CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Information retrieval - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"00afea31-723e-4a5d-a499-d3a38f6e8a27","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Information_retrieval","wgTitle":"Information retrieval","wgCurRevisionId":1276015709,"wgRevisionId":1276015709, "wgArticleId":15271,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Information_retrieval","wgRelevantArticleId":15271,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym" :"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br", "autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی", "dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym": "հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge", "autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym": "ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym": "Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym": "Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi" ,"autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym": "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln", "lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q816826","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready", "skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Information retrieval - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.N3pa8ojS5II.O/am=gAE/d=1/rs=AN8SPfon27j5LYoTtLCkZ6EYRuDEr0l6QA/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.N3pa8ojS5II.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfon27j5LYoTtLCkZ6EYRuDEr0l6QA/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Information_retrieval rootpage-Information_retrieval stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.N3pa8ojS5II.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfon27j5LYoTtLCkZ6EYRuDEr0l6QA/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="en" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Random?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Information+retrieval&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Information+retrieval&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source%3Ddonate%26wmf_medium%3Dsidebar%26wmf_campaign%3Den.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Den%26wmf_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Information retrieval</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Information+retrieval&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Information retrieval">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Information%2Bretrieval%2522">"Information retrieval"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Information%2Bretrieval%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Information%2Bretrieval%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Information%2Bretrieval%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Information%2Bretrieval%2522">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Information%2Bretrieval%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p><b>Information retrieval</b> (<b>IR</b>) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computing">computing</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information science">information science</a> is the task of identifying and retrieving <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information system">information system</a> resources that are relevant to an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_needs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information needs">information need</a>. The information need can be specified in the form of a search query. In the case of document retrieval, queries can be based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full-text_search?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Full-text search">full-text</a> or other content-based indexing. Information retrieval is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science">science</a><sup id="cite_ref-luk22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-luk22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metadata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metadata">metadata</a> that describes data, and for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Database?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Database">databases</a> of texts, images or sounds.</p> <p>Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_overload?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information overload">information overload</a>. An IR system is a software system that provides access to books, journals and other documents; it also stores and manages those documents. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Web_search_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">Web search engines</a> are the most visible IR applications.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_applications"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">General applications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Domain-specific_applications"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Domain-specific applications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_retrieval_methods"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other retrieval methods</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Model_types"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Model types</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#First_dimension:_mathematical_basis"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">First dimension: mathematical basis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Second_dimension:_properties_of_the_model"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Second dimension: properties of the model</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Performance_and_correctness_measures"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Performance and correctness measures</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Libraries_for_searching_and_indexing"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Libraries for searching and indexing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Timeline"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Major_conferences"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Major conferences</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Awards_in_the_field"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Awards in the field</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system. Queries are formal statements of information needs, for example search strings in web search engines. In information retrieval, a query does not uniquely identify a single object in the collection. Instead, several objects may match the query, perhaps with different degrees of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Relevance (information retrieval)">relevance</a>.</p> <p>An object is an entity that is represented by information in a content collection or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Database?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Database">database</a>. User queries are matched against the database information. However, as opposed to classical SQL queries of a database, in information retrieval the results returned may or may not match the query, so results are typically ranked. This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranking_(information_retrieval)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ranking (information retrieval)">ranking</a> of results is a key difference of information retrieval searching compared to database searching.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Depending on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval_applications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Information retrieval applications">application</a> the data objects may be, for example, text documents, images,<sup id="cite_ref-goodron2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-goodron2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> audio,<sup id="cite_ref-Foote99_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Foote99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mind_maps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind maps">mind maps</a><sup id="cite_ref-Beel2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Beel2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or videos. Often the documents themselves are not kept or stored directly in the IR system, but are instead represented in the system by document surrogates or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metadata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metadata">metadata</a>.</p> <p>Most IR systems compute a numeric score on how well each object in the database matches the query, and rank the objects according to this value. The top ranking objects are then shown to the user. The process may then be iterated if the user wishes to refine the query.<sup id="cite_ref-Frakes1992_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Frakes1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"> <p>there is ... a machine called the Univac ... whereby letters and figures are coded as a pattern of magnetic spots on a long steel tape. By this means the text of a document, preceded by its subject code symbol, can be recorded ... the machine ... automatically selects and types out those references which have been coded in any desired way at a rate of 120 words a minute</p> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>J. E. Holmstrom, 1948</cite> </div> </blockquote> <p>The idea of using computers to search for relevant pieces of information was popularized in the article <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/As_We_May_Think?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="As We May Think">As We May Think</a></i> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vannevar_Bush?