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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calibration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calibration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Calibration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calibration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stair_framing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stair_framing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stair framing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stair_framing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roof_framing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roof_framing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roof framing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roof_framing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Octagon_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Octagon_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Octagon scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Octagon_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagonal_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagonal_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Diagonal scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagonal_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculators_in_roof_framing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculators_in_roof_framing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Calculators in roof framing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculators_in_roof_framing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_cut_hip/valley_rafter_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_cut_hip/valley_rafter_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Side cut hip/valley rafter table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_cut_hip/valley_rafter_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_cut_of_jack_rafters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_cut_of_jack_rafters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Side cut of jack rafters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_cut_of_jack_rafters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plumb_cut_of_jack_and_common_rafters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plumb_cut_of_jack_and_common_rafters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Plumb cut of jack and common rafters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plumb_cut_of_jack_and_common_rafters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plumb_cut_of_hip/valley_rafters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plumb_cut_of_hip/valley_rafters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Plumb cut of hip/valley rafters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plumb_cut_of_hip/valley_rafters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregular_hip/valley_rafters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregular_hip/valley_rafters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Irregular hip/valley rafters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregular_hip/valley_rafters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpenter's_square" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpenter's_square"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Carpenter's square</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpenter's_square-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuadra_de_carpintero" title="Escuadra de carpintero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuadra de carpintero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گونیای استیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونیای استیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B1%EC%9E%90" title="곱자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곱자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siku_ukur" title="Siku ukur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siku ukur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C3%B3h-chi%C3%B3h" title="Kuóh-chióh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kuóh-chióh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkelhaak_(gereedschap)" title="Winkelhaak (gereedschap) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Winkelhaak (gereedschap)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flat tool used in carpentry to mark right angles and calculate angles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carpenter's square" redirects here. For the plant, see <a href="/wiki/Scrophularia_marilandica" title="Scrophularia marilandica">Scrophularia marilandica</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Steel square</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_Square-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Steel_Square-1.jpg/220px-Steel_Square-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Steel_Square-1.jpg/330px-Steel_Square-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Steel_Square-1.jpg/440px-Steel_Square-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Framing square</li><li>Carpenter's square</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Type of square</a></li><li>Carpentry hand tool</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Used with</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_pencil" title="Carpenter pencil">Carpenter's pencil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plumb_bob" title="Plumb bob">Plumb bob</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>steel square</b> is a tool used in <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>. Carpenters use various tools to lay out structures that are square (that is, built at accurately measured <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angles</a>), many of which are made of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, but the name <i>steel square</i> refers to a specific long-armed square that has additional uses for measurement, especially of various <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angles</a>. It consists of a long, wider arm and a