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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grape_sugars&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape sugars">Grape sugars</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grape_slice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grape_slice.jpg/220px-Grape_slice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grape_slice.jpg/330px-Grape_slice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grape_slice.jpg/440px-Grape_slice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>The sugars in grapes are stored in the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(juice)" title="Pulp (juice)">pulp</a> along with water, <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a> and other compounds</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sugars in wine</b> are at the heart of what makes <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> possible. During the process of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a>, sugars from <a href="/wiki/Wine_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine grapes">wine grapes</a> are broken down and converted by <a href="/wiki/Yeast_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast (wine)">yeast</a> into alcohol (<a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. Grapes accumulate sugars as they grow on the <a href="/wiki/Grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine">grapevine</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">translocation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> molecules that are produced by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> from the leaves. During <a href="/wiki/Ripening_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripening (wine)">ripening</a> the sucrose molecules are <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzed">hydrolyzed</a> (separated) by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Invertase" title="Invertase">invertase</a> into <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvest</a>, between 15 and 25% of the grape will be composed of <a href="/wiki/Simple_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple sugar">simple sugars</a>. Both glucose and fructose are six-<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> sugars but three-, four-, five- and seven-carbon sugars are also present in the grape. Not all sugars are fermentable, with sugars like the five-carbon <a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">arabinose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">rhamnose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a> still being present in the wine after fermentation. Very high sugar content will effectively kill the yeast once a certain (high) alcohol content is reached. For these reasons, no wine is ever fermented completely "<a href="/wiki/Dry_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry (wine)">dry</a>" (meaning without any <a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">residual sugar</a>). Sugar's role in dictating the final <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol content">alcohol content</a> of the wine (and such its resulting <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">body</a> and "mouth-feel") sometimes encourages winemakers to add sugar (usually <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>) during winemaking in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">chaptalization</a> solely in order to boost the alcohol content – chaptalization does not increase the <i>sweetness</i> of a wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_665-666_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_665-666-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sucrose">Sucrose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugars_in_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sucrose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">Inverted sugar syrup</a></div> <p>Sucrose is a <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">disaccharide</a>, a molecule composed of the two <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosaccharides">monosaccharides</a> glucose, and fructose. <a href="/wiki/Invertase" title="Invertase">Invertase</a> is the enzyme cleaves the <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic linkage</a> between the glucose and fructose molecules. </p><p>In most wines, there will be very little sucrose, since it is not a natural constituent of grapes and sucrose added for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Chaptalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaptalisation">chaptalisation</a> will be consumed in the fermentation. The exception to this rule is <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine)">Champagne</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wines</a>, to which an amount of <i>liqueur d'expédition</i> (typically sucrose dissolved in a still wine) is added after the second fermentation in bottle, a practice known as <i>dosage</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glucose">Glucose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugars_in_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Glucose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucose, along with fructose, is one of the primary sugars found in wine grapes. In wine, glucose tastes less sweet than fructose. It is a six-carbon sugar molecule derived from the breakdown of sucrose. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Annual_cycle_of_grapevines" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cycle of grapevines">ripening stage</a> there is usually more glucose than fructose present in the grape (as much as five times more) but the rapid development of fructose shifts the ratio to where at <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvest</a> there are generally equal amounts. Grapes that are overripe, such as some <a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">late harvest wines</a>, may have more fructose than glucose. During fermentation, yeast cells break down and convert glucose first. The linking of glucose molecules with <a href="/wiki/Aglycone" title="Aglycone">aglycone</a>, in a process that creates <a href="/wiki/Glycosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosides">glycosides</a>, also plays a role in the resulting flavor of the wine due to their relation and interactions with <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_in_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compounds in wine">phenolic</a> compounds like <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanins" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocyanins">anthocyanins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_317_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_317-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fructose">Fructose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugars_in_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fructose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandeman_Port_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sandeman_Port_2.jpg/170px-Sandeman_Port_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sandeman_Port_2.jpg/255px-Sandeman_Port_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sandeman_Port_2.jpg/340px-Sandeman_Port_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>In wines like <a href="/wiki/Port_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (wine)">Port</a>, the addition of neutral grape spirits stuns the yeast and halts fermentation, leaving a wine with a higher proportion of fructose sugars and creating a sweet wine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fructose, along with glucose, is one of the principal sugars involved in the creation of wine. At time of harvest, there is usually an equal amount of glucose and fructose molecules in the grape; however, as the grape <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripeness_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ripeness (grape) (page does not exist)">overripens</a> the level of fructose will become higher. In wine, fructose can taste nearly twice as sweet as glucose and is a key component in the creation of sweet <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="Dessert wines">dessert wines</a>. During fermentation, glucose is consumed first by the yeast and converted into alcohol. A winemaker that chooses to halt fermentation (either by temperature control or the addition of <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> spirits in the process of <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortification</a>) will be left with a wine that is high in fructose and notable residual sugars. The technique of <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">süssreserve</a></i>, where unfermented grape <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> is added after the wine's fermentation is complete, will result in a wine that tastes less sweet than a wine whose fermentation was halted. This is because the unfermented grape must will still have roughly equal parts of fructose and the less sweet tasting glucose. Similarly, the process of <a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">chaptalization</a> where sucrose (which is one part glucose and one part fructose) is added will usually not increase the sweetness level of the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_290_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_290-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_wine_tasting">In wine tasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugars_in_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In wine tasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_in_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweetness in wine">Sweetness in wine</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">wine tasting</a>, humans are least sensitive to the taste of <a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">sweetness</a> (in contrast to sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Taste#Bitterness" title="Taste">bitterness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour">sourness</a>) with the majority of the population being able to detect sugar or "sweetness" in wines between 1% and 2.5% residual sugar. Additionally, other components of wine such as <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannins_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins (wine)">tannins</a> can mask the perception of sugar in the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_665-666_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_665-666-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flash_release">Flash release</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugars_in_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flash release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flash_release_(oenology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash release (oenology)">Flash release</a> is a technique used in <a href="/wiki/Wine_pressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine pressing">wine pressing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique allows for a better extraction of wine <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugars_in_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluconic_acid" title="Gluconic acid">Gluconic acid</a> – an acid sugar found in wine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugars_in_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_665-666-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_665-666_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_665-666_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> Third Edition pp. 665–66 Oxford University Press 2006 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_317-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_317_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition p. 317 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_290-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_290_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition p. 290 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flash release and wine quality. Escudier J.L., Kotseridis Y. and Moutounet M., Progrès Agricole et Viticole, 2002 (French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Effect of Flash Release and Pectinolytic Enzyme Treatments on Wine Polysaccharide Composition. Thierry Doco, Pascale Williams and Véronique Cheynier, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55 (16), pp. 6643–49, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf071427t">10.1021/jf071427t</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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