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Singhal2001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Singhal2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would appear that Bush was inspired by patents for a 'statistical machine' – filed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emanuel_Goldberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emanuel Goldberg">Emanuel Goldberg</a> in the 1920s and 1930s – that searched for documents stored on film.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanderson2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sanderson2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first description of a computer searching for information was described by Holmstrom in 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-Holmstrom1948_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Holmstrom1948-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> detailing an early mention of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Univac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Univac">Univac</a> computer. Automated information retrieval systems were introduced in the 1950s: one even featured in the 1957 romantic comedy <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desk_Set?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desk Set">Desk Set</a></i>. In the 1960s, the first large information retrieval research group was formed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerard_Salton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerard Salton">Gerard Salton</a> at Cornell. By the 1970s several different retrieval techniques had been shown to perform well on small <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Text_corpora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Text corpora">text corpora</a> such as the Cranfield collection (several thousand documents).<sup id="cite_ref-Singhal2001_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Singhal2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale retrieval systems, such as the Lockheed Dialog system, came into use early in the 1970s.</p> <p>In 1992, the US Department of Defense along with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST), cosponsored the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Text_Retrieval_Conference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Text Retrieval Conference">Text Retrieval Conference</a> (TREC) as part of the TIPSTER text program. The aim of this was to look into the information retrieval community by supplying the infrastructure that was needed for evaluation of text retrieval methodologies on a very large text collection. This catalyzed research on methods that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scalability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scalability">scale</a> to huge corpora. The introduction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Web_search_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">web search engines</a> has boosted the need for very large scale retrieval systems even further.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Areas where information retrieval techniques are employed include (the entries are in alphabetical order within each category):</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="General_applications">General applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: General applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_libraries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital libraries">Digital libraries</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_filtering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Information filtering">Information filtering</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recommender_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommender systems">Recommender systems</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Media search <ul> <li>Blog search</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Image_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Image retrieval">Image retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3D_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="3D retrieval">3D retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music information retrieval">Music retrieval</a></li> <li>News search</li> <li>Speech retrieval</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Video retrieval">Video retrieval</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Search_engines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">Search engines</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Site_search&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Site search (page does not exist)">Site search</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desktop_search?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desktop search">Desktop search</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enterprise_search?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enterprise search">Enterprise search</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federated_search?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federated search">Federated search</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Mobile search</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_search?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social search">Social search</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Web_search_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">Web search</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Domain-specific_applications">Domain-specific applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Domain-specific applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Expert search finding</li> <li>Genomic information retrieval</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographic_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographic information retrieval">Geographic information retrieval</a></li> <li>Information retrieval for chemical structures</li> <li>Information retrieval in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Software_engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legal_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legal information retrieval">Legal information retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vertical_search?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vertical search">Vertical search</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_retrieval_methods">Other retrieval methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other retrieval methods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Methods/Techniques in which information retrieval techniques are employed include:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adversarial_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adversarial information retrieval">Adversarial information retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Automatic_summarization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Automatic summarization">Automatic summarization</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multi-document_summarization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multi-document summarization">Multi-document summarization</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compound_term_processing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound term processing">Compound term processing</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cross-language_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cross-language information retrieval">Cross-lingual retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Document_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Document classification">Document classification</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spam_filtering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam filtering">Spam filtering</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Question_answering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Question answering">Question answering</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Model_types">Model types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Model types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Information-Retrieval-Models.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Information-Retrieval-Models.png/500px-Information-Retrieval-Models.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1101"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 258px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Information-Retrieval-Models.png/500px-Information-Retrieval-Models.png" data-width="500" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Information-Retrieval-Models.png/750px-Information-Retrieval-Models.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Information-Retrieval-Models.png/1000px-Information-Retrieval-Models.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Categorization of IR-models (translated from <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationsr%25C3%25BCckgewinnung%23Klassifikation_von_Modellen_zur_Repr%25C3%25A4sentation_nat%25C3%25BCrlichsprachlicher_Dokumente" class="extiw" title="de:Informationsrückgewinnung">German entry</a>, original source <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.logos-verlag.de/cgi-bin/engbuchmid?isbn%3D0514%26lng%3Deng%26id%3D">Dominik Kuropka</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <p>In order to effectively retrieve relevant documents by IR strategies, the documents are typically transformed into a suitable representation. Each retrieval strategy incorporates a specific model for its document representation purposes. The picture on the right illustrates the relationship of some common models. In the picture, the models are categorized according to two dimensions: the mathematical basis and the properties of the model.