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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_open_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_open_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Views on open source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_open_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_beliefs_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_beliefs_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political beliefs and activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_beliefs_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religious beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_Eric_Raymond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_Eric_Raymond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>By Eric Raymond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_Eric_Raymond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_posted_or_archived_on_his_website" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_posted_or_archived_on_his_website"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Writings posted or archived on his website</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings_posted_or_archived_on_his_website-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Raymond</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="إريك ريموند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إريك ريموند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="এরিক রেমন্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এরিক রেমন্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ерик Реймънд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ерик Реймънд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Steven_Raymond" title="Eric Steven Raymond – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eric Steven Raymond" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="اریک ریموند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریک ریموند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Raymond" title="Eric Raymond – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eric Raymond" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%BC%EB%93%9C" title="에릭 레이먼드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에릭 레이먼드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="एरिक एस॰ रेमंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एरिक एस॰ रेमंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Steven_Raymond" title="Eric Steven Raymond – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eric Steven Raymond" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A1._%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93" title="אריק ס. ריימונד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריק ס. ריימונד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Эрик Рэймонд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрик Рэймонд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Raymond" title="Eric Raymond – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eric Raymond" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="എറിക് എസ്. റെയ്മണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എറിക് എസ്. റെയ്മണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="اريك ريموند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريك ريموند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Raymond" title="Eric Raymond – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eric Raymond" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Raymond" title="Eric Raymond – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eric Raymond" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="エリック・レイモンド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリック・レイモンド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Steven_Raymond" title="Eric Steven Raymond – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eric Steven Raymond" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Raymond" title="Eric Raymond – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eric Raymond" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Реймонд, Эрик Стивен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реймонд, Эрик Стивен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Raymond" title="Eric Raymond – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eric Raymond" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Raymond" title="Eric Raymond – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eric Raymond" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ерік Стівен Реймонд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ерік Стівен Реймонд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Eric S. Raymond" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99" title="埃里克·雷蒙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃里克·雷蒙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188954#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">American computer programmer, author, and advocate for the open source movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Eric Raymond" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eric_Raymond_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eric Raymond (disambiguation)">Eric Raymond (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Eric S. Raymond</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_S_Raymond_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eric_S_Raymond_portrait.jpg/220px-Eric_S_Raymond_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eric_S_Raymond_portrait.jpg/330px-Eric_S_Raymond_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eric_S_Raymond_portrait.jpg/440px-Eric_S_Raymond_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="736" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Raymond at <a href="/wiki/Linucon" title="Linucon">Linucon</a> in 2004</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1957-12-04</span>) </span>December 4, 1957<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 66)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Software developer</a>, author</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/esr/">www<wbr />.catb<wbr />.org<wbr />/esr<wbr />/</a></span></li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esr.ibiblio.org/">esr<wbr />.ibiblio<wbr />.org</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eric Steven Raymond</b> (born December 4, 1957), often referred to as <b>ESR</b>, is an American <a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">software developer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> advocate, and author of the 1997 essay and 1999 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i>. He wrote a guidebook for the <a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/NetHack" title="NetHack">NetHack</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nethack_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nethack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s, he edited and updated the <a href="/wiki/Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">Jargon File</a>, published as <i>The New Hacker's Dictionary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raymond was born in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a> in 1957, and lived in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> as a child. His family moved to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a> at birth; his weakened physical condition motivated him to go into computing.