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chemical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_and_chemical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical and chemical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Structural O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_and_oxidative_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_and_oxidative_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Thermal and oxidative degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_and_oxidative_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrolysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrolysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hydrolysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrolysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_and_biosynthesis_of_sucrose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_and_biosynthesis_of_sucrose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Synthesis and biosynthesis of sucrose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_and_biosynthesis_of_sucrose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Chemical synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_sucrose_refinement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_sucrose_refinement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History of sucrose refinement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_sucrose_refinement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Cane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Beet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cane_versus_beet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cane_versus_beet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1</span> <span>Cane versus beet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cane_versus_beet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_sugars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_sugars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Culinary sugars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_sugars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mill_white" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mill_white"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3.1</span> <span>Mill white</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mill_white-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blanco_directo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blanco_directo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3.2</span> <span>Blanco directo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blanco_directo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_refined" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_refined"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3.3</span> <span>White refined</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_refined-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dissolved_sugar_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolved_sugar_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Dissolved sugar content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolved_sugar_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutritional_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nutritional information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism_of_sucrose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism_of_sucrose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Metabolism of sucrose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism_of_sucrose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tooth_decay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tooth_decay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Tooth decay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tooth_decay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glycemic_index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glycemic_index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Glycemic index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glycemic_index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Gout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sucrose_intolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sucrose_intolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Sucrose intolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sucrose_intolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_dietary_recommendation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_dietary_recommendation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>UN dietary recommendation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_dietary_recommendation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Religious concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trade and economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sucrose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suiker" title="Suiker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suiker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="سكروز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكروز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacarosa" title="Sacarosa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sacarosa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxaroza" title="Saxaroza – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saxaroza" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ساکاروز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساکاروز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="সুক্রোজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুক্রোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A0-thn%CC%82g" title="Chià-thn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chià-thn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Цукроза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цукроза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Цукроза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цукроза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Захароза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Захароза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharoza" title="Saharoza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saharoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacarosa" title="Sacarosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sacarosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachar%C3%B3za" title="Sacharóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sacharóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swcros" title="Swcros – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swcros" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrose" title="Sukrose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sukrose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharose" title="Saccharose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saccharose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahharoos" title="Sahharoos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sahharoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B7" title="Σουκρόζη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουκρόζη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacarosa" title="Sacarosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sacarosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%A5arozo" title="Saĥarozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saĥarozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakarosa" title="Sakarosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sakarosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="ساکارز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساکارز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharose" title="Saccharose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saccharose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharoaze" title="Sacharoaze – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sacharoaze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%BAcr%C3%B3s" title="Siúcrós – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siúcrós" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacarosa" title="Sacarosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sacarosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="수크로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수크로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Սախարոզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սախարոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="इक्षुशर्करा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इक्षुशर्करा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharoza" title="Saharoza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saharoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrosa" title="Sukrosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sukrosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharosa" title="Saccharosa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Saccharosa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAkr%C3%B3si" title="Súkrósi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súkrósi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccarosio" title="Saccarosio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saccarosio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96" title="סוכרוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוכרוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrosa" title="Sukrosa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sukrosa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸುಕ್ರೋಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುಕ್ರೋಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="საქაროზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საქაროზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Сахароза – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сахароза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaroz" title="Sakaroz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sakaroz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Сахароза – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сахароза" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharosum" title="Saccharosum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saccharosum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharoze" title="Saharoze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saharoze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharos" title="Saccharos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saccharos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharoz%C4%97" title="Sacharozė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sacharozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szachar%C3%B3z" title="Szacharóz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szacharóz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Сахароза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сахароза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സുക്രോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുക്രോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="سوكروز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سوكروز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrosa" title="Sukrosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sukrosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဆူးခြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူးခြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharose" title="Sacharose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sacharose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="スクロース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スクロース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharoos" title="Saccharoos – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saccharoos" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrose" title="Sukrose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sukrose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrose" title="Sukrose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sukrose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacar%C3%B2sa" title="Sacaròsa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sacaròsa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxaroza" title="Saxaroza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saxaroza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharoza" title="Sacharoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sacharoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacarose" title="Sacarose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sacarose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaharoz%C4%83" title="Zaharoză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zaharoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Сахароза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сахароза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaroza" title="Sakaroza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sakaroza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="සුක්රෝස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සුක්රෝස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sucrose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachar%C3%B3za" title="Sacharóza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sacharóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharoza" title="Saharoza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saharoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Сахароза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сахароза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharoza" title="Saharoza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saharoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrosa" title="Sukrosa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sukrosa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakkaroosi" title="Sakkaroosi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sakkaroosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackaros" title="Sackaros – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sackaros" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சுக்குரோசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுக்குரோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA" title="ซูโครส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูโครส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakkaroz" title="Sakkaroz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sakkaroz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Сахароза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сахароза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="شکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangzoij" title="Dangzoij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dangzoij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disaccharide made of glucose and fructose</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Sucrose </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saccharose2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haworth projection of sucrose"><img alt="Haworth projection of