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id="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_work_and_development_of_Vorticism_(1908–1915)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_work_and_development_of_Vorticism_(1908–1915)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early work and development of Vorticism (1908–1915)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_work_and_development_of_Vorticism_(1908–1915)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_(1915–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_(1915–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War I (1915–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_(1915–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tyros_and_writing_(1918–1929)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tyros_and_writing_(1918–1929)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><i>Tyros</i> and writing (1918–1929)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tyros_and_writing_(1918–1929)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction_and_political_writing_(1930–1936)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction_and_political_writing_(1930–1936)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Fiction and political writing (1930–1936)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction_and_political_writing_(1930–1936)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_painting_(1936–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_painting_(1936–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Return to painting (1936–1941)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_painting_(1936–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_North_America_(1941–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_North_America_(1941–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>World War II and North America (1941–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_North_America_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_blindness_(1945–1951)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_blindness_(1945–1951)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Later life and blindness (1945–1951)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_blindness_(1945–1951)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Critical reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-semitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-semitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Anti-semitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-semitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wyndham Lewis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ويندهام لويس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويندهام لويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81" title="Персі Уіндэм Льюіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Персі Уіндэм Льюіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ویندهام لوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویندهام لوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Պերսի Լյուիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պերսի Լյուիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Перси Уиндхем Льюис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Перси Уиндхем Льюис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ويندهام لويس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويندهام لويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="パーシー・ウインダム・ルイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーシー・ウインダム・ルイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਵਿਨਧਾਮ ਲੇਵਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਨਧਾਮ ਲੇਵਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Wyndham_Lewis" title="Percy Wyndham Lewis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Percy Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Льюис, Перси Уиндем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льюис, Перси Уиндем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Wyndham_Lewis" title="Percy Wyndham Lewis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Percy Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wyndham Lewis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%97%D1%81" title="Персі Віндем Льюїс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Персі Віндем Льюїс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q780102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Vorticist painter and author. For others of that name, see <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wyndham Lewis (disambiguation)">Wyndham Lewis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wyndham Lewis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lewis smirking and looking to the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1913.jpg/220px-Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1913.jpg/330px-Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1913.jpg/440px-Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lewis in 1913</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Percy Wyndham Lewis</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1882-11-18</span>)</span>18 November 1882<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Nova_Scotia" title="Amherst, Nova Scotia">Amherst, Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 March 1957<span style="display:none">(1957-03-07)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England, United Kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art" title="Slade School of Fine Art">Slade School of Fine Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Painting, poetry, literature, criticism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Gladys Anne Hoskins</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1930)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iris_Barry" title="Iris Barry">Iris Barry</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Percy Wyndham Lewis</b> (18 November 1882 – 7 March 1957) was a British writer, painter and critic. He was a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Vorticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorticist">Vorticist</a> movement in art and edited <i><a href="/wiki/BLAST_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="BLAST (magazine)">BLAST</a></i>, the literary magazine of the Vorticists.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTart_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTart-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His novels include <i><a href="/wiki/Tarr" title="Tarr">Tarr</a></i> (1916–17) and <i>The Human Age</i> trilogy, composed of <i>The Childermass</i> (1928), <i>Monstre Gai</i> (1955) and <i>Malign Fiesta</i> (1955). A fourth volume, titled <i>The Trial of Man</i>, was unfinished at the time of his death. He also wrote two autobiographical volumes: <i><a href="/wiki/Blasting_and_Bombardiering" title="Blasting and Bombardiering">Blasting and Bombardiering</a></i> (1937) and <i>Rude Assignment: A Narrative of my Career Up-to-Date</i> (1950). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lewis was born on 18 November 1882, reputedly on his father's yacht off the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His English mother, Anne Stuart Lewis (née Prickett), and American father, Charles Edward Lewis, separated about 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother subsequently returned to England. Lewis was educated in England at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then, from 16, the <a href="/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art" title="Slade School of Fine Art">Slade School of Fine Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, but left for Paris without finishing his course.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent most of the 1900s travelling around Europe and studying art in Paris. While in Paris, he attended lectures by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> on <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work_and_development_of_Vorticism_(1908–1915)"><span id="Early_work_and_development_of_Vorticism_.281908.E2.80.931915.29"></span>Early work and development of Vorticism (1908–1915)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early work and development of Vorticism (1908–1915)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyndham_Lewis,_1912,_The_Dancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1912%2C_The_Dancers.jpg/260px-Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1912%2C_The_Dancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1912%2C_The_Dancers.jpg/390px-Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1912%2C_The_Dancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1912%2C_The_Dancers.jpg/520px-Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1912%2C_The_Dancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption>Wyndham Lewis, 1912, <i>The Dancers</i></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workshop-Lewis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/Workshop-Lewis.jpg/260px-Workshop-Lewis.