shorter, narrower arm, which meet at an angle of 90 degrees (a right angle). Today the steel square is more commonly referred to as the <b>framing square</b> or <b>carpenter's square</b>, and such squares are no longer invariably made of steel (as they were many decades ago); they can also be made of <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, which are light and resistant to rust. </p><p>The longer wider arm is 50 millimetres (2.0 in) wide, and is called the <b>blade</b>; the shorter narrower arm, is 37 millimetres (1.5 in) wide, and is called the <b>tongue</b>. The square has many uses, including laying out common <a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">rafters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafter#Types_in_traditional_timber_framing" title="Rafter">hip</a> rafters and <a href="/wiki/Stairway" class="mw-redirect" title="Stairway">stairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a <a href="/wiki/Diagonal" title="Diagonal">diagonal</a> scale, <a href="/wiki/Board_foot" title="Board foot">board foot</a> scale and an <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagonal</a> scale. On the newer framing squares there are degree conversions for different pitches and fractional equivalents. </p><p>Framing squares may also be used as <a href="/wiki/Winding_sticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Winding sticks">winding sticks</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blade_and_tongue">Blade and tongue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Blade and tongue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In traditional <a href="/wiki/Timber_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber frame">timber frame</a> joinery, <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortises and tenons</a> were typically 50 millimetres (2.0 in) wide and 50 millimetres (2.0 in) from the edge of the timber when working with softwoods, giving rise to the width of the blade. Likewise, mortises and tenons were traditionally 37 millimetres (1.5 in) wide when working in hardwoods, explaining the width of the tongue. This allowed for quick layouts of mortise and tenon joints when working both hard and softwoods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calibration">Calibration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Calibration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A steel square is self-proving and self-calibrating in that you can lay out a perpendicular line, flip the square over, and determine the size and direction of the error. The error can be corrected by opening or closing the angle with a center punch.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stair_framing">Stair framing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stair framing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stringer_revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stringer_revised.jpg/250px-Stringer_revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stringer_revised.jpg/375px-Stringer_revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stringer_revised.jpg/500px-Stringer_revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption>Theoretical rise and run of stringer, placement of square, marking of tread and rise, dropping the stringer, ABC=90°, total rise of stringer = 2R-T, total run of stringer = 2AB.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stairs usually consist of three components. They are the stringer, the <a href="/wiki/Stair_tread" title="Stair tread">tread</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stair_riser" class="mw-redirect" title="Stair riser">riser</a>. The stringer is the structural member that carries the load of the staircase, the tread is the horizontal part that is stepped on, and the riser board is the vertical part which runs the width of the structure. There are many types of stairs: open, closed, fully housed, winding, and so on, to mention a few of them. </p><p>Laying out a staircase requires rudimentary math. There are numerous building codes to which staircases must conform. In an open area the designer can incorporate a more desirable staircase. In a confined area this becomes more challenging. In most staircases there is one more rise than there are treads. </p> <ol><li>The <i>rise</i> (vertical measurement), and the <i>run</i> (horizontal measurement). The stringer will rest partially on the horizontal surface.</li> <li>This is a <a href="/wiki/Dimensional_lumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensional lumber">two-by-twelve</a> piece of lumber. A framing square is placed on the lumber so that the desired rise and tread marks meet the edge of the board. The outline of the square is traced. The square is slid up the board until the tread is placed on the mark and the process is repeated.</li> <li>The board is cut along the dotted lines, and the top plumb cut and the bottom level cut are traced by holding the square on the opposite side.</li> <li>The stringer in this example has two pieces of tread stock. This allows for a slight overhang. There is also a space in between the boards. The bottom of the stringer must be cut to the thickness of the tread. This step is called <i>dropping the stringer</i>. After one stringer is cut this piece becomes the pattern that is traced onto the remaining stringers.