sucrose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saccharose2.svg/220px-Saccharose2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saccharose2.svg/330px-Saccharose2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Saccharose2.svg/440px-Saccharose2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sucrose-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball-and-stick model of sucrose"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of sucrose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sucrose-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/220px-Sucrose-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sucrose-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/330px-Sucrose-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sucrose-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/440px-Sucrose-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 2x" data-file-width="2505" data-file-height="2212" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">β-<small>D</small>-Fructofuranosyl α-<small>D</small>-glucopyranoside</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">(2<i>R</i>,3<i>R</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>,6<i>R</i>)-2-{[(2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>)-3,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Sugar;</li><li>Saccharose;</li><li>α-<small>D</small>-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-<small>D</small>-fructofuranoside;</li><li>β-<small>D</small>-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-α-<small>D</small>-glucopyranoside;</li><li>β-(2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>)-fructofuranosyl-α-(1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>,3<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>)-glucopyranoside;</li><li>α-(1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>,3<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>)-glucopyranosyl-β-(2<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>)-fructofuranoside;</li><li>Dodecacarbon monodecahydrate;</li><li>((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxapent-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxahexane-3,4,5-triol)</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-50-1">57-50-1</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O1%5BC%40H%5D%28CO%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40H%5D1O%5BC%40%40%5D2%28O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D2O%29CO%29CO">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=17992">CHEBI:17992</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL253582">ChEMBL253582</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5768.html">5768</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB02772">DB02772</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.304">100.000.304</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027534#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>200-334-9</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IUPHAR/BPS" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPHAR/BPS">IUPHAR/BPS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=summary&ligandId=5411">5411</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00089">C00089</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5988">5988</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>WN6500000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/C151H8M554">C151H8M554</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2021288">DTXSID2021288</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027534#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)8(18)9(19)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22-12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)8(18)9(264115619)11(21-4)23-12(3-15)10(20)7(17)5(2-14)22-12/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+/m1/s1</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O1[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O[C@@]2(O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)CO)CO</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties<sup id="cite_ref-ICSC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICSC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">22</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sub></span></span></span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>342.30 g/mol    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colourless crystals or white powder </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.587 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (0.0573 lb/cu in), solid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>None; decomposes at 186 °C (367 °F; 459 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>2.01 g/mL (20 °C (68 °F)) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">log <i>P</i></a> </td> <td>−3.76 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">Monoclinic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></div> </td> <td>P2<sub>1</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−2,226.1 kJ/mol (−532.1 kcal/mol)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of combustion">Std enthalpy of<br />combustion</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>c</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>1,349.6 kcal/mol (5,647 kJ/mol)<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher heating value">Higher heating value</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_3d8171e88c0df7b6" /></span><map name="ImageMap_3d8171e88c0df7b6"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>29700 mg/kg (oral, rat)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>TWA 10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (total) TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (resp)<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>N.D.<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1507.htm">ICSC 1507</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=458434693&page2=Sucrose">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Sucrose</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">disaccharide</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">white sugar</a>. It has the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">molecular formula</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">22</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">11</sub></span></span></span>. </p><p>For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sugar_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar mill">Sugar mills</a> – typically located in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical regions">tropical regions</a> near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. Sugar beet factories are located in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a> where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar. The <a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">sugar-refining</a> process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour. The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet. </p><p>Sugar is often an <a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">added</a> ingredient in food production and recipes. About 185 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of sugar were produced worldwide in 2017. </p><p>Sucrose is particularly dangerous as a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">tooth decay</a> because <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">Streptococcus mutans</a></i> bacteria convert it into a sticky, extracellular, <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">dextran</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a> that allows them to cohere, forming <a href="/wiki/Dental_plaque" title="Dental plaque">plaque</a>. Sucrose is the only sugar that bacteria can use to form this sticky polysaccharide. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>sucrose</i> was coined in 1857, by the English chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_Miller" title="William Allen Miller">William Miller</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sucre</i></span> ("sugar") and the generic chemical suffix for sugars <i><a href="/wiki/-ose" title="-ose">-ose</a></i>. The abbreviated term <i>Suc</i> is often used for <i>sucrose</i> in scientific literature. </p><p>The name <i>saccharose</i> was coined in 1860 by the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saccharose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_and_chemical_properties">Physical and chemical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical and chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside"><span id="Structural_O-.CE.B1-D-glucopyranosyl-.281.E2.86.922.29-.CE.B2-D-fructofuranoside"></span>Structural O-α-<small>D</small>-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-<small>D</small>-fructofuranoside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structural O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sucrose, the <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomers</a> glucose and fructose are linked via an ether bond between C1 on the <a href="/wiki/Glucosyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucosyl">glucosyl</a> subunit and C2 on the <a href="/wiki/Fructosyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Fructosyl">fructosyl</a> unit. The bond is called a <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_linkage" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosidic linkage">glycosidic linkage</a>. Glucose exists predominantly as a mixture of α and β "pyranose" <a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">anomers</a>, but sucrose has only the α form. Fructose exists as a mixture of five <a href="/wiki/Tautomer" title="Tautomer">tautomers</a> but sucrose has only the β-<small>D</small>-fructofuranose form. Unlike most <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">disaccharides</a>, the glycosidic bond in sucrose is formed between the reducing ends of both glucose and fructose, and not between the reducing end of one and the non-reducing end of the other. This linkage inhibits further bonding to other saccharide units, and prevents sucrose from spontaneously reacting with cellular and circulatory macromolecules in the manner that glucose and other reducing sugars do. Since sucrose contains no anomeric hydroxyl groups, it is classified as a non-<a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugar" title="Reducing sugar">reducing sugar</a>. </p><p>Sucrose crystallizes in the <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> P2<sub>1</sub> with room-temperature lattice parameters <i>a</i> = 1.08631 nm, <i>b</i> = 0.87044 nm, <i>c</i> = 0.77624 nm, β = 102.938°.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purity of sucrose is measured by <a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">polarimetry</a>, through the rotation of <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">plane-polarized light</a> by a sugar solution. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_rotation" title="Specific rotation">specific rotation</a> at 20 °C (68 °F) using yellow "sodium-D" light (589 nm) is +66.47°. Commercial samples of sugar are assayed using this parameter. Sucrose does not deteriorate at ambient conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_and_oxidative_degradation">Thermal and oxidative degradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thermal and oxidative degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sucrose does not melt at high temperatures. Instead, it decomposes at 186 °C (367 °F) to form <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a>. Like other <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, it combusts to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water by the simplified equation: </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">22</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub> + 12 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 12 CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 11 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> </p><p>Mixing sucrose with the oxidizer <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> produces the fuel known as <a href="/wiki/Rocket_candy" title="Rocket candy">rocket candy</a> that is used to propel amateur rocket motors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">22</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub> + 6 KNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → 9 CO + 3 N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 11 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + 3 K<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> </p><p>This reaction is somewhat simplified though. Some of the carbon does get fully oxidized to carbon dioxide, and other reactions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Water-gas_shift_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-gas shift reaction">water-gas shift reaction</a> also take place. A more accurate theoretical equation is: </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">22</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub> + 6.288 KNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → 3.796 CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 5.205 CO + 7.794 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + 3.065 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 3.143 N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2.988 K<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 0.274 KOH</span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sucrose burns with <a href="/wiki/Chloric_acid" title="Chloric acid">chloric acid</a>, formed by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a>: </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">8 HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">22</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub> → 11 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + 12 CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 8 HCl</span> </p><p>Sucrose can be dehydrated with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> to form a black, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>-rich solid, as indicated in the following idealized equation: </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> (catalyst) + C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">22</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub> → 12 C + 11 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + heat (and some H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> as a result of the heat)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">.</sub></span> </p><p>The formula for sucrose's decomposition can be represented as a two-step reaction: the first simplified reaction is dehydration of sucrose to pure carbon and water, and then carbon is oxidised to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> from air. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">22</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub> + heat → 12 C + 11 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">12 C + 12 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 12 CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> </p> <div style="float:right;clear:right;margin-left:0.5em;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Solubility of sucrose in water vs. temperature </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>T (°C)</th> <th>S (g/dL) </th></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>259 </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>273 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>289 </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>306 </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>325 </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>346 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>369 </td></tr> <tr> <td>85</td> <td>394 </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>420 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrolysis">Hydrolysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hydrolysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">Hydrolysis</a> breaks the glycosidic bond converting sucrose into <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>. Hydrolysis is, however, so slow that solutions of sucrose can sit for years with negligible change. If the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Sucrase" title="Sucrase">sucrase</a> is added, however, the reaction will proceed rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrolysis can also be accelerated with acids, such as <a href="/wiki/Cream_of_tartar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream of tartar">cream of tartar</a> or lemon juice, both weak acids. Likewise, gastric acidity converts sucrose to glucose and fructose during digestion, the bond between them being an acetal bond which can be broken by an acid. </p><p>Given <a href="/wiki/Higher_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher heating value">(higher) heats of combustion</a> of 1349.6 kcal/mol for sucrose, 673.0 for glucose, and 675.6 for fructose,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hydrolysis releases about 1.0 kcal (4.2 kJ) per mole of sucrose, or about 3 <a href="/wiki/Small_calorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Small calorie">small calories</a> per gram of product. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis_and_biosynthesis_of_sucrose">Synthesis and biosynthesis of sucrose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synthesis and biosynthesis of sucrose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> of sucrose proceeds via the precursors <a href="/wiki/UDP-glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="UDP-glucose">UDP-glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose_6-phosphate" title="Fructose 6-phosphate">fructose 6-phosphate</a>, catalyzed by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Sucrose-phosphate_synthase" title="Sucrose-phosphate synthase">sucrose-6-phosphate synthase</a>. The energy for the reaction is gained by the cleavage of <a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">uridine diphosphate</a> (UDP). Sucrose is formed by plants, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> but not by other <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>. Sucrose is the end product of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and is found naturally in many food plants along with the <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharide</a> fructose. In many fruits, such as <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a>, sucrose is the main sugar. In others, such as <a href="/wiki/Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">grapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, fructose is the main sugar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_synthesis">Chemical synthesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After numerous unsuccessful attempts by others, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Lemieux" title="Raymond Lemieux">Raymond Lemieux</a> and George Huber succeeded in synthesizing sucrose from <a href="/wiki/Acetylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetylated">acetylated</a> glucose and fructose in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemieux_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemieux-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In nature, sucrose is present in many plants, and in particular their roots, fruits and <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectars</a>, because it serves as a way to store energy, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many mammals, birds, insects and bacteria accumulate and feed on the sucrose in plants and for some it is their main food source. Although <a href="/wiki/Honeybee" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee">honeybees</a> consume sucrose, the <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> they produce consists primarily of fructose and glucose, with only trace amounts of sucrose.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As fruits ripen, their sucrose content usually rises sharply, but some fruits contain almost no sucrose at all. This includes grapes, cherries, blueberries, blackberries, figs, pomegranates, tomatoes, avocados, lemons and limes. </p><p>Sucrose is a naturally occurring sugar, but with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, it has been increasingly refined and consumed in all kinds of processed foods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_sucrose_refinement">History of sucrose refinement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History of sucrose refinement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo.jpg/200px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo.jpg/300px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo.jpg/400px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_3581-33h_Ingekleurde_litho_voorstellende_de_oo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_235370_Mill_house_and_stables_on_the_Macnade_Sugar_Plantation,_Ingham,_ca._1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/StateLibQld_1_235370_Mill_house_and_stables_on_the_Macnade_Sugar_Plantation%2C_Ingham%2C_ca._1881.jpg/200px-StateLibQld_1_235370_Mill_house_and_stables_on_the_Macnade_Sugar_Plantation%2C_Ingham%2C_ca._1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/StateLibQld_1_235370_Mill_house_and_stables_on_the_Macnade_Sugar_Plantation%2C_Ingham%2C_ca._1881.jpg/300px-StateLibQld_1_235370_Mill_house_and_stables_on_the_Macnade_Sugar_Plantation%2C_Ingham%2C_ca._1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/StateLibQld_1_235370_Mill_house_and_stables_on_the_Macnade_Sugar_Plantation%2C_Ingham%2C_ca._1881.jpg/400px-StateLibQld_1_235370_Mill_house_and_stables_on_the_Macnade_Sugar_Plantation%2C_Ingham%2C_ca._1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="822" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Table sugar production in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">Sugar cane</a> plantations (upper image) employed slave or indentured laborers. The picture shows workers harvesting cane, loading it on a boat for transport to the plant, while a European overseer watches in the lower right. The lower image shows a sugar plant with two furnace chimneys. Sugar plants and plantations were harsh, inhumane work.<sup id="cite_ref-britain1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britain1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokeritoppa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sokeritoppa.jpg/170px-Sokeritoppa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sokeritoppa.jpg/255px-Sokeritoppa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sokeritoppa.jpg/340px-Sokeritoppa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">sugarloaf</a> was a traditional form for sugar from the 17th to 19th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">Sugar nips</a> were required to break off pieces.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History of sugar</a></div> <p>The production of table sugar has a long history. Some scholars claim Indians discovered how to crystallize sugar during the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta dynasty</a>, around CE 350.<sup id="cite_ref-Adas_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adas-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars point to the ancient manuscripts of China, dated to the 8th century BCE, where one of the earliest historical mentions of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> is included along with the fact that their knowledge of sugar cane was derived from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gr1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By about 500 BCE, residents of modern-day India began making sugar syrup, cooling it in large flat bowls to produce raw sugar crystals that were easier to store and transport. In the local Indian language, these crystals were called <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">khanda</i></span> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">खण्ड</span></span>), which is the source of the word <i>candy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> was halted on the banks of river <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> by the refusal of his troops to go further east. They saw people in the Indian subcontinent growing sugarcane and making "granulated, salt-like sweet powder", locally called <span title="Marathi-language romanization"><i lang="mr-Latn">sākhar</i></span> (<span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">साखर</span></span>), (<span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">شکر</span></span>), pronounced as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">sakcharon</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζακχαρον</span></span>) in Greek (Modern Greek, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">zachari</i></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ζάχαρη</span></span>). On their return journey, the Greek soldiers carried back some of the "honey-bearing reeds". Sugarcane remained a limited crop for over a millennium. Sugar was a rare commodity and traders of sugar became wealthy. Venice, at the height of its financial power, was the chief sugar-distributing center of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gr1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moors started producing it in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Only after the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> did it begin to rival honey as a sweetener in Europe. The Spanish began cultivating sugarcane in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> in 1506 (<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in 1523). The <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> first cultivated sugarcane in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> in 1532. </p><p>Sugar remained a luxury in much of the world until the 18th century. Only the wealthy could afford it. In the 18th century, the demand for table sugar boomed in Europe and by the 19th century it had become regarded as a human necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-mintz_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mintz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of sugar grew from use in tea, to <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">confectionery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolates</a>. Suppliers marketed sugar in novel forms, such as solid cones, which required consumers to use a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">sugar nip</a>, a pliers-like tool, in order to break off pieces. </p><p>The demand for cheaper table sugar drove, in part, colonization of tropical islands and nations where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and table sugar manufacturing could thrive. Growing sugar cane crop in hot humid climates, and producing table sugar in high temperature sugar mills was harsh, inhumane work. The demand for cheap labor for this work, in part, first drove slave trade from Africa (in particular West Africa), followed by indentured labor trade from South Asia (in particular India).<sup id="cite_ref-britain1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britain1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of slaves, followed by millions of indentured laborers were brought into the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Islands, East Africa, Natal, north and eastern parts of South America, and southeast Asia. The modern ethnic mix of many nations, settled in the last two centuries, has been influenced by table sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 18th century, the production of sugar became increasingly mechanized. The <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> first powered a sugar mill in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in 1768, and, soon after, steam replaced direct firing as the source of process heat. During the same century, Europeans began experimenting with sugar production from other crops. <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Marggraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Marggraf">Andreas Marggraf</a> identified sucrose in <a href="/wiki/Beet_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet root">beet root</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his student <a href="/wiki/Franz_Achard" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Achard">Franz Achard</a> built a sugar beet processing factory in Silesia (Prussia). The beet-sugar industry took off during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, when France and the continent were cut off from Caribbean sugar. In 2009, about 20 percent of the world's sugar was produced from beets.<sup id="cite_ref-agrisugar1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agrisugar1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, a large beet refinery producing around 1,500 tonnes of sugar a day needs a permanent workforce of about 150 for 24-hour production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trends">Trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_Beet_Factory,_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sugar_Beet_Factory%2C_England.jpg/320px-Sugar_Beet_Factory%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sugar_Beet_Factory%2C_England.jpg/480px-Sugar_Beet_Factory%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sugar_Beet_Factory%2C_England.jpg/640px-Sugar_Beet_Factory%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3078" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>A table sugar factory in England. The <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet#Processing" title="Sugar beet">tall diffusers</a> are visible to the middle left where the harvest transforms into a sugar syrup. The boiler and furnace are in the center, where table sugar crystals form. An expressway for transport is visible in the lower left.</figcaption></figure> <p>Table sugar (sucrose) comes from plant sources. Two important sugar crops predominate: <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> (<i>Saccharum spp.