CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nucleic acid sequence - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"92349297-da54-4e5d-b893-1b0ae061eda6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nucleic_acid_sequence","wgTitle":"Nucleic acid sequence","wgCurRevisionId":1259802144,"wgRevisionId":1259802144,"wgArticleId":331535,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from March 2014","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is on Wikidata","DNA","Molecular biology","Nucleic acids","RNA"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nucleic_acid_sequence","wgRelevantArticleId":331535,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"DNA_sequences","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q863908","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model", "platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","mediawiki.page.media","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png/1200px-DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1905"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png/800px-DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1270"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png/640px-DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1016"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nucleic acid sequence - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nucleic_acid_sequence rootpage-Nucleic_acid_sequence skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nucleic+acid+sequence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nucleic+acid+sequence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nucleic+acid+sequence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nucleic+acid+sequence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nucleotides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleotides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nucleotides</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nucleotides-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nucleotides subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nucleotides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biological significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sequence determination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sequence_determination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sequence determination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sequence_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Digital representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sequence analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sequence_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sequence analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sequence_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genetic testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_alignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_alignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sequence alignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_alignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sequence motifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_entropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_entropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sequence entropy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_entropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nucleic acid sequence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تسلسل الحمض النووي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسلسل الحمض النووي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuencia_d%27ADN" title="Secuencia d'ADN – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Secuencia d'ADN" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ДНК секвенция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ДНК секвенция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvenca_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Sekvenca nukleinskih kiselina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sekvenca nukleinskih kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia_de_nucle%C3%B2tids" title="Seqüència de nucleòtids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seqüència de nucleòtids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvence_nukleov%C3%A9_kyseliny" title="Sekvence nukleové kyseliny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sekvence nukleové kyseliny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotidsequenz" title="Nukleotidsequenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nukleotidsequenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Αλληλουχία νουκλεϊκών οξέων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλληλουχία νουκλεϊκών οξέων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuencia_de_ADN" title="Secuencia de ADN – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secuencia de ADN" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="توالی اسید نوکلئیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توالی اسید نوکلئیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9quence_(acide_nucl%C3%A9ique)" title="Séquence (acide nucléique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séquence (acide nucléique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seicheamh_aig%C3%A9id_n%C3%BAicl%C3%A9asaigh" title="Seicheamh aigéid núicléasaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seicheamh aigéid núicléasaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrutura_primaria_dos_%C3%A1cidos_nucleicos" title="Estrutura primaria dos ácidos nucleicos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estrutura primaria dos ácidos nucleicos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%84%9C%EC%97%B4" title="염기서열 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="염기서열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urutan_asam_nukleat" title="Urutan asam nukleat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Urutan asam nukleat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequenza_di_DNA" title="Sequenza di DNA – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sequenza di DNA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Нуклеин қышқылы тізбегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нуклеин қышқылы тізбегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Нуклеотидна низа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нуклеотидна низа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujukan_asid_nukleik" title="Jujukan asid nukleik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jujukan asid nukleik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85" title="ДНХ дараалал тогтоох – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="ДНХ дараалал тогтоох" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidesequentie" title="Nucleotidesequentie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nucleotidesequentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="塩基配列 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="塩基配列" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-sekvens" title="DNA-sekvens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DNA-sekvens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekwencja_nukleotyd%C3%B3w" title="Sekwencja nukleotydów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sekwencja nukleotydów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequ%C3%AAncia_de_ADN" title="Sequência de ADN – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sequência de ADN" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Нуклеотидная последовательность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нуклеотидная последовательность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetick%C3%A1_inform%C3%A1cia" title="Genetická informácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genetická informácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvenca_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Sekvenca