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="First_dimension:_mathematical_basis">First dimension: mathematical basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: First dimension: mathematical basis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><i>Set-theoretic</i> models represent documents as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Set_(mathematics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Set (mathematics)">sets</a> of words or phrases. Similarities are usually derived from set-theoretic operations on those sets. Common models are: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Boolean_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Boolean model">Standard Boolean model</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extended_Boolean_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extended Boolean model">Extended Boolean model</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuzzy_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuzzy retrieval">Fuzzy retrieval</a></li> </ul></li> <li><i>Algebraic models</i> represent documents and queries usually as vectors, matrices, or tuples. The similarity of the query vector and document vector is represented as a scalar value. <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vector_space_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vector space model">Vector space model</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Generalized_vector_space_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Generalized vector space model">Generalized vector space model</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Topic-based_vector_space_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Topic-based vector space model">(Enhanced) Topic-based Vector Space Model</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extended_Boolean_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extended Boolean model">Extended Boolean model</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latent_semantic_indexing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent semantic indexing">Latent semantic indexing</a> a.k.a. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latent semantic analysis">latent semantic analysis</a></li> </ul></li> <li><i>Probabilistic models</i> treat the process of document retrieval as a probabilistic inference. Similarities are computed as probabilities that a document is relevant for a given query. Probabilistic theorems like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a> are often used in these models. <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Binary_Independence_Model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary Independence Model">Binary Independence Model</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probabilistic_relevance_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Probabilistic relevance model">Probabilistic relevance model</a> on which is based the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probabilistic_relevance_model_(BM25)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Probabilistic relevance model (BM25)">okapi (BM25)</a> relevance function</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uncertain_inference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uncertain inference">Uncertain inference</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language model">Language models</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divergence-from-randomness_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divergence-from-randomness model">Divergence-from-randomness model</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latent_Dirichlet_allocation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latent Dirichlet allocation">Latent Dirichlet allocation</a></li> </ul></li> <li><i>Feature-based retrieval models</i> view documents as vectors of values of <i>feature functions</i> (or just <i>features</i>) and seek the best way to combine these features into a single relevance score, typically by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Learning_to_rank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Learning to rank">learning to rank</a> methods. Feature functions are arbitrary functions of document and query, and as such can easily incorporate almost any other retrieval model as just another feature.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Second_dimension:_properties_of_the_model">Second dimension: properties of the model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Second dimension: properties of the model" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><i>Models without term-interdependencies</i> treat different terms/words as independent. This fact is usually represented in vector space models by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthogonality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthogonality">orthogonality</a> assumption of term vectors or in probabilistic models by an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independence_(mathematical_logic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independence (mathematical logic)">independency</a> assumption for term variables.</li> <li><i>Models with immanent term interdependencies</i> allow a representation of interdependencies between terms. However the degree of the interdependency between two terms is defined by the model itself. It is usually directly or indirectly derived (e.g. by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimension_reduction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimension reduction">dimensional reduction</a>) from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Co-occurrence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Co-occurrence">co-occurrence</a> of those terms in the whole set of documents.</li> <li><i>Models with transcendent term interdependencies</i> allow a representation of interdependencies between terms, but they do not allege how the interdependency between two terms is defined. They rely on an external source for the degree of interdependency between two terms. (For example, a human or sophisticated algorithms.)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Performance_and_correctness_measures"><span class="anchor" id="Precision"></span> Performance and correctness measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Performance and correctness measures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evaluation_measures_(information_retrieval)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evaluation measures (information retrieval)">Evaluation measures (information retrieval)</a> </div> <p>The evaluation of an information retrieval system' is the process of assessing how well a system meets the information needs of its users. In general, measurement considers a collection of documents to be searched and a search query. Traditional evaluation metrics, designed for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Boolean_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Boolean model">Boolean retrieval</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or top-k retrieval, include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precision_and_recall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precision and recall">precision and recall</a>. All measures assume a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ground_truth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ground truth">ground truth</a> notion of relevance: every document is known to be either relevant or non-relevant to a particular query. In practice, queries may be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ill-posed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ill-posed">ill-posed</a> and there may be different shades of relevance.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Libraries_for_searching_and_indexing">Libraries for searching and indexing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Libraries for searching and indexing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lemur_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lemur Project">Lemur</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apache_Lucene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apache Lucene">Lucene</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apache_Solr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apache Solr">Solr</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elasticsearch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elasticsearch">Elasticsearch</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sketch_Engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Manatee" title="Sketch Engine">Manatee</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sphinx_(search_engine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fork" title="Sphinx (search engine)">Manticore search</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sphinx_(search_engine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sphinx (search engine)">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terrier_Search_Engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrier Search Engine">Terrier Search Engine</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xapian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xapian">Xapian</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Timeline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li>Before the <b>1900s</b> <dl> <dd> <b>1801</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a> invents the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacquard_loom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a>, the first machine to use punched cards to control a sequence of operations. </dd> <dd> <b>1880s</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herman_Hollerith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> invents an electro-mechanical data tabulator using punch cards as a machine readable medium. </dd> <dd> <b>1890</b> Hollerith <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Punched_cards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Punched cards">cards</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keypunch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keypunch">keypunches</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tabulating_machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tabulating machine">tabulators</a> used to process the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1890_US_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1890 US Census">1890 US Census</a> data. </dd> </dl></li> <li><b>1920s–1930s</b> <dl> <dd> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emanuel_Goldberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emanuel Goldberg">Emanuel Goldberg</a> submits patents for his "Statistical Machine", a document search engine that used photoelectric cells and pattern recognition to search the metadata on rolls of microfilmed documents. </dd> </dl></li> <li><b>1940s–1950s</b> <dl> <dd> <b>late 1940s</b>: The US military confronted problems of indexing and retrieval of wartime scientific research documents captured from Germans. <dl> <dd> <b>1945</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vannevar_Bush?