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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Charles and Francis Darwin (1880)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_and_Francis_Darwin_(1880)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oliver_and_Schäfer_(1894)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oliver_and_Schäfer_(1894)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Oliver and Schäfer (1894)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oliver_and_Schäfer_(1894)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayliss_and_Starling_(1902)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayliss_and_Starling_(1902)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bayliss and Starling (1902)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayliss_and_Starling_(1902)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_signaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_signaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of signaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_signaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemical classes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_classes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical classes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_in_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_in_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effects in humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_in_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Therapeutic use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hormone-behavior_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormone-behavior_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Hormone-behavior interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormone-behavior_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_neurotransmitters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_neurotransmitters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Comparison with neurotransmitters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_neurotransmitters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binding_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binding_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Binding proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binding_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hormone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoon" title="Hormoon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hormoon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AD" title="እድገንጥር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እድገንጥር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="هرمون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هرمون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80)" title="Ներազդակներ (Հորմոններ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ներազդակներ (Հորմոններ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%27%E0%A6%A8" title="হৰম'ন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হৰম'ন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajyguery" title="Tajyguery – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tajyguery" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonlar" title="Hormonlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hormonlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="هورمون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هورمون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="হরমোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হরমোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%CD%98-l%C3%BA-b%C3%B3ng" title="Ho͘-lú-bóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ho͘-lú-bóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гормондар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гормондар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гармоны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гармоны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гармоны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гармоны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хормон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хормон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гормонсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гормонсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidenhi" title="Chidenhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chidenhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="هورمون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هورمون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoonid" title="Hormoonid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hormoonid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ορμόνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορμόνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormono" title="Hormono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hormono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="هورمون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هورمون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hormone" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hormone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horm%C3%B3n" title="Hormón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hormón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2-li-m%C3%B9ng" title="Hò-li-mùng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hò-li-mùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC" title="호르몬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호르몬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հորմոններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հորմոններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="हार्मोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हार्मोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoni" title="Hormoni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hormoni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormono" title="Hormono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hormono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Hormone" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hormone" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horm%C3%B3n" title="Hormón – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hormón" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormone" title="Ormone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ormone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הורמון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הורמון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಾರ್ಮೋನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾರ್ಮೋನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hormone" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჰორმონები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰორმონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="ہارمون – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہارمون" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гормондар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гормондар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoni" title="Homoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Homoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92m%C3%B2n" title="Òmòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òmòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гормон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гормон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99" title="ຮອກມົນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮອກມົນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoni" title="Hormoni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hormoni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonas" title="Hormonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hormonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmun" title="Urmun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Urmun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хормон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хормон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="അന്തർഗ്രന്ഥിസ്രാവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തർഗ്രന്ഥിസ്രാവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormon" title="Ormon – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ormon" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="संप्रेरक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संप्रेरक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჰორმონეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰორმონეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="هرمون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هرمون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဟော်မုန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟော်မုန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoon" title="Hormoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hormoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="हर्मोन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हर्मोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="हर्मोन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हर्मोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3" title="ホルモン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホルモン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoon" title="Hormoon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hormoon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormona" title="Ormona – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ormona" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoonii" title="Hormoonii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hormoonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gormonlar" title="Gormonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gormonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹਾਰਮੋਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਰਮੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="ہارمون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہارمون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="هورمون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هورمون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoon" title="Hormoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hormoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormony_zwierz%C4%99ce" title="Hormony zwierzęce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hormony zwierzęce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gormonlar" title="Gormonlar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gormonlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гормон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гормон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гормоны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гормоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hormone" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonet" title="Hormonet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hormonet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmoni" title="Urmoni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Urmoni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hormone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="هارمون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هارمون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horm%C3%B3n" title="Hormón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hormón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86" title="ھۆرمۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆرمۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хормон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хормон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoni" title="Hormoni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hormoni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormoni" title="Hormoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hormoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona" title="Hormona – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hormona" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இயக்குநீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயக்குநீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హార్మోన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హార్మోన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="ฮอร์โมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮอร์โมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҳормон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳормон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гормоннар – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гормоннар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гормони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гормони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="ہارمون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہارمون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86" title="ھورمۇن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھورمۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormon" title="Ormon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ormon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gormonad" title="Gormonad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gormonad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_ti%E1%BA%BFt_t%E1%BB%91" title="Nội tiết tố – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nội tiết tố" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hormon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="激素 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="激素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="הארמאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הארמאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%80%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99" title="賀爾蒙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="賀爾蒙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormons" title="Hormons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hormons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="激素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="激素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11364#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Biological signalling molecule</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hormone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hormone (disambiguation)">Hormone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hormone_Transport.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hormone_Transport.png/283px-Hormone_Transport.png" decoding="async" width="283" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hormone_Transport.png/425px-Hormone_Transport.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hormone_Transport.png/566px-Hormone_Transport.png 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3933" /></a><figcaption>Left: A hormone feedback loop in a female adult. (1) <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a>, (2) <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a>, (3) <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>, (4) <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>. Right: <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a> transport from leaves to roots in <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hormone</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> participle <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁρμῶν</span></span>, "setting in motion") is a class of <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling molecules</a> in <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a> that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hormones are required for the correct development of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. Due to the broad definition of a hormone (as a signaling molecule that exerts its effects far from its site of production), numerous kinds of molecules can be classified as hormones. Among the substances that can be considered hormones, are <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">eicosanoids</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane" title="Thromboxane">thromboxanes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">oestrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brassinosteroid" title="Brassinosteroid">brassinosteroid</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> derivatives (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> and <a href="/wiki/CLE_peptide" title="CLE peptide">CLE peptides</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>). </p><p>Hormones are used to communicate between <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, hormones are responsible for regulating a wide range of processes including both <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> processes and <a href="/wiki/Behavioral" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral">behavioral</a> activities such as <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensory perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physiology)">stress</a> induction, <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">growth and development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Project_Muse_2010_pp._152–155_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Muse_2010_pp._152–155-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In plants, hormones modulate almost all aspects of development, from <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a> to <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hormones affect distant cells by binding to specific <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a> proteins in the target cell, resulting in a change in cell function. When a hormone binds to the receptor, it results in the activation of a <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> pathway that typically activates gene <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a>, resulting in increased <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of target <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. Hormones can also act in non-genomic pathways that synergize with genomic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water-soluble hormones (such as peptides and amines) generally act on the surface of target cells via <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">second messengers</a>. Lipid soluble hormones, (such as <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a>) generally pass through the plasma membranes of target cells (both <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cytoplasmic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear membrane">nuclear</a>) to act within their <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclei</a>. Brassinosteroids, a type of polyhydroxysteroids, are a sixth class of plant hormones and may be useful as an anticancer drug for endocrine-responsive tumors to cause <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> and limit plant growth. Despite being lipid soluble, they nevertheless attach to their receptor at the cell surface.