nukleinskih kiselina – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sekvenca nukleinskih kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvenca_nukleinskih_kiselina" title="Sekvenca nukleinskih kiselina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sekvenca nukleinskih kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkem_n_uzeffar_imi%C9%A3es" title="Alkem n uzeffar imiɣes – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Alkem n uzeffar imiɣes" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ลำดับดีเอ็นเอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลำดับดีเอ็นเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_dizisi" title="DNA dizisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DNA dizisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Нуклеотидна послідовність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нуклеотидна послідовність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ACnh_t%E1%BB%B1_acid_nucleic" title="Trình tự acid nucleic – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trình tự acid nucleic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="核酸序列 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="核酸序列" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q863908#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nucleic_acid_sequence" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nucleic_acid_sequence" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&oldid=1259802144" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nucleic_acid_sequence&id=1259802144&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNucleic_acid_sequence"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNucleic_acid_sequence"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nucleic_acid_sequence" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q863908" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_sequences&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequences">DNA sequences</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Succession of nucleotides in a nucleic acid</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Special:EditPage/Nucleic acid sequence">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nucleic+acid+sequence%22">"Nucleic acid sequence"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nucleic+acid+sequence%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nucleic+acid+sequence%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nucleic+acid+sequence%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nucleic+acid+sequence%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nucleic+acid+sequence%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png/270px-DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png/405px-DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png/540px-DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1989" usemap="#ImageMap_6e2e5d521dd55d5b" resource="/wiki/File:DNA_RNA_structure_(1).png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_6e2e5d521dd55d5b"><area href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_primary_structure" shape="rect" coords="0,0,270,58" alt="Nucleic acid primary structure" title="Nucleic acid primary structure" /><area href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_secondary_structure" shape="rect" coords="0,65,270,123" alt="Nucleic acid secondary structure" title="Nucleic acid secondary structure" /><area href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_tertiary_structure" shape="rect" coords="0,128,270,247" alt="Nucleic acid tertiary structure" title="Nucleic acid tertiary structure" /><area href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_quaternary_structure" shape="rect" coords="0,253,270,429" alt="Nucleic acid quaternary structure" title="Nucleic acid quaternary structure" /></map><figcaption><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span><figcaption>The image above contains clickable links</figcaption></figure> <i>Interactive image</i> of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure" title="Nucleic acid structure">nucleic acid structure</a> (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) using <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_double_helix" title="Nucleic acid double helix">DNA helices</a> and examples from the <a href="/wiki/VS_ribozyme" title="VS ribozyme">VS ribozyme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosome</a>. (<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/ADNA">ADNA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1BNA">1BNA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4OCB">4OCB</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4R4V">4R4V</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1YMO">1YMO</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1EQZ">1EQZ</a></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>nucleic acid sequence</b> is a succession of <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">bases</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotides">nucleotides</a> forming <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> within a <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> (using GACT) or <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nucleotides. By convention, sequences are usually presented from the <a href="/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)" title="Directionality (molecular biology)">5' end to the 3' end</a>. For DNA, with its double helix, there are two possible directions for the notated sequence; of these two, the <a href="/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)" title="Sense (molecular biology)">sense strand</a> is used. Because nucleic acids are normally linear (unbranched) <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a>, specifying the sequence is equivalent to defining the <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> structure of the entire molecule. For this reason, the nucleic acid sequence is also termed the <a href="/wiki/Biomolecular_structure#Primary_structure" title="Biomolecular structure">primary structure</a>. </p><p>The sequence represents <b>genetic information</b>. Biological <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleic acid">deoxyribonucleic acid</a> represents the <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> which directs the functions of an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>. </p><p>Nucleic acids also have a <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_secondary_structure" title="Nucleic acid secondary structure">secondary structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_tertiary_structure" title="Nucleic acid tertiary structure">tertiary structure</a>. Primary structure is sometimes mistakenly referred to as "primary sequence". However there is no parallel concept of secondary or tertiary sequence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nucleotides">Nucleotides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nucleotides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RNA_chemical_structure.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RNA_chemical_structure.GIF/220px-RNA_chemical_structure.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RNA_chemical_structure.GIF/330px-RNA_chemical_structure.