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>'s <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/As_We_May_Think?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="As We May Think">As We May Think</a></i> appeared in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i>. </dd> <dd> <b>1947</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Peter_Luhn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Peter Luhn">Hans Peter Luhn</a> (research engineer at IBM since 1941) began work on a mechanized punch card-based system for searching chemical compounds. </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd> <b>1950s</b>: Growing concern in the US for a "science gap" with the USSR motivated, encouraged funding and provided a backdrop for mechanized literature searching systems (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allen_Kent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allen Kent">Allen Kent</a> <i>et al.</i>) and the invention of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citation_index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citation index">citation index</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eugene_Garfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugene Garfield">Eugene Garfield</a>. </dd> <dd> <b>1950</b>: The term "information retrieval" was coined by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calvin_Mooers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calvin Mooers">Calvin Mooers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </dd> <dd> <b>1951</b>: Philip Bagley conducted the earliest experiment in computerized document retrieval in a master thesis at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MIT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doyle1975_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Doyle1975-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </dd> <dd> <b>1955</b>: Allen Kent joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>, and eventually became associate director of the Center for Documentation and Communications Research. That same year, Kent and colleagues published a paper in American Documentation describing the precision and recall measures as well as detailing a proposed "framework" for evaluating an IR system which included statistical sampling methods for determining the number of relevant documents not retrieved.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </dd> <dd> <b>1958</b>: International Conference on Scientific Information Washington DC included consideration of IR systems as a solution to problems identified. See: <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, 1958</i> (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1959) </dd> <dd> <b>1959</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Peter_Luhn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Peter Luhn">Hans Peter Luhn</a> published "Auto-encoding of documents for information retrieval". </dd> </dl></li> <li><b>1960s</b>: <dl> <dd> <b>early 1960s</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerard_Salton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerard Salton">Gerard Salton</a> began work on IR at Harvard, later moved to Cornell. </dd> <dd> <b>1960</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melvin_Earl_Maron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melvin Earl Maron">Melvin Earl Maron</a> and John Lary Kuhns<sup id="cite_ref-Maron2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maron2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published "On relevance, probabilistic indexing, and information retrieval" in the Journal of the ACM 7(3):216–244, July 1960. </dd> <dd> <b>1962</b>: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyril_W._Cleverdon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril W. Cleverdon">Cyril W. Cleverdon</a> published early findings of the Cranfield studies, developing a model for IR system evaluation. See: Cyril W. Cleverdon, "Report on the Testing and Analysis of an Investigation into the Comparative Efficiency of Indexing Systems". Cranfield Collection of Aeronautics, Cranfield, England, 1962.</li> <li>Kent published <i>Information Analysis and Retrieval</i>.</li> </ul> </dd> <dd> <b>1963</b>: <ul> <li>Weinberg report "Science, Government and Information" gave a full articulation of the idea of a "crisis of scientific information". The report was named after Dr. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alvin_Weinberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvin Weinberg">Alvin Weinberg</a>.</li> <li>Joseph Becker and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hayes_(information_scientist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert M. Hayes (information scientist)">Robert M. Hayes</a> published text on information retrieval. Becker, Joseph; Hayes, Robert Mayo. <i>Information storage and retrieval: tools, elements, theories</i>. New York, Wiley (1963).</li> </ul> </dd> <dd> <b>1964</b>: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karen_Sp%C3%A4rck_Jones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karen Spärck Jones">Karen Spärck Jones</a> finished her thesis at Cambridge, <i>Synonymy and Semantic Classification</i>, and continued work on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computational_linguistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a> as it applies to IR.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> sponsored a symposium titled "Statistical Association Methods for Mechanized Documentation". Several highly significant papers, including G. Salton's first published reference (we believe) to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMART_Information_Retrieval_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SMART Information Retrieval System">SMART</a> system.</li> </ul> </dd> <dd> <b>mid-1960s</b>: <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>National Library of Medicine developed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MEDLARS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MEDLARS">MEDLARS</a> Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, the first major machine-readable database and batch-retrieval system.</li> <li>Project Intrex at MIT.</li> </ul> </dd> <dd> <b>1965</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a> published <i>Libraries of the Future</i>. </dd> <dd> <b>1966</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Don_Swanson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Swanson">Don Swanson</a> was involved in studies at University of Chicago on Requirements for Future Catalogs. </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd> <b>late 1960s</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F._Wilfrid_Lancaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Wilfrid Lancaster">F. Wilfrid Lancaster</a> completed evaluation studies of the MEDLARS system and published the first edition of his text on information retrieval. <dl> <dd> <b>1968</b>: </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>Gerard Salton published <i>Automatic Information Organization and Retrieval</i>.</li> <li>John W. Sammon, Jr.'s RADC Tech report "Some Mathematics of Information Storage and Retrieval..." outlined the vector model.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <b>1969</b>: Sammon's "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://studentnet.cs.manchester.ac.uk/pgt/COMP61021/reference/Sammon.pdf">A nonlinear mapping for data structure analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808172524/http://studentnet.cs.manchester.ac.uk/pgt/COMP61021/reference/Sammon.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-08-08 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (IEEE Transactions on Computers) was the first proposal for visualization interface to an IR system. </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl></li> <li><b>1970s</b> <dl> <dd> <b>early 1970s</b>: <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>First online systems—NLM's AIM-TWX, MEDLINE; Lockheed's Dialog; SDC's ORBIT.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodor_Nelson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Nelson">Theodor Nelson</a> promoting concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hypertext?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>, published <i>Computer Lib/Dream Machines</i>.