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<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Special Editions Volume 29, Issue 3s | Scientific American</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/issue/special-editions/2020/special-editions-volume-29-issue-3s/"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/> <link rel="image_src" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FB2B24EF-4723-4937-8C37EB7B5466C010_source.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/issue/special-editions/2020/special-editions-volume-29-issue-3s/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FB2B24EF-4723-4937-8C37EB7B5466C010_source.jpg?w=1200"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FB2B24EF-4723-4937-8C37EB7B5466C010_source.jpg?w=1200"/> <meta name="description" content=""Global Warming: How Hot, Exactly, 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We invite you to sign in or <a href="/getsciam" class="descriptionLink--sk1i">upgrade your subscription</a> to read this issue.</p><button class="button-Nws5y button__primary-WTBGh">Sign In</button></div></div></div><div class="issueArticleList-Qj9zc"><div class="issueArchiveArticleListCompact-1oaI2"><h2 class="listHeading-TIGph">Features</h2><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/blog/hot-planet/global-warming-how-hot-exactly-is-it-going-to-get/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/blogs/cache/file/F1F62F00-EB0A-42BE-9D59D27F48785003_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Climate Change<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">May 12, 2019</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Global Warming: How Hot, Exactly, Is It Going to Get?</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>The latest climate models are giving disturbing answers</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Kate Marvel</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/blog/hot-planet/this-was-the-decade-we-knew-we-were-right/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/blogs/cache/file/5935F6F6-243B-4368-96A6A32C0D51ADD3_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Opinion<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">December 30, 2019</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>This Was the Decade We Knew We Were Right</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Everything is connected, and everything is changing</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Kate Marvel</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/7-answers-to-climate-contrarian-nonsense/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F6270E94-274F-4364-9B88F5DC77BC3DEF_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Climate Change<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">November 30, 2009</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>7 Answers to Climate Contrarian Nonsense</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Evidence for human interference with Earth’s climate continues to accumulate</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">John Rennie</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/a-new-reality-up-north1/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Chemistry" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Arctic fulmar" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F87BA482-2E5A-4B4A-87F2D4598337EEB5_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Chemistry<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">August 1, 2019</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>A New Reality Up North</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Climate change is dramatically altering life at the top of the world</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Mark Fischetti, Katie Peek</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/scientists-are-taking-extreme-steps-to-help-corals-survive/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Environment" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BE77A99-9C15-45B9-B3C1FB8BA8FF9142_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Environment<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">January 1, 2018</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Scientists Are Taking Extreme Steps to Help Corals Survive</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Scientists are urgently transplanting, fertilizing and enhancing corals to help them adapt to warmer oceans, but rebuilding entire reefs will be daunting</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Rebecca Albright</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/increasingly-acidic-oceans-are-causing-fish-to-behave-badly/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Environment" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2E0C1B5-BBCD-4F76-8A8F9D24220D1862_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Environment<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">June 1, 2017</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Increasingly Acidic Oceans Are Causing Fish to Behave Badly</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Ocean acidification may alter the behaviors of underwater creatures in disastrous ways</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Danielle L. Dixson</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/positive-cities-can-improve-earth-as-well-as-peoples-lives/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Conservation" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1429452E-80AB-4AD5-92AB52F45B5CD1E2_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Conservation<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">July 