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/RNA_chemical_structure.GIF 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of RNA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RNA-codons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RNA-codons.svg/220px-RNA-codons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RNA-codons.svg/330px-RNA-codons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RNA-codons.svg/440px-RNA-codons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>A series of codons in part of a <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> molecule. Each codon consists of three <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a>, usually representing a single <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotide</a></div> <p>Nucleic acids consist of a chain of linked units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three subunits: a <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> group and a <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a> in <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>) make up the backbone of the nucleic acid strand, and attached to the sugar is one of a set of <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobases</a>. The nucleobases are important in <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairing</a> of strands to form higher-level <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_secondary_structure" title="Nucleic acid secondary structure">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_tertiary_structure" title="Nucleic acid tertiary structure">tertiary structures</a> such as the famed <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_double_helix" title="Nucleic acid double helix">double helix</a>. </p><p>The possible letters are <i>A</i>, <i>C</i>, <i>G</i>, and <i>T</i>, representing the four <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">bases</a> of a DNA strand – <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalently</a> linked to a <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond" title="Phosphodiester bond">phosphodiester</a> backbone. In the typical case, the sequences are printed abutting one another without gaps, as in the sequence AAAGTCTGAC, read left to right in the <a href="/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)" title="Directionality (molecular biology)">5' to 3'</a> direction. With regards to <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a>, a sequence is on the coding strand if it has the same order as the transcribed RNA. </p><p>One sequence can be <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(molecular_biology)" title="Complementarity (molecular biology)">complementary</a> to another sequence, meaning that they have the base on each position in the complementary (i.e., A to T, C to G) and in the reverse order. For example, the complementary sequence to TTAC is GTAA. If one strand of the double-stranded DNA is considered the sense strand, then the other strand, considered the antisense strand, will have the complementary sequence to the sense strand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notation">Notation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_notation" title="Nucleic acid notation">Nucleic acid notation</a></div> <p>While A, T, C, and G represent a particular nucleotide at a position, there are also letters that represent ambiguity which are used when more than one kind of nucleotide could occur at that position. The rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>) are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, <b>W</b> means that either an adenine or a thymine could occur in that position without impairing the sequence's functionality. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:25px; margin-top:0px; text-align:center;"> <caption>List of symbols </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol<sup id="cite_ref-iupac_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Meaning/derivation</th> <th colspan="5">Possible bases</th> <th>Complement </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>A</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine"><b>A</b>denine</a></td> <td>A</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="5">1</td> <td>T (or U) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>C</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine"><b>C</b>ytosine</a></td> <td></td> <td>C</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>G </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>G</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine"><b>G</b>uanine</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>G</td> <td></td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>T</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine"><b>T</b>hymine</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>T</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>U</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil"><b>U</b>racil</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>U</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>W</b></td> <td align="left"><b>W</b>eak</td> <td>A</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>T</td> <td rowspan="6">2</td> <td>S </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>S</b></td> <td align="left"><b>S</b>trong</td> <td></td> <td>C</td> <td>G</td> <td></td> <td>W </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>M</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">a<b>M</b>ino</a></td> <td>A</td> <td>C</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>K </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>K</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone"><b>K</b>eto</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>G</td> <td>T</td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>R</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">pu<b>R</b>ine</a></td> <td>A</td> <td></td> <td>G</td> <td></td> <td>Y </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>Y</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">p<b>Y</b>rimidine</a></td> <td></td> <td>C</td> <td></td> <td>T</td> <td>R </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>B</b></td> <td align="left">not A (<b>B</b> comes after A)</td> <td></td> <td>C</td> <td>G</td> <td>T</td> <td rowspan="4">3</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>D</b></td> <td align="left">not C (<b>D</b> comes after C)</td> <td>A</td> <td></td> <td>G</td> <td>T</td> <td>H </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>H</b></td> <td align="left">not G (<b>H</b> comes after G)</td> <td>A</td> <td>C</td> <td></td> <td>T</td> <td>D </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>V</b></td> <td align="left">not T (<b>V</b> comes after T and U)</td> <td>A</td> <td>C</td> <td>G</td> <td></td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>N</b></td> <td align="left">any <b>N</b>ucleotide (not a gap)</td> <td>A</td> <td>C</td> <td>G</td> <td>T</td> <td>4</td> <td>N </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Z</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/0" title="0"><b>Z</b>ero</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>Z </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These symbols are also valid for RNA, except with U (uracil) replacing T (thymine).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U), DNA and RNA also contain bases that have been modified after the nucleic acid chain has been formed. In DNA, the most common modified base is <a href="/wiki/5-Methylcytidine" title="5-Methylcytidine">5-methylcytidine</a> (m5C). In RNA, there are many modified bases, including <a href="/wiki/Pseudouridine" title="Pseudouridine">pseudouridine</a> (Ψ), <a href="/wiki/Dihydrouridine" title="Dihydrouridine">dihydrouridine</a> (D), <a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">inosine</a> (I), <a href="/wiki/Ribothymidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribothymidine">ribothymidine</a> (rT) and <a href="/wiki/7-methylguanosine" class="mw-redirect" title="7-methylguanosine">7-methylguanosine</a> (m7G).