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd> <b>1971</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicholas_Jardine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Jardine">Nicholas Jardine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornelis_J._van_Rijsbergen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis J. van Rijsbergen">Cornelis J. van Rijsbergen</a> published "The use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hierarchic_clustering&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hierarchic clustering (page does not exist)">hierarchic clustering</a> in information retrieval", which articulated the "cluster hypothesis".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </dd> <dd> <b>1975</b>: Three highly influential publications by Salton fully articulated his vector processing framework and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Term_Discrimination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Term Discrimination">term discrimination</a> model: <dl> <dd> <ul> <li><i>A Theory of Indexing</i> (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics)</li> <li><i>A Theory of Term Importance in Automatic Text Analysis</i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JASIS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JASIS">JASIS</a> v. 26)</li> <li><i>A Vector Space Model for Automatic Indexing</i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communications of the ACM">CACM</a> 18:11)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd> <b>1978</b>: The First <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_Interest_Group_on_Information_Retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval">SIGIR</a> conference. </dd> <dd> <b>1979</b>: C. J. van Rijsbergen published <i>Information Retrieval</i> (Butterworths). Heavy emphasis on probabilistic models. </dd> <dd> <b>1979</b>: Tamas Doszkocs implemented the CITE <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_language_user_interface?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural language user interface">natural language user interface</a> for MEDLINE at the National Library of Medicine. The CITE system supported free form query input, ranked output and relevance feedback.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </dd> </dl></li> <li><b>1980s</b> <dl> <dd> <b>1980</b>: First international ACM SIGIR conference, joint with British Computer Society IR group in Cambridge. </dd> <dd> <b>1982</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicholas_J._Belkin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicholas J. Belkin">Nicholas J. Belkin</a>, Robert N. Oddy, and Helen M. Brooks proposed the ASK (Anomalous State of Knowledge) viewpoint for information retrieval. This was an important concept, though their automated analysis tool proved ultimately disappointing. </dd> <dd> <b>1983</b>: Salton (and Michael J. McGill) published <i>Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval</i> (McGraw-Hill), with heavy emphasis on vector models. </dd> <dd> <b>1985</b>: David Blair and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bill_Maron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Maron">Bill Maron</a> publish: An Evaluation of Retrieval Effectiveness for a Full-Text Document-Retrieval System </dd> <dd> <b>mid-1980s</b>: Efforts to develop end-user versions of commercial IR systems. <dl> <dd> <b>1985–1993</b>: Key papers on and experimental systems for visualization interfaces. </dd> <dd> Work by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Donald_B._Crouch&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Donald B. Crouch (page does not exist)">Donald B. Crouch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_R._Korfhage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert R. Korfhage">Robert R. Korfhage</a>, Matthew Chalmers, Anselm Spoerri and others. </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd> <b>1989</b>: First <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Wide_Web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> proposals by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CERN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CERN">CERN</a>. </dd> </dl></li> <li><b>1990s</b> <dl> <dd> <b>1992</b>: First <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Text_Retrieval_Conference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Text Retrieval Conference">TREC</a> conference. </dd> <dd> <b>1997</b>: Publication of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_R._Korfhage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert R. Korfhage">Korfhage</a>'s <i>Information Storage and Retrieval</i><sup id="cite_ref-Korfhage1997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Korfhage1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with emphasis on visualization and multi-reference point systems. </dd> <dd> <b>1999</b>: Publication of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ricardo_Baeza-Yates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ricardo Baeza-Yates">Ricardo Baeza-Yates</a> and Berthier Ribeiro-Neto's <i>Modern Information Retrieval</i> by Addison Wesley, the first book that attempts to cover all IR. </dd> <dd> <b>late 1990s</b>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Web_search_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">Web search engines</a> implementation of many features formerly found only in experimental IR systems. Search engines become the most common and maybe best instantiation of IR models. </dd> </dl></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Major_conferences">Major conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Major conferences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li>SIGIR: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_Interest_Group_on_Information_Retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval">Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval</a></li> <li>ECIR: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Conference_on_Information_Retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Conference on Information Retrieval">European Conference on Information Retrieval</a></li> <li>CIKM: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conference_on_Information_and_Knowledge_Management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conference on Information and Knowledge Management">Conference on Information and Knowledge Management</a></li> <li>WWW: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Awards_in_the_field">Awards in the field</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Awards in the field" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tony_Kent_Strix_award?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tony Kent Strix award">Tony Kent Strix award</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerard_Salton_Award?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerard Salton Award">Gerard Salton Award</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karen_Sp%C3%A4rck_Jones_Award?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karen Spärck Jones Award">Karen Spärck Jones Award</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adversarial_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adversarial information retrieval">Adversarial information retrieval</a> – Information retrieval strategies in datasets</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_memory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer memory">Computer memory</a> – Computer component that stores information for immediate use</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a> – Method of organizing knowledge</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cross-language_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cross-language information retrieval">Cross-language information retrieval</a> – retrieval of Information in different languages<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Data_mining?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Data mining">Data mining</a> – Process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Data_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Data retrieval">Data retrieval</a> – Way to obtain data from a database</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Summer_School_in_Information_Retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Summer School in Information Retrieval">European Summer School in Information Retrieval</a> – Scientific event on information retrieval<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human–computer information retrieval">Human–computer information retrieval</a> (<abbr>HCIR</abbr>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_extraction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information extraction">Information extraction</a> – Machine reading of unstructured documents</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_seeking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information seeking">Information seeking</a> – Process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_seeking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Compared_to_information_retrieval" title="Information seeking">Information seeking § Compared to information retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collaborative_information_seeking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collaborative information seeking">Collaborative information seeking</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_information_seeking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social information seeking">Social information seeking</a> – field of research that involves studying situations, motivations, and methods for people seeking and sharing information in participatory online social sites<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_Retrieval_Facility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information Retrieval Facility">Information Retrieval Facility</a> – Organization in Vienna, Austria 2006–2012</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knowledge_visualization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge visualization">Knowledge visualization</a> – Set of techniques for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multimedia_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multimedia information retrieval">Multimedia information retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_information_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal information management">Personal information management</a> – Tools and systems for managing one's own data</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pearl_growing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pearl growing">Pearl growing</a> – Type of search strategy</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Query_understanding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Query understanding">Query understanding</a> – Search engine processing step</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Relevance (information retrieval)">Relevance (information retrieval)</a> – Measure of a document's applicability to a given subject or search query</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relevance_feedback?