphin Marion">Séraphin Marion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.</li> <li>1947 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">Prince Igor's Raid Against the Polovtsi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>.</li> <li>1948 <i>Liberal Education in Canadian Democracy</i>, Hamilton, Ontario.</li> <li>1951 <i>Stalin's Red Empire</i>, Winnipeg.</li> <li>1952 <i>The Celestial Cycle: The Theme of <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> in World Literature with Translations of the Major Analogues</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.</li> <li>1955 <i>The <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2d" title="Mòd">Mòd</a> at <a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9,_Nova_Scotia" title="Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia">Grand Pré</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotian</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Opera">Light Opera</a> in Two Acts</i>, <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a> by Watson Kirkconnell, music by E.A. Collins. <a href="/wiki/Wolfville,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfville, Nova Scotia">Wolfville, Nova Scotia</a>.</li> <li>1962 <i><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Mickewicz">Adam Mickewicz</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a>, or the Last Foray in Lithuania</i>, Translated by Watson Kirkconnell, Toronto and New York. Second edition 1968.</li> <li>1963 <i>The Ukrainian Poets: 1189-1962</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></li> <li>1964 <i>That Invincible Samson: The Theme of <a href="/wiki/Samson_Agonistes" title="Samson Agonistes">Samson Agonistes</a> in World Literature with Translations of the Major Analogues</i>, University of Toronto.</li> <li>1964 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_M%C3%A9cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="László Mécs (page does not exist)">László Mécs</a>: The Slaves Sing: Selected Poems</i>, Translated by Watson Kirkconnell. De Pere.</li> <li><i>The Poetical Works of Taras Shevchenko, The Kobzar</i>. Translated by C.H. Andrusyshen and Watson Kirkconnell, University of Toronto Press</li> <li>1965 <i>Centennial Tales and Selected Poems</i>, Toronto.</li> <li>1967 <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, University of Toronto Press.</li> <li>1968 <i>László Mécs: I Graft Roses Upon Eglantines</i>, Translated by Watson Kirkconnell. Toronto.</li> <li>1970 <i>Scottish Place-Names in Canada</i>, Winnipeg.</li> <li>1973 <i>Awake the Courteous Echo: The Themes and Prosody of <a href="/wiki/Comus_(Milton)" title="Comus (Milton)">Comus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycidas" title="Lycidas">Lycidas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a> in World Literature with Translations of the Major Analogues</i>, Toronto.</li> <li>1974 <i>Rest, Perturbed Spirit: The Life of Cecil Francis Lloyd, 1884-1938</i>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Windsor, Nova Scotia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"I disagree profoundly with those who would hack off completely all roots of European culture and then hew the mutilated trunk into conformity with some arbitrary nationalistic pattern; I believe rather that the perpetration of the finest elements of Old World culture will incalculably enrich the life of the New World. This is the cornerstone of my venture. North Americans of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish extraction</a> are not worse but better citizens when they drink from the springs of their ancestral literatures. Shall we not likewise seek to cherish the magnificent literatures which are the heritage of nearly every European stock?"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"I do not fancy spending the rest of my life pottering over defunct Indian tongues especially when there is no literature connected with them, and their only value consists in a none too certain aid to ethnological classification."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"[I]n a wholesale condemnation of that [Nazi] regime and all its works, I am not prepared to join. It has done wonders in rehabilitating German industry, in giving new spirit to the youth of the country and in redressing many historic wrongs against the nation.”<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto12_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"[I am] convinced in a general way that the propaganda figure of six million liquidations in the Nazi concentration-camps is 95 per cent legend."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Certain basic facts emerge, however, from any candid study of Freemasonry. It is deeply religious and all of its sessions are opened and closed with prayer, <i>but it is not <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Holy Bible</a> has its invariable place on the altar of Masonry in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">English-speaking world</a>, but its basic texts are all from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and not from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New</a>. The Jew can accept its teachings as readily as the Christian. The Incarnation and Atonement are unknown to it. Nothing in Masonry is repugnant to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> but to the Christian it cannot take the place of his own religious faith nor does it aspire to do so. In my forty-seven years of Freemasonry, I have never heard any hostility <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">towards Roman Catholic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">Jew</a> expressed in any Masonic Lodge. On the other hand, I have never met a Catholic Mason, although Catholics are not excluded by statute and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cushing" title="Richard Cushing">Cardinal Cushing</a> has recently been fraternizing with the Masons of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baptisthistory.ca/2019/08/15/watson-kirkconnells-covert-war-against-communism/">Watson Kirkconnell's Covert War against Communism</a>, By Gordon L. Heath, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Baptist_Historical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Baptist