</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a> (<i>Beta vulgaris</i>), in which sugar can account for 12% to 20% of the plant's dry weight. Minor commercial sugar crops include the <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a> (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> (<i>Sorghum vulgare</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar maple">sugar maple</a> (<i>Acer saccharum</i>). Sucrose is obtained by extraction of these crops with hot water; concentration of the extract gives syrups, from which solid sucrose can be crystallized. In 2017, worldwide production of table sugar amounted to 185 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-prod2017_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prod2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most cane sugar comes from countries with warm climates, because sugarcane does not tolerate frost. Sugar beets, on the other hand, grow only in cooler temperate regions and do not tolerate <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">extreme heat</a>. About 80 percent of sucrose is derived from sugarcane, the rest almost all from sugar beets. </p><p>In mid-2018, India and Brazil had about the same production of sugar – 34 million tonnes – followed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and China as the major producers.<sup id="cite_ref-usda2018_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India, the European Union, and China were the leading domestic consumers of sugar in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-usda2018_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beet sugar comes from regions with cooler climates: northwest and eastern Europe, northern Japan, plus some areas in the United States (including California). In the northern hemisphere, the beet-growing season ends with the start of harvesting around September. Harvesting and processing continues until March in some cases. The availability of processing plant capacity and the weather both influence the duration of harvesting and processing – the industry can store harvested beets until processed, but a frost-damaged beet becomes effectively unprocessable. </p><p>The United States sets high sugar prices to support its producers, with the effect that many former purchasers of sugar have switched to <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a> (beverage manufacturers) or moved out of the country (candy manufacturers). </p><p>The low prices of <a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">glucose syrups</a> produced from <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and corn (<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>) threaten the traditional sugar market. Used in combination with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_sweetener" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial sweetener">artificial sweeteners</a>, they can allow drink manufacturers to produce very low-cost goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cane">Cane</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cut_sugarcane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cut_sugarcane.jpg/220px-Cut_sugarcane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cut_sugarcane.jpg/330px-Cut_sugarcane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cut_sugarcane.jpg/440px-Cut_sugarcane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Harvested sugarcane from Venezuela ready for processing</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 6th century BCE, cane sugar producers have crushed the harvested vegetable material from sugarcane in order to collect and filter the juice. They then treat the liquid, often with lime (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a>), to remove impurities and then neutralize it. Boiling the juice then allows the sediment to settle to the bottom for dredging out, while the scum rises to the surface for skimming off. In cooling, the liquid crystallizes, usually in the process of stirring, to produce sugar crystals. <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">Centrifuges</a> usually remove the uncrystallized syrup. The producers can then either sell the sugar product for use as is, or process it further to produce lighter grades. The later processing may take place in another factory in another country. </p><p>Sugarcane is a major component of Brazilian agriculture; the country is the world's largest producer of sugarcane and its derivative products, such as crystallized sugar and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beet">Beet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Beet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SugarBeet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SugarBeet.jpg/170px-SugarBeet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SugarBeet.jpg/255px-SugarBeet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/SugarBeet.jpg/340px-SugarBeet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Sugar beets</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></div> <p>Beet sugar producers slice the washed beets, then extract the sugar with hot water in a "<a href="/wiki/Diffuser_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuser (heat)">diffuser</a>". An alkaline solution ("<a href="/wiki/Lime_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime water">milk of lime</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from the lime kiln) then serves to <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a> impurities (see <a href="/wiki/Carbonatation" title="Carbonatation">carbonatation</a>). After filtration,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> evaporation concentrates the juice to a content of about 70% solids, and controlled crystallisation extracts the sugar. A centrifuge removes the sugar crystals from the liquid, which gets recycled in the crystalliser stages. When economic constraints prevent the removal of more sugar, the manufacturer discards the remaining liquid, now known as <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, or sells it on to producers of animal feed. </p><p>Sieving the resultant white sugar produces different grades for selling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cane_versus_beet">Cane versus beet</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cane versus beet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is difficult to distinguish between fully refined sugar produced from beet and cane. One way is by <a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis" title="Isotope analysis">isotope analysis</a> of carbon. Cane uses <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4 carbon fixation</a>, and beet uses <a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3 carbon fixation</a>, resulting in a different ratio of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon 13"><sup>13</sup>C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon 12"><sup>12</sup>C</a> isotopes in the sucrose. Tests are used to detect fraudulent abuse of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> subsidies or to aid in the detection of adulterated <a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">fruit juice</a>. </p><p>Sugar cane tolerates hot climates better, but the production of sugar cane needs approximately four times as much water as the production of sugar beet. As a result, some countries that traditionally produced cane sugar (such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>) have built new beet sugar factories since about 2008. Some sugar factories process both sugar cane and sugar beets and extend their processing period in that way. </p><p>The production of sugar leaves residues that differ substantially depending on the raw materials used and on the place of production. While cane molasses is often used in food preparation, humans find molasses from sugar beets unpalatable, and it consequently ends up mostly as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">industrial fermentation</a> feedstock (for example in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> distilleries), or as <a href="/wiki/Compound_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound feed">animal feed</a>. Once dried, either type of molasses can serve as fuel for burning. </p><p>Pure beet sugar is difficult to find, so labelled, in the marketplace. Although some makers label their product clearly as "pure cane sugar", beet sugar is almost always labeled simply as sugar or pure sugar. Interviews with the five major beet sugar-producing companies revealed that many store brands or "private label" sugar products are pure beet sugar. The lot code can be used to identify the company and the plant from which the sugar came, enabling beet sugar to be identified if the codes are known.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culinary_sugars">Culinary sugars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culinary sugars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg/220px-Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg/330px-Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg/440px-Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Grainy raw sugar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mill_white">Mill white</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mill white"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill white, also called plantation white, crystal sugar or superior sugar is produced from raw sugar. It is exposed to <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> during the production to reduce the concentration of color compounds and helps prevent further color development during the crystallization process. Although common to sugarcane-growing areas, this product does not store or ship well. After a few weeks, its impurities tend to promote discoloration and clumping; therefore this type of sugar is generally limited to local consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Blanco_directo">Blanco directo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Blanco directo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blanco directo, a white sugar common in India and other south Asian countries, is produced by precipitating many impurities out of cane juice using <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Carbonatation" title="Carbonatation">carbonatation</a> technique used in beet sugar refining. Blanco directo is more pure than mill white sugar, but less pure than white refined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="White_refined">White refined</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: White refined"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White sugar</a></div> <p>White refined is the most common form of sugar in North America and Europe. Refined sugar is made by dissolving and purifying raw sugar using <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> similar to the method used for blanco directo, a <a href="/wiki/Carbonatation" title="Carbonatation">carbonatation</a> process involving calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide, or by various filtration strategies. It is then further purified by filtration through a bed of <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bone_char" title="Bone char">bone char</a>. Beet sugar refineries produce refined white sugar directly without an intermediate raw stage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>White refined sugar is typically sold as <i><b>granulated sugar</b></i>, which has been dried to prevent clumping and comes in various crystal sizes for home and industrial use: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg/220px-Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg/330px-Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg/440px-Sucre_blanc_cassonade_complet_rapadura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Sugars; clockwise from top left: Refined, unrefined, brown, unprocessed cane</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Coarse-grain"></span><b>Coarse-grain</b>, such as <i>sanding sugar</i> (also called "pearl sugar", "decorating sugar", <i>nibbed sugar</i> or <i>sugar nibs</i>) is a coarse grain sugar used to add sparkle and flavor atop baked goods and candies. Its large reflective crystals will not dissolve when subjected to heat.</li> <li><b>Granulated</b>, familiar as table sugar, with a grain size about 0.5 mm across.<sup id="cite_ref-tryengineering_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tryengineering-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Sugar_cube" title="Sugar cube">Sugar cubes</a>" are lumps for convenient consumption produced by mixing granulated sugar with sugar syrup.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Caster"></span><b>Caster</b> (0.35 mm),<sup id="cite_ref-tryengineering_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tryengineering-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a very fine sugar in Britain and other Commonwealth countries, so-named because the grains are small enough to fit through a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_caster" title="Sugar caster">sugar caster</a> which is a small vessel with a perforated top, from which to sprinkle sugar at table.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly used in baking and mixed drinks, it is sold as <b>"superfine"</b> sugar in the United States. Because of its fineness, it dissolves faster than regular white sugar and is especially useful in meringues and cold liquids. Caster sugar can be prepared at home by grinding granulated sugar for a couple of minutes in a mortar or food processor.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">Powdered</a></b>, <i>10X sugar,</i> <i>confectioner's sugar</i> (0.060 mm), or <i>icing sugar</i> (0.024 mm), produced by grinding sugar to a fine powder. The manufacturer may add a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Anticaking_agent" title="Anticaking agent">anticaking agent</a> to prevent clumping — either <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a> (1% to 3%) or tri-<a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_brownsugar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sa_brownsugar.jpg/220px-Sa_brownsugar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sa_brownsugar.jpg/330px-Sa_brownsugar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sa_brownsugar.jpg/440px-Sa_brownsugar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Brown sugar crystals</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown sugar</a></b> comes either from the late stages of cane sugar refining, when sugar forms fine crystals with significant molasses content, or from coating white refined sugar with a cane molasses syrup (blackstrap molasses). Brown sugar's color and taste become stronger with increasing molasses content, as do its moisture-retaining properties. Brown sugars also tend to harden if exposed to the atmosphere, although proper handling can reverse this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement">Measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissolved_sugar_content">Dissolved sugar content</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dissolved sugar content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientists and the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">sugar industry</a> use degrees <a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a> (symbol °Bx), introduced by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ferdinand_Wenceslaus_Brix" title="Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix">Adolf Brix</a>, as units of measurement of the mass ratio of dissolved substance to water in a liquid. A 25 °Bx sucrose solution has 25 grams of sucrose per 100 grams of liquid; or, to put it another way, 25 grams of sucrose sugar and 75 grams of water exist in the 100 grams of solution. </p><p>The Brix degrees are measured using an infrared sensor. This measurement does not equate to Brix degrees from a density or refractive index measurement, because it will specifically measure dissolved sugar concentration instead of all dissolved solids. When using a refractometer, one should report the result as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Refractometric_dried_substance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refractometric dried substance (page does not exist)">refractometric dried substance</a>" (RDS). One might speak of a liquid as having 20 °Bx RDS. This refers to a measure of percent by weight of <i>total</i> dried solids and, although not technically the same as Brix degrees determined through an infrared method, renders an accurate measurement of sucrose content, since sucrose in fact forms the majority of dried solids. The advent of in-line infrared Brix measurement sensors has made measuring the amount of dissolved sugar in products economical using a direct measurement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History of sugar</a></div> <p>Refined sugar was a luxury before the 18th century. It became widely popular in the 18th century, then graduated to becoming a necessary food in the 19th century. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes.<sup id="cite_ref-mintz_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mintz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, table sugar became sufficiently cheap and common enough to influence standard cuisine and flavored drinks. </p><p>Sucrose forms a major element in <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">desserts</a>. Cooks use it for sweetening. It can also act as a <a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">food preservative</a> when used in sufficient concentrations, and thus is an important ingredient in the production of <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">fruit preserves</a>. Sucrose is important to the structure of many foods, including biscuits and cookies, cakes and pies, candy, and ice cream and sorbets. It is a common ingredient in many processed and so-called "<a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">junk foods</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_information">Nutritional information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nutritional information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Sugars, granulated [sucrose]</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,620 kJ (390 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">100 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 2.0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.6 μg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169655/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fully refined sugar is 99.9% sucrose, thus providing only carbohydrate as dietary <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> and 390 <a href="/wiki/Kilocalories" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilocalories">kilocalories</a> per 100 g serving (table).<sup id="cite_ref-nd_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">micronutrients</a> of significance in fully refined sugar (table).<sup id="cite_ref-nd_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nd-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism_of_sucrose">Metabolism of sucrose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Metabolism of sucrose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/220px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/330px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/440px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Granulated sucrose</figcaption></figure> <p>In humans and other mammals, sucrose is broken down into its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, by <a href="/wiki/Sucrase" title="Sucrase">sucrase</a> or <a href="/wiki/Isomaltase" title="Isomaltase">isomaltase</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolases" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycoside hydrolases">glycoside hydrolases</a>, which are located in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">membrane</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Microvilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvilli">microvilli</a> lining the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting glucose and fructose molecules are then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. In <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and some animals, sucrose is digested by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Invertase" title="Invertase">invertase</a>. Sucrose is an easily assimilated <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">macronutrient</a> that provides a quick source of energy, provoking a rapid rise in <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a> upon ingestion. Sucrose, as a pure carbohydrate, has an energy content of 3.94 <a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilocalorie">kilocalories</a> per gram (or 17 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kilojoules</a> per gram). </p><p>If consumed excessively, sucrose may contribute to the development of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>, including increased risk for <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">type 2 diabetes</a>, insulin resistance, weight gain and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> in adults and children.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tooth_decay">Tooth decay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tooth decay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">Tooth decay</a> (dental caries) has become a pronounced health hazard associated with the consumption of sugars, especially sucrose. Oral bacteria such as <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">Streptococcus mutans</a></i> live in <a href="/wiki/Dental_plaque" title="Dental plaque">dental plaque</a> and metabolize <i>any</i> free sugars (not just sucrose, but also glucose, <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a>, fructose, and cooked <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starches</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>. The resultant lactic acid lowers the pH of the tooth's surface, stripping it of minerals in the process known as tooth decay.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All 6-carbon sugars and disaccharides based on 6-carbon sugars can be converted by dental plaque bacteria into acid that demineralizes teeth, but sucrose may be uniquely useful to <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sanguinis" title="Streptococcus sanguinis">Streptococcus sanguinis</a></i> (formerly <i>Streptococcus sanguis</i>) and <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sucrose is the only dietary sugar that can be converted to sticky glucans (dextran-like polysaccharides) by extracellular enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These glucans allow the bacteria to adhere to the tooth surface and to build up thick layers of plaque. The anaerobic conditions deep in the plaque encourage the formation of acids, which leads to carious lesions. Thus, sucrose could enable <i>S. mutans</i>, <i>S. sanguinis</i> and many other species of bacteria to adhere strongly and resist natural removal, e.g. by flow of saliva, although they are easily removed by brushing. The glucans and levans (fructose polysaccharides) produced by the plaque bacteria also act as a reserve food supply for the bacteria. Such a special role of sucrose in the formation of tooth decay is much more significant in light of the almost universal use of sucrose as the most desirable sweetening agent. Widespread replacement of sucrose by high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has not diminished the danger from sucrose. If smaller amounts of sucrose are present in the diet, they will still be sufficient for the development of thick, anaerobic plaque and plaque bacteria will metabolise other sugars in the diet,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the glucose and fructose in HFCS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glycemic_index">Glycemic index</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Glycemic index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of 50% glucose and 50% fructose and has a <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">glycemic index</a> of 65.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sucrose is digested rapidly,<sup id="cite_ref-wolever_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolever-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nas_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nas-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has a relatively low glycemic index due to its content of fructose, which has a minimal effect on blood glucose.<sup id="cite_ref-wolever_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolever-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with other sugars, sucrose is digested into its components via the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Sucrase" title="Sucrase">sucrase</a> to glucose (blood sugar). The glucose component is transported into the blood where it serves immediate metabolic demands, or is converted and reserved in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> as <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nas_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nas-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gout">Gout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> is connected with an excess production of uric acid. A diet rich in sucrose may lead to gout as it raises the level of insulin, which prevents excretion of uric acid from the body. As the concentration of uric acid in the body increases, so does the concentration of uric acid in the joint liquid and beyond a critical concentration, the uric acid begins to precipitate into crystals. Researchers have implicated sugary drinks high in fructose in a surge in cases of gout.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sucrose_intolerance">Sucrose intolerance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sucrose intolerance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sucrose_intolerance" title="Sucrose intolerance">Sucrose intolerance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_dietary_recommendation">UN dietary recommendation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: UN dietary recommendation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> published a new guideline on sugars intake for adults and children, as a result of an extensive review of the available scientific evidence by a multidisciplinary group of experts. The guideline recommends that both adults and children ensure their intake of free sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and beverages by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates) is less than 10% of total energy intake. A level below 5% of total energy intake brings additional health benefits, especially with regards to dental caries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_concerns">Religious concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religious concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sugar refining industry often uses bone char (<a href="/wiki/Calcinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcinated">calcinated</a> animal bones) for decolorizing.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VegetarianJournal_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VegetarianJournal-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 25% of sugar produced in the U.S. is processed using bone char as a filter, the remainder being processed with <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>. As bone char does not seem to remain in finished sugar, Jewish religious leaders consider sugar filtered through it to be <a href="/wiki/Pareve" title="Pareve">pareve</a>, meaning that it is neither meat nor dairy and may be used with either type of food. However, the bone char must source to a kosher animal (e.g. cow, sheep) for the sugar to be <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VegetarianJournal_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VegetarianJournal-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_and_economics">Trade and economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Trade and economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the most widely traded commodities in the world throughout history, sugar accounts for around 2% of the global dry cargo market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> International sugar prices show great volatility, ranging from around 3 cents to over 60 cents<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What cents: US$ or euro? (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> per pound in the past<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 50 years. About 100 of the world's 180 countries produce sugar from beet or cane, a few more refine raw sugar to produce white sugar, and all countries consume sugar. Consumption of sugar ranges from around 3 kilograms (6.6 pounds) per person per annum in Ethiopia to around 40 kg (88 lb) in Belgium.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Consumption per capita rises with income per capita until it reaches a plateau of around 35 kg (77 lb) per person per year in middle income countries. </p><p>Many countries subsidize sugar production heavily. The European Union, the United States, Japan, and many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> subsidize domestic production and maintain high tariffs on imports. Sugar prices in these countries have often up to triple the prices on the international market; today<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, with world market sugar futures prices currently<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> strong, such prices were typically double world prices. </p> <div class="skin-invert-image"><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_raw_sugar_prices_since_1960.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World raw sugar price 1960–2014"><img alt="World raw sugar price from 1960 to 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/World_raw_sugar_prices_since_1960.svg/700px-World_raw_sugar_prices_since_1960.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/World_raw_sugar_prices_since_1960.svg/1050px-World_raw_sugar_prices_since_1960.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/World_raw_sugar_prices_since_1960.svg/1400px-World_raw_sugar_prices_since_1960.