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In vertebrates, <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a> are specialized organs that <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secrete</a> hormones into the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine signaling system</a>. Hormone secretion occurs in response to specific biochemical signals and is often subject to <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback regulation</a>. For instance, high <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> (serum glucose concentration) promotes <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> synthesis. Insulin then acts to reduce glucose levels and maintain <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, leading to reduced insulin levels. Upon secretion, water-soluble hormones are readily transported through the circulatory system. Lipid-soluble hormones must bond to <a href="/wiki/Carrier_plasma_glycoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier plasma glycoprotein">carrier plasma glycoproteins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Thyroxine-binding_globulin" title="Thyroxine-binding globulin">thyroxine-binding globulin</a> (TBG)) to form <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a>-protein complexes. Some hormones, such as insulin and growth hormones, can be released into the bloodstream already fully active. Other hormones, called <a href="/wiki/Prohormone" title="Prohormone">prohormones</a>, must be activated in certain cells through a series of steps that are usually tightly controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> <a href="/wiki/Secrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Secrete">secretes</a> hormones directly into the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">bloodstream</a>, typically via <a href="/wiki/Capillary#Types" title="Capillary">fenestrated capillaries</a>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine system">exocrine system</a> secretes its hormones indirectly using <a href="/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)" title="Duct (anatomy)">ducts</a>. Hormones with <a href="/wiki/Paracrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine">paracrine</a> function diffuse through the <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial spaces</a> to nearby target tissue. </p><p>Plants lack specialized organs for the secretion of hormones, although there is spatial distribution of hormone production. For example, the hormone auxin is produced mainly at the tips of young <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">shoot apical meristem</a>. The lack of specialised glands means that the main site of hormone production can change throughout the life of a plant, and the site of production is dependent on the plant's age and environment.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction_and_overview">Introduction and overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction and overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Signal transduction</a></div> <p>Hormone producing cells are found in the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine glands</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid gland">thyroid gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hormonal signaling involves the following steps:<sup id="cite_ref-Nussey_Whitehead_2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nussey_Whitehead_2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></b> of a particular hormone in a particular tissue.</li> <li><b>Storage and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_secretion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular secretion">secretion</a></b> of the hormone.</li> <li><b>Transport</b> of the hormone to the target cell(s).</li> <li><b>Recognition</b> of the hormone by an <a href="/wiki/Membrane_protein" title="Membrane protein">associated cell membrane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">intracellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a> protein.</li> <li><b>Relay and amplification</b> of the received hormonal signal via a <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> process: This then leads to a cellular response. The reaction of the target cells may then be recognized by the original hormone-producing cells, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Downregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Downregulation">downregulation</a> in hormone production. This is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative feedback loop">negative feedback loop</a>.</li> <li><b>Breakdown</b> of the hormone.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Exocytosis" title="Exocytosis">Exocytosis</a> and other methods of <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">membrane transport</a> are used to secrete hormones when the endocrine glands are signaled. The hierarchical model is an <a href="/wiki/Oversimplification" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversimplification">oversimplification</a> of the hormonal signaling process. Cellular recipients of a particular hormonal signal may be one of several cell types that reside within a number of different tissues, as is the case for <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, which triggers a diverse range of systemic physiological effects. Different tissue types may also respond differently to the same hormonal signal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arnold_Adolph_Berthold_(1849)"><span id="Arnold_Adolph_Berthold_.281849.29"></span>Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Adolph_Berthold" title="Arnold Adolph Berthold">Arnold Adolph Berthold</a> was a German <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoologist</a>, who, in 1849, had a question about the function of the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testes</a>. He noticed in castrated roosters that they did not have the same sexual behaviors as <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">roosters</a> with their testes intact. He decided to run an experiment on male roosters to examine this phenomenon. He kept a group of roosters with their testes intact, and saw that they had normal sized wattles and combs (secondary <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">sexual organs</a>), a normal crow, and normal sexual and aggressive behaviors. He also had a group with their testes surgically removed, and noticed that their secondary sexual organs were decreased in size, had a weak crow, did not have sexual attraction towards females, and were not aggressive. He realized that this organ was essential for these behaviors, but he did not know how. To test this further, he removed one testis and placed it in the abdominal cavity. The roosters acted and had normal physical <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>. He was able to see that location of the testes does not matter. He then wanted to see if it was a <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> factor that was involved in the testes that provided these functions. He transplanted a testis from another rooster to a rooster with one testis removed, and saw that they had normal behavior and physical anatomy as well. Berthold determined that the location or genetic factors of the testes do not matter in relation to sexual organs and behaviors, but that some <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> in the testes being secreted is causing this phenomenon. It was later identified that this factor was the hormone <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belfiore_2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belfiore_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_and_Francis_Darwin_(1880)"><span id="Charles_and_Francis_Darwin_.281880.29"></span>Charles and Francis Darwin (1880)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Charles and Francis Darwin (1880)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although known primarily for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Theory of Evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> was also keenly interested in plants. Through the 1870s, he and his son <a href="/wiki/Francis_Darwin" title="Francis Darwin">Francis</a> studied the movement of plants towards light. They were able to show that light is perceived at the tip of a young stem (the <a href="/wiki/Coleoptile" title="Coleoptile">coleoptile</a>), whereas the bending occurs lower down the stem. They proposed that a 'transmissible substance' communicated the direction of light from the tip down to the stem. The idea of a 'transmissible substance' was initially dismissed by other plant biologists, but their work later led to the discovery of the first plant hormone.