<sup id="cite_ref-let_my_software_go_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-let_my_software_go-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raymond began his <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programming</a> career writing <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, between 1980 and 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-resume_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resume-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, noting that the <a href="/wiki/Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">Jargon File</a> had not been maintained since about 1983, he adopted it, but not without criticism; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dourish" title="Paul Dourish">Paul Dourish</a> maintains an archived original version of the Jargon File, because, he says, Raymond's updates "essentially destroyed what held it together."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Raymond took over development of the open-source email software "popclient", renaming it to <a href="/wiki/Fetchmail" title="Fetchmail">Fetchmail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after this experience, in 1997, he wrote the essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a>", detailing his thoughts on <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">open-source software development</a> and why it should be done as openly as possible (the "bazaar" approach). The essay was based in part on his experience in developing Fetchmail. He first presented his thesis at the annual <a href="/wiki/Linux_Kongress" title="Linux Kongress">Linux Kongress</a> on May 27, 1997. He later expanded the essay into a book, <i>The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary</i>, in 1999. The essay has been widely cited.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internal white paper by Frank Hecker that led to the release of the <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a>) source code in 1998 cited <i>The Cathedral and the Bazaar</i> as "independent validation" of ideas proposed by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hahn" title="Eric Hahn">Eric Hahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Zawinski" title="Jamie Zawinski">Jamie Zawinski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hahn would later describe the 1999 book as "clearly influential".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> </p><p>From the late 1990s onward, due in part to the popularity of his essay, Raymond became a prominent voice in the open source movement. He co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> (OSI) in 1998, taking on the self-appointed role of ambassador of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a> to the press, business and public. He remains active in OSI, but stepped down as president of the initiative in February 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early March 2020, he was removed from two Open Source Initiative mailing lists due to posts that violated the OSI's Code of Conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, Raymond received and published a Microsoft document expressing worry about the quality of rival open-source software.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named this document, together with others subsequently leaked, "<i>The <a href="/wiki/Halloween_Documents" class="mw-redirect" title="Halloween Documents">Halloween Documents</a></i>". </p><p>Between 2000 and 2002, he created <a href="/wiki/Configuration_Menu_Language" title="Configuration Menu Language">Configuration Menu Language 2</a> (CML2), a source code configuration system; while originally intended for the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux operating system</a>, it was rejected by kernel developers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Raymond attributed this rejection to "kernel list politics",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> said in a 2007 mailing list post that as a matter of policy, the development team preferred more incremental changes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Raymond's 2003 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Unix_Programming" title="The Art of Unix Programming">The Art of Unix Programming</a></i> discusses user tools for programming and other tasks. </p><p>Some versions of <i><a href="/wiki/NetHack" title="NetHack">NetHack</a></i> still include Raymond's guide.<sup id="cite_ref-nethack_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nethack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also contributed code and content to the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> video game <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_Wesnoth" title="The Battle for Wesnoth">The Battle for Wesnoth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raymond is the main developer of <a href="/wiki/NTPsec" class="mw-redirect" title="NTPsec">NTPsec</a>, a "secure, hardened replacement" for the Unix utility <a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raymond has written numerous open-source tools, including cvs-fast-export, a tool for exporting <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System" title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</a> repositories to <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> fast-import streams, and "reposurgeon", a tool for exporting <a href="/wiki/Apache_Subversion" title="Apache Subversion">SVN</a> repositories.<sup id="cite_ref-Phoronix_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phoronix-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_open_source">Views on open source</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Views on open source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Raymond_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Eric_Raymond_2019.jpg/200px-Eric_Raymond_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Eric_Raymond_2019.jpg/300px-Eric_Raymond_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Eric_Raymond_2019.jpg/400px-Eric_Raymond_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Raymond at the <a href="/wiki/SouthEast_LinuxFest" title="SouthEast LinuxFest">SouthEast LinuxFest</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Raymond coined an <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a> he dubbed <a href="/wiki/Linus%27s_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>: "Given enough eyeballs, all <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> are shallow".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first appeared in his book <i>The Cathedral and the Bazaar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p><p>Raymond has refused to speculate on whether the "bazaar" development model could be applied to works such as books and music, saying that he does not want to "weaken the winning argument for open-sourcing software by tying it to a potential loser".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raymond has had a number of public <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement#Subgroups_and_schisms" title="Free software movement">disputes</a> with other figures in the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a>. As head of the Open Source Initiative, he argued that advocates should focus on the potential for better products. The "very seductive" moral and ethical rhetoric of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> fails, he said, "not because his principles are wrong, but because that kind of language ... simply does not persuade anybody".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2008 essay, he defended programmers' right to issue work under proprietary licenses: "I think that if a programmer wants to write a program and sell it, it's neither my business nor anyone else's but his customer's what the terms of sale are."