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:World_raw_sugar_prices_since_1960.svg" title="File:World raw sugar prices since 1960.svg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">World raw sugar price 1960–2014</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Within international trade bodies, especially in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), the "<a href="/wiki/G20_developing_nations" title="G20 developing nations">G20</a>" countries led by Brazil have long argued that, because these sugar markets in essence exclude cane sugar imports, the G20 sugar producers receive lower prices than they would under <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. While both the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and United States maintain trade agreements whereby certain developing and <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> (LDCs) can sell certain quantities of sugar into their markets, free of the usual import tariffs, countries outside these preferred trade régimes have complained that these arrangements violate the "<a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">most favoured nation</a>" principle of international trade. This has led to numerous tariffs and levies in the past. </p><p>In 2004, the WTO sided with a group of cane sugar exporting nations (led by Brazil and Australia) and ruled illegal the EU sugar-régime and the accompanying <i>ACP-EU Sugar Protocol</i>, that granted a group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries receive preferential access to the European sugar market.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this and to other rulings of the WTO, and owing to internal pressures against the EU sugar-régime, the European Commission proposed on 22 June 2005 a radical reform of the EU sugar-régime that cut prices by 39% and eliminated all EU sugar exports.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, it seemed<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Sugar_Program" title="U.S. Sugar Program">U.S. Sugar Program</a> could become the next target for reform. However, some commentators expected heavy lobbying from the U.S. sugar industry, which donated $2.7 million to U.S. House and Senate incumbents in the 2006 U.S. election, more than any other group of U.S. food-growers.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially prominent among sugar lobbyists were <a href="/wiki/The_Fanjul_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fanjul Brothers">the Fanjul Brothers</a>, so-called "sugar barons" who made the single largest<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> individual contributions of <a href="/wiki/Soft_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft money">soft money</a> to both the Democratic and Republican parties in the U.S. political system.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small quantities of sugar, especially specialty grades of sugar, reach the market as '<a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a>' commodities; the fair trade system produces and sells these products with the understanding that a larger-than-usual fraction of the revenue will support small farmers in the developing world. However, whilst the <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_Labelling_Organizations_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International">Fairtrade Foundation</a> offers a premium of $60.00 per tonne to small farmers for sugar branded as "Fairtrade",<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> government schemes such as the U.S. Sugar Program and the ACP-EU Sugar Protocol offer premiums of around $400.00 per tonne above world market prices. However, the EU announced on 14 September 2007 that it had offered "to eliminate all duties and quotas on the import of sugar into the EU".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICSC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICSC_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1507.htm"><i>Sucrose</i></a>, International Chemical Safety Card 1507, Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, November 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sucrose&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=International+Chemical+Safety+Card+1507&rft.pub=International+Programme+on+Chemical+Safety&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inchem.org%2Fdocuments%2Ficsc%2Ficsc%2Feics1507.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynesLideBruno2014–2015" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, W. M.; Lide, David R.; Bruno, Thomas J., eds. (2014–2015). <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i> (95th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482208672" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482208672"><bdi>978-1482208672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.pages=5-40&rft.edition=95th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014%2F2015&rft.isbn=978-1482208672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>, 49th edition, 1968–1969, p. D-188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PGCH-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0574.html">"#0574"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230574&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0574.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/57-50-1">"57-50-1 - CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N - Sucrose [JAN:NF]"</a>. <i>ChemIDplus</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812222747/https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/57-50-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChemIDplus&rft.atitle=57-50-1+-+CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N+-+Sucrose+%5BJAN%3ANF%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.nlm.nih.gov%2Fchemidplus%2Frn%2F57-50-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Allen Miller, <i>Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical</i>, Part III. Organic Chemistry (London, England: John W. Parker and son, 1857), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuMHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA52">pages 52 and 54</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424193600/https://books.google.com/books?id=cuMHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA52">Archived</a> 2017-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcellin Berthelot, <i>Chimie organique fondée sur la synthèse</i> (Paris, France: Mallet-Bachelier, 1860), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7AtQYV5FlVwC&pg=PA254">pp. 254–55</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627013507/https://books.google.com/books?id=7AtQYV5FlVwC&pg=PA254">Archived</a> 2014-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevers,_C._A.McDonald,_T._R._R.Robertson,_J._H.Stern,_F.1952" class="citation journal cs1">Beevers, C. A.; McDonald, T. R. R.; Robertson, J. H.; Stern, F. (1952). "The crystal structure of sucrose". <i>Acta Crystallogr</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 689–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952AcCry...5..689B">1952AcCry...5..689B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X52001908">10.1107/S0365110X52001908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr&rft.atitle=The+crystal+structure+of+sucrose&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=689-90&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0365110X52001908&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952AcCry...5..689B&rft.au=Beevers%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+T.+R.+R.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Stern%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHynesLe_Page1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hynes, R. C.; Le Page, Y. (1991). "Sucrose, a convenient test crystal for absolute structures". <i>Journal of Applied Crystallography</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 352. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JApCr..24..352H">1991JApCr..24..352H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0021889891002492">10.1107/S0021889891002492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Crystallography&rft.atitle=Sucrose%2C+a+convenient+test+crystal+for+absolute+structures&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=352&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0021889891002492&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JApCr..24..352H&rft.aulast=Hynes&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.au=Le+Page%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakka" class="citation web cs1">Nakka, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nakka-rocketry.net/sucrose.html">"Potassium Nitrate/Sucrose Propellant (KNSU)"</a>. <i>Experimental Rocketry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026075559/https://www.nakka-rocketry.net/sucrose.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Rocketry&rft.atitle=Potassium+Nitrate%2FSucrose+Propellant+%28KNSU%29&rft.aulast=Nakka&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nakka-rocketry.net%2Fsucrose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakka" class="citation web cs1">Nakka, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nakka-rocketry.net/succhem.html">"KN-Sucrose (KNSU) Propellant Chemistry and Performance Characteristics"</a>. <i>Experimental Rocketry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118052432/https://www.nakka-rocketry.net/succhem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Rocketry&rft.atitle=KN-Sucrose+%28KNSU%29+Propellant+Chemistry+and+Performance+Characteristics&rft.aulast=Nakka&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nakka-rocketry.net%2Fsucchem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/571354/sucrase">"Sucrase"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425011926/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/571354/sucrase">Archived</a> 2010-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All three from <i><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>, 49th edition, 1968-1969, pp. D-184-189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemieux-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lemieux_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemieuxHuber1953" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Lemieux" title="Raymond Lemieux">Lemieux, R. U.</a>; Huber, G. (1953). "A chemical synthesis of sucrose". <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc</i>. <b>75</b> (16): 4118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01112a545">10.1021/ja01112a545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=A+chemical+synthesis+of+sucrose&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=4118&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01112a545&rft.aulast=Lemieux&rft.aufirst=R.+U.&rft.au=Huber%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Lunn2008" class="citation book cs1">John E. Lunn (December 2008). "Sucrose Metabolism". <i>Encyclopedia of Life Sciences</i>. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0021259">10.1002/9780470015902.a0021259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470016176" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470016176"><bdi>978-0470016176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sucrose+Metabolism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0021259&rft.isbn=978-0470016176&rft.au=John+E.+Lunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-009009000000000000000.html?maxCount=74">"Foods highest in Sucrose"</a>. <i>SelfNutritiondata</i>. Condé Nast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150719080357/https://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-009009000000000000000.html?maxCount=74">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SelfNutritiondata&rft.atitle=Foods+highest+in+Sucrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnutritiondata.self.com%2Ffoods-009009000000000000000.html%3FmaxCount%3D74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_M._Considine1982" class="citation book cs1">Douglas M. Considine (1982). Considine, Douglas M; Considine, Glenn D (eds.). <i>Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia</i> (1 ed.). 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The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204015712/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forced+Labour&rft.pub=The+National+Archives%2C+Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpathways%2Fblackhistory%2Findia%2Fforced.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adas-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adas_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Adas, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcSsoJ0IXawC&pg=PA311"><i>Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614041819/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcSsoJ0IXawC&pg=PA311">Archived</a> 2013-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Temple University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-832-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-832-0">1-56639-832-0</a>. p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gr1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gr1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolph,_George1873" class="citation book cs1">Rolph, George (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutsu00rolprich"><i>Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution</i></a>. San Francisco, J. J. Newbegin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+about+sugar%3A+its+history%2C+growth%2C+manufacture+and+distribution&rft.pub=San+Francisco%2C+J.+J.+Newbegin&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Rolph%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomethingaboutsu00rolprich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106015828/https://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag%26environ/Sugarcane.pdf">"Sugarcane: Saccharum Offcinarum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAID, Govt of United States. 2006. p. 7.1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag&environ/Sugarcane.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sugarcane%3A+Saccharum+Offcinarum&rft.pages=7.1&rft.pub=USAID%2C+Govt+of+United+States&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Flocations%2Flatin_america_caribbean%2Fenvironment%2Fdocs%2Fag%26environ%2FSugarcane.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mintz-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mintz_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mintz_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz,_Sidney1986" class="citation book cs1">Mintz, Sidney (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sweetnesspowerpl00mint"><i>Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009233-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009233-2"><bdi>978-0-14-009233-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweetness+and+Power%3A+The+Place+of+Sugar+in+Modern+History&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-14-009233-2&rft.au=Mintz%2C+Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsweetnesspowerpl00mint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai,_Walton1993" class="citation book cs1">Lai, Walton (1993). <i>Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7746-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7746-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-7746-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indentured+labor%2C+Caribbean+sugar%3A+Chinese+and+Indian+migrants+to+the+British+West+Indies%2C+1838%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7746-9&rft.au=Lai%2C+Walton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVertovik,_Steven1995" class="citation book cs1">Vertovik, Steven (1995). 