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id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Nifchers" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Nifchers" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Nifchers" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Nifchers" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Beskrywing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beskrywing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Beskrywing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beskrywing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Verwysings subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nifchers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 46 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%83" title="شعب نيفك – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب نيفك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%83" title="شعب نيفك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب نيفك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivxl%C9%99r" title="Nivxlər – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nivxlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="نیوخ‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیوخ‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%9E%D1%85%D1%96" title="Ніўхі – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніўхі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нивхи – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нивхи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivchov%C3%A9" title="Nivchové – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nivchové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Нивхсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нивхсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwchen" title="Niwchen – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niwchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nivkh people" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niv%C4%A5oj" title="Nivĥoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nivĥoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivjis" title="Nivjis – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nivjis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivhid" title="Nivhid – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nivhid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkhiak" title="Nivkhiak – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nivkhiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="نیوخ‌ها – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیوخ‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivhit" title="Nivhit – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nivhit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkhes" title="Nivkhes – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nivkhes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_nivkh" title="Pobo nivkh – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo nivkh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="निव्ख़ लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निव्ख़ लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilj%C3%A1kok" title="Giljákok – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Giljákok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նիվխեր – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիվխեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Nivkh" title="Suku Nivkh – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Nivkh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivchi" title="Nivchi – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nivchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B4%E3%83%95" title="ニヴフ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニヴフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Нивххэр – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Нивххэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нивхтар – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нивхтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%B8%8C%ED%9D%90%EC%9D%B8" title="니브흐인 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니브흐인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нивхтер – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нивхтер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivchiai" title="Nivchiai – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nivchiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivhi" title="Nivhi – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nivhi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нивхи – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нивхи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivchen" title="Nivchen – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nivchen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwchowie" title="Niwchowie – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niwchowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%8E%D8%AE_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="نیوَخ لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوَخ لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkh" title="Nivkh – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nivkh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нивхи – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нивхи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivhgi" title="Nivhgi – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nivhgi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нивхи – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нивхи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivcher" title="Nivcher – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nivcher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihu-he%E2%80%99zen_%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%AB%E8%B5%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="Nihu-he’zen 尼夫赫人 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Nihu-he’zen 尼夫赫人" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivihler" title="Nivihler – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nivihler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нівхи – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нівхи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivxlar" title="Nivxlar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nivxlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivhalai%C5%BEed" title="Nivhalaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nivhalaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Nivkh" title="Người Nivkh – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Nivkh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%AB%E8%B5%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="尼夫赫人 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼夫赫人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60046#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nifchers" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bespreking:Nifchers&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy (bladsy bestaan nie) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Giliak_Mongoloid.png/250px-Giliak_Mongoloid.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Giliak_Mongoloid.png/375px-Giliak_Mongoloid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Giliak_Mongoloid.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>’n Groep Nifcher-mans.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:V.M._Doroshevich-Sakhalin._Part_II._Nivkh_Amusement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/V.M._Doroshevich-Sakhalin._Part_II._Nivkh_Amusement.png/250px-V.M._Doroshevich-Sakhalin._Part_II._Nivkh_Amusement.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/V.M._Doroshevich-Sakhalin._Part_II._Nivkh_Amusement.png/375px-V.M._Doroshevich-Sakhalin._Part_II._Nivkh_Amusement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/V.M._Doroshevich-Sakhalin._Part_II._Nivkh_Amusement.png/500px-V.M._Doroshevich-Sakhalin._Part_II._Nivkh_Amusement.png 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>'n Beerfees deur die Nifchers, omstreeks 1903.