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same essay he said that the "logic of the system" puts developers into "dysfunctional roles", with bad code the result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_beliefs_and_activism">Political beliefs and activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political beliefs and activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raymond is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">gun rights</a> advocate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has endorsed the open source firearms organization <a href="/wiki/Defense_Distributed" title="Defense Distributed">Defense Distributed</a>, calling them "friends of freedom" and writing "I approve of any development that makes it more difficult for governments and criminals to monopolize the use of force. As 3D printers become less expensive and more ubiquitous, this could be a major step in the right direction."<sup id="cite_ref-ESR_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESR-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verge3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Raymond accused the <a href="/wiki/Ada_Initiative" title="Ada Initiative">Ada Initiative</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">women in tech</a> groups of attempting to entrap male open source leaders and accuse them of rape, saying "Try to avoid even being alone, ever, because there is a chance that a 'women in tech' advocacy group is going to try to collect your scalp."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raymond has claimed that "Gays experimented with unfettered promiscuity in the 1970s and got AIDS as a consequence", and that "Police who react to a random black male behaving suspiciously who might be in the critical age range as though he is an near-imminent lethal threat, are being rational, not racist."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A progressive campaign, "The Great Slate", was successful in raising funds for candidates in part by asking for contributions from tech workers in return for not posting similar quotes by Raymond. <a href="/wiki/NCC_Group" title="NCC Group">Matasano Security</a> employee and Great Slate fundraiser Thomas Ptacek said, "I've been torturing Twitter with lurid Eric S. Raymond quotes for years. Every time I do, 20 people beg me to stop." It is estimated that, as of March 2018, over $30,000 has been raised in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raymond describes himself as <a href="/wiki/Neo-pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-pagan">neo-pagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-let_my_software_go_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-let_my_software_go-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hamerly, Jim, Paquin, Tom and Walton, Susan;<i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/netrev.html">Freeing the Source: The Story of Mozilla</a></i>, in <i>Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution</i>, O'Reilly, 1999. 280 pp, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3">1-56592-582-3</a></li> <li>Wayner, Peter; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayner.org/node/5">Free for All: How LINUX and the Free Software Movement Undercut the High-Tech Titans</a></i>, HarperCollins, 2000, 340 pp, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-662050-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-662050-3">0-06-662050-3</a></li> <li>Suarez-Potts, Louis;<i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openoffice.org/editorial/ec1May.html">Interview: Frank Hecker</a></i>, Community Articles, May 1, 2001, www.openoffice.org, OpenOffice website</li> <li>Moody, Glyn; <i>Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution</i>, Basic Books, 2002, 342 pp, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0333-1">978-0-7382-0333-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Eric_Raymond">By Eric Raymond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By Eric Raymond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The New Hacker's Dictionary</i> (editor; MIT Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-68092-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-68092-0">0-262-68092-0</a>) – printed version of the <a href="/wiki/Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">Jargon File</a> with Raymond listed as the editor.</li> <li><i>The Cathedral and the Bazaar</i> (O'Reilly; hardcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-724-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-724-9">1-56592-724-9</a>, 1999) – includes "<a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Homesteading_the_Noosphere" title="Homesteading the Noosphere">Homesteading the Noosphere</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Cauldron_(essay)" title="The Magic Cauldron (essay)">The Magic Cauldron</a>" and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/hacker-revenge/">"Revenge of the Hackers"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Unix_Programming" title="The Art of Unix Programming">The Art of Unix Programming</a></i> (Addison-Wesley, 2003; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-142901-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-142901-9">0-13-142901-9</a>)</li> <li><i>Learning GNU Emacs</i> (3rd edition; editors Debra Cameron, James Elliott, Marc Loy, Eric, Raymond, and Bill Rosenblatt (O'Reilly Media, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00648-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00648-8">978-0-596-00648-8</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writings_posted_or_archived_on_his_website">Writings posted or archived on his website</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writings posted or archived on his website"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taouu/html/">The Art of Unix Usability</a></i>, the book about programming and user interface philosophy in UNIX</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html">How to Ask Questions the Smart Way</a></i>, mirrored on personal site</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/ar01s04.html">Release Early, Release Often</a>", excerpt from <i>The Cathedral and the Bazaar</i>, mirrored on personal site</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/">Eric Raymond's FAQ collection</a>", mirrored on his personal site. Includes links to Linux Documentation Project.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Open_Source_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Open Source Software">Open Source Software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hacker_ethic" title="Hacker ethic">Hacker ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_documents" title="Halloween documents">Halloween documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_early,_release_often" title="Release early, release often">Release early, release often</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i> (film)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nethack-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nethack_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nethack_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2003" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raymond, Eric S.</a> (December 8, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nethack.org/v343/Guidebook.html">"A Guide to the Mazes of Menace (Guidebook of Nethack)"</a>. <i>NetHack.