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Relevance feedback">Relevance feedback</a> – type of feedback<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nearest_centroid_classifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nearest centroid classifier">Rocchio classification</a> – A classification model in machine learning based on centroids</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Search_engine_indexing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Search engine indexing">Search engine indexing</a> – Method for data management</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_Interest_Group_on_Information_Retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval">Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval</a> – Subgroup of the Association for Computing Machinery</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subject_indexing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subject indexing">Subject indexing</a> – Classifying a document by index terms</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temporal_information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temporal information retrieval">Temporal information retrieval</a> – Area of research related to information retrieval centered on timeliness</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tf–idf">tf–idf</a> – Estimate of the importance of a word in a document</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XML_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XML retrieval">XML retrieval</a> – Content-based retrieval of XML documents</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Web_mining?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mining">Web mining</a> – Process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-luk22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-luk22_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLuk2022" class="citation journal cs1">Luk, R. W. P. (2022). "Why is information retrieval a scientific discipline?". <i>Foundations of Science</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">427–</span>453. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs10699-020-09685-x">10.1007/s10699-020-09685-x</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10397%252F94873">10397/94873</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220506422">220506422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Science&rft.atitle=Why+is+information+retrieval+a+scientific+discipline%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E453&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10397%2F94873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220506422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10699-020-09685-x&rft.aulast=Luk&rft.aufirst=R.+W.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jansen, B. J. and Rieh, S. (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/jansen_theoretical_constructs.pdf">The Seventeen Theoretical Constructs of Information Searching and Information Retrieval</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195424/https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/jansen_theoretical_constructs.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Journal of the American Society for Information Sciences and Technology. 61(8), 1517–1534.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-goodron2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-goodron2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrum2000" class="citation journal cs1">Goodrum, Abby A. (2000). "Image Information Retrieval: An Overview of Current Research". <i>Informing Science</i>. <b>3</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Informing+Science&rft.atitle=Image+Information+Retrieval%3A+An+Overview+of+Current+Research&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Goodrum&rft.aufirst=Abby+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Foote99-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Foote99_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote1999" class="citation journal cs1">Foote, Jonathan (1999). "An overview of audio information retrieval". <i>Multimedia Systems</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>10. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi%3D10.1.1.39.6339">10.1.1.39.6339</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs005300050106">10.1007/s005300050106</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2000641">2000641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multimedia+Systems&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+audio+information+retrieval&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.39.6339%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2000641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs005300050106&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Beel2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Beel2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeelGippStiller2009" class="citation conference cs1">Beel, Jöran; Gipp, Bela; Stiller, Jan-Olaf (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214422/http://www.sciplore.org/publications_en.php"><i>Information Retrieval On Mind Maps - What Could It Be Good For?</i></a>. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom'09). Washington, DC: IEEE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sciplore.org/publications_en.php">the original</a> on 2011-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Information+Retrieval+On+Mind+Maps+-+What+Could+It+Be+Good+For%3F&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Beel&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6ran&rft.au=Gipp%2C+Bela&rft.au=Stiller%2C+Jan-Olaf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciplore.org%2Fpublications_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Frakes1992-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Frakes1992_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrakesBaeza-Yates1992" class="citation book cs1">Frakes, William B.; Baeza-Yates, Ricardo (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928060217/http://www.scribd.com/doc/13742235/Information-Retrieval-Data-Structures-Algorithms-William-B-Frakes"><i>Information Retrieval Data Structures & Algorithms</i></a>. Prentice-Hall, Inc. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-463837-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-463837-9"><bdi>978-0-13-463837-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scribd.com/doc/13742235/Information-Retrieval-Data-Structures-Algorithms-William-B-Frakes">the original</a> on 2013-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Retrieval+Data+Structures+%26+Algorithms&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-13-463837-9&rft.aulast=Frakes&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Baeza-Yates%2C+Ricardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F13742235%2FInformation-Retrieval-Data-Structures-Algorithms-William-B-Frakes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Singhal2001-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Singhal2001_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Singhal2001_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghal2001" class="citation journal cs1">Singhal, Amit (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://singhal.info/ieee2001.pdf">"Modern Information Retrieval: A Brief Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Data Engineering</i>. <b>24</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+IEEE+Computer+Society+Technical+Committee+on+Data+Engineering&rft.atitle=Modern+Information+Retrieval%3A+A+Brief+Overview&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Singhal&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinghal.info%2Fieee2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sanderson2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sanderson2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Sanderson_&_W._Bruce_Croft2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mark Sanderson & W. Bruce Croft (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1109%252Fjproc.2012.2189916">"The History of Information Retrieval Research"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>100</b>: <span class="nowrap">1444–</span>1451. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1109%252Fjproc.2012.2189916">10.1109/jproc.2012.2189916</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Information+Retrieval+Research&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1444-%3C%2Fspan%3E1451&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjproc.2012.2189916&rft.au=Mark+Sanderson+%26+W.