<sup id="cite_ref-Whippo_2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whippo_2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s Dutch scientist <a href="/wiki/Frits_Warmolt_Went" title="Frits Warmolt Went">Frits Warmolt Went</a> and Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Cholodny" title="Nikolai Cholodny">Nikolai Cholodny</a> (working independently of each other) conclusively showed that asymmetric accumulation of a growth hormone was responsible for this bending. In 1933 this hormone was finally isolated by Kögl, Haagen-Smit and Erxleben and given the name '<a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-Whippo_2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whippo_2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oliver_and_Schäfer_(1894)"><span id="Oliver_and_Sch.C3.A4fer_.281894.29"></span>Oliver and Schäfer (1894)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oliver and Schäfer (1894)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British physician <a href="/wiki/George_Oliver_(physician)" title="George Oliver (physician)">George Oliver</a> and physiologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Schäfer</a>, professor at University College London, collaborated on the physiological effects of adrenal extracts. They first published their findings in two reports in 1894, a full publication followed in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though frequently falsely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">secretin</a>, found in 1902 by Bayliss and Starling, Oliver and Schäfer's adrenal extract containing <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a>, the substance causing the physiological changes, was the first hormone to be discovered. The term hormone would later be coined by Starling.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayliss_and_Starling_(1902)"><span id="Bayliss_and_Starling_.281902.29"></span>Bayliss and Starling (1902)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bayliss and Starling (1902)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Starling" title="Ernest Starling">Ernest Starling</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, respectively, wanted to see if the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> had an impact on the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">digestive system</a>. They knew that the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> was involved in the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Digestive_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive fluid">digestive fluids</a> after the passage of food from the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">intestines</a>, which they believed to be due to the nervous system. They cut the nerves to the pancreas in an animal model and discovered that it was not nerve impulses that controlled secretion from the pancreas. It was determined that a factor secreted from the intestines into the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a> was stimulating the pancreas to secrete digestive fluids. This was named <a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">secretin</a>: a hormone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_signaling">Types of signaling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of signaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hormonal effects are dependent on where they are released, as they can be released in different manners.<sup id="cite_ref-Molina_2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molina_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all hormones are released from a cell and into the blood until it binds to a receptor on a target. The major types of hormone signaling are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Signaling Types - Hormones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>SN </th> <th>Types </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a> </td> <td>Acts on the target cells after being released into the bloodstream. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signaling" title="Paracrine signaling">Paracrine</a> </td> <td>Acts on the nearby cells and does not have to enter general circulation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autocrine_signaling" title="Autocrine signaling">Autocrine</a> </td> <td>Affects the cell types that secreted it and causes a biological effect. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intracrine" title="Intracrine">Intracrine</a> </td> <td>Acts intracellularly on the cells that synthesized it. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_classes">Chemical classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemical classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As hormones are defined functionally, not structurally, they may have diverse chemical structures. Hormones occur in <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a>). These compounds occur also in <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular organisms</a>, and may act as <a href="/wiki/Signaling_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling molecule">signaling molecules</a> however there is no agreement that these molecules can be called hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1585458_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1585458-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_hormones" title="List of human hormones">List of human hormones</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hormone types in Vertebrates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>SN </th> <th>Types </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Proteins/ <p>Peptides </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">Peptide hormones</a> are made of a chain of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> that can range from just 3 to hundreds. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belfiore_2018_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belfiore_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their sequences are encoded in <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and can be modified by <a href="/wiki/Alternative_splicing" title="Alternative splicing">alternative splicing</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Post-translational_modification" title="Post-translational modification">post-translational modification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Molina_2018_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molina_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are packed in vesicles and are <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a>, meaning that they are soluble in water. Due to their hydrophilicity, they can only bind to receptors on the membrane, as travelling through the membrane is unlikely. However, some hormones can bind to intracellular receptors through an <a href="/wiki/Intracrine" title="Intracrine">intracrine</a> mechanism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Amino Acid <p>Derivatives </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a> hormones are derived from amino acids, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a>. They are stored in vesicles. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroxine">Thyroxine</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Steroids </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid</a> hormones are derived from cholesterol. Examples include the sex hormones <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> as well as the stress hormone <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marieb2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steroids contain four fused rings. They are <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a> and hence can cross membranes to bind to intracellular <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">nuclear receptors</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Eicosanoids </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoids</a> hormones are derived from lipids such as <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipoxin" title="Lipoxin">lipoxins</a>, thromboxanes and <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane" title="Thromboxane">thromboxane</a>. These hormones are produced by <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">cyclooxygenases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipoxygenase" title="Lipoxygenase">lipoxygenases</a>. They are hydrophobic and act on membrane receptors. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Gases </td> <td>Ethylene and Nitric Oxide </td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1802_Examples_of_Amine_Peptide_Protein_and_Steroid_Hormone_Structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1802_Examples_of_Amine_Peptide_Protein_and_Steroid_Hormone_Structure.jpg/220px-1802_Examples_of_Amine_Peptide_Protein_and_Steroid_Hormone_Structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1802_Examples_of_Amine_Peptide_Protein_and_Steroid_Hormone_Structure.jpg/330px-1802_Examples_of_Amine_Peptide_Protein_and_Steroid_Hormone_Structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1802_Examples_of_Amine_Peptide_Protein_and_Steroid_Hormone_Structure.jpg/440px-1802_Examples_of_Amine_Peptide_Protein_and_Steroid_Hormone_Structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Different types of hormones are secreted in the human body, with different biological roles and functions.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared with vertebrates, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> possess a number of structurally unusual hormones such as the <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_hormone" title="Juvenile hormone">juvenile hormone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquiterpenoid">sesquiterpenoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15612033_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15612033-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormone</a></div> <p>Examples include <a href="/wiki/Abscisic_acid" title="Abscisic acid">abscisic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytokinin" title="Cytokinin">cytokinin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_as_a_plant_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene as a plant hormone">ethylene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gibberellin" title="Gibberellin">gibberellin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Receptors">Receptors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steroid_and_Lipid_Hormones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Steroid_and_Lipid_Hormones.svg/400px-Steroid_and_Lipid_Hormones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Steroid_and_Lipid_Hormones.svg/600px-Steroid_and_Lipid_Hormones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Steroid_and_Lipid_Hormones.svg/800px-Steroid_and_Lipid_Hormones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The left diagram shows a steroid (lipid) hormone (1) entering a cell and (2) binding to a receptor protein in the nucleus, causing (3) mRNA synthesis which is the first step of protein synthesis. The right side shows protein hormones (1) binding with receptors which (2) begins a transduction pathway. The transduction pathway ends (3) with transcription factors being activated in the nucleus, and protein synthesis beginning. In both diagrams, a is the hormone, b is the cell membrane, c is the cytoplasm, and d is the nucleus.</figcaption></figure><p> Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially binding to either <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">cell surface receptors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">intracellular receptors</a>. A cell may have several different <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a> that recognize the same hormone but activate different <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize different hormones and activate the same biochemical pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Receptors for most <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide</a> as well as many <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">eicosanoid</a> hormones are embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> as cell surface receptors, and the majority of these belong to the <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a> (GPCR) class of seven <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">alpha helix</a> <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmembrane">transmembrane</a> proteins. The interaction of hormone and receptor typically triggers a cascade of secondary effects within the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> of the cell, described as <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a>, often involving <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> or dephosphorylation of various other cytoplasmic proteins, changes in <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channel</a> permeability, or increased concentrations of intracellular molecules that may act as <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger">secondary messengers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_AMP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic AMP">cyclic AMP</a>). Some <a href="/wiki/Protein_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein hormone">protein hormones</a> also interact with <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">intracellular</a> receptors located in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Intracrine" title="Intracrine">intracrine</a> mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone" title="Steroid hormone">steroid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid</a> hormones, their <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor" title="Steroid hormone receptor">receptors</a> are located <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">inside the cell</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> of the target cell. These receptors belong to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">nuclear receptor</a> family of ligand-activated <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a>. To bind their receptors, these hormones must first cross the cell membrane. They can do so because they are lipid-soluble. The combined hormone-receptor <a href="/wiki/Protein_complex" title="Protein complex">complex</a> then moves across the nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to specific <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequences">DNA sequences</a>, regulating the expression of certain <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a>, and thereby increasing the levels of the proteins encoded by these genes.<sup id="cite_ref-beato_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beato-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been shown that not all steroid receptors are located inside the cell. Some are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hammes_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hammes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_in_humans">Effects in humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effects in humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hormones have the following effects on the body:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>stimulation or inhibition of growth</li> <li>wake-sleep cycle and other <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">mood swings</a></li> <li>induction or suppression of <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> (programmed cell death)</li> <li>activation or inhibition of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a></li> <li>regulation of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a></li> <li>preparation of the body for <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting">fighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fleeing</a>, and other activity</li> <li>preparation of the body for a new phase of life, such as <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">parenting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a></li> <li>control of the <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive cycle">reproductive cycle</a></li> <li>hunger cravings</li></ul> <p>A hormone may also regulate the production and release of other hormones. Hormone signals control the internal environment of the body through <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> control mechanism. Such a mechanism depends on factors that influence the <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a> of hormones. Thus, higher hormone concentration alone cannot trigger the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback must be triggered by overproduction of an "effect" of the hormone.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif/220px-Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif/330px-Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif/440px-Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Blood glucose levels are maintained at a constant level in the body by a negative feedback mechanism. When the blood glucose level is too high, the pancreas secretes insulin and when the level is too low, the pancreas then secretes glucagon. The flat line shown represents the homeostatic set point. The sinusoidal line represents the blood glucose level.