1, 2017</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>‘Positive Cities’ Can Improve Earth as Well as People’s Lives</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Urban areas can improve the planet as well as people’s lives if we design them to be much more resourceful with energy, water, food and minerals</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">William McDonough</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/surrendering-to-rising-seas/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC7CCB88-9FF8-45EF-AC74A7387EA41DE5_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Climate Change<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">August 1, 2018</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Surrendering to Rising Seas</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Coastal communities struggling to adapt to rising seas are beginning to do what was once unthinkable: retreat</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Jen Schwartz</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/yes-climate-change-is-making-severe-weather-worse/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/54282B85-C321-4401-A2F512B098D4C063_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Climate Change<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">June 1, 2019</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Yes, Climate Change Is Making Severe Weather Worse</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Recent disasters show how climate change is making winter storms, flooding rains and summer heat waves more extreme</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Jennifer A. Francis</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/the-arctic-is-breaking-climate-records-altering-weather-worldwide/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/231086EF-766B-4841-97F95DF32A9C1BD1_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Climate Change<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">April 1, 2018</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>The Arctic Is Breaking Climate Records, Altering Weather Worldwide</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>The Arctic climate is shattering record after record, altering weather worldwide</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Jennifer A. Francis</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/yes-climate-change-did-influence-australias-unprecedented-bushfires/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9775A8FB-E31C-4667-B665FBAAFF2C30B3_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Climate Change<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">March 4, 2020</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Yes, Climate Change Did Influence Australia’s Unprecedented Bushfires</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Such an extreme fire season is at least 30 percent more likely because of global warming, a new analysis finds</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Andrea Thompson</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/scrubbing-carbon-from-the-sky/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Chemistry" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2949E3CD-6251-4130-BCBD5189E931E1B7_source.gif?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Chemistry<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">January 1, 2019</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Scrubbing Carbon from the Sky  </p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Can we remove enough CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere to slow or even reverse climate change?</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Richard Conniff</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/thawing-permafrost-would-accelerate-global-warming/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/545DDCA3-A40F-4414-9C37138EEAAF9CF7_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Climate Change<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">December 1, 2016</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Thawing Permafrost Would Accelerate Global Warming</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Thawing Arctic tundra will likely speed up climate change for a century or more. 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Metcalf</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/without-government-the-marketplace-will-not-solve-climate-change/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0BDEECD4-32D2-4782-81730054011D2CBD_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Climate Change<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">December 1, 2015</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Without Government, the Marketplace Will Not Solve Climate Change</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Whether or not the world reaches an international emissions agreement, the U.S. government holds the real solution</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Naomi Oreskes</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/article/threatened-forests-cannot-move-so-scientists-are-relocating-their-genes/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Environment" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Sitka spruce" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/08F4F5F8-E06C-47AE-BD2E47CD99A6D8E0_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Environment<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">August 1, 2015</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Threatened Forests Cannot Move, So Scientists Are