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roof_framing">Roof framing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roof framing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Blade of steel square </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>18"</th> <th>17"</th> <th>16"</th> <th>15"</th> <th>14"</th> <th>13"</th> <th>12"</th> <th>10"</th> <th>9"</th> <th>8" </th></tr> <tr> <td>Common rafter length per foot run</td> <td>21.63"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>19.21"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>16.97"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>14.42" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hip or valley rafter length per foot run</td> <td>24.74"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>22.65"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>20.78"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>18.76" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Difference in length of jacks 16 inch centers</td> <td>28.88"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>25.63"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>22.63"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>19.25" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Difference in length of jacks 24 inch centers</td> <td>43.25"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>38.44"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>33.94"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>28.88" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Side cut length of jack rafters</td> <td>6.69"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>7.5"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>8.5"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10.00" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Side cut of hip rafter or valley rafter</td> <td>8.25"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>9.0"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>9.81"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10.88" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11" style="font-size:10px; font-style:italic;">This table shows five different types of rafter calculations and one table for marking an angle called the side cut or cheek cut. </td></tr></tbody></table><p> There is a table of numbers on the face side of the steel square; this is called the <b>rafter table</b>. The rafter table allows the carpenter to make quick calculations based on the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a>. The table is organized by columns that correspond to various <a href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">slopes</a> of the roof. Each column describes a different roof inclination (<a href="/wiki/Roof_pitch" title="Roof pitch">pitch</a>) and contains the following information:</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_rafter_12_pitch_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Common_rafter_12_pitch_A.jpg/250px-Common_rafter_12_pitch_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Common_rafter_12_pitch_A.jpg/375px-Common_rafter_12_pitch_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Common_rafter_12_pitch_A.jpg/500px-Common_rafter_12_pitch_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>This is a common rafter with the two different cuts. The plumb cut fits in the ridge board and the Bird's mouth fits on the wall plate.</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>Common rafter per foot of run. The common rafter connects the peak of a roof (the <i>ridge</i>) to the base of a roof (the plate). This number gives the length (<a href="/wiki/Hypotenuse" title="Hypotenuse">hypotenuse</a>) of the common rafter per twelve units of <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal plane">horizontal</a> distance (<i>run</i>).</li> <li>Hip or valley rafter per foot of run. The hip or valley rafter also connects the ridge to the plate, but lies at a 45-degree angle to the common rafter. This number gives the length of the hip or valley rafter per seventeen units of run.</li> <li>Difference in lengths jacks. The jack rafters lie in the same plane as the common rafter but connect the top plate (the wall) or ridge board to the hip or valley rafter respectively. Since the hip or valley rafter meets the ridge board and the common rafter at angles of 45 degrees, the jack rafters will have varying lengths when they intersect the hip or valley. Depending on the spacing of the rafters, their lengths will vary by a constant factor—this number is the common difference.</li> <li>This angle can be cut on the fly by aligning this given number on the blade of the steel square and the twelve-inch mark on the tongue, and drawing a line along the tongue.</li> <li>Cutting hip and valley cripple rafters are all cut in a similar way.</li></ol> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip_jack_and_common_rafter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The relationship between hip, jack and common rafters, and how they tie into the ridge and bottom plate. The rafters are fastened to the horizontal ridge board at the peak of the roof."><img alt="The relationship between hip, jack and common rafters, and how they tie into the ridge and bottom plate. The rafters are fastened to the horizontal ridge board at the peak of the roof." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hip_jack_and_common_rafter.jpg/103px-Hip_jack_and_common_rafter.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hip_jack_and_common_rafter.jpg/154px-Hip_jack_and_common_rafter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hip_jack_and_common_rafter.jpg/206px-Hip_jack_and_common_rafter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1747" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The relationship between hip, jack and common rafters, and how they tie into the ridge and bottom plate. The rafters are fastened to the horizontal ridge board at the peak of the roof.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip_Rafter_Side_and_Level_Cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The side cut is the beveled angle of the hip or valley rafter that fits into the ridge board in this image."><img alt="The side cut is the beveled angle of the hip or valley rafter that fits into the ridge board in this image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hip_Rafter_Side_and_Level_Cut.jpg/101px-Hip_Rafter_Side_and_Level_Cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hip_Rafter_Side_and_Level_Cut.jpg/151px-Hip_Rafter_Side_and_Level_Cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hip_Rafter_Side_and_Level_Cut.jpg/202px-Hip_Rafter_Side_and_Level_Cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The side cut is the beveled angle of the hip or valley rafter that fits into the ridge board in this image.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_rafter_layout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common and jack rafters all use twelve as the common reference to mark the plumb cut."