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hormone secretion can be stimulated and inhibited by: </p> <ul><li>Other hormones (<i>stimulating</i>- or <i>releasing</i> -hormones)</li> <li>Plasma concentrations of ions or nutrients, as well as binding <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neurons</a> and mental activity</li> <li>Environmental changes, e.g., of light or temperature</li></ul> <p>One special group of hormones is the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_hormone" title="Tropic hormone">tropic hormones</a> that stimulate the hormone production of other <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine glands</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">thyroid-stimulating hormone</a> (TSH) causes growth and increased activity of another endocrine gland, the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a>, which increases output of <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shah,_Shilpa_Bhupatrai._2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shah,_Shilpa_Bhupatrai._2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To release active hormones quickly into the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a>, hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive hormones in the form of <a href="/wiki/Prehormone" title="Prehormone">pre-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prohormone" title="Prohormone">prohormones</a>. These can then be quickly converted into their active hormone form in response to a particular stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-Shah,_Shilpa_Bhupatrai._2012_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shah,_Shilpa_Bhupatrai._2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoids</a> are considered to act as local hormones. They are considered to be "local" because they possess specific effects on target cells close to their site of formation. They also have a rapid degradation cycle, making sure they do not reach distant sites within the body.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hormones are also regulated by receptor agonists. Hormones are ligands, which are any kinds of molecules that produce a signal by binding to a receptor site on a protein. Hormone effects can be inhibited, thus regulated, by competing ligands that bind to the same target receptor as the hormone in question. When a competing ligand is bound to the receptor site, the hormone is unable to bind to that site and is unable to elicit a response from the target cell. These competing ligands are called antagonists of the hormone.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverthorn_2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverthorn_2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapeutic_use">Therapeutic use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Therapeutic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hormone_therapy" title="Hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a></div> <p>Many hormones and their <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">structural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_analog_(chemistry)" title="Functional analog (chemistry)">functional analogs</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a>. The most commonly prescribed hormones are <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">progestogens</a> (as methods of <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">hormonal contraception</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)">HRT</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroxine">thyroxine</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Levothyroxine" title="Levothyroxine">levothyroxine</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">respiratory disorders</a>). <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a> is used by many <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetics</a>. Local preparations for use in <a href="/wiki/Otolaryngology" class="mw-redirect" title="Otolaryngology">otolaryngology</a> often contain <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacologic</a> equivalents of <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> creams are used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatological</a> practice.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "pharmacologic dose" or "supraphysiological dose" of a hormone is a medical usage referring to an amount of a hormone far greater than naturally occurs in a healthy body. The effects of pharmacologic doses of hormones may be different from responses to naturally occurring amounts and may be therapeutically useful, though not without potentially adverse side effects. An example is the ability of pharmacologic doses of <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> to suppress <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hormone-behavior_interactions">Hormone-behavior interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hormone-behavior interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the neurological level, behavior can be inferred based on hormone concentration, which in turn are influenced by hormone-release patterns; the numbers and locations of hormone receptors; and the efficiency of hormone receptors for those involved in gene transcription. Hormone concentration does not incite behavior, as that would undermine other external stimuli; however, it influences the system by increasing the probability of a certain event to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only can hormones influence behavior, but also behavior and the environment can influence hormone concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a feedback loop is formed, meaning behavior can affect hormone concentration, which in turn can affect behavior, which in turn can affect hormone concentration, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, hormone-behavior feedback loops are essential in providing constancy to episodic hormone secretion, as the behaviors affected by episodically secreted hormones directly prevent the continuous release of sad hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three broad stages of reasoning may be used to determine if a specific hormone-behavior interaction is present within a system:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>The frequency of occurrence of a hormonally dependent behavior should correspond to that of its hormonal source.</li> <li>A hormonally dependent behavior is not expected if the hormonal source (or its types of action) is non-existent.</li> <li>The reintroduction of a missing behaviorally dependent hormonal source (or its types of action) is expected to bring back the absent behavior.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_neurotransmitters">Comparison with neurotransmitters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparison with neurotransmitters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though colloquially oftentimes used interchangeably, there are various clear distinctions between hormones and <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silverthorn_2016_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverthorn_2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A hormone can perform functions over a larger spatial and temporal scale than can a neurotransmitter, which often acts in micrometer-scale distances.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_2001_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves_2001-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hormonal signals can travel virtually anywhere in the circulatory system, whereas neural signals are restricted to pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">nerve tracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_2001_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves_2001-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Assuming the travel distance is equivalent, neural signals can be transmitted much more quickly (in the range of milliseconds) than can hormonal signals (in the range of seconds, minutes, or hours). Neural signals can be sent at speeds up to 100 meters per second.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Neural signalling is an all-or-nothing (digital) action, whereas hormonal signalling is an action that can be continuously variable as it is dependent upon hormone concentration.</li></ul> <p>Neurohormones are a type of hormone that share a commonality with neurotransmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_2001_2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves_2001_2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are produced by endocrine cells that receive input from neurons, or neuroendocrine cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_2001_2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves_2001_2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both classic hormones and neurohormones are secreted by endocrine tissue; however, neurohormones are the result of a combination between endocrine reflexes and neural reflexes, creating a neuroendocrine pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverthorn_2016_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverthorn_2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While endocrine pathways produce chemical signals in the form of hormones, the neuroendocrine pathway involves the electrical signals of neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverthorn_2016_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverthorn_2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this pathway, the result of the electrical signal produced by a neuron is the release of a chemical, which is the neurohormone<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-Silverthorn_2016_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverthorn_2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, like a classic hormone, the neurohormone is released into the bloodstream to reach its target.