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <b>Nifchers</b> of <b>Giljak</b> – etnoniem: Нивхгу, <i>Nʼivxgu</i> (Amoer) of Ниғвңгун, <i>Nʼiɣvŋgun</i> (Oos-Sachalin), "die volk" – is ’n inheemse <a href="/wiki/Etniese_groep" title="Etniese groep">etniese groep</a> wat op die noordelike helfte van <a href="/wiki/Sachalin" title="Sachalin">Sachalin</a>-eiland en aan die Benede-<a href="/wiki/Amoer" title="Amoer">Amoer</a> en kus van die aangrensende <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Russiese</a> vasteland woon, asook moontlik histories in dele van <a href="/wiki/Mantsjoerye" title="Mantsjoerye">Mantsjoerye</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beskrywing">Beskrywing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Beskrywing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Beskrywing"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Nifchers was oorspronklik <a href="/wiki/Vissery" title="Vissery">vissermanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jag" title="Jag">jagters</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hond" title="Hond">hondetelers</a>. Hulle was <a href="/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade">halfnomadies</a> en het in die somer naby die kus gewoon en in die winter verder die binneland in om <a href="/wiki/Salm" title="Salm">salm</a> te vang. Die dele van die land waar hulle gewoon het, word gekenmerk deur <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taigawoude</a> met koue winters met sneeu en matige somers met yl boombedekking.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Nifchers is vermoedelik die oorspronklike bewoners van die streek en stam moontlik af van ’n voorgestelde <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">Neolitiese</a> volk wat in die laat <a href="/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen">Pleistoseen</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Baikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal">Transbaikal-streek</a> af migreer het.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzhugh,_William_pp.39,_40_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzhugh,_William_pp.39,_40-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Nifchers het lang <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-disambig" title="Handel">handels-</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur">kultuurbande</a> met die naburige <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">China</a> en <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> gehad. Hulle was voorheen in die invloedsfeer van <a href="/wiki/Qing-dinastie" title="Qing-dinastie">Qing-China</a>, maar nadat die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Ryk" title="Russiese Ryk">Russiese Ryk</a> die gebied geannekseer het ná twee verdrae in 1858 en 1860, is die volk se tradisionele lewenstyl aansienlik deur kolonisasie en kollektivisering verander.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett,_p.1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett,_p.1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Culture:_Nivkh_Gilyak_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culture:_Nivkh_Gilyak-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vandag het hulle ’n moderner lewenstyl. </p><p>Die Nifchers beoefen <a href="/wiki/Sjamanisme" title="Sjamanisme">sjamanisme</a>, wat belangrik is vir die winter se Beerfees, hoewel sommige hulle tot die <a href="/wiki/Russies-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Russies-Ortodokse Kerk">Russiese Ortodoksie</a> bekeer het.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaussonnet,_pp._34,_35_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaussonnet,_pp._34,_35-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volgens die Russiese <a href="/wiki/Sensus" title="Sensus">sensus</a> van 2002 is daar 5 287 Mifchers. Die meeste praat <a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a> en net sowat 10% praat hulle eie taal, Nifchies. Dit word as ’n <a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%AFsoleerde_taal" class="mw-redirect" title="Geïsoleerde taal">geïsoleerde taal</a> beskou, hoewel dit gerieflikheidshalwe as ’n <a href="/wiki/Paleosiberiese_tale" title="Paleosiberiese tale">Paleosiberiese taal</a> geklassifiseer word.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattissen,_p.515_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattissen,_p.515-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gall, Timothy L. (1998) <i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life</i>: Nivkhs. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Inc. 2100p. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7876-0552-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7876-0552-2">ISBN 0-7876-0552-2</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzhugh,_William_pp.39,_40-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzhugh,_William_pp.39,_40_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzhugh, William, and Durbreui pp.39, 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassett,_p.1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bassett,_p.1_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bassett, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culture:_Nivkh_Gilyak-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Culture:_Nivkh_Gilyak_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesup Exhibition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/Jesup/G12.html">" Culture: Nivkh (Gilyak)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212061144/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/Jesup/G12.html">Geargiveer</a> 12 Februarie 2008 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - American Museum of Natural History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaussonnet,_pp._34,_35-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chaussonnet,_pp._34,_35_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaussonnet, pp. 34, 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattissen,_p.515-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mattissen,_p.515_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mattissen, p.515</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronne">Bronne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li>Fitzhugh, William, en Durbreui (1999) <i>Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People</i>. Washington, D.C.: Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution en University of Washington Press. 415p. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-9673429-0-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-9673429-0-2">ISBN 0-9673429-0-2</a></span></li> <li>Bassett, Elizabeth <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028150430/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/asia/gilyak.html">Gilyak (Nivkh) Culture</a> - Minnesota State University, Mankato – EMuseum</li> <li>Chaussonnet, Valerie (1995) <i>Native Cultures of Alaska and Siberia</i>. Arctic Studies Center. Washington, D.C. 112p. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-56098-661-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-56098-661-1">ISBN 1-56098-661-1</a></span></li> <li>Mattissen, Johanna (2001) <i>Facts about the World's Languages</i>. New England Publishing. 896p. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8242-0970-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8242-0970-2">ISBN 0-8242-0970-2</a></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skakels">Skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nivkh_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nivkh people">Nifchers</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="102" /></a></span> Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik uit die <span class="plainlinks"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkh_people" class="extiw" title="en:Nivkh people">Engelse Wikipedia</a> vertaal.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60046&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562487">00562487</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph746153&CON_LNG=ENG">ph746153</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&oldid=2457044">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nifchers&oldid=2457044</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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