Relocating Their Genes</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Trees can't walk to a better place as climate worsens. So scientists are relocating helpful genes instead</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Hillary Rosner</p></section></article><article class="article-pFLe7 articleListItem-EDtwh item-NF5qX"><a class="articleLink-2OMNo" href="/blog/observations/fossil-fuel-subsidies-must-end/" data-testid="article-link"><figure class="articleFigure-Q7l9w" style="--ratio:var(--image-ratio, 56.25%)" category="Climate Change" data-disable-apple-news="true"><img alt="Scientific American Logo" class="articleImg-Ls3LK" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/blogs/cache/file/131C2C97-0281-4696-A17E7E6FF960B5CD_source.jpg?w=450" loading="lazy"/></figure><div class="kickerContainer-U9kI5"><div class="kicker-EEaW-">Opinion<span class="kickerSpacer-I99oW"></span><span class="kickerMeta-0zV3t">February 24, 2020</span></div></div><h2 class="articleTitle-mtY5p"><p>Fossil-Fuel Subsidies Must End</p></h2></a><section class="articleInfo-EjcxZ"><div class="dek-KweYs"><p>Despite claims to the contrary, eliminating them would have a significant effect in addressing the climate crisis</p></div><p class="authors-NCGt1">Geoffrey Supran, Peter Erickson, Doug Koplow, Michael Lazarus, Peter Newell, Naomi Oreskes, Harro van Asselt</p></section></article></div><div class="issueArchiveArticleListCompact-1oaI2"><h2 class="listHeading-TIGph">Departments</h2><div><div class="article__listing__column-Ux-fe">Advances</div><article class="article-4xs14"><a class="articleLink-fg1ac" href="/article/warming-will-cost-rich-and-poor-countries-alike/" data-testid="article-link"><h2 class="articleTitle-e093r">Warming Will Cost Rich and Poor Countries Alike</h2></a></article><div class="article__listing__column-Ux-fe">From the Editor</div><article class="article-4xs14"><a class="articleLink-fg1ac" href="/article/our-planet-our-choice/" data-testid="article-link"><h2 class="articleTitle-e093r">Our Planet, Our Choice</h2></a></article></div></div></div></div></div></main><footer class="footer-VfsmT"><div 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She has been covering these issues for 16 years. Prior to joining <i>Scientific American</i>, she was a senior writer covering climate science at <i>Climate Central</i> and a reporter and editor at <i>Live Science</i>, where she primarily covered earth science and the environment. She has moderated panels, including as part of the United Nations Sustainable Development Media Zone, and appeared in radio and television interviews on major networks. She holds a graduate degree in science, health and environmental reporting from New York University, as well as a B.S. and an M.S. in atmospheric chemistry from the Georgia Institute of Technology. Follow Thompson on Bluesky <a href=\\"https://bsky.app/profile/andreatweather.bsky.social\\">@andreatweather.bsky.social</a></p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C0DC2A4D-4C5B-41ED-A6629C61AB1E9180_source.jpg","image_width":6000,"image_height":4000,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":"<p><a href=\\"https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/heat-wave-hits-paris-royalty-free-image/1158685510?adppopup=true\\">Getty Images</a></p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2019-11-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Advances","page_number":"18"}],"departments":[{"id":1300290,"contentful_id":"7KKfBk2SLwMMfND21Vjqmc","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamericanclimatechange0820-1","mura_id":"1DB6BC16-43C0-4B5F-AB4F675954E0268B","mura_contentid":"A4221B15-3E06-416E-A080153D0F1DE47E","title":"Our Planet, Our Choice","display_title":"<p>Our Planet, Our Choice</p>","slug":"our-planet-our-choice","url":"/article/our-planet-our-choice/","summary":"<p></p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"6BCB62A2-F285-419B-A71070ACEA4797EB","url":"/author/andrea-gawrylewski/","contentful_id":"7s4ETx23fVcCUiXFMM1ANU","name":"Andrea Gawrylewski","slug":"andrea-gawrylewski","biography":"<p><b>Andrea Gawrylewski</b> is chief newsletter editor at <i>Scientific American</i>. She writes the daily Today in Science newsletter and oversees all other newsletters at the magazine. In addition, she manages all special collector's editions and in the past was the editor for <i>Scientific American Mind, Scientific American Space & Physics</i> and <i>Scientific American Health & Medicine</i>. Gawrylewski got her start in journalism at the<i> Scientist</i> magazine, where she was a features writer and editor for \\"hot\\" research papers in the life sciences. She spent more than six years in educational publishing, editing books for higher education in biology, environmental science and nutrition. She holds a master's degree in earth science and a master's degree in journalism, both from Columbia University, home of the Pulitzer Prize.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[{"type":"x","value":"@AGawrylewski"}]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8385135D-7ECD-43AE-A6ADBE0603110536_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":980,"image_alt_text":"Climate protest in NYC","image_caption":"<p>Students in New York City in September 2019 protest for action on climate change.</p>","image_credits":"<p>Spencer Platt <i>Getty Images</i></p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2020-08-11T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Chemistry","subtype":"news","column":"From the Editor","page_number":"1"}],"features":[{"id":1296785,"contentful_id":"7gQyrnN2RYH25nU9aRZr5y","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamericanclimatechange0820-18","mura_id":"93BB649E-A293-4D35-B0A9173D2C91EBEA","mura_contentid":"4FFC5718-97DE-466E-86155A8CA0A88445","title":"Global Warming: How Hot, Exactly, Is It Going to Get?","display_title":"<p>Global Warming: How Hot, Exactly, Is It Going to Get?