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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-architectural_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-architectural_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-architectural activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-architectural_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eero Saarinen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="إيرو سارينين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيرو سارينين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эра Саарынен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эра Саарынен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Έερο Σάαρινεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έερο Σάαρινεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86" title="ارو سارینن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارو سارینن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A1%9C_%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%A8" title="에로 사리넨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에로 사리넨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%B8_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Էրո Սարինեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրո Սարինեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9F" title="אירו סארינן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירו סארינן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ეერო საარინენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეერო საარინენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еро Саринен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еро Саринен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ايرو سارينين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرو سارينين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B3" title="エーロ・サーリネン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エーロ・サーリネン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarinen_Ero" title="Saarinen Ero – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saarinen Ero" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сааринен, Ээро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сааринен, Ээро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еро Саринен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еро Саринен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈரோ சாரினென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈரோ சாரினென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eero Saarinen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ееро Саарінен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ееро Саарінен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Eero Saarinen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eero-Saarinen_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eero-Saarinen_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Eero-Saarinen_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eero-Saarinen_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Eero-Saarinen_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eero-Saarinen_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Eero-Saarinen_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="4402" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Saarinen in 1955 or 1956</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1910-08-20</span>)</span>August 20, 1910<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kirkkonummi" title="Kirkkonummi">Kirkkonummi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1, 1961<span style="display:none">(1961-09-01)</span> (aged 51)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Finnish <br /> American (since 1940)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_la_Grande_Chaumi%C3%A8re" title="Académie de la Grande Chaumière">Académie de la Grande Chaumière</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Architecture" title="Yale School of Architecture">Yale University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Architect</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AIA_Gold_Medal" title="AIA Gold Medal">AIA Gold Medal</a> (1962)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Practice</th><td class="infobox-data">Associated architectural firm[s]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buildings</th><td class="infobox-data note">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Eero_Saarinen" title="List of works by Eero Saarinen">list of works</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Technical_Center" title="General Motors Technical Center">General Motors Technical Center</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International Airport</a><br /><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_Center" title="TWA Flight Center">TWA Flight Center</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tulip_chair" title="Tulip chair">Tulip chair</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Swann_Saarinen" title="Lilian Swann Saarinen">Lilian Swann</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1939; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1954)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aline_B._Saarinen" title="Aline B. Saarinen">Aline Bernstein</a><br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1954)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Eric_Saarinen" title="Eric Saarinen">Eric Saarinen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Loja_Saarinen" title="Loja Saarinen">Loja Gesellius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pipsan_Saarinen_Swanson" title="Pipsan Saarinen Swanson">Pipsan Saarinen Swanson</a> (sister)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eero Saarinen</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span>-/</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Finnish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈeːro<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsɑːrinen]</a></span>; August 20, 1910 – September 1, 1961) was a Finnish-American architect and industrial designer who created a wide array of innovative designs for buildings and monuments, including the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Technical_Center" title="General Motors Technical Center">General Motors Technical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Michigan" title="Warren, Michigan">Warren, Michigan</a>; the passenger terminal at <a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International Airport</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; the <a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_Center" title="TWA Flight Center">TWA Flight Center</a> (now <a href="/wiki/TWA_Hotel" title="TWA Hotel">TWA Hotel</a>) at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>. He was the son of Finnish architect <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eero Saarinen was born in <a href="/wiki/Hvittr%C3%A4sk" title="Hvitträsk">Hvitträsk</a> on August 20, 1910, to Finnish architect <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen" title="Eliel Saarinen">Eliel Saarinen</a> and his second wife, Louise, on his father's 37th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-MuseumFinnish1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumFinnish1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MuseumFinnish2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumFinnish2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They migrated to the United States in 1923, when Eero was thirteen.<sup id="cite_ref-MuseumFinnish1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumFinnish1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MuseumFinnish2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumFinnish2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills, Michigan</a>, where his father taught and was dean of the <a href="/wiki/Cranbrook_Academy_of_Art" title="Cranbrook Academy of Art">Cranbrook Academy of Art</a>, and he took courses in sculpture and furniture design there.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a close relationship with fellow students, designers <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eames" title="Charles Eames">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Eames" title="Ray Eames">Ray Eames</a>, and became good friends with architect <a href="/wiki/Florence_Knoll" title="Florence Knoll">Florence Knoll (née Schust)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShapingtheFuture-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saarinen began studies in sculpture at the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_la_Grande_Chaumi%C3%A8re" title="Académie de la Grande Chaumière">Académie de la Grande Chaumière</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, in September 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShapingtheFuture-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then went on to study at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Architecture" title="Yale School of Architecture">Yale School of Architecture</a>, completing his studies in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MuseumFinnish1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumFinnish1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently toured Europe and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> for two years and then returned to the United States in 1936 to work in his father's architectural practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Louis_night_expblend_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/St_Louis_night_expblend_cropped.jpg/220px-St_Louis_night_expblend_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/St_Louis_night_expblend_cropped.jpg/330px-St_Louis_night_expblend_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/St_Louis_night_expblend_cropped.jpg/440px-St_Louis_night_expblend_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dulles_Airport_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dulles_Airport_Terminal.jpg/220px-Dulles_Airport_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dulles_Airport_Terminal.jpg/330px-Dulles_Airport_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dulles_Airport_Terminal.jpg/440px-Dulles_Airport_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2702" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles International Airport">Washington Dulles International Airport</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleinhans_Music_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kleinhans_Music_Hall.jpg/220px-Kleinhans_Music_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kleinhans_Music_Hall.jpg/330px-Kleinhans_Music_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kleinhans_Music_Hall.jpg/440px-Kleinhans_Music_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kleinhans_Music_Hall" title="Kleinhans Music Hall">Kleinhans Music Hall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Park%E2%80%93Front_Park_System" title="Delaware Park–Front Park System">Delaware Park–Front Park System</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TWA_Flight_Center_interior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TWA_Flight_Center_interior_view.jpg/220px-TWA_Flight_Center_interior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TWA_Flight_Center_interior_view.jpg/330px-TWA_Flight_Center_interior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TWA_Flight_Center_interior_view.jpg/440px-TWA_Flight_Center_interior_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Fluid and open interior space, typical of Saarinen's style, is evident in the <a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_Center" title="TWA Flight Center">TWA Flight Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jfkairport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jfkairport.jpg/220px-Jfkairport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jfkairport.jpg/330px-Jfkairport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jfkairport.jpg/440px-Jfkairport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>TWA Flight Center at JFK International Airport</figcaption></figure> <p>After his tour of Europe and North Africa, Saarinen returned to Cranbrook to work for his father and teach at the academy. His father's firm, Saarinen, Swanson and Associates, was headed by Eliel Saarinen and Robert Swanson from the late 1930s until Eliel's death in 1950 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills, Michigan</a> until 1961 when the practice was moved to <a href="/wiki/Hamden,_Connecticut" title="Hamden, Connecticut">Hamden, Connecticut</a>. </p><p>While still working for his father, Saarinen first gained recognition for his design capabilities for a chair he designed together with Charles Eames, which received first place in the Organic Design in Home Furnishings competition in 1940. The <a href="/wiki/Tulip_chair" title="Tulip chair">Tulip chair</a>, like all other Saarinen chairs, was taken into production by the <a href="/wiki/Knoll_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knoll (company)">Knoll</a> furniture company, founded by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Knoll" title="Hans Knoll">Hans Knoll</a>, who married Saarinen family friend <a href="/wiki/Florence_Knoll" title="Florence Knoll">Florence (Schust) Knoll</a>. Further attention came also while Saarinen was still working for his father when he took first prize in the 1948 competition for the design of the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Gateway Arch National Park</a> (then known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial) in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>. The memorial was not completed until the 1960s. The competition award was mistakenly addressed to his father because both he and his father had entered the competition separately. </p><p>During his long association with Knoll he designed many important pieces of furniture, including the Grasshopper lounge chair and ottoman (1946), the Womb chair and ottoman (1948),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Womb settee (1950), side and arm chairs (1948–1950), and his most famous Tulip or Pedestal group (1956), which featured side and arm chairs, dining, coffee and side tables, as well as a stool. All of these designs were highly successful except for the Grasshopper lounge chair, which, although in production through 1965, was not a big success. </p><p>One of Saarinen's earliest works to receive international acclaim is the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Island_School" title="Crow Island School">Crow Island School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winnetka,_Illinois" title="Winnetka, Illinois">Winnetka, Illinois</a> (1940). The first major work by Saarinen, in collaboration with his father, was the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Technical_Center" title="General Motors Technical Center">General Motors Technical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Michigan" title="Warren, Michigan">Warren, Michigan</a>, which follows the rationalist design <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Miesian style</a>, incorporating steel and glass but with the addition of accent of panels in two shades of blue. The GM Technical Center was constructed in 1956, with Saarinen using models, which allowed him to share his ideas with others and gather input from other professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the success of this project, Saarinen was then invited by other major American corporations such as <a href="/wiki/John_Deere" title="John Deere">John Deere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">IBM</a>/<a href="/wiki/IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">IBM Rochester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> to design their new headquarters or other major corporate buildings. Despite the overall rational design philosophy, the interiors usually contained dramatic sweeping staircases as well as furniture designed by Saarinen, such as the Pedestal series.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, he began to receive more commissions from American universities for campus designs and individual buildings. These include Birch Hall at <a href="/wiki/Antioch_College" title="Antioch College">Antioch College</a>, the Noyes dormitory at <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hill_College_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill College House">Hill College House</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ingalls_Rink" title="Ingalls Rink">Ingalls</a> ice rink, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles_College" title="Ezra Stiles College">Ezra Stiles</a> & <a href="/wiki/Morse_College" title="Morse College">Morse</a> Colleges at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Chapel" title="MIT Chapel">MIT Chapel</a> and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium" title="Kresge Auditorium">Kresge Auditorium</a> at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> building and grounds. </p><p>Saarinen served on the jury for the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a> commission in 1957 and was crucial in the selection of the now internationally known design by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sydneyoperahouse1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydneyoperahouse1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A jury which did not include Saarinen had discarded Utzon's design in the first round; Saarinen reviewed the discarded designs, recognized a quality in Utzon's design, and ultimately assured the commission of Utzon.<sup id="cite_ref-sydneyoperahouse1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydneyoperahouse1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his father's death in July 1950, Saarinen founded his own architect's office, Eero Saarinen and Associates. He was the principal partner from 1950 until his death. The firm carried out many of its most important works, including the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs_Holmdel_Complex" title="Bell Labs Holmdel Complex">Bell Labs Holmdel Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holmdel_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Holmdel Township, New Jersey">Holmdel Township, New Jersey</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Miller_House_(Columbus,_Indiana)" title="Miller House (Columbus, Indiana)">Miller House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Indiana" title="Columbus, Indiana">Columbus, Indiana</a>; the <a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_Center" title="TWA Flight Center">TWA Flight Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>, which he worked on with Charles J. Parise; the main terminal of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles International Airport">Washington Dulles International Airport</a>; and the new East Air Terminal of the old <a href="/wiki/Ellinikon_International_Airport" title="Ellinikon International Airport">Athens airport</a> in Greece, which opened in 1967. Many of these projects use <a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">catenary</a> curves in their structural designs. </p><p>In 1949 and 1950, Saarinen was hired by the then-new <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> to create a master plan for the campus.