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">Hypoxanthine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthine</a> are two of the many bases created through <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutagen</a> presence, both of them through deamination (replacement of the amine-group with a carbonyl-group). Hypoxanthine is produced from <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>, and xanthine is produced from <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, deamination of <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> results in <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Example of comparing and determining the % difference between two nucleotide sequences</dt></dl> <ul><li>AA<b>T</b>CC<b>GC</b>TAG</li> <li>AA<b>A</b>CC<b>CT</b>TAG</li></ul> <p>Given the two 10-nucleotide sequences, line them up and compare the differences between them. Calculate the percent difference by taking the number of differences between the DNA bases divided by the total number of nucleotides. In this case there are three differences in the 10 nucleotide sequence. Thus there is a 30% difference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_significance">Biological significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biological significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kooditabel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kooditabel.png/200px-Kooditabel.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kooditabel.png/300px-Kooditabel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kooditabel.png/400px-Kooditabel.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a>, by which the information contained in <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a> are <a href="/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a> into <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> sequences in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">Genetic code</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma of molecular biology</a></div> <p>In biological systems, nucleic acids contain information which is used by a living <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> to construct specific <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. The sequence of <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobases</a> on a nucleic acid strand is <a href="/wiki/Translation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (genetics)">translated</a> by cell machinery into a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> making up a protein strand. Each group of three bases, called a <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codon</a>, corresponds to a single amino acid, and there is a specific <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a> by which each possible combination of three bases corresponds to a specific amino acid. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">central dogma of molecular biology</a> outlines the mechanism by which proteins are constructed using information contained in nucleic acids. <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> is <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcribed</a> into <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> molecules, which travel to the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a> where the mRNA is used as a template for the construction of the protein strand. Since nucleic acids can bind to molecules with <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(molecular_biology)" title="Complementarity (molecular biology)">complementary</a> sequences, there is a distinction between "<a href="/wiki/Sense_(molecular_biology)" title="Sense (molecular biology)">sense</a>" sequences which code for proteins, and the complementary "antisense" sequence, which is by itself nonfunctional, but can bind to the sense strand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequence_determination">Sequence determination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sequence determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_sequence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DNA_sequence.svg/268px-DNA_sequence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DNA_sequence.svg/402px-DNA_sequence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DNA_sequence.svg/536px-DNA_sequence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electropherogram" title="Electropherogram">Electropherogram</a> printout from automated sequencer for determining part of a DNA sequence</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></div> <p>DNA sequencing is the process of determining the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> sequence of a given <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> fragment. The sequence of the DNA of a living thing encodes the necessary information for that living thing to survive and reproduce. Therefore, determining the sequence is useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the importance of DNA to living things, knowledge of a DNA sequence may be useful in practically any biological <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> it can be used to identify, <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnose</a> and potentially develop <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">treatments</a> for <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic disease">genetic diseases</a>. Similarly, research into <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services. </p><p>RNA is not sequenced directly. Instead, it is copied to a DNA by <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a>, and this DNA is then sequenced. </p><p>Current sequencing methods rely on the discriminatory ability of DNA polymerases, and therefore can only distinguish four bases. An inosine (created from adenosine during <a href="/wiki/RNA_editing" title="RNA editing">RNA editing</a>) is read as a G, and 5-methyl-cytosine (created from cytosine by <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a>) is read as a C. With current technology, it is difficult to sequence small amounts of DNA, as the signal is too weak to measure. This is overcome by <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR) amplification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_representation">Digital representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Digital representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMY1gene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/AMY1gene.png/370px-AMY1gene.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/AMY1gene.png/555px-AMY1gene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/AMY1gene.png/740px-AMY1gene.png 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Genetic sequence in digital format.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once a nucleic acid sequence has been obtained from an organism, it is stored <i><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a></i> in digital format. Digital genetic sequences may be stored in <a href="/wiki/Sequence_database" title="Sequence database">sequence databases</a>, be analyzed (see <i>Sequence analysis</i> below), be digitally altered and be used as templates for creating new actual DNA using <a href="/wiki/Artificial_gene_synthesis" title="Artificial gene synthesis">artificial gene synthesis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequence_analysis">Sequence analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sequence analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sequence_analysis" title="Sequence analysis">Sequence analysis</a></div> <p>Digital genetic sequences may be analyzed using the tools of <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> to attempt to determine its function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_testing">Genetic testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetic testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></div> <p>The DNA in an organism's <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> can be analyzed to <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnose</a> vulnerabilities to inherited <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>, and can also be used to determine a child's paternity (genetic father) or a person's <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestry</a>. Normally, every person carries two variations of every <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, one inherited from their mother, the other inherited from their father. The <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a> is