</p>","slug":"global-warming-how-hot-exactly-is-it-going-to-get","url":"/blog/hot-planet/global-warming-how-hot-exactly-is-it-going-to-get/","summary":"<p>The latest climate models are giving disturbing answers</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"7D729F43-8490-461E-ABC4DD53272DD720","url":"/author/kate-marvel/","contentful_id":"4xbOyWyP75QQOqxImbULH8","name":"Kate Marvel","slug":"kate-marvel","biography":"<p>Kate Marvel is a climate scientist at Columbia University and NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. She received a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Cambridge and has worked at Stanford University, the Carnegie Institution and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Her writing has appeared in <i>Scientific American</i>, the On Being podcast and <i>Nautilus</i> magazine. Marvel has given talks in places as diverse as comedy clubs, prisons and the TED main stage.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[{"type":"x","value":"@DrKateMarvel"}]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/blogs/cache/file/F1F62F00-EB0A-42BE-9D59D27F48785003_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":1352,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":"<p>Paul Campbell <i>Getty Images</i></p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2019-05-12T11:10:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"18"},{"id":1298532,"contentful_id":"4jcVNFzQkGOzqPFv5yjBH4","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamericanclimatechange0820-26","mura_id":"D5239DE4-0ED7-45B5-84EBCFC28A6629CA","mura_contentid":"433313E1-34FA-4F75-9D26CCF4377BF69C","title":"This Was the Decade We Knew We Were Right","display_title":"<p>This Was the Decade We Knew We Were Right</p>","slug":"this-was-the-decade-we-knew-we-were-right","url":"/blog/hot-planet/this-was-the-decade-we-knew-we-were-right/","summary":"<p>Everything is connected, and everything is changing</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"7D729F43-8490-461E-ABC4DD53272DD720","url":"/author/kate-marvel/","contentful_id":"4xbOyWyP75QQOqxImbULH8","name":"Kate Marvel","slug":"kate-marvel","biography":"<p>Kate Marvel is a climate scientist at Columbia University and NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. She received a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Cambridge and has worked at Stanford University, the Carnegie Institution and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Her writing has appeared in <i>Scientific American</i>, the On Being podcast and <i>Nautilus</i> magazine. Marvel has given talks in places as diverse as comedy clubs, prisons and the TED main stage.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[{"type":"x","value":"@DrKateMarvel"}]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/blogs/cache/file/5935F6F6-243B-4368-96A6A32C0D51ADD3_source.jpg","image_width":4785,"image_height":3041,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":"<p>A state of emergency was declared on November 11, 2019 and residents in the Sydney area were warned of \\"catastrophic\\" fire danger as Australia prepared for a fresh wave of deadly bushfires that have ravaged the drought-stricken east of the country.</p>","image_credits":"<p><a href=\\"https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/residents-defend-a-property-from-a-bushfire-at-hillsville-news-photo/1181879541?adppopup=true\\">Peter Parks <i>Getty Images</i></a></p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2019-12-30T09:00:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"opinion","column":"Features","page_number":"26"},{"id":1249424,"contentful_id":"3dmeUO2Pre6M3ex4zyW07U","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican122017-3dmeUO2Pre6M3ex4zyW07U","mura_id":"3B826A53-7E42-49A0-B7AD238FD1C9B3BB","mura_contentid":"2D310B29-905F-E012-A782A75A8C793BA7","title":"7 Answers to Climate Contrarian Nonsense","display_title":"<p>7 Answers to Climate Contrarian Nonsense</p>","slug":"7-answers-to-climate-contrarian-nonsense","url":"/article/7-answers-to-climate-contrarian-nonsense/","summary":"<p>Evidence for human interference with Earth’s climate continues to accumulate</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"293CF8FD-CCC6-43C9-AEAAB2CCD0AAB739","url":"/author/john-rennie/","contentful_id":"7kFdeQABNs2cNkYrdQQSvf","name":"John Rennie","slug":"john-rennie","biography":"<p>John Rennie is a former editor in chief of <i>Scientific American</i>.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F6270E94-274F-4364-9B88F5DC77BC3DEF_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":1571,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":"<p>Alison Seiffer</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2009-11-30T09:01:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"26"},{"id":1297474,"contentful_id":"4nKWpfV5aXoSG24utCSTDg","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0819-37","mura_id":"967834B6-FCFA-4473-9B6868B5C6FFCF3E","mura_contentid":"74146933-FCC3-44EB-8BD0C3E89054E8AD","title":"A New Reality Up North","display_title":"<p>A New Reality Up North</p>","slug":"a-new-reality-up-north1","url":"/article/a-new-reality-up-north1/","summary":"<p>Climate change is dramatically altering life at the top of the world</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"FA9B0013-BF43-43F2-8D84A143F09A3233","url":"/author/mark-fischetti/","contentful_id":"5FnO6B4M1I3LjiNvLlJasP","name":"Mark Fischetti","slug":"mark-fischetti","biography":"<p><b>Mark Fischetti</b> has been a senior editor at <i>Scientific American</i> for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: <i>Scientific American Mind</i> and <i>Scientific American Earth 3.0</i>. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, \\"<a href=\\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/issue/sa/2001/10-01\\">Drowning New Orleans</a>,\\" predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video <a href=\\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/video/what-happens-to-your-body-after-you-die\\"><i>What Happens to Your Body after You Die?</i></a>, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the <i>New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company,</i> and many others. He co-authored the book <i>Weaving the Web</i> with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored <i>The New Killer Diseases</i> with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of <i>IEEE Spectrum Magazine</i> and of <i>Family Business Magazine</i>. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) <a href=\\"https://twitter.com/markfischetti\\">@markfischetti</a></p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]},{"mura_id":"4DF4B94C-CE70-4ED3-AAD8AD88F57483FC","url":"/author/katie-peek/","contentful_id":"1BfM4Y4aifQuG7oeEBjdfl","name":"Katie Peek","slug":"katie-peek","biography":"<p><b>Katie Peek</b> is a science journalist and data-visualization designer with degrees in astrophysics and journalism. She is a contributing artist for <i>Scientific American</i>.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F87BA482-2E5A-4B4A-87F2D4598337EEB5_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":1020,"image_alt_text":"Arctic fulmar","image_caption":"<p>Arctic fulmar flying over calving glacier, Northern Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway.</p>","image_credits":"<p>David Yarrow <i>Getty Images</i></p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2019-08-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Chemistry","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"37"},{"id":1292848,"contentful_id":"5FmJrN26hyZXZvHHDHmKgW","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0118-42","mura_id":"BEBBF3AD-AE4E-4868-82EE4E4C7E3D1AD6","mura_contentid":"4179B68C-FDC3-4BB9-8903095EE1FF271C","title":"Scientists Are Taking Extreme Steps to Help Corals Survive","display_title":"<p>Scientists Are Taking Extreme Steps to Help Corals Survive</p>","slug":"scientists-are-taking-extreme-steps-to-help-corals-survive","url":"/article/scientists-are-taking-extreme-steps-to-help-corals-survive/","summary":"<p>Scientists are urgently transplanting, fertilizing and enhancing corals to help them adapt to warmer oceans, but rebuilding entire reefs will be daunting</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"06B02658-49FB-4541-80580375E8992061","url":"/author/rebecca-albright/","contentful_id":"4Kmf5P1U5wLaQCbAfaPd5y","name":"Rebecca Albright","slug":"rebecca-albright","biography":"<p><b>Rebecca Albright</b> is a coral biologist and curator at the California Academy of Sciences. She focuses on how coral reef ecosystems cope with changing environmental conditions.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BE77A99-9C15-45B9-B3C1FB8BA8FF9142_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":1013,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":"<p><i>Acropora </i>coral in the Great Barrier Reef releases bundles of sperm and eggs. Corals along the reef's thousands of kilometers spawn once a year, during the summer.</p>","image_credits":"<p>Getty Images</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2018-01-01T09:00:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Environment","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"42"},{"id":1290764,"contentful_id":"4bdVKDsNPHqSopZDtaLEbd","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0617-42","mura_id":"D9114BF0-0323-4058-975EB8FDC017EC80","mura_contentid":"652686E7-6071-4B2D-9DD36AFA33F01F7E","title":"Increasingly Acidic Oceans Are Causing Fish to Behave Badly","display_title":"<p>Increasingly Acidic Oceans Are Causing Fish to Behave Badly</p>","slug":"increasingly-acidic-oceans-are-causing-fish-to-behave-badly","url":"/article/increasingly-acidic-oceans-are-causing-fish-to-behave-badly/","summary":"<p>Ocean acidification may alter the behaviors of underwater creatures in disastrous ways</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"063C7866-8B38-428B-839183445E62837C","url":"/author/danielle-l-dixson/","contentful_id":"3db9wFcy7PJB6LPYyQlJ3y","name":"Danielle L. Dixson","slug":"danielle-l-dixson","biography":"<p>Danielle L. Dixson is an associate professor of marine science and policy at the University of Delaware. She studies how climate change and habitat degradation affect the behavior of marine organisms.