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/Workshop-Lewis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Wyndham Lewis, c.1914–15, <i>Workshop</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a>, London)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908, Lewis moved to London, where he would reside for much of his life. In 1909, he published his first work, accounts of his travels in Brittany, in <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford</a>'s <i>The English Review</i>. He was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town_Group" title="Camden Town Group">Camden Town Group</a>, which brought him into close contact with the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Roger Fry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Clive Bell</a>, with whom he soon fell out. </p><p>In 1912, Lewis exhibited his work at the second Postimpressionist exhibition: <a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurist</a> illustrations to <i><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Athens" title="Timon of Athens">Timon of Athens</a></i> and three major oil paintings. In 1912, he was commissioned to produce a decorative mural, a drop curtain, and more designs for <a href="/wiki/The_Cave_of_the_Golden_Calf" title="The Cave of the Golden Calf">The Cave of the Golden Calf</a>, an avant-garde cabaret and nightclub on <a href="/wiki/Heddon_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Heddon Street">Heddon Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1913 to 1915, Lewis developed the style of geometric abstraction for which he is best known today, which his friend <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a>". Lewis sought to combine the strong structure of <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, which he found was not "alive", with the liveliness of <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurism (art)">Futurist</a> art, which lacked structure. The combination was a strikingly dramatic critique of modernity. In his early visual works, Lewis may have been influenced by Bergson's <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a>. Though he was later savagely critical of Bergson, he admitted in a letter to Theodore Weiss (19 April 1949) that he "began by embracing his evolutionary system." <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> was an equally important influence. </p><p>Lewis had a brief tenure at Roger Fry's <a href="/wiki/Omega_Workshops" title="Omega Workshops">Omega Workshops</a>, but left after a quarrel with Fry over a commission to provide wall decorations for the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideal_Home_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideal Home Exhibition">Ideal Home Exhibition</a>, which Lewis believed Fry had misappropriated. He and several other Omega artists started a competing workshop called the <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Art_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebel Art Centre">Rebel Art Centre</a>. The Centre operated for only four months, but it gave birth to the Vorticist group and its publication, <i><a href="/wiki/BLAST_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="BLAST (journal)">BLAST</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fluxeuropa_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fluxeuropa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>BLAST,</i> Lewis formally expounded the Vorticist aesthetic in a manifesto, distinguishing it from other avant-garde practices. He also wrote and published a play, <i>Enemy of the Stars</i>. It is a proto-absurdist, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionist</a> drama. Lewis scholar Melania Terrazas identifies it as a precursor to the plays of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_(1915–1918)"><span id="World_War_I_.281915.E2.80.931918.29"></span>World War I (1915–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I (1915–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1917.jpg/260px-Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1917.jpg/390px-Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1917.jpg/520px-Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Wyndham Lewis, photograph by <a href="/wiki/George_Charles_Beresford" title="George Charles Beresford">George Charles Beresford</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1915, the Vorticists held their only U.K. exhibition before the movement broke up, largely as a result of World War I. Lewis himself was posted to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">western front</a> and served as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery. Much of his time was spent in <a href="/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">Forward Observation Posts</a> looking down at apparently deserted German lines, registering targets and calling down fire from batteries massed around the rim of the <a href="/wiki/Ypres_Salient" title="Ypres Salient">Ypres Salient</a>. He made vivid accounts of narrow misses and deadly artillery duels.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Third Battle of Ypres</a>, Lewis was appointed an official <a href="/wiki/War_artist" title="War artist">war artist</a> for both the Canadian and British governments. For the Canadians, he painted <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wyndham_Lewis-A_Canadian_Gun-pit.jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:Wyndham Lewis-A Canadian Gun-pit.jpg">A Canadian Gun-pit</a> (1918) from sketches made on <a href="/wiki/Vimy_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge</a>. For the British, he painted one of his best-known works, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Battery_Shelled" title="A Battery Shelled">A Battery Shelled</a></i> (1919), drawing on his own experience at Ypres.<sup id="cite_ref-Must_See_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Must_See-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis exhibited his war drawings and some other paintings of the war in an exhibition, "Guns", in 1918. Although the Vorticist group broke up after the war, Lewis's patron, <a href="/wiki/John_Quinn_(collector)" title="John Quinn (collector)">John Quinn</a>, organized a Vorticist exhibition at the Penguin Club in New York in 1917. </p><p>Between the years 1907–11 Lewis had written what would be his first published novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Tarr" title="Tarr">Tarr</a></i>, which was revised and expanded in 1914–15<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and serialized in the London literary magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Egoist_(periodical)" title="The Egoist (periodical)">The Egoist</a></i> from April 1916 until November 1917. It was first published in book form in 1918 by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a> in New York and by <i>The Egoist</i> in London. It is widely regarded as one of the key texts in <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">literary modernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis later documented his experiences and opinions of this period of his life in the autobiographical <i>Blasting and Bombardiering</i> (1937), which covered the time up to 1926. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tyros_and_writing_(1918–1929)"><span id="Tyros_and_writing_.281918.E2.80.931929.29"></span><i>Tyros</i> and writing (1918–1929)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tyros and writing (1918–1929)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LewisAsTheTyro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/LewisAsTheTyro.jpg/260px-LewisAsTheTyro.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/LewisAsTheTyro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><i>Mr Wyndham Lewis as a Tyro</i>, self-portrait, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Lewis resumed his career as a painter with a major exhibition, <i>Tyros and Portraits</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Galleries" title="Leicester Galleries">Leicester Galleries</a> in 1921. "Tyros" were satirical caricatures intended to comment on the culture of the "new epoch" that succeeded the First World War. <i>A Reading of <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></i> and <i>Mr Wyndham Lewis as a Tyro</i> are the only surviving oil paintings from this series. Lewis also launched his second magazine, <i>The Tyro</i>, of which there were only two issues. The second (1922) contained an important statement of Lewis's visual aesthetic: "Essay on the Objective of Plastic Art in our Time".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during the early 1920s that he perfected his incisive draughtsmanship. </p><p>By the late 1920s, he concentrated on writing. He launched yet another magazine, <i>The Enemy</i> (1927–1929), largely written by himself and declaring its belligerent critical stance in its title. The magazine and other theoretical and critical works he published from 1926 to 1929 mark a deliberate separation from the avant-garde and his previous associates. He believed that their work failed to show sufficient critical awareness of those ideologies that worked against truly revolutionary change in the West, and therefore became a vehicle for these pernicious ideologies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His major theoretical and cultural statement from this period is <i>The Art of Being Ruled</i> (1926). </p><p><i>Time and Western Man</i> (1927) is a cultural and philosophical discussion that includes penetrating critiques of <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> that are still read. Lewis also attacked the <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a> of Bergson, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alexander" title="Samuel Alexander">Samuel Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>, and others. By 1931 he was advocating the art of ancient Egypt as impossible to surpass.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction_and_political_writing_(1930–1936)"><span id="Fiction_and_political_writing_.281930.E2.80.931936.29"></span>Fiction and political writing (1930–1936)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fiction and political writing (1930–1936)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1929.jpg/260px-Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1929.jpg/390px-Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1929.jpg/520px-Wyndham_Lewis_photo_by_George_Charles_Beresford_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Lewis in 1929, photographed by <a href="/wiki/George_Charles_Beresford" title="George Charles Beresford">George Charles Beresford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1930 Lewis published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apes_of_God" title="The Apes of God">The Apes of God</a></i>, a biting satirical attack on the London literary scene, including a long chapter caricaturing the <a href="/wiki/The_Sitwells" title="The Sitwells">Sitwell</a> family. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Richard Aldington</a>, however, found it "the greatest piece of <i>writing</i> since <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>", by <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937 Lewis published <i>The Revenge for Love</i>, set in the period leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and regarded by many as his best novel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is strongly critical of communist activity in Spain and presents English intellectual <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">fellow travellers</a> as deluded. </p><p>Despite serious illness necessitating several operations, he was very productive as a critic and painter. He produced a book of poems, <i>One-Way Song</i>, in 1933, and a revised version of <i>Enemy of the Stars</i>. An important book of critical essays also belongs to this period: <i>Men without Art</i> (1934). It grew out of a defence of Lewis's satirical practice in <i>The Apes of God</i> and puts forward a theory of "non-moral", or metaphysical, satire. The book is probably best remembered for one of the first commentaries on <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a> and a famous essay on <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_painting_(1936–1941)"><span id="Return_to_painting_.281936.E2.80.931941.29"></span>Return to painting (1936–1941)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to painting (1936–1941)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_by_Wyndham_Lewis,_1919.