<sup id="cite_ref-BuildingBrandeis_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuildingBrandeis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saarinen's plan <i>A Foundation for Learning: Planning the Campus of Brandeis University</i> (1949; second edition 1951), developed with <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Nowicki_(architect)" title="Maciej Nowicki (architect)">Matthew Nowicki</a>, called for a central academic complex surrounded by residential quadrangles along a peripheral road.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandeis50_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandeis50-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was never built but was useful in attracting donors.<sup id="cite_ref-BuildingBrandeis_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuildingBrandeis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saarinen did build a few residential structures on the campus, including Ridgewood Quadrangle (1950), Sherman Student Center (1952) and Shapiro Dormitory at Hamilton Quadrangle (1952).<sup id="cite_ref-Brandeis50_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandeis50-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BuildingBrandeis_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuildingBrandeis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have all been either demolished or extensively remodeled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of his best known <a href="/wiki/Thin-shell_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-shell structure">thin-shell concrete structures</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium" title="Kresge Auditorium">Kresge Auditorium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>. Another thin-shell structure is <a href="/wiki/Ingalls_Rink" title="Ingalls Rink">Ingalls Rink</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, which has suspension cables connected to a single concrete backbone and is nicknamed "the whale". His most famous work is the <a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_Center" title="TWA Flight Center">TWA Flight Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>, which represents the culmination of his previous designs and his genius for expressing the ultimate purpose of each building, what he called the "style for the job".<sup id="cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShapingtheFuture2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2019, the terminal was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/TWA_Hotel" title="TWA Hotel">TWA Hotel</a> and features furniture designed by Saarinen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saarinen designed the <a href="/wiki/Kleinhans_Music_Hall" title="Kleinhans Music Hall">Kleinhans Music Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, together with his father, Eliel Saarinen. He also designed the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_London" title="Embassy of the United States, London">Embassy of the United States in London</a>, which opened in 1960, and the former <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Oslo" title="Embassy of the United States, Oslo">Embassy of the United States in Oslo</a>. </p><p>Saarinen worked with his father, mother, and sister designing elements of the Cranbrook campus in <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills, Michigan</a>, including the Cranbrook School, Kingswood School, the Cranbrook Art Academy, and the Cranbrook Science Institute. Eero Saarinen's leaded-glass designs are a prominent feature of these buildings throughout the campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-architectural_activities">Non-architectural activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-architectural activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarinen_Tulpanstolen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Saarinen_Tulpanstolen.jpg/220px-Saarinen_Tulpanstolen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Saarinen_Tulpanstolen.jpg/330px-Saarinen_Tulpanstolen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Saarinen_Tulpanstolen.jpg/440px-Saarinen_Tulpanstolen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Saarinen's <a href="/wiki/Tulip_Chair" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Chair">tulip chair</a> and seat cushion designed in 1956, now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eero_Saarinen,_Womb_Chair,_Model_No._70,_Designed_1947-1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eero_Saarinen%2C_Womb_Chair%2C_Model_No._70%2C_Designed_1947-1948.jpg/220px-Eero_Saarinen%2C_Womb_Chair%2C_Model_No._70%2C_Designed_1947-1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eero_Saarinen%2C_Womb_Chair%2C_Model_No._70%2C_Designed_1947-1948.jpg/330px-Eero_Saarinen%2C_Womb_Chair%2C_Model_No._70%2C_Designed_1947-1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Eero_Saarinen%2C_Womb_Chair%2C_Model_No._70%2C_Designed_1947-1948.jpg/440px-Eero_Saarinen%2C_Womb_Chair%2C_Model_No._70%2C_Designed_1947-1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Womb Chair Model No. 70 designed 1947–1948, now in the Brooklyn Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eero_Saarinen,_%22Grasshopper%22_Highback_Armchair,_Designed_ca._1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eero_Saarinen%2C_%22Grasshopper%22_Highback_Armchair%2C_Designed_ca._1947.jpg/220px-Eero_Saarinen%2C_%22Grasshopper%22_Highback_Armchair%2C_Designed_ca._1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eero_Saarinen%2C_%22Grasshopper%22_Highback_Armchair%2C_Designed_ca._1947.jpg/330px-Eero_Saarinen%2C_%22Grasshopper%22_Highback_Armchair%2C_Designed_ca._1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Eero_Saarinen%2C_%22Grasshopper%22_Highback_Armchair%2C_Designed_ca._1947.jpg/440px-Eero_Saarinen%2C_%22Grasshopper%22_Highback_Armchair%2C_Designed_ca._1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>"Grasshopper" Highback Armchair designed c. 1947, now in the Brooklyn Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Saarinen was recruited by <a href="/wiki/Donal_McLaughlin" title="Donal McLaughlin">Donal McLaughlin</a>, an architectural school friend from his Yale days, to join the military service in the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS). Saarinen was assigned to draw illustrations for bomb disassembly manuals and to provide designs for the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Situation Room">Situation Room</a> in the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saarinen worked full-time for the OSS until 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShapingtheFuture2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 329">: 329 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eero Saarinen was elected a <a href="/wiki/FAIA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAIA">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Arts and Letters">National Institute of Arts and Letters</a> in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, he was posthumously awarded a gold medal by the American Institute of Architects.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, he received two first prizes together with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eames" title="Charles Eames">Charles Eames</a> in the furniture design competition of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in New York City. In 1948, he won the first prize in the Jefferson National Monument competition. The Boston Arts festival in 1953 gave him their Grand Architectural Award. He received the First Honor award of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a> twice, in 1955 and 1956, and their gold medal in 1962. In 1965 he took first prize in US Embassy competition in London.<sup id="cite_ref-BOOK_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOOK-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saarinen became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalized citizen</a> of the United States in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, Saarinen married the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Swann_Saarinen" title="Lilian Swann Saarinen">Lilian Swann</a>. They had two children, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Saarinen" title="Eric Saarinen">Eric</a> and Susan Saarinen. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1954. That same year, Saarinen married <a href="/wiki/Aline_Bernstein_Louchheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Aline Bernstein Louchheim">Aline Bernstein Louchheim</a>, an art critic at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</i> Saarinen met Louchheim when she came to <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> to interview him for his contributions to the recently completed <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Technical_Center" title="General Motors Technical Center">General Motors Technical Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saarinen and Louchheim had one son together, whom they named Eames after Saarinen's collaborator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eames" title="Charles Eames">Charles Eames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to their respective contributions to architecture, design, and criticism, Eero and Aline Saarinen are remembered for their affectionate and detailed personal papers, held at the <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art" title="Archives of American Art">Archives of American Art</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saarinen died on September 1, 1961, at the age of 51 while undergoing an operation in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumor</a>. He was overseeing the completion of a new music building for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Music,_Theatre_%26_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance">University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 21st century, Saarinen was considered one of the masters of American 20th-century architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShapingtheFuture2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During that time, his work was the subject of a major exhibition and several books. This is partly because <a href="/wiki/Roche-Dinkeloo" title="Roche-Dinkeloo">Roche-Dinkeloo</a>, the successor to Saarinen's firm, donated its Saarinen archives to Yale University, but also because Saarinen's oeuvre can be said to fit in with present-day concerns about pluralism of styles. He was criticized in his own time—most vociferously by Yale's <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Scully" title="Vincent Scully">Vincent Scully</a>—for having no identifiable style; one explanation for this is that Saarinen's vision was adapted to each individual client and project, which were never exactly the same.<sup id="cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShapingtheFuture2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Scully also criticized him for designing buildings that were "packages," with "no connection with human use . . . at once cruelly inhuman and trivial, as if they had been designed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The papers of Aline and Eero Saarinen, from 1906 to 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were donated in 1973 to the <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art" title="Archives of American Art">Archives of American Art</a>, Smithsonian Institution (by Charles Alan, <a href="/wiki/Aline_B._Saarinen" title="Aline B. Saarinen">Aline Saarinen</a>'s brother and executor of her estate<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In 2006, the bulk of these primary source documents on the couple were digitized and posted online on the Archives' website.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eero Saarinen collection at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture" title="Canadian Centre for Architecture">Canadian Centre for Architecture</a> documents eight built projects, including the old <a href="/wiki/Ellinikon_International_Airport" title="Ellinikon International Airport">Athens airport</a> in Greece, the former US Embassy Chanceries in <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Oslo" title="Embassy of the United States, Oslo">Oslo, Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_London" title="Embassy of the United States, London">London, England</a>, corporate projects for John Deere, CBS, and IBM, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Christian_Church" title="North Christian Church">North Christian Church</a> in Columbus, Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exhibition of Saarinen's work, <i>Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future</i>, was organized by the Finnish Cultural Institute in New York in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Architecture" title="Yale School of Architecture">Yale School of Architecture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Finnish_Architecture" title="Museum of Finnish Architecture">Museum of Finnish Architecture</a>. The exhibition toured in Europe and the United States from 2006 to 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a stint at the National Building Museum in Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition was accompanied by the book <i>Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShapingtheFuture1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <i>Eero Saarinen: The Architect Who Saw the Future</i>, a film about Saarinen co-produced by his son <a href="/wiki/Eric_Saarinen" title="Eric Saarinen">Eric Saarinen</a>, premiered on the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Masters" title="American Masters">American Masters</a></i> series on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Eero_Saarinen" title="List of works by Eero Saarinen">List of works by Eero Saarinen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MuseumFinnish1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MuseumFinnish1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuseumFinnish1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuseumFinnish1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Helsinki, FIN: Arkkitehtuurimuseo [Museum of Finnish Architecture]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.fi/arkkitehtiesittely?apid=3870">the original</a> on March 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MFA.fi&rft.atitle=Eero+Saarinen&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Staff+of+Arkkitehtuurimuseo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.fi%2Farkkitehtiesittely%3Fapid%3D3870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuseumFinnish2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MuseumFinnish2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuseumFinnish2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_of_Arkkitehtuurimuseo2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staff of Arkkitehtuurimuseo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306053205/http://mfa.fi/arkkitehtiesittely?apid=3871">"Eliel Saarinen"</a>. <i>MFA.fi</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki, FIN: Arkkitehtuurimuseo [Museum of Finnish Architecture]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.fi/arkkitehtiesittely?apid=3871">the original</a> on March 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MFA.fi&rft.atitle=Eliel+Saarinen&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Staff+of+Arkkitehtuurimuseo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.fi%2Farkkitehtiesittely%3Fapid%3D3871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorman2017" class="citation news cs1">Dorman, John L. (October 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/travel/eero-saarinen-michigan-architecture-modernist-design.html">"Eero Saarinen's Michigan"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eero+Saarinen%27s+Michigan&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Dorman&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F06%2Ftravel%2Feero-saarinen-michigan-architecture-modernist-design.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShapingtheFuture-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoir,_Mark2006" class="citation book cs1">Coir, Mark (2006). "The Cranbrook Factor". In Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa; Albrecht, Donald (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=097248812X"><i>Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future</i></a>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0972488129" title="Special:BookSources/978-0972488129"><bdi>978-0972488129</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cranbrook+Factor&rft.btitle=Eero+Saarinen%3A+Shaping+the+Future&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0972488129&rft.au=Coir%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D097248812X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStill,_Sylvia2016" class="citation web cs1">Still, Sylvia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eero-saarinen-architect.com/">"Eero Saarinen"</a>. <i>Art-Directory.info</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art-Directory.info&rft.atitle=Eero+Saarinen&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Still%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eero-saarinen-architect.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/03/31/89172993.pdf">"Experts Pick Best-Designed Products of Modern Times"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. 22. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Experts+Pick+Best-Designed+Products+of+Modern+Times&rft.date=1959-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1959%2F03%2F31%2F89172993.