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2E0C1B5-BBCD-4F76-8A8F9D24220D1862_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":1534,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":"<p><i>Pascal Campion</i></p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2017-06-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Environment","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"42"},{"id":1291063,"contentful_id":"1s3LQiHFVgYOPSlGgQC228","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0717-44","mura_id":"0653847D-1DCF-4098-B4AA6BB9EEE9F301","mura_contentid":"2E33160A-174B-41C9-98E5DD65E08D2FBE","title":"'Positive Cities' Can Improve the Planet as Well as People's Lives","display_title":"<p>‘Positive Cities’ Can Improve Earth as Well as People’s Lives</p>","slug":"positive-cities-can-improve-earth-as-well-as-peoples-lives","url":"/article/positive-cities-can-improve-earth-as-well-as-peoples-lives/","summary":"<p>Urban areas can improve the planet as well as people’s lives if we design them to be much more resourceful with energy, water, food and minerals</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"53546546-6689-4474-A358BE5ACADECD9B","url":"/author/william-mcdonough/","contentful_id":"73sIiVoEY0LpRZmUc4WhM9","name":"William McDonough","slug":"william-mcdonough","biography":"<p><b>William McDonough</b> is an architect who has pioneered design for sustainable development. He is founder of William McDonough + Partners and McDonough Innovation and co-founder of the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1429452E-80AB-4AD5-92AB52F45B5CD1E2_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":1025,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":"<p>Harry Campbell</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2017-07-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Conservation","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"44"},{"id":1294632,"contentful_id":"2YuTR3nDlckyTmKrrPXtl2","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0818-44","mura_id":"FFF1B812-6F21-489F-B9D5649E95BE0CC3","mura_contentid":"F265A955-1E94-4A27-A05FEE6271DC5A06","title":"Surrendering to Rising Seas","display_title":"<p>Surrendering to Rising Seas</p>","slug":"surrendering-to-rising-seas","url":"/article/surrendering-to-rising-seas/","summary":"<p>Coastal communities struggling to adapt to rising seas are beginning to do what was once unthinkable: retreat</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"95F5CFE1-2B9A-421A-BDAF331F6A15A79C","url":"/author/jen-schwartz/","contentful_id":"BlD1fOPol2rcsSAOBv9Nl","name":"Jen Schwartz","slug":"jen-schwartz","biography":"<p><b>Jen Schwartz</b> is a senior features editor at <i>Scientific American</i>. She produces stories and special projects about how society is adapting—or not—to a rapidly changing world.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[{"type":"x","value":"@jenlschwartz"}]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC7CCB88-9FF8-45EF-AC74A7387EA41DE5_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":1024,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":"<p>On New Jersey's Delaware Bay, the remains of a house await demolition. The land will be converted into open space.</p>","image_credits":"<p><i>Grant Delin</i></p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2018-08-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"44"},{"id":1296933,"contentful_id":"6lezm6QpaAu26XN96zkjMs","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0619-46","mura_id":"87055D04-41B6-43AF-9766D6801BE5FDEB","mura_contentid":"00B0BD93-E7D7-46DF-87AA6B4287F2506A","title":"Yes, Climate Change Is Making Severe Weather Worse","display_title":"<p>Yes, Climate Change Is Making Severe Weather Worse</p>","slug":"yes-climate-change-is-making-severe-weather-worse","url":"/article/yes-climate-change-is-making-severe-weather-worse/","summary":"<p>Recent disasters show how climate change is making winter storms, flooding rains and summer heat waves more extreme</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"1786E481-B8FE-4D39-BE0646CE2416B281","url":"/author/jennifer-a-francis/","contentful_id":"64qqx02c7zaaoVSiChl2fD","name":"Jennifer A. Francis","slug":"jennifer-a-francis","biography":"<p><b>Jennifer A. Francis</b> is a senior scientist and acting deputy director of the Woodwell Climate Research Center. She has done extensive research on Arctic warming and on atmospheric vapor and energy. She is a member of <i>Scientific American'</i>s board of advisers.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/54282B85-C321-4401-A2F512B098D4C063_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":1047,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":"<p>Peter Horvath</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2019-06-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"46"},{"id":1293608,"contentful_id":"1tnOcYJQfMGgxco7RCHtAi","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0418-48","mura_id":"F007FF18-DE8A-4F5E-89F821918380A67C","mura_contentid":"3E3402A4-56D2-48C1-BFA903420E47E55E","title":"The Arctic Is Breaking Climate Records, Altering Weather Worldwide","display_title":"<p>The Arctic Is Breaking Climate Records, Altering Weather Worldwide</p>","slug":"the-arctic-is-breaking-climate-records-altering-weather-worldwide","url":"/article/the-arctic-is-breaking-climate-records-altering-weather-worldwide/","summary":"<p>The Arctic climate is shattering record after record, altering weather worldwide</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"1786E481-B8FE-4D39-BE0646CE2416B281","url":"/author/jennifer-a-francis/","contentful_id":"64qqx02c7zaaoVSiChl2fD","name":"Jennifer A. Francis","slug":"jennifer-a-francis","biography":"<p><b>Jennifer A. Francis</b> is a senior scientist and acting deputy director of the Woodwell Climate Research Center. She has done extensive research on Arctic warming and on atmospheric vapor and energy. She is a member of <i>Scientific American'</i>s board of advisers.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/231086EF-766B-4841-97F95DF32A9C1BD1_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":1025,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":"<p>Icebergs launched from Greenland's fast-moving Jakobshavn glacier float past the town of Ilulissat under the midnight sun.