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Ezra_Pound_by_Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1919.jpeg/260px-Ezra_Pound_by_Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1919.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Ezra_Pound_by_Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1919.jpeg/390px-Ezra_Pound_by_Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1919.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Ezra_Pound_by_Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1919.jpeg/520px-Ezra_Pound_by_Wyndham_Lewis%2C_1919.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>Lewis's <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, 1919. The portrait is lost.</figcaption></figure> <p>After becoming better known for his writing than his painting in the 1920s and early 1930s, he returned to more concentrated work on visual art, and paintings from the 1930s and 1940s constitute some of his best-known work. The <i><a href="/wiki/The_Surrender_of_Barcelona" title="The Surrender of Barcelona">Surrender of Barcelona</a></i> (1936–37) makes a significant statement about the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (February 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup>. It was included in an exhibition at the Leicester Galleries in 1937 that Lewis hoped would re-establish his reputation as a painter. After the publication in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of a letter of support for the exhibition, asking that something from the show be purchased for the national collection (signed by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Grigson" title="Geoffrey Grigson">Geoffrey Grigson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_West" title="Rebecca West">Rebecca West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Mitchison" title="Naomi Mitchison">Naomi Mitchison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a> bought the painting, <i>Red Scene</i>. Like others from the exhibition, it shows an influence from <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Chirico" class="mw-redirect" title="De Chirico">de Chirico</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical Painting">Metaphysical Painting</a>. Lewis was highly critical of the ideology of Surrealism, but admired the visual qualities of some Surrealist art. </p><p>During this period, Lewis also produced many of his most well-known portraits, including pictures of <a href="/wiki/Edith_Sitwell" title="Edith Sitwell">Edith Sitwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edith_Sitwell_(Lewis)" title="Edith Sitwell (Lewis)">1923–1936</a>), <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_T._S._Eliot" title="Portrait of T. S. Eliot">1938</a> and 1949), and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound_(Lewis)" title="Ezra Pound (Lewis)">Ezra Pound</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound_(Lewis)" title="Ezra Pound (Lewis)">1939</a>). His 1938 portrait of Eliot was rejected by the selection committee of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> for their annual exhibition and caused a furore. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_John" title="Augustus John">Augustus John</a> resigned in protest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_North_America_(1941–1945)"><span id="World_War_II_and_North_America_.281941.E2.80.931945.29"></span>World War II and North America (1941–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II and North America (1941–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lewis spent World War II in the United States and Canada. In 1941, in Toronto, he produced a series of watercolour fantasies centred on themes of creation, crucifixion and bathing. </p><p>He grew to appreciate the cosmopolitan and "rootless" nature of the American melting pot, declaring that the greatest advantage of being American was to have "turned one's back on race, caste, and all that pertains to the rooted state."<sup id="cite_ref-Bridson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He praised the contributions of African-Americans to American culture, and regarded <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a> as the "best North American artists," predicting that when "the Indian culture of Mexico melts into the great American mass to the North, the Indian will probably give it its art."<sup id="cite_ref-Bridson_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to England in 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_blindness_(1945–1951)"><span id="Later_life_and_blindness_.281945.E2.80.931951.29"></span>Later life and blindness (1945–1951)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life and blindness (1945–1951)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1951, he was completely blinded by a <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenoma" title="Pituitary adenoma">pituitary tumor</a> that placed pressure on his optic nerve. It ended his artistic career, but he continued writing until his death. He published several autobiographical and critical works: <i>Rude Assignment</i> (1950), <i>Rotting Hill</i> (1951), a collection of allegorical short stories about his life in "the capital of a dying empire";<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Writer and the Absolute</i> (1952), a book of essays on writers including <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>; and the semi-autobiographical novel <i>Self Condemned</i> (1954). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> commissioned Lewis to complete his 1928 work <i>The Childermass</i>, which was published as <i>The Human Age</i> and dramatized for the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Third_Programme" title="BBC Third Programme">BBC Third Programme</a> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a> held a major exhibition of his work, "Wyndham Lewis and Vorticism", in the catalogue to which he declared that "Vorticism, in fact, was what I, personally, did and said at a certain period"—a statement which brought forth a series of "Vortex Pamphlets" from his fellow <i>BLAST</i> signatory <a href="/wiki/William_Roberts_(painter)" title="William Roberts (painter)">William Roberts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1918 to 1921, Lewis lived with <a href="/wiki/Iris_Barry" title="Iris Barry">Iris Barry</a>, with whom he had two children<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>. He is said to have shown little affection for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Froanna_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froanna-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Froanna2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froanna2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, Lewis married Gladys Anne Hoskins (1900–1979), who was affectionately known as Froanna. They lived together for 10 years before marrying and never had children.<sup id="cite_ref-antipathos_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antipathos-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis kept Froanna in the background, and many of his friends were unaware of her existence. It seems that Lewis was extraordinarily jealous and protective of his wife, owing to her youth and beauty. Froanna was patient and caring toward her husband through financial troubles and his frequent illnesses. She was the model for some of Lewis's more tender and intimate portraits as well as a number of characters in his fiction. In contrast to his earlier, impersonal portraits, which are purely concerned with external appearance, the portraits of Froanna show a preoccupation with her inner life.<sup id="cite_ref-antipathos_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antipathos-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy_Wyndham_Lewis_-_Golders_Green_Crematorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Percy_Wyndham_Lewis_-_Golders_Green_Crematorium.jpg/260px-Percy_Wyndham_Lewis_-_Golders_Green_Crematorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Percy_Wyndham_Lewis_-_Golders_Green_Crematorium.jpg/390px-Percy_Wyndham_Lewis_-_Golders_Green_Crematorium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Percy_Wyndham_Lewis_-_Golders_Green_Crematorium.jpg/520px-Percy_Wyndham_Lewis_-_Golders_Green_Crematorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="2873" /></a><figcaption>Plaque dedicated to Lewis at Golders Green Crematorium</figcaption></figure> <p>Always interested in Roman Catholicism, he never converted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He died in 1957 and was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green Crematorium</a>. By the time of his death, Lewis had written 40 books in all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931, after a visit to Berlin, Lewis published <i>Hitler</i> (1931), a book presenting <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> as a "man of peace", with members of his party being threatened by communist street violence. His unpopularity among liberals and anti-fascists grew, especially after Hitler came to power in 1933.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Following a second visit to Germany in 1937, Lewis changed his views and began to retract his previous political comments. He recognized the reality of Nazi treatment of Jews after a visit to Berlin in 1937. In 1939, he published an attack on anti-semitism titled <i>The Jews, Are They Human?