believed to contain around 20,000–25,000 genes. In addition to studying <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes <a href="/wiki/Biochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biochemical">biochemical</a> tests for the possible presence of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic disease">genetic diseases</a>, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. </p><p>Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. Several hundred genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequence_alignment">Sequence alignment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sequence alignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sequence_alignment" title="Sequence alignment">Sequence alignment</a></div> <p>In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> to identify regions of similarity that may be due to functional, <a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">structural</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> relationships between the sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-mount_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mount-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If two sequences in an alignment share a common ancestor, mismatches can be interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation">point mutations</a> and gaps as <a href="/wiki/Insertion_(genetics)" title="Insertion (genetics)">insertion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)" title="Deletion (genetics)">deletion mutations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indel" title="Indel">indels</a>) introduced in one or both lineages in the time since they diverged from one another. In sequence alignments of proteins, the degree of similarity between <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> occupying a particular position in the sequence can be interpreted as a rough measure of how <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (genetics)">conserved</a> a particular region or <a href="/wiki/Sequence_motif" title="Sequence motif">sequence motif</a> is among lineages. The absence of substitutions, or the presence of only very conservative substitutions (that is, the substitution of amino acids whose <a href="/wiki/Side_chain" title="Side chain">side chains</a> have similar biochemical properties) in a particular region of the sequence, suggest<sup id="cite_ref-predict_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predict-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that this region has structural or functional importance. Although DNA and RNA <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> bases are more similar to each other than are amino acids, the conservation of base pairs can indicate a similar functional or structural role.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" title="Computational phylogenetics">Computational phylogenetics</a> makes extensive use of sequence alignments in the construction and interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic trees</a>, which are used to classify the evolutionary relationships between homologous genes represented in the genomes of divergent species. The degree to which sequences in a query set differ is qualitatively related to the sequences' evolutionary distance from one another. Roughly speaking, high sequence identity suggests that the sequences in question have a comparatively young <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a>, while low identity suggests that the divergence is more ancient. This approximation, which reflects the "<a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a>" hypothesis that a roughly constant <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_evolution" title="Rate of evolution">rate of evolutionary change</a> can be used to extrapolate the elapsed time since two genes first diverged (that is, the <a href="/wiki/Coalescence_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalescence (genetics)">coalescence</a> time), assumes that the effects of mutation and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">selection</a> are constant across sequence lineages. Therefore, it does not account for possible differences among organisms or species in the rates of <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> or the possible functional conservation of specific regions in a sequence. (In the case of nucleotide sequences, the molecular clock hypothesis in its most basic form also discounts the difference in acceptance rates between <a href="/wiki/Silent_mutation" title="Silent mutation">silent mutations</a> that do not alter the meaning of a given <a href="/wiki/Codon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon">codon</a> and other mutations that result in a different <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> being incorporated into the protein.) More statistically accurate methods allow the evolutionary rate on each branch of the phylogenetic tree to vary, thus producing better estimates of coalescence times for genes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequence_motifs">Sequence motifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sequence motifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sequence_motif" title="Sequence motif">Sequence motif</a></div> <p>Frequently the primary structure encodes motifs that are of functional importance. Some examples of sequence motifs are: the C/D<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and H/ACA boxes<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/SnoRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="SnoRNA">snoRNAs</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSm" title="LSm">Sm binding site</a> found in spliceosomal RNAs such as <a href="/wiki/U1_spliceosomal_RNA" title="U1 spliceosomal RNA">U1</a>, <a href="/wiki/U2_spliceosomal_RNA" title="U2 spliceosomal RNA">U2</a>, <a href="/wiki/U4_spliceosomal_RNA" title="U4 spliceosomal RNA">U4</a>, <a href="/wiki/U5_spliceosomal_RNA" title="U5 spliceosomal RNA">U5</a>, <a href="/wiki/U6_spliceosomal_RNA" title="U6 spliceosomal RNA">U6</a>, <a href="/wiki/U12_minor_spliceosomal_RNA" title="U12 minor spliceosomal RNA">U12</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_nucleolar_RNA_U3" title="Small nucleolar RNA U3">U3</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Shine-Dalgarno sequence">Shine-Dalgarno sequence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Kozak_consensus_sequence" title="Kozak consensus sequence">Kozak consensus sequence</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kozak1987_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozak1987-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase_III" title="RNA polymerase III">RNA polymerase III terminator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6263489_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6263489-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequence_entropy">Sequence entropy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sequence entropy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>, a sequence entropy, also known as sequence complexity or information profile,<sup id="cite_ref-glance_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a numerical sequence providing a quantitative measure of the local complexity of a DNA sequence, independently of the direction of processing. The manipulations of the information profiles enable the analysis of the sequences using alignment-free techniques, such as for example in motif and rearrangements detection.<sup id="cite_ref-glance_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rearrang_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rearrang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-troy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_structure" title="Gene structure">Gene structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure_determination" title="Nucleic acid structure determination">Nucleic acid structure determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_numeral_system" title="Quaternary numeral system">Quaternary numeral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">Single-nucleotide polymorphism</a> (SNP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC322779">"Nomenclature for incompletely specified bases in nucleic acid sequences. Recommendations 1984. Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry (NC-IUB)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>83</b> (1): 4–8. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.83.1.4">10.1073/pnas.83.1.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC322779">322779</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2417239">2417239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Nomenclature+for+incompletely+specified+bases+in+nucleic+acid+sequences.+Recommendations+1984.+Nomenclature+Committee+of+the+International+Union+of+Biochemistry+%28NC-IUB%29.&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-8&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC322779%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2417239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.83.1.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC322779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iupac-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iupac_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomenclature_Committee_of_the_International_Union_of_Biochemistry_(NC-IUB)1984" class="citation web cs1">Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry (NC-IUB) (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/misc/naseq.html">"Nomenclature for Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+for+Incompletely+Specified+Bases+in+Nucleic+Acid+Sequences&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Nomenclature+Committee+of+the+International+Union+of+Biochemistry+%28NC-IUB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.qmul.ac.uk%2Fiubmb%2Fmisc%2Fnaseq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-22/CB22.html">"BIOL2060: Translation"</a>. <i>mun.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mun.ca&rft.atitle=BIOL2060%3A+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Fbiology%2Fdesmid%2Fbrian%2FBIOL2060%2FBIOL2060-22%2FCB22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biogeo.uw.edu.pl/research/grupaC_en.html">"Research"</a>. <i>uw.edu.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uw.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biogeo.uw.edu.pl%2Fresearch%2FgrupaC_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyenBrunsonCrespiPenman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, T; Brunson, D; Crespi, C L; Penman, B W; Wishnok, J S; Tannenbaum, S R (April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48797">"DNA damage and mutation in human cells exposed to nitric oxide in vitro"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>. <b>89</b> (7): 3030–034. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992PNAS...89.3030N">1992PNAS...89.3030N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.89.7.3030">10.1073/pnas.89.7.3030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48797">48797</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1557408">1557408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=DNA+damage+and+mutation+in+human+cells+exposed+to+nitric+oxide+in+vitro&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3030-034&rft.date=1992-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC48797%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1557408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.89.7.3030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992PNAS...89.3030N&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Brunson%2C+D&rft.au=Crespi%2C+C+L&rft.au=Penman%2C+B+W&rft.au=Wishnok%2C+J+S&rft.au=Tannenbaum%2C+S+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC48797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060529002711/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting">"What is genetic testing?"</a>. <i>Genetics Home Reference</i>. 16 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/genetictesting">the original</a> on 29 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetics+Home+Reference&rft.atitle=What+is+genetic+testing%3F&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghr.nlm.nih.gov%2Fhandbook%2Ftesting%2Fgenetictesting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genetictesting.html">"Genetic Testing"</a>. <i>nih.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nih.gov&rft.atitle=Genetic+Testing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fgenetictesting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204181251/http://eurogentest.org/patient/public_health/info/public/unit3/DefinitionsGeneticTesting-3rdDraf18Jan07.xhtml">"Definitions of Genetic Testing"</a>. <i>Definitions of Genetic Testing (Jorge Sequeiros and Bárbara Guimarães)</i>. EuroGentest Network of Excellence Project. 2008-09-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurogentest.org/patient/public_health/info/public/unit3/DefinitionsGeneticTesting-3rdDraf18Jan07.xhtml">the original</a> on February 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Definitions+of+Genetic+Testing+%28Jorge+Sequeiros+and+B%C3%A1rbara+Guimar%C3%A3es%29&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+Genetic+Testing&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogentest.org%2Fpatient%2Fpublic_health%2Finfo%2Fpublic%2Funit3%2FDefinitionsGeneticTesting-3rdDraf18Jan07.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mount-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mount_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount_DM.2004" class="citation book cs1">Mount DM. (2004). <i>Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis</i> (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-608-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87969-608-7"><bdi>0-87969-608-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioinformatics%3A+Sequence+and+Genome+Analysis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press%3A+Cold+Spring+Harbor%2C+NY&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-87969-608-7&rft.au=Mount+DM.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-predict-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-predict_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgHenikoff2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ng, P. C.; Henikoff, S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC311071">"Predicting Deleterious Amino Acid Substitutions"</a>. <i>Genome Research</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 863–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.176601">10.1101/gr.176601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC311071">311071</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11337480">11337480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=Predicting+Deleterious+Amino+Acid+Substitutions&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=863-74&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC311071%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11337480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.176601&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft.au=Henikoff%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC311071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzany2016" class="citation journal cs1">Witzany, G (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/GUECST-2">"Crucial steps to life: From chemical reactions to code using agents"</a>. <i>Biosystems</i>. <b>140</b>: 49–57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BiSys.140...49W">2016BiSys.140...49W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biosystems.2015.12.007">10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.12.