</p>","image_credits":"<p>Getty Images</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2018-04-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"48"},{"id":1299071,"contentful_id":"7idR6P7xBIBz9omMG3MacG","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamericanclimatechange0820-48","mura_id":"7B3A31A5-4C3E-491D-BA3660B96398CB60","mura_contentid":"996F9F78-A255-40C9-84D75F66C13651E4","title":"Yes, Climate Change Did Influence Australia's Unprecedented Bushfires","display_title":"<p>Yes, Climate Change Did Influence Australia’s Unprecedented Bushfires</p>","slug":"yes-climate-change-did-influence-australias-unprecedented-bushfires","url":"/article/yes-climate-change-did-influence-australias-unprecedented-bushfires/","summary":"<p>Such an extreme fire season is at least 30 percent more likely because of global warming, a new analysis finds</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"7A5A6251-8EDA-4AEE-9A275F436FEE35C0","url":"/author/andrea-thompson/","contentful_id":"4pgUizu4p9tV2132WJeneo","name":"Andrea Thompson","slug":"andrea-thompson","biography":"<p><b>Andrea Thompson</b> is an associate editor covering the environment, energy and earth sciences. She has been covering these issues for 16 years. Prior to joining <i>Scientific American</i>, she was a senior writer covering climate science at <i>Climate Central</i> and a reporter and editor at <i>Live Science</i>, where she primarily covered earth science and the environment. She has moderated panels, including as part of the United Nations Sustainable Development Media Zone, and appeared in radio and television interviews on major networks. She holds a graduate degree in science, health and environmental reporting from New York University, as well as a B.S. and an M.S. in atmospheric chemistry from the Georgia Institute of Technology. Follow Thompson on Bluesky <a href=\\"https://bsky.app/profile/andreatweather.bsky.social\\">@andreatweather.bsky.social</a></p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9775A8FB-E31C-4667-B665FBAAFF2C30B3_source.jpg","image_width":5555,"image_height":3703,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":"<p>Livestock is injured near the town of Cobargo on the southern coast of Australia’s state of New South Wales the day after a bushfire swept through, killing animals and destroying businesses and homes, in January 2020.</p>","image_credits":"<p><a href=\\"https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/livestock-is-injured-near-the-town-of-cobargo-on-the-south-news-photo/1198341292?adppopup=true\\">James Brickwood <i>Getty Images</i></a></p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2020-03-04T15:45:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"48"},{"id":1295860,"contentful_id":"4lNLEWIsfWEX7L5VJIogXf","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0119-52","mura_id":"C98438E5-F2A7-4BC4-8A31A71584D9DBC7","mura_contentid":"79DF3FCD-43E1-4542-993BD3C772E45090","title":"Scrubbing Carbon from the Sky","display_title":"<p>Scrubbing Carbon from the Sky  </p>","slug":"scrubbing-carbon-from-the-sky","url":"/article/scrubbing-carbon-from-the-sky/","summary":"<p>Can we remove enough CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere to slow or even reverse climate change?</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"A55C4CB3-5BB1-47F8-A088EFF36778B10F","url":"/author/richard-conniff/","contentful_id":"1zm6M2wxx4jdxdrg1i9Yxv","name":"Richard Conniff","slug":"richard-conniff","biography":"<p>is an award-winning science writer. His books include <i>The Species Seekers: Heroes, Fools, and the Mad Pursuit of Life on Earth</i> (W. W. Norton, 2011).</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2949E3CD-6251-4130-BCBD5189E931E1B7_source.gif","image_width":1920,"image_height":1080,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":"<p>The Hellisheiði Power Station, in Hengill, southwest Iceland. </p>","image_credits":"<p>Liz Tormes</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2019-01-01T09:00:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Chemistry","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"52"},{"id":1288735,"contentful_id":"5rmvajIPChMXbK33rnRbG3","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican1216-56","mura_id":"45F667C9-6863-43DF-94BAB403FEDC8365","mura_contentid":"FE82C305-29A5-43FB-A6530D58768CA523","title":"Thawing Permafrost Would Accelerate Global Warming","display_title":"<p>Thawing Permafrost Would Accelerate Global Warming</p>","slug":"thawing-permafrost-would-accelerate-global-warming","url":"/article/thawing-permafrost-would-accelerate-global-warming/","summary":"<p>Thawing Arctic tundra will likely speed up climate change for a century or more. The question is: How drastically?</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"2BA2FBC7-D523-48BE-9483911AA4F349EF","url":"/author/ted-schuur/","contentful_id":"UJ0vAsv2zinWjKvQAoR3M","name":"Ted Schuur","slug":"ted-schuur","biography":"<p>Ted Schuur is a professor of ecosystem ecology at Northern Arizona University. He has conducted almost two decades of field research across the Arctic. He is also the lead investigator for the Permafrost Carbon Network, an international consortium of researchers that synthesizes new findings about permafrost carbon and climate.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/545DDCA3-A40F-4414-9C37138EEAAF9CF7_source.jpg","image_width":1067,"image_height":1067,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":"<p>Scientists drill out a meter-long core of permafrost soil at the Eight Mile Lake research site near Healy, Alaska, in September.