</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was favourably reviewed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a></i>. He also published <i>The Hitler Cult</i> (1939), which firmly revoked his earlier support for Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically, Lewis remained an isolated figure through the 1930s. In <i>Letter to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> called Lewis "that lonely old volcano of the Right." Lewis thought there was what he called a "left-wing orthodoxy" in Britain in the 1930s. He believed it was against Britain's self-interest to ally with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, "which the newspapers most of us read tell us has slaughtered out-of-hand, only a few years ago, millions of its better fed citizens, as well as its whole imperial family."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In <i>Anglosaxony: A League that Works</i> (1941), Lewis reflected on his earlier support for fascism:</p><blockquote><p>Fascism – once I understood it – left me colder than communism. The latter at least pretended, at the start, to have something to do with helping the helpless and making the world a more decent and sensible place. It does start from the human being and his suffering. Whereas fascism glorifies bloodshed and preaches that man should model himself upon the wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridson_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>His sense that America and Canada lacked a British-type class structure had increased his opinion of liberal democracy, and in the same pamphlet, Lewis defends liberal democracy's respect for individual freedom against its critics on both the left and right.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridson_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>America and Cosmic Man</i> (1949), Lewis argued that <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> had successfully managed to reconcile individual rights with the demands of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Bridson_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, there has been renewed critical and biographical interest in Lewis and his work, and he is now regarded as a major British artist and writer of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rugby School hosted an exhibition of his works in November 2007 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his death. The <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in London held a major retrospective of his portraits in 2008. Two years later, held at the Fundación Juan March (Madrid, Spain), a large exhibition (<i>Wyndham Lewis 1882–1957</i>) featured a comprehensive collection of Lewis's paintings and drawings. As Tom Lubbock pointed out, it was "the retrospective that Britain has never managed to get together.".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Oxford World Classics published a critical edition of the 1928 text of <i>Tarr</i>, edited by Scott W. Klein of <a href="/wiki/Wake_Forest_University" title="Wake Forest University">Wake Forest University</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nasher_Museum_of_Art" title="Nasher Museum of Art">Nasher Museum of Art</a> at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> held an exhibition entitled "<a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">The Vorticists</a>: Rebel Artists in London and New York, 1914–18" from 30 September 2010 through 2 January 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition then travelled to the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice (29 January – 15 May 2011: "I Vorticisti: Artisti ribellia a Londra e New York, 1914–1918") and then to <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a> under the title "The Vorticists: Manifesto for a Modern World" between 14 June and 4 September 2011. </p><p>Several readings by Lewis are collected on <i>The Enemy Speaks</i>, an audiobook CD published in 2007 and featuring extracts from "One Way Song" and <i>The Apes of God</i>, as well as radio talks titled "When John Bull Laughs" (1938), "A Crisis of Thought" (1947) and "The Essential Purposes of Art" (1951).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> now stands on the house in <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>, London, where Lewis lived, No. 61 Palace Gardens Terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Plaque_Wyndham_Lewis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Blue_Plaque_Wyndham_Lewis.jpg/260px-Blue_Plaque_Wyndham_Lewis.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Blue_Plaque_Wyndham_Lewis.jpg/390px-Blue_Plaque_Wyndham_Lewis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Blue_Plaque_Wyndham_Lewis.jpg/520px-Blue_Plaque_Wyndham_Lewis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Blue plaque: Wyndham Lewis, 61 Palace Gardens Terrace, London W8</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his essay "<a href="/wiki/Good_Bad_Books" title="Good Bad Books">Good Bad Books</a>", <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> presents Lewis as the exemplary writer who is cerebral without being artistic. Orwell wrote, "Enough talent to set up dozens of ordinary writers has been poured into Wyndham Lewis's so-called novels… Yet it would be a very heavy labour to read one of these books right through. Some indefinable quality, a sort of literary vitamin, which exists even in a book like [1921 melodrama] <i><a href="/wiki/If_Winter_Comes_(novel)" title="If Winter Comes (novel)">If Winter Comes</a></i>, is absent from them."<sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg-au_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg-au-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sickert" title="Walter Sickert">Walter Sickert</a> sent Lewis a telegram in which he said that Lewis's pencil portrait of <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_West" title="Rebecca West">Rebecca West</a> proved him to be "the greatest portraitist of this or any other time."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-semitism">Anti-semitism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anti-semitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many years, Lewis's novels have been criticised for their satirical and hostile portrayals of Jews.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Tarr</i> was revised and republished in 1928, giving a new Jewish character a key role in making sure a duel is fought. This has been interpreted as an allegorical representation of <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">a supposed Zionist conspiracy against the West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ayers_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayers-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His literary satire <i>The Apes of God</i> has been interpreted similarly, because many of the characters are Jewish, including the modernist author and editor Julius Ratner, a portrait which blends anti-semitic stereotype with historical literary figures <a href="/wiki/John_Rodker" title="John Rodker">John Rodker</a> and James Joyce. </p><p>A key feature of these interpretations is that Lewis is held to have kept his conspiracy theories hidden and marginalized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Since the publication of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Julius" title="Anthony Julius">Anthony Julius</a>'s <i>T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form</i> (1995), where Lewis's anti-semitism is described as "essentially trivial", this view is no longer taken seriously.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2020)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarr" title="Tarr">Tarr</a></i> (1918) (novel)</li> <li><i>The Caliph's Design : Architects! Where is Your Vortex?</i> (1919) (essay)</li> <li><i>The Art of Being Ruled</i> (1926) (essays)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Body" title="The Wild Body">The Wild Body</a>: A Soldier of Humour And Other Stories</i> (1927) (short stories)</li> <li><i>The Lion and the Fox: The Role of the Hero in the Plays of Shakespeare</i> (1927) (essays)</li> <li><i>Time and Western Man</i> (1927) (essays)</li> <li><i>The Childermass</i> (1928) (novel)</li> <li><i>Paleface: The Philosophy of the Melting Pot</i> (1929) (essays)</li> <li><i>Satire and Fiction</i> (1930) (criticism)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apes_of_God" title="The Apes of God">The Apes of God</a></i> (1930) (novel)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Hitler_Lewis">Hitler</a></i> (1931) (essay)</li> <li><i>The Diabolical Principle and the Dithyrambic Spectator</i> (1931) (essays)</li> <li><i>Doom of Youth</i> (1932) (essays)</li> <li><i>Filibusters in Barbary</i> (1932) (travel; later republished as <i>Journey into Barbary</i>)</li> <li><i>Enemy of the Stars</i> (1932) (play)</li> <li><i>Snooty Baronet</i> (1932) (novel)</li> <li><i>One-Way Song</i> (1933) (poetry)</li> <li><i>Men Without Art</i> (1934) (criticism)</li> <li><i>Left Wings over Europe; or, How to Make a War about Nothing</i> (1936) (essays)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blasting_and_Bombardiering" title="Blasting and Bombardiering">Blasting and Bombardiering</a></i> (1937) (autobiography)</li> <li><i>The Revenge for Love</i> (1937) (novel)</li> <li><i>Count Your Dead: They are Alive!: Or, A New War in the Making</i> (1937) (essays)</li> <li><i>The Mysterious Mr. Bull</i> (1938)</li> <li><i>The Jews, Are They Human?