><img alt="Common and jack rafters all use twelve as the common reference to mark the plumb cut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Common_rafter_layout.jpg/120px-Common_rafter_layout.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Common_rafter_layout.jpg/180px-Common_rafter_layout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Common_rafter_layout.jpg/240px-Common_rafter_layout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="1124" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common and jack rafters all use twelve as the common reference to mark the plumb cut.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_cut_jack_rafter_revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hip and jack rafters use twelve as a common reference while aligning the desired pitch in the side cut column."><img alt="Hip and jack rafters use twelve as a common reference while aligning the desired pitch in the side cut column." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Side_cut_jack_rafter_revised.jpg/120px-Side_cut_jack_rafter_revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Side_cut_jack_rafter_revised.jpg/180px-Side_cut_jack_rafter_revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Side_cut_jack_rafter_revised.jpg/240px-Side_cut_jack_rafter_revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hip and jack rafters use twelve as a common reference while aligning the desired pitch in the side cut column.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plumbcuts_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hip and valley rafters use seventeen as the common reference for marking the plumb cut of a rafter."><img alt="Hip and valley rafters use seventeen as the common reference for marking the plumb cut of a rafter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Plumbcuts_new.jpg/120px-Plumbcuts_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Plumbcuts_new.jpg/180px-Plumbcuts_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Plumbcuts_new.jpg/240px-Plumbcuts_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Hip and valley rafters use seventeen as the common reference for marking the plumb cut of a rafter.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Octagon_scale">Octagon scale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Octagon scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The octagon scale allows the user to inscribe an octagon inside a square, given the length of the side of the square. The markings indicate half the length of the octagon's sides, which can be set to a compass or divider. Arcs drawn from the midpoints of the square's sides will intersect the square at the vertices of the planned octagon. All that remains is to cut four triangular sections from the square. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octagon_Table.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Octagon table located on the front side of the steel square."><img alt="Octagon table located on the front side of the steel square." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octagon_Table.jpg/120px-Octagon_Table.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octagon_Table.jpg/180px-Octagon_Table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octagon_Table.jpg/240px-Octagon_Table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Octagon table located on the front side of the steel square.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calculation_Table_A.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Octagon table viewed from an aluminum square."><img alt="Octagon table viewed from an aluminum square." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Calculation_Table_A.JPG/120px-Calculation_Table_A.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Calculation_Table_A.JPG/180px-Calculation_Table_A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Calculation_Table_A.JPG/240px-Calculation_Table_A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Octagon table viewed from an aluminum square.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octagon_Compass_Fix_01.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="4 steps to draw Octagons."><img alt="4 steps to draw Octagons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Octagon_Compass_Fix_01.pdf/page1-92px-Octagon_Compass_Fix_01.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Octagon_Compass_Fix_01.pdf/page1-138px-Octagon_Compass_Fix_01.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Octagon_Compass_Fix_01.pdf/page1-184px-Octagon_Compass_Fix_01.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">4 steps to draw Octagons.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagonal_scale">Diagonal scale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diagonal scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knee bracing is a common feature in <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">timber framing</a> to prevent racking under lateral loads. The diagonal scale is useful for determining the length of the a knee brace desired for a given distance from the joint between the post and beam. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagonal_calculations_A.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="This is the location of the diagonal scale on the square."><img alt="This is the location of the diagonal scale on the square." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diagonal_calculations_A.JPG/120px-Diagonal_calculations_A.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diagonal_calculations_A.JPG/180px-Diagonal_calculations_A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diagonal_calculations_A.JPG/240px-Diagonal_calculations_A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This is the location of the diagonal scale on the square.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagonal_Scale_revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The diagonal scale gives the diagonal, or the hypotenuse, for the different legs of the triangle for which a brace is to be cut."