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(eds.) <i>Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals,</i> San Diego, CA: Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/012370491X" title="Special:BookSources/012370491X">012370491X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalikPopkinBrayDespres2010" class="citation journal cs1">Malik, V. S.; Popkin, B. M.; Bray, G. A.; Despres, J.-P.; Willett, W. C.; Hu, F. B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963518">"Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Diabetes Care</i>. <b>33</b> (11): 2477–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2337%2Fdc10-1079">10.2337/dc10-1079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963518">2963518</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20693348">20693348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diabetes+Care&rft.atitle=Sugar-sweetened+beverages+and+risk+of+metabolic+syndrome+and+type+2+diabetes%3A+A+meta-analysis&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2477-83&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2963518%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20693348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2337%2Fdc10-1079&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft.au=Popkin%2C+B.+M.&rft.au=Bray%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Despres%2C+J.-P.&rft.au=Willett%2C+W.+C.&rft.au=Hu%2C+F.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2963518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalikPanWillettHu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Malik, Vasanti S.; Pan, An; Willett, Walter C.; Hu, Frank B. (2013-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/98/4/1084.full">"Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>98</b> (4): 1084–1102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.113.058362">10.3945/ajcn.113.058362</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9165">0002-9165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778861">3778861</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23966427">23966427</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109162407/https://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/98/4/1084.full">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Sugar-sweetened+beverages+and+weight+gain+in+children+and+adults%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1084-1102&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3778861%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9165&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23966427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.113.058362&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Vasanti+S.&rft.au=Pan%2C+An&rft.au=Willett%2C+Walter+C.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Frank+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajcn.nutrition.org%2Fcontent%2F98%2F4%2F1084.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animated-teeth.com/tooth_decay/t2_tooth_decay_caries.htm">"What causes tooth decay?"</a>. Animated-teeth.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209031710/https://www.animated-teeth.com/tooth_decay/t2_tooth_decay_caries.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+causes+tooth+decay%3F&rft.pub=Animated-teeth.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animated-teeth.com%2Ftooth_decay%2Ft2_tooth_decay_caries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/548toothdecay.html">Tooth Decay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025132424/https://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/548toothdecay.html">Archived</a> 2014-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Elmhurst.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animated-teeth.com/tooth_decay/t2_tooth_decay_caries.htm">What causes tooth decay?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209031710/https://www.animated-teeth.com/tooth_decay/t2_tooth_decay_caries.htm">Archived</a> 2010-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Animated-teeth.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanzer1979" class="citation journal cs1">Tanzer, JM (August 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC443577">"Essential dependence of smooth surface caries on, and augmentation of fissure caries by, sucrose and Streptococcus mutans infection"</a>. <i>Infection and Immunity</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 526–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.25.2.526-531.1979">10.1128/IAI.25.2.526-531.1979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC443577">443577</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/489122">489122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=Essential+dependence+of+smooth+surface+caries+on%2C+and+augmentation+of+fissure+caries+by%2C+sucrose+and+Streptococcus+mutans+infection&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=526-31&rft.date=1979-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC443577%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F489122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.25.2.526-531.1979&rft.aulast=Tanzer&rft.aufirst=JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC443577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarlington1979" class="citation thesis cs1">Darlington, W. (August 1979). <i>Metabolism of sucrose by Stepococcus sanguis 804 (NCTC 10904) and its relevance to the oral environment</i> (Ph.D Thesis). University of Glasgow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Metabolism+of+sucrose+by+Stepococcus+sanguis+804+%28NCTC+10904%29+and+its+relevance+to+the+oral+environment&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=1979-08&rft.aulast=Darlington&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanRay2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). <i>Sherris Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8529-0"><bdi>978-0-8385-8529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolever2006" class="citation book cs1">Wolever, Thomas M. S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UkSoDwCN80C&pg=PA65"><i>The Glycaemic Index: A Physiological Classification of Dietary Carbohydrate</i></a>. CABI. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845930523" title="Special:BookSources/9781845930523"><bdi>9781845930523</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216215845/https://books.google.com/books?id=_UkSoDwCN80C&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glycaemic+Index%3A+A+Physiological+Classification+of+Dietary+Carbohydrate&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845930523&rft.aulast=Wolever&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UkSoDwCN80C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolever-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wolever_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolever_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolever2006" class="citation book cs1">Wolever, Thomas M. S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UkSoDwCN80C&pg=PA65"><i>The Glycaemic Index: A Physiological Classification of Dietary Carbohydrate</i></a>. CABI. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845930523" title="Special:BookSources/9781845930523"><bdi>9781845930523</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216215845/https://books.google.com/books?id=_UkSoDwCN80C&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glycaemic+Index%3A+A+Physiological+Classification+of+Dietary+Carbohydrate&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845930523&rft.aulast=Wolever&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UkSoDwCN80C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nas-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nas_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nas_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFood_and_Nutrition_Board,_Institute_of_Medicine_of_the_US_National_Academies2005" class="citation book cs1">Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the US National Academies (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10490&page=323"><i>Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients)</i></a>. National Academies Press. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10490">10.17226/10490</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08525-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08525-0"><bdi>978-0-309-08525-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715023623/https://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10490&page=323">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+reference+intakes+for+energy%2C+carbohydrate%2C+fiber%2C+fat%2C+fatty+acids%2C+cholesterol%2C+protein%2C+and+amino+acids+%28macronutrients%29&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10490&rft.isbn=978-0-309-08525-0&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board%2C+Institute+of+Medicine+of+the+US+National+Academies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D10490%26page%3D323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7219473.stm">Gout surge blamed on sweet drinks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816223811/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7219473.stm">Archived</a> 2009-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 1 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagidenko,_Leonid2007" class="citation web cs1">Magidenko, Leonid (2007-07-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223191342/https://www.abcvitaminslife.com/HealthFacts/Article429.aspx">"Nutrients for Gout – good and bad"</a>. ABCVitaminsLife.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abcvitaminslife.com/HealthFacts/Article429.aspx">the original</a> on 2009-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nutrients+for+Gout+%E2%80%93+good+and+bad&rft.pub=ABCVitaminsLife.com&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.au=Magidenko%2C+Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abcvitaminslife.com%2FHealthFacts%2FArticle429.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sugars_intake/en/"><i>Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015</i> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817100425/https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sugars_intake/en/">Archived</a> 2015-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegfamily.com/articles/sugar.htm">The Great Sugar Debate: Is it Vegan?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919012241/https://www.vegfamily.com/articles/sugar.htm">Archived</a> 2009-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vegfamily.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VegetarianJournal-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VegetarianJournal_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VegetarianJournal_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYacoubou,_MS2007" class="citation journal cs1">Yacoubou, MS, Jeanne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2007issue4/vj2007issue4.pdf">"Is Your Sugar Vegan? An Update on Sugar Processing Practices"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vegetarian Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (4). Baltimore, MD: The Vegetarian Resource Group: 16–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409003341/https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2007issue4/vj2007issue4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2008-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Trade+Issues&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftrade%2Fissues%2Fbilateral%2Fregions%2Facp%2Fpr140907_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudkinEdelmanHough1973" class="citation book cs1">Yudkin, J.; Edelman, J.; Hough, L. (1973). <i>Sugar: Chemical, Biological and Nutritional Aspects of Sucrose</i>. Butterworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-408-70172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-408-70172-3"><bdi>978-0-408-70172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar%3A+Chemical%2C+Biological+and+Nutritional+Aspects+of+Sucrose&rft.pub=Butterworth&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-408-70172-3&rft.aulast=Yudkin&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Edelman%2C+J.&rft.au=Hough%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASucrose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sucrose&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sucrose" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sucrose">Sucrose</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csi.chemie.tu-darmstadt.de/ak/immel/graphics/gallery/sucroses.html">3D images of sucrose </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901094347/https://csi.chemie.tu-darmstadt.de/ak/immel/graphics/gallery/sucroses.html">archived from the original</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0574.