</i> (1939) (essay)</li> <li><i>The Hitler Cult and How it Will End</i> (1939) (essay)</li> <li><i>America, I Presume</i> (1940) (travel)</li> <li><i>The Vulgar Streak</i> (1941) (novel)</li> <li><i>Anglosaxony: A League that Works</i> (1941) (essay)</li> <li><i>America and Cosmic Man</i> (1949) (essay)</li> <li><i>Rude Assignment</i> (1950) (autobiography)</li> <li><i>Rotting Hill</i> (1951) (short stories)</li> <li><i>The Writer and the Absolute</i> (1952) (essay)</li> <li><i>Self Condemned</i> (1954) (novel)</li> <li><i>The Demon of Progress in the Arts</i> (1955) (essay)</li> <li><i>Monstre Gai</i> (1955) (novel)</li> <li><i>Malign Fiesta</i> (1955) (novel)</li> <li><i>The Red Priest</i> (1956) (novel)</li> <li><i>The Letters of Wyndham Lewis</i> (1963) (letters)</li> <li><i>The Roaring Queen</i> (1973; written 1936 but unpublished) (novel)</li> <li><i>Unlucky for Pringle</i> (1973) (short stories)</li> <li><i>Mrs Duke's Million</i> (1977; written 1908–10 but unpublished) (novel)</li> <li><i>Creatures of Habit and Creatures of Change</i> (1989) (essays)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paintings">Paintings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyndham_Lewis-A_Canadian_Gun-pit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wyndham_Lewis-A_Canadian_Gun-pit.jpg/220px-Wyndham_Lewis-A_Canadian_Gun-pit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wyndham_Lewis-A_Canadian_Gun-pit.jpg/330px-Wyndham_Lewis-A_Canadian_Gun-pit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wyndham_Lewis-A_Canadian_Gun-pit.jpg/440px-Wyndham_Lewis-A_Canadian_Gun-pit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><i>A Canadian Gun-pit</i>, (1919) - <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis,_Percy_Wyndham_-_A_Battery_Shelled_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Lewis%2C_Percy_Wyndham_-_A_Battery_Shelled_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Lewis%2C_Percy_Wyndham_-_A_Battery_Shelled_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Lewis%2C_Percy_Wyndham_-_A_Battery_Shelled_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Lewis%2C_Percy_Wyndham_-_A_Battery_Shelled_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Lewis%2C_Percy_Wyndham_-_A_Battery_Shelled_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Lewis%2C_Percy_Wyndham_-_A_Battery_Shelled_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5442" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Battery_Shelled" title="A Battery Shelled">A Battery Shelled</a></i> (1919) - <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>The Theatre Manager</i> (1909), watercolour</li> <li><i>The Courtesan</i> (1912), pen and ink, watercolour</li> <li><i>Indian Dance</i> (1912), chalk and watercolour</li> <li><i>Russian Madonna</i> (also known as <i>Russian Scene</i>) (1912), pen and ink, watercolour</li> <li><i>Lovers</i> (1912), pen and ink, watercolour</li> <li><i>Mother and Child</i> (1912), oil on canvas, now lost</li> <li><i>The Dancers</i> (study for <i>Kermesse</i>) (1912), black ink and watercolour, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-dancers-study-for-kermesse-233022/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/3/view_as/grid">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Composition</i> (1913), pen and ink, watercolour, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lewis-composition-n05886">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Plan of War</i> (1913–14), oil on canvas</li> <li><i>Slow Attack</i> (1913–14), oil on canvas</li> <li><i>New York</i> (1914), pen and ink, watercolour</li> <li><i>Argol</i> (1914), pen and ink, watercolour</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd_(Lewis)" title="The Crowd (Lewis)">The Crowd</a></i> (1914–15), oil paint and graphite on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lewis-the-crowd-t00689">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Workshop</i> (1914–15), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lewis-workshop-t01931">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Vorticist Composition</i> (1915), gouache and chalk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lewis-vorticist-composition-t00625">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>A Canadian Gun-pit</i> (1919), oil on canvas, <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wyndham_Lewis-A_Canadian_Gun-pit.jpg">(image</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Battery_Shelled" title="A Battery Shelled">A Battery Shelled</a></i> (1919), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/16688">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Mr Wyndham Lewis as a Tyro</i> (1920–21), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/mr-wyndham-lewis-as-tyro-78273/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/1/view_as/grid">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>A Reading of Ovid (Tyros)</i> (1920–21), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/a-reading-of-ovid-tyros-211971/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/3/view_as/grid">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Seated Figure</i> (c.1921) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/seated-figure-211973">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Mrs Schiff</i> (1923–24), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/mrs-schiff-200550">(image</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edith_Sitwell_(Lewis)" title="Edith Sitwell (Lewis)">Edith Sitwell</a></i> (1923–1935), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lewis-edith-sitwell-n05437">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Bagdad</i> (1927–28), oil on wood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/bagdad-200557/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/3/view_as/grid">(image</a>}</li> <li><i>Three Veiled Figures</i> (1933), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/three-veiled-figures-38532/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/2/view_as/grid">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Creation Myth</i> (1933–1936, oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/creation-myth-222847/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/1/view_as/grid">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Red Scene</i> (1933–1936), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/red-scene-200547">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>One of the Stations of the Dead</i> (1933–1837), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/one-of-the-stations-of-the-dead-107259/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/2/view_as/grid">(image</a>}</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Surrender_of_Barcelona" title="The Surrender of Barcelona">The Surrender of Barcelona</a></i> (1934–1937), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lewis-the-surrender-of-barcelona-n05768">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Panel for the Safe of a Great Millionaire</i> (1936–37), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/panel-for-the-safe-of-a-great-millionaire-77977">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Newfoundland</i> (1936–37), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/newfoundland-222848/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/view_as/grid/page/1">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Pensive Head</i> (1937), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/pensive-head-144538/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/3/view_as/grid">(image</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_T._S._Eliot" title="Portrait of T. S. Eliot">Portrait of T. S. Eliot</a></i> (1938), oil on canvas</li> <li><i>La Suerte</i> (1938), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/la-suerte-200543">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>John Macleod</i> (1938), oil on canvas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/john-macleod-246968/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/2/view_as/grid">(image</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound_(Lewis)" title="Ezra Pound (Lewis)">Ezra Pound</a></i> (1939), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lewis-ezra-pound-n05042">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Mrs R.J. Sainsbury (1940–41), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/mrs-rj-sainsbury">(image</a>)</i></li> <li><i>A Canadian War Factory</i> (1943), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/a-canadian-war-factory-200551/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957/page/1/view_as/grid">(image</a>)</li> <li><i>Nigel Tangye</i> (1946), oil on canvas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lewis-nigel-tangye-t04118">(image</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title is based on a contemporary best-seller, "The English, Are They Human?".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYTart-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTart_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrace_Glueck1985" class="citation news cs1">Grace Glueck (22 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/22/arts/art-view-wyndham-lewis-painter-polemicist-iconoclast.html?scp=3&sq=%22wyndham%20lewis%22&st=cse">"Wyndham Lewis:Painter, Polemicist, Iconoclast"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wyndham+Lewis%3APainter%2C+Polemicist%2C+Iconoclast&rft.date=1985-09-22&rft.au=Grace+Glueck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F09%2F22%2Farts%2Fart-view-wyndham-lewis-painter-polemicist-iconoclast.html%3Fscp%3D3%26sq%3D%2522wyndham%2520lewis%2522%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Cork, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101034517">"Lewis, (Percy) Wyndham (1882–1957)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenner1954" class="citation book cs1">Kenner, Hugh (1954). <i>Wyndham Lewis</i>. New York: New Directions. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wyndham+Lewis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=New+Directions&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Kenner&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wyndham-Lewis">"Wyndham Lewis"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wyndham+Lewis&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWyndham-Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenner1954" class="citation book cs1">Kenner, Hugh (1954). <i>Wyndham Lewis</i>. New York: New Directions. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wyndham+Lewis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=New+Directions&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Kenner&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/mol-34-257-244">"The programme and menu from the Cave of the Golden Calf, Cabaret and Theatre Club | Explore 20th Century London"</a>. <i>www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+programme+and+menu+from+the+Cave+of+the+Golden+Calf%2C+Cabaret+and+Theatre+Club+%26%23124%3B+Explore+20th+Century+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.20thcenturylondon.org.uk%2Fmol-34-257-244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fluxeuropa-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fluxeuropa_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fluxeuropa.com/wyndhamlewis-art_and_ideas.htm">"The Art and Ideas of Wyndham Lewis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205064138/http://www.fluxeuropa.com/wyndhamlewis-art_and_ideas.htm">Archived</a> 5 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FluxEuropa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrazas2001" class="citation journal cs1">Terrazas, Melania (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wyndhamlewis.org/jwls/54-wyndham-lewis-annual-viii-2001">"Tragic Clowns/Male Comedians: Wyndham Lewis's "Enemy of the Stars" and Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot"</a>. <i>Wyndham Lewis Annual</i>. <b>8</b>: 51 – via The Wyndham Lewis Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wyndham+Lewis+Annual&rft.atitle=Tragic+Clowns%2FMale+Comedians%3A+Wyndham+Lewis%27s+%22Enemy+of+the+Stars%22+and+Samuel+Beckett%27s+Waiting+for+Godot&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Terrazas&rft.aufirst=Melania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyndhamlewis.org%2Fjwls%2F54-wyndham-lewis-annual-viii-2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Gough (2010) <i> 'A Terrible Beauty': British Artists in the First World War</i> (Sansom and Company) 203–239, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906593001" title="Special:BookSources/9781906593001">9781906593001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Must_See-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Must_See_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Farthing2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Farthing" title="Stephen Farthing">Stephen Farthing</a>, ed. (2006). <i>1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die</i>. Cassell Illustrated/Quintessence. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-563-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-563-2"><bdi>978-1-84403-563-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Paintings+You+Must+See+Before+You+Die&rft.pub=Cassell+Illustrated%2FQuintessence&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84403-563-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutkin" class="citation web cs1">Gutkin, Len. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://campuspress.yale.edu/modernismlab/tarr/">"<i>Tarr</i>"</a>. New Haven: Modernism Lab, Yale University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tarr&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Modernism+Lab%2C+Yale+University&rft.aulast=Gutkin&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcampuspress.yale.edu%2Fmodernismlab%2Ftarr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter2011" class="citation book cs1">Trotter, David (2011) [1999]. "Chapter 3: The Modernist Novel". In Levenson, Michael (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Modernism</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107495708" title="Special:BookSources/9781107495708"><bdi>9781107495708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+Modernist+Novel&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Modernism&rft.pages=69&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781107495708&rft.aulast=Trotter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.lib.brown.edu/mjp/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=116014593613208"><i>Tyro</i></a>, scans of the publication at The Modernist Journals Project website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=8357"><i>Time and Western Man</i></a>, Morató, Yolanda. "Time and Western Man". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 2 March 2005; cf. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Chaney" title="Edward Chaney">Edward Chaney</a>, '"Mummy First: Statue After": Wyndham Lewis, Diffusionism, Mosaic Distinctions and the Egyptian Origins of Art,' <i>Ancient Egypt in the Modern Imagination</i>, eds. E. Dobson and N. Tonks (Bloomsbury Academic, 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Alister, ed., <i>Richard Aldington: Selected Critical Writings, 1928-1960</i>, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1970, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Neilson, Brett (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771454">"History's Stamp: Wyndham Lewis's The Revenge for Love and the Heidegger Controversy"</a>. <i>Comparative Literature</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 24–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1771454">10.2307/1771454</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771454">1771454</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Literature&rft.atitle=History%27s+Stamp%3A+Wyndham+Lewis%27s+The+Revenge+for+Love+and+the+Heidegger+Controversy&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-41&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1771454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1771454%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Neilson&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1771454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bridson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bridson_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridson_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridson_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridson_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridson_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridson2014" class="citation book cs1">Bridson, D. G. (2014). <i>The Filibuster: A Study of the Political Ideas of Wyndham Lewis</i>. A&C Black. pp. 232–248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filibuster%3A+A+Study+of+the+Political+Ideas+of+Wyndham+Lewis&rft.pages=232-248&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bridson&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612000822/http://www.gingkopress.com/09-lit/rotting-hill.html">"Wyndham Lewis "Rotting Hill"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wyndham+Lewis+%22Rotting+Hill%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gingkopress.com%2F09-lit%2Frotting-hill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131182401/http://www.historytalk.org/Notting%20Hill%20History%20Timeline/timelinechap5.pdf"><i>Notting Hill history: 5 – Rotting Hill, 1940s</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Kensington & Chelsea Community History Group, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytalk.org/Notting%20Hill%20History%20Timeline/timelinechap5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notting+Hill+history%3A+5+%E2%80%93+Rotting+Hill%2C+1940s&rft.pub=Kensington+%26+Chelsea+Community+History+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytalk.org%2FNotting%2520Hill%2520History%2520Timeline%2Ftimelinechap5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Human Age</i>. Wyndham Lewis. <i>The Listener</i> (London, England), Thursday, 2 June 1955; p. 976; Issue 1370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Froanna-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Froanna_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery" class="citation web cs1">National Portrait Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/wyndhamlewis/froanna/aboutheportrait.html">"Portrait of Froanna"</a>. National Portrait Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Froanna+%E2%80%93+Portrait+of+the+Artist%27s+Wife&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft.au=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fwyndhamlewis%2Ffroanna%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antipathos-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antipathos_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antipathos_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Trotter2001" class="citation web cs1">David Trotter (23 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jan/23/londonreviewofbooks">"A most modern misanthrope: Wyndham Lewis and the pursuit of anti-pathos"</a>. <i>The Guardian / London Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+%2F+London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=A+most+modern+misanthrope%3A+Wyndham+Lewis+and+the+pursuit+of+anti-pathos&rft.date=2001-01-23&rft.au=David+Trotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2001%2Fjan%2F23%2Flondonreviewofbooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-insignificant/149977815/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Insignificant Blur'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. 3 February 1940. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2024</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=%27Insignificant+Blur%27&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1940-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-sydney-morning-herald-insignificant%2F149977815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Time_and_Tide_(magazine)" title="Time and Tide (magazine)">Time and Tide</a></i>, 2 March 1935, p. 306.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorató2010" class="citation journal cs1">Morató, Yolanda (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13825577.2010.517291">"Bête Noire or Scapegoat?"</a>. <i>European Journal of English Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 221–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13825577.2010.517291">10.1080/13825577.2010.517291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142626791">142626791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=B%C3%AAte+Noire+or+Scapegoat%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-234&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13825577.2010.517291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142626791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morat%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Yolanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F13825577.2010.517291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tomlubbock.com/downloads/new/Wyndham_Lewis.pdf">"Wyndham Lewis – 1882–1957: Fundación Juan March, Madrid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wyndham+Lewis+%E2%80%93+1882%E2%80%931957%3A+Fundaci%C3%B3n+Juan+March%2C+Madrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftomlubbock.com%2Fdownloads%2Fnew%2FWyndham_Lewis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions_vorticists.php">Nasher Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308220042/http://nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions_vorticists.php">Archived</a> 8 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 17 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ltmrecordings.com//index.php?target=/wyndhamlewiscat.html">"LTM Recordings | Independent Record Label | Official Website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LTM+Recordings+%26%23124%3B+Independent+Record+Label+%26%23124%3B+Official+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ltmrecordings.com%2F%2Findex.php%3Ftarget%3D%2Fwyndhamlewiscat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/637">"Wyndham Lewis blue plaque"</a>. openplaques.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wyndham+Lewis+blue+plaque&rft.pub=openplaques.