</p>","image_credits":"<p>Brian Adams</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2016-12-01T09:00:00-05:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"56"},{"id":1293869,"contentful_id":"2DefktC4eOxArnG4i8ny6S","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0518-58","mura_id":"6B487FE3-503D-4A30-AC225CB7378CF11D","mura_contentid":"3E844C23-32B4-4423-B534A780D2894A66","title":"How Climate Change Is Making It Harder to Predict Outbreaks","display_title":"<p>How Climate Change Is Making It Harder to Predict Outbreaks</p>","slug":"how-climate-change-is-making-it-harder-to-predict-outbreaks","url":"/article/how-climate-change-is-making-it-harder-to-predict-outbreaks/","summary":"<p>Climate change is accelerating the spread of disease—and making it much harder to predict outbreaks</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"1A611D62-0A7B-43C3-9B22DFEFA3C8B29E","url":"/author/lois-parshley/","contentful_id":"6Ef5LdGH9JkQm0QScCGPu9","name":"Lois Parshley","slug":"lois-parshley","biography":"<p><b>Lois Parshley</b> is an investigative journalist. Her climate reporting can be found on X (formerly known as Twitter) and <a href=\\"https://journa.host/@loisparshley\\">Mastodon</a> @loisparshley</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/02B5B28C-0123-4B35-B098FA29864B8444_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":999,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":"<p>In South Africa, researchers are trying to understand where the Rift Valley fever virus is lurking between outbreaks.</p>","image_credits":"<p>Sean McDermott</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2018-05-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"58"},{"id":1286471,"contentful_id":"2bR3ktBve9m6B8i1D9mSVA","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0616-60","mura_id":"FEBB2D24-F910-439D-BE2BA2646040D270","mura_contentid":"61BB2A36-DDD8-4580-95183ABE8BD9CACE","title":"U.S. Military Develops Strategies to Prevent Climate Wars","display_title":"<p>U.S. Military Develops Strategies to Prevent Climate Wars</p>","slug":"u-s-military-develops-strategies-to-prevent-climate-wars","url":"/article/u-s-military-develops-strategies-to-prevent-climate-wars/","summary":"<p>The U.S. military is taking steps to limit the chance that worsening droughts, rising seas and melting Arctic ice will hasten uprisings that threaten national interests</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"FB54EB07-6E89-4E3A-88A2BF08A3A46A48","url":"/author/andrew-holland/","contentful_id":"qMCVU3nQxthUCv0fBlF1R","name":"Andrew Holland","slug":"andrew-holland","biography":"<p>Andrew Holland is director of studies and senior fellow for energy and climate at the American Security Project, a nonpartisan national security think tank. He has worked on the security threats of climate change since 2007 and has testified before Congress about the U.S.’s future in the Arctic.</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/05BE7416-25B3-43B2-81C72F4119A46B67_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":2053,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":"<p>The Voorhes</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2016-06-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Climate Change","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"60"},{"id":1299812,"contentful_id":"4YncsIx5yrGMV8ilvO77Om","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0620-62","mura_id":"A13EF10D-A6CA-41ED-880C5DA3CF1E51EC","mura_contentid":"7F421ABA-FB2C-4403-8C0030757FD41EE6","title":"How to Set a Price on Carbon Pollution","display_title":"<p>How to Set a Price on Carbon Pollution</p>","slug":"how-to-set-a-price-on-carbon-pollution","url":"/article/how-to-set-a-price-on-carbon-pollution/","summary":"<p>A smart combination of math and policy choices can determine a practical tax that will cut CO<sub>2</sub> emissions </p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"243E1CA0-210C-48B6-810EA839B98BB537","url":"/author/gilbert-e-metcalf/","contentful_id":"mCvwRn9aF0MxNOgZpKFRo","name":"Gilbert E. Metcalf","slug":"gilbert-e-metcalf","biography":"<p><b>Gilbert E. Metcalf</b> is a professor of economics at Tufts University who specializes in climate economics. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and author of <i>Paying for Pollution: Why a Carbon Tax Is Good for America</i> (Oxford University Press, 2019).</p>","picture_file":null,"contacts":[]}],"image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A2B886A2-DB88-4C5F-9D12F87E8FAA1011_source.jpg","image_width":1536,"image_height":2054,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":"<p>Katie Edwards</p>","image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image_block_syndication":true,"media_url":null,"media_type":null,"release_date":"2020-06-01T09:00:00-04:00","digital_column":null,"digital_column_slug":null,"category":"Environment","subtype":"news","column":"Features","page_number":"62"},{"id":1284396,"contentful_id":"7C10wT75QcBu6FYB4VUDIh","article_doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican1215-74","mura_id":"4D85CE42-6234-4566-86851FA6274933AA","mura_contentid":"822B80D8-0A33-4091-A024556EF3080129","title":"Without Government, the Marketplace Will Not Solve Climate Change","display_title":"<p>Without Government, the Marketplace Will Not Solve Climate Change</p>","slug":"without-government-the-marketplace-will-not-solve-climate-change","url":"/article/without-government-the-marketplace-will-not-solve-climate-change/","summary":"<p>Whether or not the world reaches an international emissions agreement, the U.S. government holds the real solution</p>","authors":[{"mura_id":"23356CAA-963F-490F-879C0942CBCC2AAD","url":"/author/naomi-oreskes/","contentful_id":"52KGJVqwIWlnPcdOxtAWBE","name":"Naomi Oreskes","slug":"naomi-oreskes","biography":"<p><b>Naomi Oreskes</b> is a professor of the history of science at Harvard University. 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