><img alt="The diagonal scale gives the diagonal, or the hypotenuse, for the different legs of the triangle for which a brace is to be cut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Diagonal_Scale_revised.jpg/120px-Diagonal_Scale_revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Diagonal_Scale_revised.jpg/180px-Diagonal_Scale_revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Diagonal_Scale_revised.jpg/240px-Diagonal_Scale_revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The diagonal scale gives the <i>diagonal</i>, or the hypotenuse, for the different legs of the triangle for which a brace is to be cut.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculators_in_roof_framing">Calculators in roof framing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Calculators in roof framing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flat_hip_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flat_hip_roof.jpg/90px-Flat_hip_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flat_hip_roof.jpg/135px-Flat_hip_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flat_hip_roof.jpg/180px-Flat_hip_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to use the square tool, construction <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculators</a> are also used to verify and determine roofing calculations. Some are programmed to calculate all side cuts for hip, valley and jack regular rafters to be exactly 45° for all rafter pitches. The rafter table is expressed in inches, and the higher the numerical value of the pitch, the greater the difference between side cut angles within a given pitch. Only a level roof, or a 0 pitch will require a 45° angle side cut (cheek cut) for hip and jack rafters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_cut_hip/valley_rafter_table"><span id="Side_cut_hip.2Fvalley_rafter_table"></span>Side cut hip/valley rafter table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Side cut hip/valley rafter table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a <a href="/wiki/Right_triangle" title="Right triangle">right triangle</a> has two angles that equal 45° then the two sides are equidistant. The rafter is the hypotenuse and the legs or <a href="/wiki/Cathetus" title="Cathetus">catheti</a> of the triangle are the top wall plates of the structure. The side cut is located at the intersection of the given pitch column and the side cut of the hip/valley row. The regular hip/valley rafter runs at a 45° angle to the main roof and the unit of measurement is 16.97 inches of run. Regular hip/valley and jack rafters have different bevel angles within any given pitch and the angle decreases as the pitch increases. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:5px"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {12^{2}+12^{2}}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mn>12</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>12</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {12^{2}+12^{2}}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4db24bc25c0827030f84080be9ff5459400aa683" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.415ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {12^{2}+12^{2}}}\,}"></span> </td> <td style="padding:5px"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L={\sqrt {c^{2}+P^{2}}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L={\sqrt {c^{2}+P^{2}}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20d12089818754aad311994b75c968df5800cc43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.169ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L={\sqrt {c^{2}+P^{2}}}\,}"></span> </td> <td style="padding:5px"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {c}{L}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {c}{L}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9dbfbdce97d1353fab4cce965d6c4cc19ae285c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.803ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {c}{L}}\,}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Legend </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>c = hypotenuse</li> <li>P = pitch</li> <li>L = rafter length</li> <li>Z = difference in L of jack rafter 16" OC</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The side cut of the hip/valley rafter = (Tangent)(12) = side cut in inches. The side cuts in the rafter table are all in a base 12. The <a href="/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions" title="Inverse trigonometric functions">arc tan</a> can be determined from any given pitch. Most power tools and angle measuring devices use 90° as 0° in construction. The <a href="/wiki/Complementary_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary angle">complementary angles</a> of the arc tan are used with tools like the <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">speed square</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_cut_of_jack_rafters">Side cut of jack rafters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Side cut of jack rafters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The side cut is located at the intersection of the side cut of jack rafters row and the pitch column on the Steel square. There is a row for the difference in length of jacks, 16 and 24 inch centers on the blade. The tangents are directly proportional for both centers. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:white"> <td style="padding:5px"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {16}{z}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>16</mn> <mi>z</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {16}{z}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/999b85ece23191bd666b909295272113f11a6b9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.545ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {16}{z}}\,}"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The tangent is in a base 12. The tangent x 12 = side cut of jack rafters. This corresponds to the side cut on the Steel square. The complementary angles of the arc tan are used on most angle measuring devices in construction. The tangent of hip, valley, and jack rafters are less than 1.00 in all pitches above 0°. An eighteen pitch has a side cut angle of 29.07° and a two pitch has a side cut angle of 44.56° for jack rafters. This is a variation