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Template:Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Template talk:Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inborn_error_of_carbohydrate_metabolism:_monosaccharide_metabolism_disorders_Including_glycogen_storage_diseases_(GSD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inborn_error_of_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inborn error of metabolism">Inborn error</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharide</a> metabolism disorders <br /> Including <a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease" title="Glycogen storage disease">glycogen storage diseases</a> (GSD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sucrose</a>, transport<br />(extracellular)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharide</a> catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">Congenital alactasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose_intolerance" title="Sucrose intolerance">Sucrose intolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-galactose_malabsorption" title="Glucose-galactose malabsorption">Glucose-galactose malabsorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_renal_tubular_transport" title="Inborn errors of renal tubular transport">Inborn errors of renal tubular transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renal_glycosuria" title="Renal glycosuria">Renal glycosuria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructose_malabsorption" title="Fructose malabsorption">Fructose malabsorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLUT1_deficiency" title="GLUT1 deficiency">De Vivo Disease</a> (GLUT1 deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanconi-Bickel_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanconi-Bickel syndrome">Fanconi-Bickel syndrome</a> (GLUT2 deficiency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexose</a> → <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monosaccharide_catabolism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fructosuria" title="Essential fructosuria">Essential fructosuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_fructose_intolerance" title="Hereditary fructose intolerance">Fructose intolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactosemia" title="Galactosemia">galactosemia</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactokinase_deficiency" title="Galactokinase deficiency">GALK deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase_deficiency" title="Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency">GALT deficiency</a>/<a href="/wiki/Galactose_epimerase_deficiency" title="Galactose epimerase deficiency">GALE deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">Glycogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_0" title="Glycogen storage disease type 0">GSD type 0</a> (glycogen synthase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_IV" title="Glycogen storage disease type IV">GSD type IV</a> (Andersen's disease, branching enzyme deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_polyglucosan_body_disease" title="Adult polyglucosan body disease">Adult polyglucosan body disease</a> (APBD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafora_disease" title="Lafora disease">Lafora disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSD_type_XV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSD type XV (page does not exist)">GSD type XV</a> (glycogenin deficiency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">Glycogenolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Extralysosomal:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_III" title="Glycogen storage disease type III">GSD type III</a> (Cori's disease, debranching enzyme deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_VI" title="Glycogen storage disease type VI">GSD type VI</a> (Hers' disease, liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_V" title="Glycogen storage disease type V">GSD type V</a> (McArdle's disease, myophosphorylase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_IX" title="Glycogen storage disease type IX">GSD type IX</a> (phosphorylase kinase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoglucomutase#Disease_relevance" title="Phosphoglucomutase">Phosphoglucomutase deficiency</a> (PGM1-CDG, CDG1T, formerly GSD-XIV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">Lysosomal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lysosomal_storage_disease" title="Lysosomal storage disease">LSD</a>):</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_II" title="Glycogen storage disease type II">Glycogen storage disease type II</a> (Pompe's disease, glucosidase deficiency, formerly GSD-IIa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danon_disease" title="Danon disease">Danon disease</a> (LAMP2 deficiency, formerly GSD-IIb)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">CAC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MODY_2" title="MODY 2">MODY 2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hyperinsulinemic_hypoglycemia" title="Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia">HHF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphofructokinase_deficiency" title="Phosphofructokinase deficiency">GSD type VII</a> (Tarui's disease, phosphofructokinase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triosephosphate_isomerase_deficiency" title="Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency">Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate kinase deficiency">Pyruvate kinase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldolase_A_deficiency" title="Aldolase A deficiency">Aldolase A deficiency</a></li> <li>Phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency</li> <li>Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPC1" class="mw-redirect" title="MPC1">Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency</a> (MPC1 deficiency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_carboxylase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency">Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructose_bisphosphatase_deficiency" title="Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency">Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_I" title="Glycogen storage disease type I">GSD type I</a> (von Gierke's disease, glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">Pentose phosphate pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaldolase_deficiency" title="Transaldolase deficiency">Transaldolase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transketolase#Role_in_disease" title="Transketolase">SDDHD</a> (Transketolase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-phosphogluconate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency">6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxaluria" title="Hyperoxaluria">Hyperoxaluria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_hyperoxaluria" title="Primary hyperoxaluria">Primary hyperoxaluria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentosuria" title="Pentosuria">Pentosuria</a></li> <li>Fatal congenital nonlysosomal cardiac glycogenosis (<a href="/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase" title="AMP-activated protein kinase">AMP-activated protein kinase</a> deficiency, <a href="/wiki/PRKAG2" title="PRKAG2">PRKAG2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbohydrates" title="Template talk:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" title="Category:Carbohydrates">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sugar" title="Template:Sugar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sugar" title="Template talk:Sugar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> as food commodity</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugars" title="List of sugars">List of sugars and sugar products</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugar" title="Reducing sugar">Reducing sugar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">Honeydew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt sugar">Malt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_syrups" title="List of syrups">List of syrups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_malt_syrup" title="Barley malt syrup">Barley malt syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice_syrup" title="Brown rice syrup">Brown rice syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_(food)" title="Cheong (food)">Cheong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maesil-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesil-cheong">Maesil-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwa-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogwa-cheong">Mogwa-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuja-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuja-cheong">Yuja-cheong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_syrup" title="Golden syrup">Golden syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-maltose_corn_syrup" title="High-maltose corn syrup">High-maltose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">Inverted sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuame" title="Mizuame">Mizuame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">Pine honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steen%27s_cane_syrup" title="Steen's cane syrup">Steen's cane syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_syrup" title="Table syrup">Table syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">Treacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yac%C3%B3n_syrup" title="Yacón syrup">Yacón syrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solid forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peen_tong" title="Peen tong">Peen tong</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_sugar" title="Candi sugar">Candi sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancaca" title="Chancaca">Chancaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalline_fructose" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline fructose">Crystalline fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelling_sugar" title="Gelling sugar">Gelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula melaka">Gula melaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">Jaggery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Misri">Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_sugar" title="Molasses sugar">Molasses sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovado" title="Muscovado">Muscovado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_sugar" title="Nib sugar">Nib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-centrifugal_cane_sugar" title="Non-centrifugal cane sugar">Non-centrifugal cane sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panela" title="Panela">Panela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Reserve" title="Plantation Reserve">Plantation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserving_sugar" title="Preserving sugar">Preserving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucanat" title="Sucanat">Sucanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">Barley sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterscotch" title="Butterscotch">Butterscotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">Sugarloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasanbon" title="Wasanbon">Wasanbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">Caramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">Cotton candy floss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_made_from_maple" title="List of foods made from maple">Maple sugar foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">Sugar alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confectionery#Sugar_confectionery" title="Confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzem%C3%A1k" title="Tuzemák">Tuzemák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrefined_sweeteners" title="List of unrefined sweeteners">Unrefined sweeteners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilery" title="Boilery">Boilery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation#Sugar" title="Plantation">Plantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa-grande" title="Casa-grande">Casa-grande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_bush" title="Sugar bush">Sugar bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_mill" title="Sugarcane mill">Sugarcane mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">Engenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batey_(sugar_workers%27_town)" title="Batey (sugar workers' town)">Batey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafra_(agriculture)" title="Zafra (agriculture)">Zafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_marketing" title="Sugar marketing">Sugar marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_mills_in_Queensland" title="List of sugar mills in Queensland">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg_Sugar" title="Bundaberg Sugar">Bundaberg Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSR_Limited" title="CSR Limited">CSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmar Sugar">Wilmar Sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Kenya" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_India" title="Sugar industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Mauritius" title="Sugar industry of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_Philippines" title="Sugar industry of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Rwanda" title="Sugar industry of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sugar industry of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa#Sugarcane" title="Agriculture in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illovo_Sugar" title="Illovo Sugar">Illovo Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongaat_Hulett" title="Tongaat Hulett">Tongaat Hulett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Tanzania" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Uganda" title="Sugar industry of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Association" title="Sugar Association">Sugar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Sugar_Program" title="U.S. Sugar Program">U.S. Sugar Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (historical)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_mills_in_Fiji" title="Sugar mills in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelioration_Act_1798" title="Amelioration Act 1798">Amelioration Act 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">Colonial molasses trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Demerara rebellion of 1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holing_cane" title="Holing cane">Holing cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Sugar_House" title="Leith Sugar House">Leith Sugar House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Duties_Acts_1846" title="Sugar Duties Acts 1846">Sugar Duties Acts 1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sugar_Railways" title="Taiwan Sugar Railways">Taiwan Sugar Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Crop Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_shack" title="Sugar shack">Sugar shack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">Sugar nips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_packet" title="Sugar packet">Sugar packet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucrology">Sucrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_people" title="Sugar people">Sugar people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_tit" title="Sugar tit">Sugar tit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_sculpture" title="Sugar sculpture">Sugar sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle_mining" title="Treacle mining">Treacle mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Australian Aboriginal sweet foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_knife" title="Cane knife">Cane knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_syrup" title="Flavored syrup">Flavored syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">Date honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_syrup" title="Grape syrup">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallab" title="Jallab">Jallab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of sugar">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar addiction">Sugar addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">Residual sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">Sweetened beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">Sweetener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">Sweetness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasse" title="Vinasse">Vinasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lustig" title="Robert Lustig">Robert Lustig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yudkin" title="John Yudkin">John Yudkin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure,_White_and_Deadly" title="Pure, White and Deadly">Pure, White and Deadly</a></i> (1972)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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