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverthorn_2016_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverthorn_2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Binding_proteins">Binding proteins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Binding proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hormone transport and the involvement of binding proteins is an essential aspect when considering the function of hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hormones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hormones.svg/220px-Hormones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hormones.svg/330px-Hormones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hormones.svg/440px-Hormones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>This is a diagram that represents and describer what hormones are and their activity in the bloodstream. Hormones flow in and out of the bloodstream and are able to bind to Target cells to activate the role of the hormone. This is with the help of the bloodstream flow and the secreting cell. Hormones regulate: metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, reproduction, etc. This diagram also lists the important hormones in a human body.</figcaption></figure> <p>The formation of a complex with a binding protein has several benefits: the effective half-life of the bound hormone is increased, and a reservoir of bound hormones is created, which evens the variations in concentration of unbound hormones (bound hormones will replace the unbound hormones when these are eliminated).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the usage of hormone-binding proteins is in the thyroxine-binding protein which carries up to 80% of all thyroxine in the body, a crucial element in regulating the metabolic rate.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autocrine_signaling" title="Autocrine signaling">Autocrine signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipokine" title="Adipokine">Adipokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">Cytokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatokine" title="Hepatokine">Hepatokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrine disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental hormones">Environmental hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">Growth factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracrine" title="Intracrine">Intracrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigational_sex-hormonal_agents" title="List of investigational sex-hormonal agents">List of investigational sex-hormonal agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolomics" title="Metabolomics">Metabolomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myokine" title="Myokine">Myokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neohormone" title="Neohormone">Neohormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signaling" title="Paracrine signaling">Paracrine signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a>, a.k.a. plant growth regulators</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiochemical" title="Semiochemical">Semiochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-hormonal_agent" title="Sex-hormonal agent">Sex-hormonal agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_motivation_and_hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual motivation and hormones">Sexual motivation and hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenohormone" title="Xenohormone">Xenohormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_hormones" title="List of human hormones">List of human hormones</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShuster2014" class="citation book cs1">Shuster M (2014-03-14). <i>Biology for a Changing World, with Physiology</i> (Second ed.). 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Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-5113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-5113-2"><bdi>978-1-4641-5113-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884499940">884499940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+for+a+Changing+World%2C+with+Physiology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884499940&rft.isbn=978-1-4641-5113-2&rft.aulast=Shuster&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeave2008" class="citation book cs1">Neave N (2008). <i>Hormones and behaviour: a psychological approach</i>. 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London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-802667-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-802667-0"><bdi>978-0-12-802667-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1022119040">1022119040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+hormone%2Fbehavior+relations&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1022119040&rft.isbn=978-0-12-802667-0&rft.aulast=Pfaff&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=Rubin%2C+RT&rft.au=Schneider%2C+JE&rft.au=Head%2C+GA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1022119040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeceUrryCainWasserman2014" class="citation book cs1">Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB, Campbell NA (2014). <i>Campbell biology</i> (Tenth ed.). Boston: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-77565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-77565-8"><bdi>978-0-321-77565-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849822337">849822337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campbell+biology&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849822337&rft.isbn=978-0-321-77565-8&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Urry%2C+LA&rft.au=Cain%2C+ML&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+SA&rft.au=Minorsky%2C+PV&rft.au=Jackson%2C+RB&rft.au=Campbell%2C+NA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelSapruHredaySiegel2006" class="citation book cs1">Siegel A, Sapru H, Hreday N, Siegel H (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialneurosc0000sieg"><i>Essential neuroscience</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-5077-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-5077-6"><bdi>0-7817-5077-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60650938">60650938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+neuroscience&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60650938&rft.isbn=0-7817-5077-6&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Sapru%2C+H&rft.au=Hreday%2C+N&rft.au=Siegel%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialneurosc0000sieg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purves_2001-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purves_2001_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purves_2001_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvesWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Purves D, Williams SM (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44627256"><i>Neuroscience</i></a> (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-742-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-742-0"><bdi>0-87893-742-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44627256">44627256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44627256&rft.isbn=0-87893-742-0&rft.aulast=Purves&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Williams%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44627256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). <i>Molecular biology of the cell</i> (4th ed.). 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Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-3873-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-3873-2"><bdi>0-7167-3873-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45064683">45064683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%2C+the+science+of+biology&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+MA&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45064683&rft.isbn=0-7167-3873-2&rft.aulast=Purves&rft.aufirst=WK&rft.au=Kirkwood%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780716738732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/hormones/">"Hormones"</a>. <i>OpenStaxCollege</i>. 2013-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OpenStaxCollege&rft.atitle=Hormones&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu%2Fanatomyandphysiology%2Fchapter%2Fhormones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical physiology: a cellular and molecular approach. Updated 2. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer1968" class="citation journal cs1">Oppenheimer JH (1968-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM196805232782107">"Role of Plasma Proteins in the Binding, Distribution and Metabolism of the Thyroid Hormones"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>278</b> (21): 1153–1162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM196805232782107">10.1056/NEJM196805232782107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4172185">4172185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Role+of+Plasma+Proteins+in+the+Binding%2C+Distribution+and+Metabolism+of+the+Thyroid+Hormones&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1153-1162&rft.date=1968-05-23&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4172185&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM196805232782107&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=JH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1056%2FNEJM196805232782107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/hmrbase/">HMRbase: A database of hormones and their receptors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Hormones">Hormones</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hormone">"Hormone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hormone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHormone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">TRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">CRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone" title="Growth hormone–releasing hormone">GHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin (GHIH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_concentrating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanin concentrating hormone">MCH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Vasopressin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">POMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-like_intermediate_peptide" title="Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide">CLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">GH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">Adrenal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">Thyroid hormones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">T<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroxine">T<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis">Thyroid axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">PTH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Gonadal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">Relaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor" title="Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor">GnSAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">HPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">Amylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">N,N-Dimethyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine">5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin" title="Thymosin">Thymosins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11" title="Thymosin α1">Thymosin α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_thymosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta thymosin">Beta thymosins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymopoietin" title="Thymopoietin">Thymopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1">GLP-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>/other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">Insulin-like growth factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide" title="Natriuretic peptide">Natriuretic peptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">ANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide_32" title="Brain natriuretic peptide 32">BNP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_signaling_/_Signal_transduction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Signal_transduction" title="Template:Signal transduction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Signal_transduction" title="Template talk:Signal transduction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Signal_transduction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Signal transduction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_signaling_/_Signal_transduction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Signal transduction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signaling pathways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">GPCR</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">RTK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway" title="TGF beta signaling pathway">TGF beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway" title="MAPK/ERK pathway">MAPK/ERK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Notch signaling pathway">Notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway" title="JAK-STAT signaling pathway">JAK-STAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akt/PKB_signaling_pathway" title="Akt/PKB signaling pathway">Akt/PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Fas apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_signaling_pathway" title="Hippo signaling pathway">Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway" title="PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway">PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin#Signal_transduction" title="Integrin">Integrin receptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Receptor ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">Neuropeptides</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neurohormone" title="Neurohormone">Neurohormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">Cytokines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">Growth factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Signaling molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">Intracellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Co-receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">Second messenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway" title="CAMP-dependent pathway">cAMP-dependent pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_signaling" title="Calcium signaling">Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_signaling" title="Lipid signaling">Lipid signaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assistants:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein" title="Signal transducing adaptor protein">Signal transducing adaptor protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaffold_protein" title="Scaffold protein">Scaffold protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_transcription_factor" title="General transcription factor">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_preinitiation_complex" title="Transcription preinitiation complex">Transcription preinitiation complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_D" title="Transcription factor II D">TFIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_H" title="Transcription factor II H">TFIIH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juxtacrine_signalling" title="Juxtacrine signalling">Juxtacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine signalling">Autocrine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine signalling">Paracrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracrine" title="Intracrine">Intracrine action</a></li> <li>Neurocrine signaling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synaptic_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic transmission">Synaptic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">Chemical synapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell" title="Neuroendocrine cell">Neuroendocrine signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">Exocrine signalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">Mechanotransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_phototransduction" title="Visual phototransduction">Phototransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4025864-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hormones"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85061980">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hormones"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932041j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hormones"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932041j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ホルモン"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563447">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hormony"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114691&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hormonas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525185">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000082821&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565306905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=31325">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone&oldid=1241011073">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone&oldid=1241011073</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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