of 15.5° between pitches. </p><p><b>Side cut angles versus pitch</b> </p><p>This is a reference table for side cuts versus pitch. (only valid for 90 degrees eave angle) : </p><p>Pitch expressed in rise units / run units </p><p>Pitch 18/12 ==> 60,86 deg </p><p>Pitch 17/12 ==> 60,10 deg </p><p>Pitch 16/12 ==> 59,07 deg </p><p>Pitch 15/12 ==> 57,99 deg </p><p>Pitch 14/12 ==>  56,94 deg </p><p>Pitch 13/12 ==>  55,88 deg </p><p>Pitch 12/12 ==>  54,69 deg </p><p>Pitch 11/12 ==>  53,49 deg </p><p>Pitch 10/12 ==>  52,54 deg </p><p>Pitch 9/12 ==>  51,25 deg </p><p>Pitch 8/12 ==>   50,19 deg </p><p>Pitch 7/12 ==>   49,17 deg </p><p>Pitch 6/12 ==>   48,15 deg </p><p>Pitch 5/12 ==>   47,33 deg </p><p>Pitch 4/12 ==>   46,54 deg </p><p>Pitch 3/12 ==>   45,90 deg </p><p>Pitch 2/12 ==>   45,22 deg </p><p>Pitch 1/12 ==>   45,10 deg </p><p>Pitch 0/12 ==>  45,00 deg </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plumb_cut_of_jack_and_common_rafters">Plumb cut of jack and common rafters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plumb cut of jack and common rafters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plumb cut for jack and common rafters are the same angles. The level cut or seat cut is the complementary angle of the plumb cut. The notch formed at the intersection of the level and plumb cut Is commonly referred to as the bird's mouth . </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:white"> <td style="padding:5px"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{b}}.\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>P</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{b}}.\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0bb36d8f0adf7fa470bd0a719e20294bc97201b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.612ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{b}}.\,}"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plumb_cut_of_hip/valley_rafters"><span id="Plumb_cut_of_hip.2Fvalley_rafters"></span>Plumb cut of hip/valley rafters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plumb cut of hip/valley rafters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plumb cut of the hip/valley rafter is expressed in the formula. The level cut is the complementary angle or 90° minus the arc tan. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:white"> <td style="padding:5px"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}.\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>P</mi> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}.\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c8134c4dc760271436f1d9fb773a3fa1a1e5c02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:22.366ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}.\,}"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irregular_hip/valley_rafters"><span id="Irregular_hip.2Fvalley_rafters"></span>Irregular hip/valley rafters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Irregular hip/valley rafters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only Framing Square that has tables for unequal pitched roofs is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chappellsquare.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chappellsquare.com (page does not exist)">Chappell Universal Square</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN/7958645">patent #7,958,645</a>). There is also a comprehensive rafter table for 6 & 8 sided polygon roofs (first time ever on a framing square). The traditional steel square's rafter table (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US672455">patented April 23,1901</a>) is limited in that it does not have tables that allow for work with unequal pitched roofs. Irregular hip/valley rafters are characterized by plan angles that are not equal or 45°. The top plates can be 90° at the outside corners or various other angles. There are numerous irregular h/v roof plans. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irregular_roof_plan_rev.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="irregular hip/valley gable roof plan."><img alt="irregular hip/valley gable roof plan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Irregular_roof_plan_rev.jpg/120px-Irregular_roof_plan_rev.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Irregular_roof_plan_rev.jpg/180px-Irregular_roof_plan_rev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Irregular_roof_plan_rev.jpg/240px-Irregular_roof_plan_rev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="348" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> irregular hip/valley gable roof plan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irregular_roof_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="irregular roof plan."><img alt="irregular roof plan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Irregular_roof_plan.jpg/120px-Irregular_roof_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Irregular_roof_plan.jpg/180px-Irregular_roof_plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Irregular_roof_plan.jpg/240px-Irregular_roof_plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">irregular roof plan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irregular_roof_plan_d.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intersecting irregular hip/valley gable roof plan."><img alt="Intersecting irregular hip/valley gable roof plan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Irregular_roof_plan_d.jpg/120px-Irregular_roof_plan_d.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Irregular_roof_plan_d.jpg/180px-Irregular_roof_plan_d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Irregular_roof_plan_d.jpg/240px-Irregular_roof_plan_d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="1187" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Intersecting irregular hip/valley gable roof plan.