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NetHack.org&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+the+Mazes+of+Menace+%28Guidebook+of+Nethack%29&rft.date=2003-12-08&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nethack.org%2Fv343%2FGuidebook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond1996" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, Eric S. (1996). <i>The New Hacker's Dictionary</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-68092-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-68092-0"><bdi>0-262-68092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Hacker%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-262-68092-0&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013123601/http://laweekly.com/art+books/cyber/man-against-the-fud/6614/">"Man Against the FUD"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laweekly.com/art+books/cyber/man-against-the-fud/6614/">the original</a> on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afterword%3A+Beyond+Software%3F&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2F~esr%2Fwritings%2Fcathedral-bazaar%2Fafterword%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond1999" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raymond, Eric S.</a> (July 28, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630183629/http://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/1999062802310NWSM">"Shut Up and Show Them the Code"</a>. <i>Linux Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/1999062802310NWSM">the original</a> on June 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Today&rft.atitle=Shut+Up+and+Show+Them+the+Code&rft.date=1999-07-28&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxtoday.com%2Fdeveloper%2F1999062802310NWSM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2008" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raymond, Eric S.</a> (October 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=556">"Why I Hate Proprietary Software"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+I+Hate+Proprietary+Software&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesr.ibiblio.org%2F%3Fp%3D556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://innovate.ucsb.edu/799-richard-stallman-free-software-and-copyleft">Richard Stallman, Free Software, and Copyleft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624201402/http://innovate.ucsb.edu/799-richard-stallman-free-software-and-copyleft">Archived</a> June 24, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESR-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESR_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2012" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raymond, Eric</a> (August 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=4521">"Defense Distributed"</a>. Armed and Dangerous<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defense+Distributed&rft.pub=Armed+and+Dangerous&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesr.ibiblio.org%2F%3Fp%3D4521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verge3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verge3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopfstein2013" class="citation news cs1">Kopfstein, Janus (April 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/12/4209364/guns-want-to-be-free-what-happens-when-3d-printing-and-crypto-anarchy">"Guns want to be free: what happens when 3D printing and crypto-anarchy collide?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Guns+want+to+be+free%3A+what+happens+when+3D+printing+and+crypto-anarchy+collide%3F&rft.date=2013-04-12&rft.aulast=Kopfstein&rft.aufirst=Janus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2013%2F4%2F12%2F4209364%2Fguns-want-to-be-free-what-happens-when-3d-printing-and-crypto-anarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/11/06/linus_torvalds_targeted_by_honeytraps_says_eric_raymond/">"Linus Torvalds targeted by honeytraps, claims Eric S. Raymond"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Linus+Torvalds+targeted+by+honeytraps%2C+claims+Eric+S.+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2015%2F11%2F06%2Flinus_torvalds_targeted_by_honeytraps_says_eric_raymond%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/11/this-the-perfect-insane-anti-feminist-rumor.html">"Is This Crazy Anti-Feminist Rumor the Platonic Ideal of the Men's-Rights Internet?"</a>. <i>Select All</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Select+All&rft.atitle=Is+This+Crazy+Anti-Feminist+Rumor+the+Platonic+Ideal+of+the+Men%27s-Rights+Internet%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2F2015%2F11%2Fthis-the-perfect-insane-anti-feminist-rumor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2002" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Eric (June 16, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=26">"The Elephant in the Bath-House"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Elephant+in+the+Bath-House&rft.date=2002-06-16&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesr.ibiblio.org%2F%3Fp%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2016" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Eric (September 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=7239">"Dilemmatizing the NRA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dilemmatizing+the+NRA&rft.date=2016-09-24&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesr.ibiblio.org%2F%3Fp%3D7239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2018" class="citation news cs1">Jeong, Sarah (March 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/8/17092684/great-slate-fundraising-congressional-campaign">"Meet the campaign connecting affluent techies with progressive candidates around the country"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Meet+the+campaign+connecting+affluent+techies+with+progressive+candidates+around+the+country&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2018%2F3%2F8%2F17092684%2Fgreat-slate-fundraising-congressional-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByfield2015" class="citation web cs1">Byfield, Bruce (December 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/Blogs/Off-the-Beat-Bruce-Byfield-s-Blog/The-Decline-and-Fall-of-Eric-S.-Raymond">"The Decline and Fall of Eric S. Raymond"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+Eric+S.+Raymond&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.aulast=Byfield&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux-magazine.com%2FOnline%2FBlogs%2FOff-the-Beat-Bruce-Byfield-s-Blog%2FThe-Decline-and-Fall-of-Eric-S.-Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+S.+Raymond" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_S._Raymond&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" class="extiw" title="commons:Eric S. 