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26723230">26723230</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30962295">30962295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biosystems&rft.atitle=Crucial+steps+to+life%3A+From+chemical+reactions+to+code+using+agents&rft.volume=140&rft.pages=49-57&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biosystems.2015.12.007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30962295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26723230&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016BiSys.140...49W&rft.aulast=Witzany&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FGUECST-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamarskyFournier_MJSinger_RHBertrand_E1998" class="citation journal cs1">Samarsky, DA; Fournier MJ; Singer RH; Bertrand E (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1170710">"The snoRNA box C/D motif directs nucleolar targeting and also couples snoRNA synthesis and localization"</a>. <i>The EMBO Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (13): 3747–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F17.13.3747">10.1093/emboj/17.13.3747</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1170710">1170710</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9649444">9649444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EMBO+Journal&rft.atitle=The+snoRNA+box+C%2FD+motif+directs+nucleolar+targeting+and+also+couples+snoRNA+synthesis+and+localization&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=3747-57&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1170710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9649444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Femboj%2F17.13.3747&rft.aulast=Samarsky&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Fournier+MJ&rft.au=Singer+RH&rft.au=Bertrand+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1170710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanotCaizergues-FerrerKiss1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ganot, Philippe; Caizergues-Ferrer, Michèle; Kiss, Tamás (1 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.11.7.941">"The family of box ACA small nucleolar RNAs is defined by an evolutionarily conserved secondary structure and ubiquitous sequence elements essential for RNA accumulation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genes_%26_Development" title="Genes & Development">Genes & Development</a></i>. <b>11</b> (7): 941–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.11.7.941">10.1101/gad.11.7.941</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9106664">9106664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+%26+Development&rft.atitle=The+family+of+box+ACA+small+nucleolar+RNAs+is+defined+by+an+evolutionarily+conserved+secondary+structure+and+ubiquitous+sequence+elements+essential+for+RNA+accumulation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=941-56&rft.date=1997-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgad.11.7.941&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9106664&rft.aulast=Ganot&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Caizergues-Ferrer%2C+Mich%C3%A8le&rft.au=Kiss%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%252Fgad.11.7.941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShine_J,_Dalgarno_L1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Shine" title="John Shine">Shine J, Dalgarno L</a> (1975). "Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes". <i>Nature</i>. <b>254</b> (5495): 34–38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Natur.254...34S">1975Natur.254...34S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F254034a0">10.1038/254034a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/803646">803646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4162567">4162567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Determinant+of+cistron+specificity+in+bacterial+ribosomes&rft.volume=254&rft.issue=5495&rft.pages=34-38&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F254034a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4162567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F803646&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975Natur.254...34S&rft.au=Shine+J%2C+Dalgarno+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozak1987-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kozak1987_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozak_M1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kozak M (October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC306349">"An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Res</i>. <b>15</b> (20): 8125–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F15.20.8125">10.1093/nar/15.20.8125</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC306349">306349</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3313277">3313277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+5%27-noncoding+sequences+from+699+vertebrate+messenger+RNAs&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=8125-48&rft.date=1987-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC306349%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3313277&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F15.20.8125&rft.au=Kozak+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC306349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6263489-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6263489_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogenhagen_DF,_Brown_DD1981" class="citation journal cs1">Bogenhagen DF, Brown DD (1981). "Nucleotide sequences in Xenopus 5S DNA required for transcription termination". <i>Cell</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 261–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2881%2990522-5">10.1016/0092-8674(81)90522-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6263489">6263489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9982829">9982829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Nucleotide+sequences+in+Xenopus+5S+DNA+required+for+transcription+termination.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=261-70&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9982829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6263489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2881%2990522-5&rft.au=Bogenhagen+DF%2C+Brown+DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glance-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glance_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glance_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinhoGarcia,_SPratas,_DFerreira,_P2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pinho, A; Garcia, S; Pratas, D; Ferreira, P (Nov 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836782">"DNA Sequences at a Glance"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (11): e79922. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...879922P">2013PLoSO...879922P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0079922">10.1371/journal.pone.0079922</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836782">3836782</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278218">24278218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=DNA+Sequences+at+a+Glance.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e79922&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3836782%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24278218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0079922&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...879922P&rft.aulast=Pinho&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Garcia%2C+S&rft.au=Pratas%2C+D&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3836782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rearrang-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rearrang_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratasSilva,_RPinho,_AFerreira,_P2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pratas, D; Silva, R; Pinho, A; Ferreira, P (May 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4434998">"An alignment-free method to find and visualise rearrangements between pairs of DNA sequences"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>5</b>: 10203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...510203P">2015NatSR...510203P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep10203">10.1038/srep10203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4434998">4434998</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25984837">25984837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=An+alignment-free+method+to+find+and+visualise+rearrangements+between+pairs+of+DNA+sequences.