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carpenter's_square"><span id="Carpenter.27s_square"></span>Carpenter's square</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Carpenter's square"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square (tool)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>, a <b>square</b> is a guide for establishing right angles (90° angles) or <a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">mitre angles</a>, usually made of metal. There are various <a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">types of square</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">speed squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">try squares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">combination squares</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trammel" class="extiw" title="wikt:trammel">Trammel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(tool)" title="Punch (tool)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_roof" title="Hip roof">Hip roof</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Elliot-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElliot1910" class="citation cs2">Elliot, J. Hamilton (1910), Cobleigh, Rolfe (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYY_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19">"Use of the Steel Square"</a>, <i>Handy Farm Devices and How to Make Them</i>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Judd" title="Orange Judd">Orange Judd</a> and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handy+Farm+Devices+and+How+to+Make+Them&rft.atitle=Use+of+the+Steel+Square&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=J.+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYY_AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspectapedia.com/roof/Framing-Square-Accuracy-Test-Repair.php">"Framing Square Test & Repair"</a>. <i>Inspectapedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inspectapedia&rft.atitle=Framing+Square+Test+%26+Repair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finspectapedia.com%2Froof%2FFraming-Square-Accuracy-Test-Repair.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_square&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steel_squares" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Steel squares">Steel squares</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1880" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Frederick T. (1880). <i>The Carpenters' Steel Square and Its Uses</i>. The Industrial Publication Company. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/06036488">06036488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carpenters%27+Steel+Square+and+Its+Uses&rft.pub=The+Industrial+Publication+Company&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F06036488&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Frederick+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegele1981" class="citation book cs1">Siegele, H.H. (1981). <i>The Steel Square</i>. Sterling Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8069-8854-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8069-8854-1"><bdi>0-8069-8854-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steel+Square&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8069-8854-1&rft.aulast=Siegele&rft.aufirst=H.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrey1972" class="citation book cs1">Ulrey, Harry F. (1972). <i>Carpenters and Builders Library</i>. Vol. 3. Theodore Audel. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74099760">74099760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpenters+and+Builders+Library&rft.pub=Theodore+Audel&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F74099760&rft.aulast=Ulrey&rft.aufirst=Harry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuttner1990" class="citation book cs1">Schuttner, Scott (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicstairbuildi0000schu"><i>Basic Stairbuilding</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Taunton_Press" title="Taunton Press">Taunton Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942391-44-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-942391-44-6"><bdi>0-942391-44-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Stairbuilding&rft.pub=Taunton+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-942391-44-6&rft.aulast=Schuttner&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicstairbuildi0000schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2000" class="citation book cs1">Spence, William P. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructingstai0000spen"><i>Constructing Staircases Balustrades & Landings</i></a></span>. Sterling Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8069-8101-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8069-8101-6"><bdi>0-8069-8101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Staircases+Balustrades+%26+Landings&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8069-8101-6&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstructingstai0000spen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGochnour2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gochnour, Chris (February 2006). "11 Essential Measuring and Woodworking Tools". <i><a href="/wiki/Fine_Woodworking" title="Fine Woodworking">Fine Woodworking</a></i> (182). Taunton Press: 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fine+Woodworking&rft.atitle=11+Essential+Measuring+and+Woodworking+Tools&rft.issue=182&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2006-02&rft.aulast=Gochnour&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanham" class="citation book cs1">Lanham, Wm. <i>The Steel Square</i>. Bath: E. A. Lovell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steel+Square&rft.place=Bath&rft.pub=E.+A.+Lovell&rft.aulast=Lanham&rft.aufirst=Wm.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalconer1925" class="citation book cs1">Falconer, John (1925). Ednie, John (ed.). <i>The Steel Square</i>. Carpentry and Joinery. Gresham.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steel+Square&rft.series=Carpentry+and+Joinery&rft.pub=Gresham&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Falconer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+square" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobon1994" class="citation book cs1">Sobon, Jack (1994). <i>Build a classic timber-framed house : planning and design, traditional materials, affordable methods</i>. 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