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenplaques.org%2Fplaques%2F637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWyndham+Lewis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gutenberg-au-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gutenberg-au_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300011h.html">Fifty Orwell Essays</a>, A Project Gutenberg of Australia eBook</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Peter (11 September 2008). "At the National Portrait Gallery". <i>London Review of Books</i>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayers-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ayers_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayers, David. (1992) <i>Wyndham Lewis and Western Man</i>. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ayers, David. (1992) <i>Wyndham Lewis and Western Man</i>. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Chaney, Edward (1990) "Wyndham Lewis: The Modernist as Pioneering Anti-Modernist", <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters_(magazine)" title="Modern Painters (magazine)">Modern Painters</a></i> (Autumn, 1990), III, no. 3, pp. 106–09.</li> <li>Edwards, Paul. (2000) <i>Wyndham Lewis, Painter and Writer</i>. New Haven and London: Yale U P.</li> <li>Edwards, Paul and Humphreys, Richard. (2010) "Wyndham Lewis (1882–1957)". Madrid: Fundación Juan March</li> <li>Gasiorek, Andrzej. (2004) <i>Wyndham Lewis and Modernism</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writersandtheirwork.co.uk/index.php/component/hikashop/product/690-wyndham-lewis-and-modernism">Wyndham Lewis and Modernism</a>. Tavistock: Northcote House.</li> <li>Gasiorek, Andrzej, Reeve-Tucker, Alice, and Waddell, Nathan. (2011) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409400547">Wyndham Lewis and the Cultures of Modernity</a></i>. Aldershot: Ashgate.</li> <li>Grigson, Geoffrey (1951). <i>A Master of Our Time: A Study of Wyndham Lewis</i>. London: Methuen.</li> <li>Hammer, Martin (1981) <i>Out of the Vortex: Wyndham Lewis as Painter</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a></i> No. 5, Summer 1981, pp. 31–33, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a>.</li> <li>Jaillant, Lise. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8965731/Rewriting_Tarr_Ten_Years_Later_Wyndham_Lewis_the_Phoenix_Library_and_the_Domestication_of_Modernism">Rewriting Tarr Ten Years Later: Wyndham Lewis, the Phoenix Library and the Domestication of Modernism</a>." Journal of Wyndham Lewis Studies 5 (2014): 1–30.</li> <li>Jameson, Fredric. (1979) <i>Fables of Aggression: Wyndham Lewis, the Modernist as Fascist</i>. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.</li> <li>Kenner, Hugh. (1954) <i>Wyndham Lewis</i>. New York: New Directions.</li> <li>Klein, Scott W. (1994) <i>The Fictions of James Joyce and Wyndham Lewis: Monsters of Nature and Design.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Leavis, F.R. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/commonpursuit007591mbp#page/n247/mode/2up">"Mr. Eliot, Mr. Wyndham Lewis and Lawrence."</a> In <i>The Common Pursuit</i>, New York University Press.</li> <li>Michel, Walter. (1971) <i>Wyndham Lewis: Paintings and Drawings</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li>Meyers, Jeffrey. (1980) <i>The Enemy: A Biography of Wyndham Lewis.</i> London and Henley: Routledge & Keegan Paul.</li> <li>Morrow, Bradford and Bernard Lafourcade. (1978) <i>A Bibliography of the Writings of Wyndham Lewis</i>. Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow Press.</li> <li>Normand, Tom. (1993) <i>Wyndham Lewis the Artist: Holding the Mirror up to Politics</i>. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>O'Keeffe, Paul. (2000) <i>Some Sort of Genius: A Biography of Wyndham Lewis</i>. London: Cape.</li> <li>Orage, A. R. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/readersandwriter00oragiala#page/52/mode/2up">"Mr. Pound and Mr. Lewis in Public."</a> In <i>Readers and Writers (1917–1921)</i>, London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.</li> <li>Rothenstein, John (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/modernenglishpai000577mbp#page/n13/mode/2up">"Wyndham Lewis."</a> In <i>Modern English Painters. Lewis To Moore</i>, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.</li> <li>Rutter, Frank (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/somecontemporary00ruttuoft#page/176/mode/2up">"Wyndham Lewis."</a> In <i>Some Contemporary Artists</i>, London: Leonard Parsons.</li> <li>Rutter, Frank (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/evomoder00rutt#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Evolution in Modern Art: A Study of Modern Painting, 1870–1925</i></a>, London: George G. Harrap.</li> <li>Schenker, Daniel. (1992) <i>Wyndham Lewis: Religion and Modernism</i>. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama Press.</li> <li>Spender, Stephen (1978). <i>The Thirties and After: Poetry, Politics, People (1933–1975)</i>, Macmillan.</li> <li>Stevenson, Randall (1982), <i>The Other Centenary: Wyndham Lewis, 1882–1982</i>, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a></i> No. 10, Autumn 1982, pp. 18–21, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a></li> <li>Waddell, Nathan. (2012) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=472815">Modernist Nowheres: Politics and Utopia in Early Modernist Writing, 1900–1920</a></i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li>Wagner, Geoffrey (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/wyndhamlewisport00wagn#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Wyndham Lewis: A Portrait of the Artist as the Enemy</i></a>, New Haven: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Woodcock, George, ed. <i>Wyndham Lewis in Canada</i>. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Publications, 1972.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unirioja.es/wyndhamlewis/">Wyndham Lewis Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0943922/">Wyndham Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wyndham-Lewis">Wyndham Lewis</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/49898">Works by Wyndham Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706171518/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Time_and_Western_Man">Time and Western Man</a></i> essay by Kirsty Dootson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Lewis%2C%20Wyndham">Works by Wyndham Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ltmrecordings.com/the_enemy_speaks_ltmcd2411.html">Wyndham Lewis: The Enemy Speaks</a></i> audiobook CD</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM04612.html">Wyndham Lewis Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewalrus.ca/self-condemned/">Wyndham Lewis: Self Condemned</a> essay in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walrus" title="The Walrus">The Walrus</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:lewis-wyndham-18821957">36 artworks by or after Wyndham Lewis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uvic.ca/library/about/support/donors/cyril-j-fox.php">Cyril J. Fox-Wyndham Lewis collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.uvic.ca/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9920498423807291&context=L&vid=01VIC_INST:01UVIC">Wyndham Lewis collection (1945-1956)</a> at the University of Victoria</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14912">Works by Wyndham Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02726">Portraits of Wyndham Lewis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780102#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116035527/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/learning/poetics-essay.html?id=238696">"Long Live the Vortex!" and "Our Vortex"</a> (1914) at the <a href="/wiki/Poetry_Foundation" title="Poetry Foundation">Poetry Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesfa.library.yorku.ca/fonds/ON00370-f0000584.htm">Wyndham Lewis Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clara_Thomas" title="Clara Thomas">Clara Thomas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yorku.ca/cms/archivesspecialcollections/">Archives & Special Collections</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a></li> <li>Wyndham Lewis Art Collection <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00213">1898-1949</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00836">1915-1977, undated</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd_(Lewis)" title="The Crowd (Lewis)">The Crowd</a></i> (1914–1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Battery_Shelled" title="A Battery Shelled">A Battery Shelled</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edith_Sitwell_(Lewis)" title="Edith Sitwell (Lewis)">Edith Sitwell</a></i> (1923–1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Surrender_of_Barcelona" title="The Surrender of Barcelona">The Surrender of Barcelona</a></i> (1934–1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_T._S._Eliot" title="Portrait of T. S. Eliot">Portrait of T. S. Eliot</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound_(Lewis)" title="Ezra Pound (Lewis)">Ezra Pound</a></i> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blast_(British_magazine)" title="Blast (British magazine)">Blast</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vorticists_at_the_Restaurant_de_la_Tour_Eiffel,_Spring_1915" title="The Vorticists at the Restaurant de la Tour Eiffel, Spring 1915">The Vorticists at the Restaurant de la Tour Eiffel, Spring 1915</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Camden_Town_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:green; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Camden_Town_Group" title="Template:Camden Town Group"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Camden_Town_Group" title="Template talk:Camden Town Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Camden_Town_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Camden Town Group"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camden_Town_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Camden_Town_Group" title="Camden Town Group"><span style="color:white;">Camden Town Group</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:green; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bayes" title="Walter Bayes">Walter Bayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bevan_(artist)" title="Robert Bevan (artist)">Robert Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Drummond" title="Malcolm