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Raymond</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Raymond%2C%20Eric%20Steven%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Raymond%2C%20Eric%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Raymond%2C%20E%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eric%20Steven%20Raymond%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eric%20S%2E%20Raymond%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E%2E%20S%2E%20Raymond%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Raymond%2C%20Eric%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eric%20Raymond%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eric%20Steven%20Raymond%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eric%20S%2E%20Raymond%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20S%2E%20Raymond%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20Steven%20Raymond%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Raymond%2C%20Eric%20Steven%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Raymond%2C%20Eric%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Raymond%2C%20E%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Raymond%2C%20E%2E%20Steven%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eric%20Raymond%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Raymond%2C%20Eric%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Eric%20Steven%20Raymond%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Eric%20S%2E%20Raymond%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E%2E%20S%2E%20Raymond%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Eric%20Raymond%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eric%20Steven%20Raymond%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eric%20S%2E%20Raymond%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E%2E%20S%2E%20Raymond%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Raymond%2C%20Eric%20Steven%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Raymond%2C%20Eric%20S%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eric%20Raymond%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Raymond%2C%20Eric%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Eric S. Raymond</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0713253/">Eric S. Raymond</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux_people" title="Template:Linux people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linux_people" title="Template talk:Linux people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linux_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linux people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Contributors_to_the_Linux_operating_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contributors to the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux operating system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Peter_Anvin" title="H. Peter Anvin">H. Peter Anvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Axboe" title="Jens Axboe">Jens Axboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andries_Brouwer" title="Andries Brouwer">Andries Brouwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Card" title="Rémy Card">Rémy Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)" title="Alan Cox (computer programmer)">Alan Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Garrett" title="Matthew Garrett">Matthew Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kerrisk" title="Michael Kerrisk">Michael Kerrisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuah_Khan" title="Shuah Khan">Shuah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Kolivas" title="Con Kolivas">Con Kolivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Leung" title="Benson Leung">Benson Leung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love" title="Robert Love">Robert Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Miller" title="David S. Miller">David S. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ingo Molnár">Ingo Molnár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Packard" title="Keith Packard">Keith Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reiser" title="Hans Reiser">Hans Reiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Russell" title="Rusty Russell">Rusty Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Sharp" title="Sage Sharp">Sage Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ts%27o" title="Theodore Ts'o">Theodore Ts'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tweedie" title="Stephen Tweedie">Stephen Tweedie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Weil" title="Sage Weil">Sage Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Welte" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wright_(programmer)" title="Chris Wright (programmer)">Chris Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Oliva" title="Alexandre Oliva">Alexandre Oliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tiemann" title="Michael Tiemann">Michael Tiemann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Designer" title="Solar Designer">Solar Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Duval" title="Gaël Duval">Gaël Duval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Ewing" title="Marc Ewing">Marc Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacDonald_(computer_programmer)" title="Peter MacDonald (computer programmer)">Peter MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Murdock" title="Ian Murdock">Ian Murdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Robbins_(computer_programmer)" title="Daniel Robbins (computer programmer)">Daniel Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Silber" title="Jane Silber">Jane Silber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Volkerding" title="Patrick Volkerding">Patrick Volkerding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Young_(businessman)" title="Bob Young (businessman)">Bob Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothee_Besset" title="Timothee Besset">Timothee Besset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Ettrich" title="Matthias Ettrich">Matthias Ettrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Fourdan" title="Olivier Fourdan">Olivier Fourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Galassi" title="Mark Galassi">Mark Galassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gettys" title="Jim Gettys">Jim Gettys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_C._Gordon" title="Ryan C. Gordon">Ryan C. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hoyer" title="Harald Hoyer">Harald Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza" title="Miguel de Icaza">Miguel de Icaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havoc_Pennington" title="Havoc Pennington">Havoc Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Poettering" title="Lennart Poettering">Lennart Poettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Sievers" title="Kay Sievers">Kay Sievers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Taylor_(game_programmer)" title="Dave Taylor (game programmer)">Dave Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Waugh" title="Jeff Waugh">Jeff Waugh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Aurora" title="Valerie Aurora">Valerie Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Benjamin" title="Donna Benjamin">Donna Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Coar" title="Ken Coar">Ken Coar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Gardiner" title="Mary Gardiner">Mary Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Hall_(programmer)" title="Jon Hall (programmer)">Jon Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric S. Raymond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pia_Andrews" title="Pia Andrews">Pia Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jono_Bacon" title="Jono Bacon">Jono Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Bergelt" title="Keith Bergelt">Keith Bergelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Jones" title="Pamela Jones">Pamela Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Randal" title="Allison Randal">Allison Randal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Sandler" title="Karen Sandler">Karen Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Sifry" title="Dave Sifry">Dave Sifry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Villa" title="Luis Villa">Luis Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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