+Bruce+Croft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252Fjproc.2012.2189916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Holmstrom1948-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Holmstrom1948_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJE_Holmstrom1948" class="citation journal cs1">JE Holmstrom (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DM34lAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dunivac">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Section III. Opening Plenary Session"</a>. <i>The Royal Society Scientific Information Conference, 21 June-2 July 1948: Report and Papers Submitted</i>: 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society+Scientific+Information+Conference%2C+21+June-2+July+1948%3A+Report+and+Papers+Submitted&rft.atitle=%27Section+III.+Opening+Plenary+Session&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1948&rft.au=JE+Holmstrom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM34lAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dunivac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mooers, Calvin N.; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id%3Dmdp.39015034570591;view%3D1up;seq%3D3">The Theory of Digital Handling of Non-numerical Information and its Implications to Machine Economics</a></i> (Zator Technical Bulletin No. 48), cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairthorne1958" class="citation journal cs1">Fairthorne, R. A. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fcomjnl%252F1.1.36">"Automatic Retrieval of Recorded Information"</a>. <i>The Computer Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 37. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fcomjnl%252F1.1.36">10.1093/comjnl/1.1.36</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Computer+Journal&rft.atitle=Automatic+Retrieval+of+Recorded+Information&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F1.1.36&rft.aulast=Fairthorne&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcomjnl%252F1.1.36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Doyle1975-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Doyle1975_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyleBecker1975" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Lauren; Becker, Joseph (1975). <i>Information Retrieval and Processing</i>. Melville. pp. 410 pp. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-22151-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-22151-7"><bdi>978-0-471-22151-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Retrieval+and+Processing&rft.pages=410+pp&rft.pub=Melville&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-471-22151-7&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.au=Becker%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryKentBerry1955" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, James W.; Kent, Allen; Berry, Madeline M. (1955). "Machine literature searching X. Machine language; factors underlying its design and development". <i>American Documentation</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">242–</span>254. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252Fasi.5090060411">10.1002/asi.5090060411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Documentation&rft.atitle=Machine+literature+searching+X.+Machine+language%3B+factors+underlying+its+design+and+development&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasi.5090060411&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Kent%2C+Allen&rft.au=Berry%2C+Madeline+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Maron2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maron2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaron2008" class="citation journal cs1">Maron, Melvin E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/courses/spring2008/bby703/maron-on-probabilistic%2520indexing-2008.pdf">"An Historical Note on the Origins of Probabilistic Indexing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Information Processing and Management</i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">971–</span>972. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.ipm.2007.02.012">10.1016/j.ipm.2007.02.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Processing+and+Management&rft.atitle=An+Historical+Note+on+the+Origins+of+Probabilistic+Indexing&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E971-%3C%2Fspan%3E972&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ipm.2007.02.012&rft.aulast=Maron&rft.aufirst=Melvin+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyunus.hacettepe.edu.tr%2F~tonta%2Fcourses%2Fspring2008%2Fbby703%2Fmaron-on-probabilistic%2520indexing-2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Jardine,_C.J._van_Rijsbergen1971" class="citation journal cs1">N. Jardine, C.J. van Rijsbergen (December 1971). "The use of hierarchic clustering in information retrieval". <i>Information Storage and Retrieval</i>. <b>7</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>240. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252F0020-0271%252871%252990051-9">10.1016/0020-0271(71)90051-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Storage+and+Retrieval&rft.atitle=The+use+of+hierarchic+clustering+in+information+retrieval&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=1971-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0020-0271%2871%2990051-9&rft.au=N.+Jardine%2C+C.J.+van+Rijsbergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doszkocs, T.E. & Rapp, B.A. (1979). "Searching MEDLINE in English: a Prototype User Interface with Natural Language Query, Ranked Output, and relevance feedback," In: Proceedings of the ASIS Annual Meeting, 16: 131–139.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Korfhage1997-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_retrieval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Korfhage1997_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorfhage1997" class="citation book cs1">Korfhage, Robert R. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/informationstora00korf/page/368"><i>Information Storage and Retrieval</i></a></span>. Wiley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/informationstora00korf/page/368">368 pp</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-14338-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-14338-3"><bdi>978-0-471-14338-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Storage+and+Retrieval&rft.pages=368+pp&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-14338-3&rft.aulast=Korfhage&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finformationstora00korf%2Fpage%2F368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul> <li>Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Berthier Ribeiro-Neto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mir2ed.org/">Modern Information Retrieval: The Concepts and Technology behind Search (second edition)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918235142/http://mir2ed.org/">Archived</a> 2017-09-18 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Addison-Wesley, UK, 2011.</li> <li>Stefan Büttcher, Charles L. A. Clarke, and Gordon V. Cormack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ir.uwaterloo.ca/book/">Information Retrieval: Implementing and Evaluating Search Engines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005195805/http://www.ir.uwaterloo.ca/book/">Archived</a> 2020-10-05 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2010.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511161049/http://www.lisbdnet.com/information-retrieval-syste">"Information Retrieval System"</a>. <i>Library & Information Science Network</i>. 24 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lisbdnet.com/information-retrieval-syste/">the original</a> on 11 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+%26+Information+Science+Network&rft.atitle=Information+Retrieval+System&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisbdnet.com%2Finformation-retrieval-syste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+retrieval" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schütze. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/">Introduction to Information Retrieval</a>. Cambridge University Press, 2008.</li> <li>Yeo, ShinJoung. (2023) <i>Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry</i> (U of Illinois Press, 2023) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252087127?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0252087127">0252087127</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jj.4116455">online</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Information_retrieval" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></b></i>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Information_retrieval" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></span>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sigir.org/">ACM SIGIR: Information Retrieval Special Interest Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bcs.org/membership-and-registrations/member-communities/information-retrieval-specialist-group">BCS IRSG: British Computer Society – Information Retrieval Specialist Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trec.nist.gov/">Text Retrieval Conference (TREC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.isical.ac.in/~fire">Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/Keith/Preface.html">Information Retrieval</a> (online book) by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C._J._van_Rijsbergen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C. J. van Rijsbergen">C. J. van Rijsbergen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ir.dcs.gla.ac.uk/wiki/">Information Retrieval Wiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124065507/http://ir.dcs.gla.ac.uk/wiki">Archived</a> 2015-11-24 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ir-facility.org/">Information Retrieval Facility</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522151226/http://www.ir-facility.org/">Archived</a> 