Drummond">Malcolm Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Gilman" title="Harold Gilman">Harold Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ginner" title="Charles Ginner">Charles Ginner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Gore_(artist)" title="Spencer Gore (artist)">Spencer Frederick Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Grant" title="Duncan Grant">Duncan Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dickson_Innes" title="James Dickson Innes">James Dickson Innes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_John" title="Augustus John">Augustus John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lamb" title="Henry Lamb">Henry Lamb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wyndham Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Gordon_Lightfoot" title="Maxwell Gordon Lightfoot">Maxwell Gordon Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bolivar_Manson" title="James Bolivar Manson">J. B. Manson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Pissarro" title="Lucien Pissarro">Lucien Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ratcliffe_(artist)" title="William Ratcliffe (artist)">William Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sickert" title="Walter Sickert">Walter Sickert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doman_Turner" title="John Doman Turner">John Doman Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:green; color:white;;width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:green; color:white;;width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Street_Group" title="Fitzroy Street Group">Fitzroy Street Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Association" title="Allied Artists Association">Allied Artists Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="London Group">London Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Market_Group" title="Cumberland Market Group">Cumberland Market Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vorticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vorticism" title="Template:Vorticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vorticism" title="Template talk:Vorticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vorticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vorticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vorticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vorticists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Atkinson" title="Lawrence Atkinson">Lawrence Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bomberg" title="David Bomberg">David Bomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Dismorr" title="Jessica Dismorr">Jessica Dismorr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Etchells" title="Frederick Etchells">Frederick Etchells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gaudier-Brzeska" title="Henri Gaudier-Brzeska">Henri Gaudier-Brzeska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Hamilton" title="Cuthbert Hamilton">Cuthbert Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Lechmere" title="Kate Lechmere">Kate Lechmere</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wyndham Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roberts_(painter)" title="William Roberts (painter)">William Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Saunders" title="Helen Saunders">Helen Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Shakespear" title="Dorothy Shakespear">Dorothy Shakespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wadsworth" title="Edward Wadsworth">Edward Wadsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bomberg,_The_Mud_Bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Bomberg%2C_The_Mud_Bath.jpg/75px-Bomberg%2C_The_Mud_Bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Bomberg%2C_The_Mud_Bath.jpg/113px-Bomberg%2C_The_Mud_Bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Bomberg%2C_The_Mud_Bath.jpg/150px-Bomberg%2C_The_Mud_Bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Output</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blast_(British_magazine)" title="Blast (British magazine)">Blast</a></i> (1914–1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd_(Lewis)" title="The Crowd (Lewis)">The Crowd</a></i> (1914–1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic_Head_of_Ezra_Pound" title="Hieratic Head of Ezra Pound">Hieratic Head of Ezra Pound</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mud_Bath" title="The Mud Bath">The Mud Bath</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drill_(Jacob_Epstein)" title="Rock Drill (Jacob Epstein)">Rock Drill</a></i> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vorticists_at_the_Restaurant_de_la_Tour_Eiffel,_Spring_1915" title="The Vorticists at the Restaurant de la Tour Eiffel, Spring 1915">The Vorticists at the Restaurant de la Tour Eiffel, Spring 1915</a></i> (1962 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_X" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Group_X" title="Template:Group X"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Group_X" title="Template talk:Group X"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Group_X" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Group X"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_X" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_X" title="Group X">Group X</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Dismorr" title="Jessica Dismorr">Jessica Dismorr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dobson_(sculptor)" title="Frank Dobson (sculptor)">Frank Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Etchells" title="Frederick Etchells">Frederick Etchells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ginner" title="Charles Ginner">Charles Ginner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Hamilton" title="Cuthbert Hamilton">Cuthbert Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_McKnight_Kauffer" title="Edward McKnight Kauffer">Edward McKnight Kauffer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wyndham Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roberts_(painter)" title="William Roberts (painter)">William Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Turnbull_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Turnbull (artist) (page does not exist)">John Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wadsworth" title="Edward Wadsworth">Edward Wadsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a 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→</div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Wyndham Lewis</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wyndham_Lewis" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Wyndham Lewis">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" class="extiw" title="q:Wyndham Lewis">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780102" class="extiw" title="d:Q780102">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780102#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780102#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780102#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121296312">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41843119">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36177/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhH7yWkmQW6TRHjMcwgrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118640550">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79058744">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119129001">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119129001">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00470464">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lewis, Wyndham"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV091373">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35303890">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2011673641&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1315827">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/153847">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068229976">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90141056">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000163995&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810551652805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/209229">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264521905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518900706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14411325">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00565472?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500025826">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6dd3e4cf-dda0-49ab-9043-74ebd0e6d291">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/49822">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/1086/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/3525">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/wyndham-lewis">National Gallery of Canada</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/2489/">South Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/904527">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118640550">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027294722">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xs623k">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/1365">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&oldid=1257289753">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyndham_Lewis&oldid=1257289753</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wyndham_Lewis" title="Category:Wyndham Lewis">Wyndham Lewis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1882_births" title="Category:1882 births">1882 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1957_deaths" title="Category:1957 deaths">1957 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century English male writers">20th-century English male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_novelists" title="Category:20th-century English novelists">20th-century English novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_painters" title="Category:20th-century English painters">20th-century English painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Slade_School_of_Fine_Art" title="Category:Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art">Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art</a></li><li><a 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