Historical Society (page does not exist)">Canadian Baptist Historical Society</a>, August 15, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeister2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meister, Daniel (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/watson-kirkconnell">"Watson Kirkconnell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Watson+Kirkconnell&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwatson-kirkconnell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodsworth2000" class="citation journal cs1">Woodsworth, Judith (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/meta/2000-v45-n1-meta164/004618ar.pdf">"Watson Kirkconnell and the "Undoing of Babel": a Little-Known Case in Canadian Translation History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Meta</i>. <b>45</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F004618ar">10.7202/004618ar</a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rudit" title="Érudit">Érudit</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meta&rft.atitle=Watson+Kirkconnell+and+the+%22Undoing+of+Babel%22%3A+a+Little-Known+Case+in+Canadian+Translation+History&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F004618ar&rft.aulast=Woodsworth&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fmeta%2F2000-v45-n1-meta164%2F004618ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1966), <i>Centennial Tales and Selected Poems</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 151-156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1966), <i>Centennial Tales and Selected Poems</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 135-136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited by J.R.C. Perkin (1975), <i>The Undoing of Babel: Watson Kirkconnell - The Man and His Work</i>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 31-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited by J.R.C. Perkin (1975), <i>The Undoing of Babel: Watson Kirkconnell - The Man and His Work</i>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 7-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeister2021" class="citation book cs1">Meister, Daniel R (2021). <i>The Racial Mosaic: A Pre-History of Canadian Multiculturalism</i>. McGill-Queen's University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Racial+Mosaic%3A+A+Pre-History+of+Canadian+Multiculturalism&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeister2020" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Daniel R (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2020.1726148">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>" 'Anglo-Canadian Futurities': Watson Kirkconnell, scientific racism, and cultural pluralism in interwar Canada"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Settler Colonial Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">234–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2201473X.2020.1726148">10.1080/2201473X.2020.1726148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213470837">213470837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Settler+Colonial+Studies&rft.atitle=%22+%27Anglo-Canadian+Futurities%27%3A+Watson+Kirkconnell%2C+scientific+racism%2C+and+cultural+pluralism+in+interwar+Canada%22&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2201473X.2020.1726148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213470837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F2201473X.2020.1726148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirkconnell1939" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkconnell, Watson (25 May 1939). "Canada and the Refugees". <i>Canadian Baptist</i>: 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Baptist&rft.atitle=Canada+and+the+Refugees&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1939-05-25&rft.aulast=Kirkconnell&rft.aufirst=Watson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmale1999" class="citation journal cs1">Smale, Robert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicalpapers.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/historicalpapers/article/view/39386">"Canadian Baptists and the Jewish Refugee Question of the 1930s"</a>. <i>Historical Papers [Canadian Society of Church History]</i>: 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25071%2F0848-1563.39386">10.25071/0848-1563.39386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Papers+%5BCanadian+Society+of+Church+History%5D&rft.atitle=Canadian+Baptists+and+the+Jewish+Refugee+Question+of+the+1930s&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25071%2F0848-1563.39386&rft.aulast=Smale&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricalpapers.journals.yorku.ca%2Findex.php%2Fhistoricalpapers%2Farticle%2Fview%2F39386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1966), <i>Centennial Tales and Selected Poems</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 144-147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1966), <i>Centennial Tales and Selected Poems</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Page 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erika Papp Faber (2012), <i>A Sampler of Hungarian Poetry</i>, Romanika Kiadó, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1933), <i>The Magyar Muse: An Anthology of Hungarian Poetry, 1400-1932</i>, Foreword by Mr. Francis Herczeg, Winnipeg. Pages 184-185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Cross (1988), <i>The Lost Voices of World War I</i>, pp. 349–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Gy%C3%B3ni" title="Géza Gyóni">Géza Gyóni</a>, translated by Watson Kirkconnell, "For Just One Night", <i><a href="/wiki/St_Austin_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="St Austin Review">St Austin Review</a></i>, March/April 2014, World War One: Hell, Heroism, and Holiness, page 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto13-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1966), <i>Centennial Tales and Selected Poems</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 132-133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 4-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 5-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 6-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited by J.R.C. Perkin (1975), <i>The Undoing of Babel: Watson Kirkconnell - The Man and His Work</i>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Page 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited by J.R.C. Perkin (1975), <i>The Undoing of Babel: Watson Kirkconnell - The Man and His Work</i>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 13-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 194 and 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 23-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited by J.R.C. Perkin (1975), <i>The Undoing of Babel: Watson Kirkconnell - The Man and His Work</i>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Page 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 98-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirkconnell1921" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkconnell, Watson (January 1921). "Kapuskasing - An Historical Sketch". <i>Bulletin of the Departments of History and Political and Economic Science in Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada</i>. <b>38</b>: 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Departments+of+History+and+Political+and+Economic+Science+in+Queen%27s+University%2C+Kingston%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.atitle=Kapuskasing+-+An+Historical+Sketch&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1921-01&rft.aulast=Kirkconnell&rft.aufirst=Watson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 99-102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Kevin (March 2015). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Cockroaches of Canada': French-Canada, Immigration and Nationalism, Anti-Catholicism in English-Canada, 1905–1929". <i>Journal of Religious History</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 104 and 113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9809.12160">10.1111/1467-9809.12160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+History&rft.atitle=%27The+Cockroaches+of+Canada%27%3A+French-Canada%2C+Immigration+and+Nationalism%2C+Anti-Catholicism+in+English-Canada%2C+1905%E2%80%931929&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104+and+113&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9809.12160&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 249-250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 250-251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 255-56. Most of this chapter in his memoirs is self-plagiarized from an earlier article he published entitled "The Antiquity of Masonry," <i>Educational Lodge</i> 28 (1 December 1956): 1-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 135-136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1928), <i>European Elegies: One Hundred Poems Chosen from European Literatures in Fifty Languages</i>, The Graphic Publishers, Limited. <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada. Pages 25-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited by J.R.C. Perkin (1975), <i>The Undoing of Babel: Watson Kirkconnell - The Man and His Work</i>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 17-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"McMaster Professor Führer of Fascists Here, Says Red Paper", <i><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Gazette">Montreal Gazette</a></i>, 2 November 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 277-278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1966), <i>Centennial Tales and Selected Poems</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 174-176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 80-81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macghilleathain_iain_7E.html">"Biography – MacGHILLEATHAIN, IAIN – Volume VII (1836-1850) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <i>www.biographi.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biographi.ca&rft.atitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+MacGHILLEATHAIN%2C+IAIN+%E2%80%93+Volume+VII+%281836-1850%29+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fmacghilleathain_iain_7E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freemasonry-cg.com/st-georges-masonic-lodge-marks-230th-anniversary-in-kings-county/">St. George's Masonic Lodge Marks 230th Anniversary in Kings County</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 26-28, 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1966), <i>Centennial Tales and Selected Poems</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>. Pages 103-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvo.org/article/meet-the-ontario-man-whose-hate-filled-conspiracies-went-worldwide-in-the-20th-century">Meet the Ontario man whose hate-filled conspiracies went worldwide in the 20th century</a>, by Daniel Panneton, Sept. 21, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Pages 73-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1986), <i>The Hungarian Helicon: Epic and Other Poetry Translations</i>, Széchenyi Society, Incorporated. Calgary, Alberta,Canada. Pages 655-661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell ,<i>The North American Book of Icelandic Verse</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Carrier_%26_Alan_Isles,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Carrier & Alan Isles, Inc. (page does not exist)">Louis Carrier & Alan Isles, Inc.</a>, New York & <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. Page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeister2021" class="citation book cs1">Meister, Daniel (2021). <i>The Racial Mosaic: A Pre-History of Canadian Multiculturalism</i>. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Racial+Mosaic%3A+A+Pre-History+of+Canadian+Multiculturalism&rft.place=Montreal+and+Kingston&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeister2024" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Daniel (March 2024). "Whiteness in Canada: History, Archives, Historiography". <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>. <b>105</b> (1): 93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fchr-2022-0025">10.3138/chr-2022-0025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Whiteness+in+Canada%3A+History%2C+Archives%2C+Historiography&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fchr-2022-0025&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Kirkconnell (1967), <i>A Slice of Canada: Memoirs</i>, published for <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Press. Page 257.