&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=10203&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4434998%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25984837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep10203&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...510203P&rft.aulast=Pratas&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Silva%2C+R&rft.au=Pinho%2C+A&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4434998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-troy-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-troy_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroyanskayaArbell,_OKoren,_YLandau,_G2002" class="citation journal cs1">Troyanskaya, O; Arbell, O; Koren, Y; Landau, G; Bolshoy, A (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2F18.5.679">"Sequence complexity profiles of prokaryotic genomic sequences: A fast algorithm for calculating linguistic complexity"</a>. <i>Bioinformatics</i>. <b>18</b> (5): 679–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2F18.5.679">10.1093/bioinformatics/18.5.679</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12050064">12050064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.atitle=Sequence+complexity+profiles+of+prokaryotic+genomic+sequences%3A+A+fast+algorithm+for+calculating+linguistic+complexity.&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=679-88&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2F18.5.679&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12050064&rft.aulast=Troyanskaya&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Arbell%2C+O&rft.au=Koren%2C+Y&rft.au=Landau%2C+G&rft.au=Bolshoy%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbioinformatics%252F18.5.679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid+sequence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nucleic_acid_sequence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nucleic acid sequence">Nucleic acid sequence</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072853/http://www.nslij-genetics.org/dnacorr/">A bibliography on features, patterns, correlations in DNA and protein texts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biomolecular_structure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomolecular_structure" title="Template:Biomolecular structure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomolecular_structure" title="Template talk:Biomolecular structure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomolecular_structure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomolecular structure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biomolecular_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biomolecular_structure" title="Biomolecular structure">Biomolecular structure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">Protein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_primary_structure" title="Protein primary structure">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_secondary_structure" title="Protein secondary structure">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_tertiary_structure" title="Protein tertiary structure">Tertiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_quaternary_structure" title="Protein quaternary structure">Quaternary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_structure#Protein_structure_determination" title="Protein structure">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_structure_prediction" title="Protein structure prediction">Prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_thermodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure" title="Nucleic acid structure">Nucleic acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_secondary_structure" title="Nucleic acid secondary structure">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_tertiary_structure" title="Nucleic acid tertiary structure">Tertiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_quaternary_structure" title="Nucleic acid quaternary structure">Quaternary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure_determination" title="Nucleic acid structure determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure_prediction" title="Nucleic acid structure prediction">Prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_thermodynamics" title="Nucleic acid thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_domain" title="Protein domain">Protein domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_engineering" title="Protein engineering">Protein engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteasome" title="Proteasome">Proteasome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_motif" title="Structural motif">Structural motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_double_helix" title="Nucleic acid double helix">Nucleic acid double helix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863908#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85093159">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538643505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&oldid=1259802144">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&oldid=1259802144</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DNA" title="Category:DNA">DNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Molecular_biology" title="Category:Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nucleic_acids" title="Category:Nucleic acids">Nucleic acids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:RNA" title="Category:RNA">RNA</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2014">Articles needing additional references from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 03:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid_sequence&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-82dp6","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.561","walltime":"0.745","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1782,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":70827,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1045,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":96953,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 642.935 1 -total"," 34.06% 218.997 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.88% 153.520 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.97% 102.668 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 13.14% 84.455 1 Template:Biomolecular_structure"," 12.81% 82.380 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.42% 79.864 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.56% 61.473 1 Template:Ambox"," 7.97% 51.261 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.87% 44.175 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.353","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6330890,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-57b59b5979-f2tkf","timestamp":"20241127032107","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nucleic acid sequence","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nucleic_acid_sequence","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q863908","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q863908","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-30T04:23:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T03:21:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8e\/DNA_RNA_structure_%281%29.png","headline":"succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule"}</script> </body> </html>