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2014" class="citation web cs1">Doyle, Rachel B. (October 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.curbed.com/2014/10/13/10036028/the-midcentury-marvel-that-is-the-gm-tech-center">"Nobody Did Midcentury Perfection Like 1956 General Motors"</a>. <i>Curbed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curbed&rft.atitle=Nobody+Did+Midcentury+Perfection+Like+1956+General+Motors&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Rachel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.curbed.com%2F2014%2F10%2F13%2F10036028%2Fthe-midcentury-marvel-that-is-the-gm-tech-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilovemyarchitect.com/tag/eero-saarinen/">"architect"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=architect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filovemyarchitect.com%2Ftag%2Feero-saarinen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sydneyoperahouse1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sydneyoperahouse1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sydneyoperahouse1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about/house_history/1954_1958.aspx">Sydney Opera House History 1954–1958</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604224335/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about/house_history/1954_1958.aspx">Archived</a> June 4, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuildingBrandeis-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BuildingBrandeis_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BuildingBrandeis_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BuildingBrandeis_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lts.brandeis.edu/research/archives-speccoll/exhibits/building/Eero.html">"The Role of Eero Saarinen"</a>. <i>Building Brandeis</i>. Brandeis University Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+Brandeis&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Eero+Saarinen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flts.brandeis.edu%2Fresearch%2Farchives-speccoll%2Fexhibits%2Fbuilding%2FEero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandeis50-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brandeis50_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandeis50_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Gerald S. (1999). <i>Building a Campus: An Architectural Celebration of Brandeis University's 50th Anniversary</i>. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Office of Publications. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42703912">42703912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+a+Campus%3A+An+Architectural+Celebration+of+Brandeis+University%27s+50th+Anniversary&rft.place=Waltham%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Office+of+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42703912&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Gerald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShapingtheFuture2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture2_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoir,_Mark2006" class="citation book cs1">Coir, Mark (2006). "The Cranbrook Factor". In Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa; Albrecht, Donald (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=097248812X"><i>Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future2</i></a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0972488129" title="Special:BookSources/978-0972488129"><bdi>978-0972488129</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cranbrook+Factor&rft.btitle=Eero+Saarinen%3A+Shaping+the+Future2&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0972488129&rft.au=Coir%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D097248812X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/travel/the-twa-hotel-takes-flight-at-jfk.html">"The TWA Hotel Takes Flight at J.F.K."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. May 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+TWA+Hotel+Takes+Flight+at+J.F.K.&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F15%2Ftravel%2Fthe-twa-hotel-takes-flight-at-jfk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nydn-twa-hotel-opens-at-jfk-20190515-photogallery.html">"The TWA Hotel opens at JFK"</a>. <i>nydailynews.com</i>. May 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nydailynews.com&rft.atitle=The+TWA+Hotel+opens+at+JFK&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fnydn-twa-hotel-opens-at-jfk-20190515-photogallery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/05/15/twa-hotel-jfk-airport/">"What's Old Is New Again: TWA Hotel Opens At JFK Airport"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS New York">CBS New York</a>. May 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+Old+Is+New+Again%3A+TWA+Hotel+Opens+At+JFK+Airport&rft.pub=CBS+New+York&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewyork.cbslocal.com%2F2019%2F05%2F15%2Ftwa-hotel-jfk-airport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarefat,_Mina2010" class="citation journal cs1">Marefat, Mina (October 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.architectural-review.com/view/washinton-dc-usa-revealed-eero-saarinens-secret-wartime-role-in-the-white-house/8607195.article">"Revealed: Eero Saarinen's Secret Wartime Role in the White House"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Architectural_Review" title="The Architectural Review">The Architectural Review</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Architectural+Review&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Eero+Saarinen%27s+Secret+Wartime+Role+in+the+White+House&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.au=Marefat%2C+Mina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectural-review.com%2Fview%2Fwashinton-dc-usa-revealed-eero-saarinens-secret-wartime-role-in-the-white-house%2F8607195.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2012" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, William D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lxj9Rjr2ekcC&q=Eero+Saarinen+elected+Fellow+American+Institute+of+Architects+in+1952&pg=PA96"><i>On Railways Far Away</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253005946" title="Special:BookSources/9780253005946"><bdi>9780253005946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Railways+Far+Away&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780253005946&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxj9Rjr2ekcC%26q%3DEero%2BSaarinen%2Belected%2BFellow%2BAmerican%2BInstitute%2Bof%2BArchitects%2Bin%2B1952%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/02/10/84104503.pdf">"Five Elected to Arts Institute"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIA&rft.atitle=Gold+Medal-AIA&rft.au=American+Institute+of+Architects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.aia.org%2Fawards%2F7046-gold-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOOK-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BOOK_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuel2016" class="citation book cs1">Emanuel, Muriel (2016). <i>Contemporary Architects</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. p. 695. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349041848" title="Special:BookSources/9781349041848"><bdi>9781349041848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Architects&rft.pages=695&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781349041848&rft.aulast=Emanuel&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/may09/architecture.html">"The LOC.GOV Wise Guide : An Architecture of Plurality"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=The+LOC.GOV+Wise+Guide+%3A+An+Architecture+of+Plurality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fwiseguide%2Fmay09%2Farchitecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knoll.com/knollnewsdetail/Love-Letters-Aline-Eero-Saarinen">"Love & Architecture"</a>. <i>Knoll</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knoll&rft.atitle=Love+%26+Architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knoll.com%2Fknollnewsdetail%2FLove-Letters-Aline-Eero-Saarinen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Flynn" class="citation web cs1">Sean Flynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newportri.com/newportdailynews/news/page_one/all-in-the-family/article_5e078855-0512-56ab-96a3-c6e5eb3a19c3.html">"All in the family"</a>. <i>NewportRI.com | News and information for Newport, Rhode Island</i>. The Newport Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewportRI.com+%26%23124%3B+News+and+information+for+Newport%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.atitle=All+in+the+family&rft.au=Sean+Flynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newportri.com%2Fnewportdailynews%2Fnews%2Fpage_one%2Fall-in-the-family%2Farticle_5e078855-0512-56ab-96a3-c6e5eb3a19c3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6jw8gtb">"Saarinen, Aline B. (Aline Bernstein), 1914-1972"</a>. <i>socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu&rft.atitle=Saarinen%2C+Aline+B.+%28Aline+Bernstein%29%2C+1914-1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialarchive.iath.virginia.edu%2Fark%3A%2F99166%2Fw6jw8gtb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://untappedcities.com/2013/08/20/eero-saarinen-masterpiece-no-one-sees-ibm-manufacturing-training-facility-rochester-minnesota/">"The Eero Saarinen Masterpiece No One Sees: IBM Manufacturing and Training Facility in Rochester, Minnesota"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Untapped_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Untapped Cities (page does not exist)">Untapped Cities</a></i>. August 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Untapped+Cities&rft.atitle=The+Eero+Saarinen+Masterpiece+No+One+Sees%3A+IBM+Manufacturing+and+Training+Facility+in+Rochester%2C+Minnesota&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funtappedcities.com%2F2013%2F08%2F20%2Feero-saarinen-masterpiece-no-one-sees-ibm-manufacturing-training-facility-rochester-minnesota%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully1988" class="citation book cs1">Scully, Vincent (1988). <i>American Architecture and Urbanism</i> (New Revised ed.). pp. 196–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Architecture+and+Urbanism&rft.pages=196-200&rft.edition=New+Revised&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Scully&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAAA_Staff2016" class="citation web cs1">AAA Staff (December 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/aline-and-eero-saarinen-papers-5589">"Aline and Eero Saarinen papers, 1906-1977"</a>. <i>Archives of American Art (AAA)</i>. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+American+Art+%28AAA%29&rft.atitle=Aline+and+Eero+Saarinen+papers%2C+1906-1977&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.au=AAA+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Faline-and-eero-saarinen-papers-5589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan" class="citation web cs1">Meehan, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116141735/https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/aline-and-eero-saarinen-papers-5589/more-information">"A Finding Aid to the Aline and Eero Saarinen Papers, 1906-1977, in the Archives of American Art"</a>. <i>Archives of American Art</i>. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/aline-and-eero-saarinen-papers-5589/more-information">the original</a> on January 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=A+Finding+Aid+to+the+Aline+and+Eero+Saarinen+Papers%2C+1906-1977%2C+in+the+Archives+of+American+Art&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Faline-and-eero-saarinen-papers-5589%2Fmore-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/aline-and-eero-saarinen-papers-5589">"Aline and Eero Saarinen papers, 1906-1977"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aline+and+Eero+Saarinen+papers%2C+1906-1977&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Faline-and-eero-saarinen-papers-5589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/archives/422920/eero-saarinen-collection">"Finding aid for the Eero Saarinen collection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture" title="Canadian Centre for Architecture">Canadian Centre for Architecture</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Centre+for+Architecture&rft.atitle=Finding+aid+for+the+Eero+Saarinen+collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cca.qc.ca%2Fen%2Farchives%2F422920%2Feero-saarinen-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkkitehtuurimuseo_Staff2006" class="citation web cs1">Arkkitehtuurimuseo Staff (October 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513151053/http://www.mfa.fi/eerosaarineneng">"Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future"</a>. <i>MFA.fi</i>. Helsinki, FIN: Arkkitehtuurimuseo [Museum of Finnish Architecture]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.fi/eerosaarineneng">the original</a> on May 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MFA.fi&rft.atitle=Eero+Saarinen%3A+Shaping+the+Future&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.au=Arkkitehtuurimuseo+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.fi%2Feerosaarineneng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNBM_Staff2008" class="citation web cs1">NBM Staff (May 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228124756/http://www.nbm.org/exhibitions-collections/exhibitions/eero-saarinen-shaping-the-fut.html">"Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future"</a>. <i>NBM.org</i>. Washington, DC: National Building Museum (NBM). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbm.org/exhibitions-collections/exhibitions/eero-saarinen-shaping-the-fut.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBM.org&rft.atitle=Eero+Saarinen%3A+Shaping+the+Future&rft.date=2008-05-03&rft.au=NBM+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbm.org%2Fexhibitions-collections%2Fexhibitions%2Feero-saarinen-shaping-the-fut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShapingtheFuture1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShapingtheFuture1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkonen,_Eeva-LiisaAlbrecht,_Donald2006" class="citation book cs1">Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa; Albrecht, Donald, eds. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerosaarinenshap0000saar"><i>Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0972488129" title="Special:BookSources/978-0972488129"><bdi>978-0972488129</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eero+Saarinen%3A+Shaping+the+Future&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0972488129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feerosaarinenshap0000saar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/eero-saarinen-film/7507/">About the Film – Eero Saarinen: The Architect Who Saw the Future | American Masters | PBS</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaarinen,_Eero1962" class="citation book cs1">Saarinen, Eero (1962). Saarinen, Aline B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7xXDQEACAAJ"><i>Eero Saarinen on His Work: A Selection of Buildings Dating from 1947 to 1964 with Statements by the Architect</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eero+Saarinen+on+His+Work%3A+A+Selection+of+Buildings+Dating+from+1947+to+1964+with+Statements+by+the+Architect&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Saarinen%2C+Eero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7xXDQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA&E1997" class="citation audio-visual cs1">A&E (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228200941/https://productionbeast.com/projects/101151-america-s-castles-newspaper-moguls"><i>America's Castles: Newspaper Moguls</i></a>. New York: A&E Network. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FKP26M">B000FKP26M</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://productionbeast.com/projects/101151-america-s-castles-newspaper-moguls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(television series episode)</span> on December 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+Castles%3A+Newspaper+Moguls&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=A%26E+Network&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000FKP26M%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=A%26E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproductionbeast.com%2Fprojects%2F101151-america-s-castles-newspaper-moguls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span> Episode featuring the Cranbrook House and Gardens.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman2003" class="citation book cs1">Roman, Antonio (2003). <i>Eero Saarinen: an architecture of multiplicity</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Architectural_Press" title="Princeton Architectural Press">Princeton Architectural Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-340-0"><bdi>978-1-56898-340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eero+Saarinen%3A+an+architecture+of+multiplicity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-340-0&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen,_Clay2004" class="citation journal cs1">Risen, Clay (November 7, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2004/11/07/saarinen_rising?pg=full">"Saarinen rising: A Much-Maligned Modernist Finally Gets His Due"</a>. <i>Boston.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston.com&rft.atitle=Saarinen+rising%3A+A+Much-Maligned+Modernist+Finally+Gets+His+Due&rft.date=2004-11-07&rft.au=Risen%2C+Clay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fideas%2Farticles%2F2004%2F11%2F07%2Fsaarinen_rising%3Fpg%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Merkel, Jayne (2005). <i>Eero Saarinen</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4277-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-4277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eero+Saarinen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-4277-6&rft.aulast=Merkel&rft.aufirst=Jayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkonen2006" class="citation book cs1">Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerosaarinenshap0000saar"><i>Eero Saarinen</i></a></span>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11282-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11282-5"><bdi>978-0-300-11282-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eero+Saarinen&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11282-5&rft.aulast=Pelkonen&rft.aufirst=Eeva-Liisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feerosaarinenshap0000saar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerraino2006" class="citation book cs1">Serraino, Pierluigi (2006). <i>Saarinen, 1910–1961: a Structural Expressionist</i>. Köln: <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-3645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-3645-3"><bdi>978-3-8228-3645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saarinen%2C+1910%E2%80%931961%3A+a+Structural+Expressionist&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-3645-3&rft.aulast=Serraino&rft.aufirst=Pierluigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2008" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Richard (2008). <i>Saarinen's Quest, A Memoir</i>. San Francisco: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stout_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Stout Publishers (page does not exist)">William Stout Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9746214-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9746214-4-9"><bdi>978-0-9746214-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saarinen%27s+Quest%2C+A+Memoir&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=William+Stout+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9746214-4-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantala2015" class="citation book cs1">Santala, Susanna (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150507110445/http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:ISBN%20978-951-51-0994-1"><i>Laboratory for a New Architecture: Airport Terminal, Eero Saarinen and the Historiography of Modern Architecture</i></a> (Ph.D. thesis). Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-51-0993-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-51-0993-4"><bdi>978-951-51-0993-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:ISBN%20978-951-51-0994-1">the original</a> on May 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratory+for+a+New+Architecture%3A+Airport+Terminal%2C+Eero+Saarinen+and+the+Historiography+of+Modern+Architecture&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-951-51-0993-4&rft.aulast=Santala&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2FURN%3AISBN%3AISBN%2520978-951-51-0994-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eero_Saarinen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eero_Saarinen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEMFURN_Staff2014" class="citation journal cs1">EMFURN Staff (November 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emfurn.com/blogs/elite-modern-furniture-blog/15798177-your-guide-to-vintage-danish-mid-century-modern-furniture-designers">"Your Guide to Vintage Danish Mid Century Modern Furniture & Designers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(commercial sales blog)</span>. <i>EMFURN.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMFURN.com&rft.atitle=Your+Guide+to+Vintage+Danish+Mid+Century+Modern+Furniture+%26+Designers&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft.au=EMFURN+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femfurn.com%2Fblogs%2Felite-modern-furniture-blog%2F15798177-your-guide-to-vintage-danish-mid-century-modern-furniture-designers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span> Commercial furniture sales blog mentioning the Womb chair.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083217/http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=7879">Saarinen, Eero (1910–1961).</a> Kansallisbiografia. <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-a/ldpd_6136153/">Trans World Airlines Unit Terminal Building, New York International Airport, architectural drawings, 1958-1961</a> Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, <a href="/wiki/Avery_Architectural_and_Fine_Arts_Library" title="Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library">Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604071203/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1952732,00.html">"Lines of Authority"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1952732,00.html">the original</a> on June 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span> – via www.time.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lines+of+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farts%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1952732%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701133451/http://www.music.umich.edu/about/facilities/north_campus/som/som.htm">"UM School of Music, Theatre & Dance – About Us – Facilities"</a>. <i>umich.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.umich.edu/about/facilities/north_campus/som/som.htm">the original</a> on July 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=umich.edu&rft.atitle=UM+School+of+Music%2C+Theatre+%26+Dance+%E2%80%93+About+Us+%E2%80%93+Facilities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music.umich.edu%2Fabout%2Ffacilities%2Fnorth_campus%2Fsom%2Fsom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span> Earl V. Moore Building by Eero Saarinen.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/krb/">"Prints & Photographs Online Catalog"</a>. <i>loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Prints+%26+Photographs+Online+Catalog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpictures%2Fcollection%2Fkrb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span> Balthazar Korab Collection at the Library of Congress.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://replica.palni.edu/cdm/search/collection/copcampus">"Saarinen's Village"</a>. <i>palni.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=palni.edu&rft.atitle=Saarinen%27s+Village&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freplica.palni.edu%2Fcdm%2Fsearch%2Fcollection%2Fcopcampus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span> The Concordia Campus Through Time.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findit.library.yale.edu/?f%5Bcall_number_sim%5D%5B%5D=MS+593&f%5Bdigital_collection_sim%5D%5B%5D=Manuscripts+and+Archives+Digital+Library">Digital Collections: Eero Saarinen Collection</a>.Yale University Library. Containing images and drawings from Saarinen's archives.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/4418">Eero Saarinen Collection (MS 593)</a>. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218094017/http://tulip-chair.org/">"tulip-chair.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulip-chair.org">the original</a> on December 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tulip-chair.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulip-chair.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span> Saarinen Tulip Chair.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbano,_Michael" class="citation web cs1">Barbano, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224074045/http://eerosaarinen.net/">"Eero Saarinen: Shaping The Future"</a>. <i>eerosaarinen.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eerosaarinen.net/">the original</a> on December 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eerosaarinen.net&rft.atitle=Eero+Saarinen%3A+Shaping+The+Future&rft.au=Barbano%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eerosaarinen.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071221203840/http://www.braingainmarketing.com/media/saarinen/">Eero Saarinen Exhibitions at Cranbrook Art Museum.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811200300/http://www.nbm.org/about-us/publications/blueprints/shaping-community.html">"Eero Saarinen: Shaping Community"</a>. <i>nbm.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbm.org/about-us/publications/blueprints/shaping-community.html">the original</a> on August 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nbm.org&rft.atitle=Eero+Saarinen%3A+Shaping+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbm.org%2Fabout-us%2Fpublications%2Fblueprints%2Fshaping-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span> Blueprints, Winter 2007–08.</li> <li>Eero Saarinen's church, bank, and Miller House in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://columbus.in.us/eero-saarinen/">Columbus, Indiana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/archives/422920/eero-saarinen-collection">Finding aid for the Eero Saarinen collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture" title="Canadian Centre for Architecture">Canadian Centre for Architecture</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?digigroup=422920">digitized items</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blf.fi/artikel.php?id=7879">"Eero Saarinen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biografiskt_lexikon_f%C3%B6r_Finland" title="Biografiskt lexikon för Finland">Biografiskt lexikon för Finland</a></i> (in Swedish). Helsingfors: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-5382-1416928957988">NBN:fi:sls-5382-1416928957988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eero+Saarinen&rft.btitle=Biografiskt+lexikon+f%C3%B6r+Finland&rft.place=Helsingfors&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblf.fi%2Fartikel.php%3Fid%3D7879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEero+Saarinen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Detroit_architects" title="Template:Detroit architects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Detroit_architects" title="Template talk:Detroit architects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Detroit_architects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Detroit architects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architects_and_artisans_of_metropolitan_Detroit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Architects and artisans of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">metropolitan Detroit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resident architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Agree" title="Charles N. Agree">Charles N. Agree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Birkerts" title="Gunnar Birkerts">Gunnar Birkerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Burrowes" title="Marcus Burrowes">Marcus Burrowes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_T._Brush" title="Henry T. Brush">Henry T. Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Howard_Crane" title="C. Howard Crane">C. Howard Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_J._Diederichs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter J. Diederichs (page does not exist)">Peter J. Diederichs</a></li> <li>Robert O. Derrick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Donaldson" title="John M. Donaldson">John M. Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nathaniel_French" title="Joseph Nathaniel French">Joseph N. French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Frost" title="Wallace Frost">Wallace Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousif_Ghafari" title="Yousif Ghafari">Yousif Ghafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Ellis_Devereaux" title="Harley Ellis Devereaux">Alvin E. Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcomson_and_Higginbotham" title="Malcomson and Higginbotham">William E. Higginbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_J._Hill" title="Eric J. Hill">Eric J. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Haro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. Haro (page does not exist)">John C. Haro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_C._Hopkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene C. Hopkins (page does not exist)">Eugene C. Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)" title="Albert Kahn (architect)">Albert Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Kahn_(inventor)" title="Julius Kahn (inventor)">Julius Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kamper" title="Louis Kamper">Louis Kamper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Kapp" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Kapp">William E. Kapp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Kessler_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Kessler (architect) (page does not exist)">William Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_T._Keyes" title="Hugh T. Keyes">Hugh T. Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_W._Lloyd" title="Gordon W. Lloyd">Gordon W. Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcomson_and_Higginbotham" title="Malcomson and Higginbotham">William G. Malcomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Mason" title="George D. Mason">George D. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolph_Mueller" title="Gustav Adolph Mueller">Gustav A. Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Kennedy_Square" title="One Kennedy Square">S. Kenneth Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Nickita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Nickita (page does not exist)">Mark Nickita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Rill" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry J. Rill">Harry J. Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_and_MacFarlane" title="Rogers and MacFarlane">Rogers and MacFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossetti_Architects" title="Rossetti Architects">Gino Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossetti_Architects" title="Rossetti Architects">Matthew L. Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirt_C._Rowland" title="Wirt C. Rowland">Wirt C. Rowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Saroki" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Saroki">Victor Saroki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Scott_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Scott (architect) (page does not exist)">William Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmithGroupJJR" class="mw-redirect" title="SmithGroupJJR">Smith, Hinchman & Grylls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spier_%26_Rohns" title="Spier & Rohns">Spier & Rohns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Willeke" title="Leonard B. Willeke">Leonard B. Willeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoru_Yamasaki" title="Minoru Yamasaki">Minoru Yamasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PenobscotIndian1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture by Corrado Parducci for the Penobscot Building in Detroit"><img alt="Sculpture by Corrado Parducci for the Penobscot Building in Detroit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PenobscotIndian1.jpg/100px-PenobscotIndian1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PenobscotIndian1.jpg/150px-PenobscotIndian1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PenobscotIndian1.jpg/200px-PenobscotIndian1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visiting architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bacon" title="Henry Bacon">Henry Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgee" title="John Burgee">John Burgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Adams_Cram" title="Ralph Adams Cram">Ralph Adams Cram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cret" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Cret">Paul Cret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Engelbert" title="Henry Engelbert">Henry Engelbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Goodhue" title="Bertram Goodhue">Bertram Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graves" title="Michael Graves">Michael Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gruen" title="Victor Gruen">Victor Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southfield_Town_Center" title="Southfield Town Center">Richard W. Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Jensen_(landscape_architect)" title="Jens Jensen (landscape architect)">Jens Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredas_Kulpa-Kulpavi%C4%8Dius" title="Alfredas Kulpa-Kulpavičius">Alfredas Kulpa-Kulpavičius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luckman" title="Charles Luckman">Charles Luckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKim,_Mead_%26_White" title="McKim, Mead & White">McKim, Mead & White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Olmsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Platt" title="Charles A. Platt">Charles A. Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Portman_Jr." title="John C. Portman Jr.">John C. Portman Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson" title="Henry Hobson Richardson">Henry Hobson Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eero Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Trumbauer" title="Horace Trumbauer">Horace Trumbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_and_Wetmore" title="Warren and Wetmore">Whitney Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_and_Wetmore" title="Warren and Wetmore">Charles Wetmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_White" title="Stanford White">Stanford White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resident sculptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Fredericks" title="Marshall Fredericks">Marshall Fredericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Theodore_Melchers" title="Julius Theodore Melchers">Julius Melchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Milles" title="Carl Milles">Carl Milles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Parducci" title="Corrado Parducci">Corrado Parducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Romanelli" title="Carlo Romanelli">Carlo Romanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wagner" title="Edward Wagner">Edward Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visiting sculptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Adams_(sculptor)" title="Herbert Adams (sculptor)">Herbert Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_De_Lue" title="Donald De Lue">Donald De Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avard_Fairbanks" title="Avard Fairbanks">Avard Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(sculptor)" title="Robert Graham (sculptor)">Robert Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Lawrie" title="Lee Lawrie">Lee Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Manz%C3%B9" title="Giacomo Manzù">Giacomo Manzù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Massey_Rhind" title="J. Massey Rhind">J. Massey Rhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Ricci" title="Ulysses Ricci">Ulysses Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Rivalta" title="Augusto Rivalta">Augusto Rivalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Rogers" title="Randolph Rogers">Randolph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Romanelli" title="Raffaello Romanelli">Raffaello Romanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Alexander_Weinman" title="Adolph Alexander Weinman">Adolph Alexander Weinman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resident ceramists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Caulkins" title="Horace Caulkins">Horace Caulkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Pancioli" title="Diana Pancioli">Diana Pancioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Chase_Perry_Stratton" title="Mary Chase Perry Stratton">Mary Chase Perry Stratton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Michelle Andonian</li> <li>Curt Clayton</li> <li>Don Coles</li> <li>Carlos Diaz</li> <li>Sean Doerr</li> <li>Marge Beaver</li> <li>Roy Feldman</li> <li>Dale Fisher</li> <li>Jeff Garland</li> <li>Steve Hall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_Korab" title="Balthazar Korab">Balthazar Korab</a></li> <li>Dave Krieger</li> <li>Laszlo Regos</li> <li>Tony Soluri</li> <li>William Zbaren</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Architecture of metropolitan Detroit">Architecture of metropolitan Detroit</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167073#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41868977">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118604430">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50016251">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120982076">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120982076">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35470596">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500006141">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/235185">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4737690e-5758-472b-b5a0-35efdb2a3612">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/12551/">Victoria</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/964749">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118604430.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w632045b">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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