2008-05-22 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec15/appendices/CE.MEASURES06.pdf">TREC report on information retrieval evaluation techniques</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://innovation.ebayinc.com/tech/engineering/measuring-search-relevance/">How eBay measures search relevance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://retrieval.ceti.gr">Information retrieval performance evaluation tool @ Athena Research Centre</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DInformation_retrieval%26oldid%3D1276015709">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&oldid=1276015709</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Information_retrieval&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="GünniX" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1739706269"> <span>Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 11:44</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA" title="استرجاع المعلومات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استرجاع المعلومات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0nformasiya_axtar%25C4%25B1%25C5%259F%25C4%25B1" title="İnformasiya axtarışı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnformasiya axtarışı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Извличане на информация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Извличане на информация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recuperaci%25C3%25B3_d%2527informaci%25C3%25B3" title="Recuperació d'informació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Recuperació d'informació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%25C3%25ADsk%25C3%25A1v%25C3%25A1n%25C3%25AD_informac%25C3%25AD" title="Získávání informací – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Získávání informací" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationss%25C3%25B8gning" title="Informationssøgning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Informationssøgning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Retrieval" title="Information Retrieval – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Information Retrieval" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BA%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7_%25CF%2580%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B7%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CF%2586%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CF%258E%25CE%25BD" title="Ανάκτηση πληροφοριών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανάκτηση πληροφοριών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BAsqueda_y_recuperaci%25C3%25B3n_de_informaci%25C3%25B3n" title="Búsqueda y recuperación de información – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Búsqueda y recuperación de información" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informo-rehavigo" title="Informo-rehavigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Informo-rehavigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informazioaren_berreskurapen" title="Informazioaren berreskurapen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Informazioaren berreskurapen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA" title="بازیابی اطلاعات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازیابی اطلاعات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recherche_d%2527information" title="Recherche d'information – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Recherche d'information" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisghabh%25C3%25A1il_faisn%25C3%25A9ise" title="Aisghabháil faisnéise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aisghabháil faisnéise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recuperaci%25C3%25B3n_de_informaci%25C3%25B3n" title="Recuperación de información – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Recuperación de información" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A0%2595%25EB%25B3%25B4_%25EA%25B2%2580%25EC%2583%2589" title="정보 검색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정보 검색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="सूचना पुनर्प्राप्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूचना पुनर्प्राप्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_temu_balik_informasi" title="Sistem temu balik informasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem temu balik informasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Information retrieval" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapatan_kembali_maklumat" title="Dapatan kembali maklumat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dapatan kembali maklumat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%258D%25D0%25B4%25D1%258D%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582" title="Мэдээллийн хайлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэдээллийн хайлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Information retrieval" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2583%2585%25E5%25A0%25B1%25E6%25A4%259C%25E7%25B4%25A2" title="情報検索 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="情報検索" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsgjenfinning" title="Informasjonsgjenfinning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjonsgjenfinning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsattfinning" title="Informasjonsattfinning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Informasjonsattfinning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyszukiwanie_informacji" title="Wyszukiwanie informacji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyszukiwanie informacji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recupera%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_de_informa%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o" title="Recuperação de informação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Recuperação de informação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA" title="Информационный поиск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Информационный поиск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Information retrieval" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretra%25C5%25BEivanje_informacija" title="Pretraživanje informacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pretraživanje informacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedonhaku" title="Tiedonhaku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiedonhaku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationss%25C3%25B6kning" title="Informationssökning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Informationssökning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BF_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2580%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581" title="தெரிசெய்தி மீட்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெரிசெய்தி மீட்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25B6%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D2%25B7%25D3%25AF%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D3%25A3" title="Ҷустуҷӯи иттилоотӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷустуҷӯи иттилоотӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_eri%25C5%259Fim" title="Bilgi erişim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgi erişim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2586%25D0%25BD%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2588%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA" title="Інформаційний пошук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інформаційний пошук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy_h%25E1%25BB%2593i_th%25C3%25B4ng_tin" title="Truy hồi thông tin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truy hồi thông tin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25B3%2587%25E8%25A8%258A%25E6%258F%2590%25E5%258F%2596" title="資訊提取 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="資訊提取" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E6%2581%25AF%25E6%25AA%25A2%25E7%25B4%25A2" title="信息檢索 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信息檢索" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 11:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DInformation_retrieval%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-l84m2","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.843","walltime":"1.102","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6535,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":76033,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6633,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":84377,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1023.537 1 -total"," 32.41% 331.715 28 Template:Annotated_link"," 19.19% 196.462 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.47% 148.055 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.15% 103.850 1 Template:Information_science"," 9.98% 102.154 1 Template:Sidebar"," 6.60% 67.520 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.93% 60.731 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 5.92% 60.639 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.55% 56.844 2 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.565","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21916549,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.canary-6cdd778d46-sbql9","timestamp":"20250216114435","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Information retrieval","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_retrieval","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q816826","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q816826","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-22T12:17:27Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T11:44:29Z","headline":"activity of obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of information resources"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>