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, Heather J. (2016). "Watson Kirkconnell on "The place of Slavic studies in Canada": a 1957 speech to the Canadian Association of Slavists". <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Slavonic_Papers" title="Canadian Slavonic Papers">Canadian Slavonic Papers</a></i>. <b>58</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">386–</span>397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.2016.1239858">10.1080/00085006.2016.1239858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164230353">164230353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Watson+Kirkconnell+on+%22The+place+of+Slavic+studies+in+Canada%22%3A+a+1957+speech+to+the+Canadian+Association+of+Slavists&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E386-%3C%2Fspan%3E397&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.2016.1239858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164230353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Heather+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeister2021" class="citation book cs1">Meister, Daniel R (2021). <i>The Racial Mosaic: A Pre-History of Canadian Multiculturalism</i>. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780228008712" title="Special:BookSources/9780228008712"><bdi>9780228008712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Racial+Mosaic%3A+A+Pre-History+of+Canadian+Multiculturalism&rft.place=Montreal+and+Kingston&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780228008712&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Meister, Daniel R (10 February 2020). "'Anglo-Canadian Futurities': Watson Kirkconnell, scientific racism, and cultural pluralism in interwar Canada". Settler Colonial Studies. 10 (2): 234–56. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2020.1726148. S2CID 213470837.</li> <li>Meister, Daniel (16 December 2013). "Watson Kirkconnell". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.</li> <li>Woodsworth, Judith (April 2000). "Watson Kirkconnell and the "Undoing of Babel": a Little-Known Case in Canadian Translation History" (PDF). Meta. 45 (1): 13–28. doi:10.7202/004618ar – via Érudit.</li> <li>Archives of Watson Kirkconnell <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=103191&lang=eng">(Watson Kirkconnell fonds, R1847)</a> are held at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>. Fonds consists of three drafts of the translation from Ukrainian of <i>The Poetical Works of <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watson_Kirkconnell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Watson_Kirkconnell" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Watson Kirkconnell">Watson Kirkconnell</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeister2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meister, Daniel (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/watson-kirkconnell">"Watson Kirkconnell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Watson+Kirkconnell&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwatson-kirkconnell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeister2020" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Daniel R (10 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2020.1726148">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Anglo-Canadian Futurities': Watson Kirkconnell, scientific racism, and cultural pluralism in interwar Canada"</a>. <i>Settler Colonial Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">234–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2201473X.2020.1726148">10.1080/2201473X.2020.1726148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213470837">213470837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Settler+Colonial+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Anglo-Canadian+Futurities%27%3A+Watson+Kirkconnell%2C+scientific+racism%2C+and+cultural+pluralism+in+interwar+Canada&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2201473X.2020.1726148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213470837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F2201473X.2020.1726148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodsworth2000" class="citation journal cs1">Woodsworth, Judith (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/meta/2000-v45-n1-meta164/004618ar.pdf">"Watson Kirkconnell and the "Undoing of Babel": a Little-Known Case in Canadian Translation History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Meta</i>. <b>45</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F004618ar">10.7202/004618ar</a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rudit" title="Érudit">Érudit</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meta&rft.atitle=Watson+Kirkconnell+and+the+%22Undoing+of+Babel%22%3A+a+Little-Known+Case+in+Canadian+Translation+History&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F004618ar&rft.aulast=Woodsworth&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fmeta%2F2000-v45-n1-meta164%2F004618ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatson+Kirkconnell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://garfield.chem.elte.hu/Turanyi/WalesAM.htm">János Arany: Bards of Wales - translated by Watson Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magtudin.org/Every%20Window.htm">They've Walled up Every Window ...</a> - <i>One of <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Tollas" title="Tibor Tollas">Tibor Tollas</a>'s poems in English, translated by Watson Kirkconnell</i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_William_Patterson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic William Patterson (page does not exist)">Frederic William Patterson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a> </b><br />1948-July 1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_MacDonald_Richardson_Beveridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James MacDonald Richardson Beveridge (page does not exist)">James MacDonald Richardson Beveridge</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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