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href="https://www.nsf.gov/awards/request-a-change"> <span>Request a Change to Your Award</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item report-your-outcomes"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/awards/report-your-outcomes"> <span>Report Your Outcomes</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item proposal--award-policies--procedures-guide-pappg"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/policies/pappg"> <span>Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide (PAPPG)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="usa-col "> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-item-dupe-parent">Additional Resources</span> </div> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item who-to-contact-about-your-award"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/awards/who-to-contact"> <span>Who to Contact About Your Award</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item researchgov"> <a href="https://www.research.gov/"> <span>Research.gov</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item nsf-public-access-repository-par"> <a href="https://par.nsf.gov/"> <span>NSF Public Access Repository (PAR)</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item our-directorates--offices"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/about/directorates-offices"> <span>Our Directorates & Offices</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item search-funded-projects-awards"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/"> <span>Search Funded Projects (Awards)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item focus-areas"> <button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mega-nav-section-3"> <span>Focus Areas</span> </button> <div id="basic-mega-nav-section-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-3"> <div class="usa-col "> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-item-dupe-parent">Areas We Fund</span> </div> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item arctic--antarctic"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas/arctic-antarctic"> <span>Arctic & Antarctic</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item astronomy--space"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas/astronomy-space"> <span>Astronomy & Space</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item biology"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas/biology"> <span>Biology</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item chemistry"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas/chemistry"> <span>Chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item computing"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas/computing"> <span>Computing</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item earth--environment"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas/earth-environment"> <span>Earth & Environment</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item education--training"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas/education"> <span>Education & Training</span> </a> 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href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas/research-partnerships"> <span>Research Partnerships</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item technology"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas/technology"> <span>Technology</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item explore-all-focus-areas"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/focus-areas"> <span>Explore all Focus Areas</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="usa-col "> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-item-dupe-parent">Additional Resources</span> </div> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item explore-our-impacts"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/impacts"> <span>Explore Our Impacts</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item search-funded-projects-awards"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/"> <span>Search Funded Projects (Awards)</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item nsf-by-the-numbers"> <a 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(ENG/CBET)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A51&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-51" data-drupal-facet-item-value="51" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Chemistry (MPS/CHE)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A123&f%5B1%5D=group%3A140" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-140" data-drupal-facet-item-value="140" data-drupal-facet-item-count="2"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation (ENG/CMMI)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">2<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A72&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-72" data-drupal-facet-item-value="72" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Computer and Network Systems (CISE/CNS)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A67&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-67" data-drupal-facet-item-value="67" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Computing and Communication Foundations (CISE/CCF)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A91&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-91" data-drupal-facet-item-value="91" data-drupal-facet-item-count="8"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Earth Sciences (GEO/EAR)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">8<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A123&f%5B1%5D=group%3A130" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-130" data-drupal-facet-item-value="130" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems (ENG/ECCS)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A123&f%5B1%5D=group%3A149" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-149" data-drupal-facet-item-value="149" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Engineering Education and Centers 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class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A43&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-43" data-drupal-facet-item-value="43" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Mathematical Sciences (MPS/DMS)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A123&f%5B1%5D=group%3A172" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-172" data-drupal-facet-item-value="172" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences (BIO/MCB)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A105&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-105" data-drupal-facet-item-value="105" data-drupal-facet-item-count="11"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Ocean Sciences (GEO/OCE)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">11<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A40&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-40" data-drupal-facet-item-value="40" data-drupal-facet-item-count="3"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Physics (MPS/PHY)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">3<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A77&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-77" data-drupal-facet-item-value="77" data-drupal-facet-item-count="4"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Research, Innovation, Synergies and Education (GEO/RISE)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">4<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A123&f%5B1%5D=group%3A235" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-235" data-drupal-facet-item-value="235" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings (EDU/DRL)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A64&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-64" data-drupal-facet-item-value="64" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Social and Economic Sciences (SBE/SES)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A123&f%5B1%5D=group%3A215" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-215" data-drupal-facet-item-value="215" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Division of Undergraduate Education (EDU/DUE)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A123&f%5B1%5D=group%3A170" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-170" data-drupal-facet-item-value="170" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Emerging Frontiers Office (BIO/EF)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A19&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-19" data-drupal-facet-item-value="19" data-drupal-facet-item-count="19"> <span class="facet-item__value">Environmental Research and Education (ERE)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">19<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A123&f%5B1%5D=group%3A243" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-243" data-drupal-facet-item-value="243" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (SBE/NCSES)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A3&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-3" data-drupal-facet-item-value="3" 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href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A28&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-28" data-drupal-facet-item-value="28" data-drupal-facet-item-count="1"> <span class="facet-item__value">Office of International Science and Engineering (OD/OISE)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">1<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A8&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-8" data-drupal-facet-item-value="8" data-drupal-facet-item-count="3"> <span class="facet-item__value">Office of the Director (OD)</span> <span class="facet-item__count">3<span class="facet-item__count-suffix visually-hidden"> results</span></span> </a></li><li class="facet-item"><a href="/news/releases?f%5B0%5D=group%3A57&f%5B1%5D=group%3A123" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-facet-item-id="group-57" data-drupal-facet-item-value="57" 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class="result-summary__term">for ""</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="latest-news-teaser " data-component-id="nsf_theme:latest-news-teaser"> <div class="latest-news-teaser--inner"> <span class="label-gray latest-news-teaser__type"> NSF Stories </span> <div class="latest-news-teaser__image"> <img class="" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/news_teaser/s3/media_hub/AnneGunn_cow_calf.jpg.jpeg?VersionId=4ynQZiQXlfyJWI74LyVxo8Rk_LN5_gPs&itok=vkYRBnts" alt="In the foreground, a brown and white caribou walks through snow from right to left, followed by a smaller, lighter caribou. Behind them, two more caribou stand along the skyline. The ground is snow-covered and small boulders and shrubs are scattered throughout." /> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__content"> <div class="latest-news-teaser__headline"> <h3> <a href="/news/migration-memory-how-caribou-adapt-changing-winter"> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Migration memory: How caribou adapt to changing winter conditions </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__text"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-news-body"> U.S. National Science Foundation-supported research shows that caribou will optimize their migration path based on their collective memories. Caribou… </div> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__date"> <time datetime="2025-01-14T12:39:58-05:00" title="Tuesday, January 14, 2025 - 12:39" class="datetime">January 14, 2025</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="latest-news-teaser " data-component-id="nsf_theme:latest-news-teaser"> <div class="latest-news-teaser--inner"> <span class="label-gray latest-news-teaser__type"> NSF Stories </span> <div class="latest-news-teaser__image"> <img class="" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/news_teaser/s3/media_hub/atlantic_amo_2022109_detail_hero.jpg?VersionId=wtv0tSxuTyHRp_SUbkHHhXmuxkpBezZM&itok=7jOSNWW_" alt="A few times every spring, the skies over the Labrador Sea fill with row after row of long, parallel bands of cumulus clouds. The magnificent organization of these clouds, known as cloud streets, was on full display when this image was acquired on April 19, 2022." /> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__content"> <div class="latest-news-teaser__headline"> <h3> <a href="/news/atmospheric-rivers-shape-arctic-moisture"> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Atmospheric Rivers Shape Arctic Moisture</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__text"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-news-body"> Atmospheric rivers cross the planet. These large, narrow sections of Earth's atmosphere carry moisture from the tropics to the poles. A recently… </div> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__date"> <time datetime="2024-09-20T10:00:06-04:00" title="Friday, September 20, 2024 - 10:00" class="datetime">September 20, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="latest-news-teaser " data-component-id="nsf_theme:latest-news-teaser"> <div class="latest-news-teaser--inner"> <span class="label-gray latest-news-teaser__type"> NSF Stories </span> <div class="latest-news-teaser__image"> <img class="" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/news_teaser/s3/media_hub/dry-valleys-group-spread-out-HR_hero.jpg?VersionId=hgh57L6s7en.Jhr1Jh4mHIzf9iCQ4sl1&itok=2BEO8IQa" alt="Several U.S. Antarctic Program participants explore Taylor Valley in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, one of the very few regions in Antarctica largely devoid of ice." /> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__content"> <div class="latest-news-teaser__headline"> <h3> <a href="/news/weather-anomaly-experienced-mcmurdo-dry-valleys"> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Weather anomaly experienced in the McMurdo Dry Valleys</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__text"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-news-body"> The McMurdo Dry Valleys are a unique region of Antarctica, nearly devoid of snow and ice. An atmospheric river event in March 2022 led to record warm… </div> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__date"> <time datetime="2024-09-05T10:00:06-04:00" title="Thursday, September 5, 2024 - 10:00" class="datetime">September 5, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="latest-news-teaser " data-component-id="nsf_theme:latest-news-teaser"> <div class="latest-news-teaser--inner"> <span class="label-gray latest-news-teaser__type"> NSF Stories </span> <div class="latest-news-teaser__image"> <img class="" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/news_teaser/s3/media_hub/IMG_4820_hero.jpg?VersionId=CibLWqtL0wZDXBVx8bkttPz6ysiy0_px&itok=35bue4yu" alt="Researchers at Toolik Field Station" /> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__content"> <div class="latest-news-teaser__headline"> <h3> <a href="/news/nothing-shrub-about-how-plant-coverage-affecting-arctic"> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Nothing to 'shrub' about: How plant coverage is affecting the Arctic carbon cycle </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__text"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-news-body"> Researchers at Columbia University's Department of Earth and Environment Science have discovered new implications for the Arctic carbon cycle in the… </div> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__date"> <time datetime="2024-09-04T14:00:05-04:00" title="Wednesday, September 4, 2024 - 14:00" class="datetime">September 4, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="latest-news-teaser " data-component-id="nsf_theme:latest-news-teaser"> <div class="latest-news-teaser--inner"> <span class="label-gray latest-news-teaser__type"> NSF Stories </span> <div class="latest-news-teaser__image"> <img class="" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/news_teaser/s3/media_hub/banner.jpg?VersionId=CBdxUazRpjf7uN4Upf0_R8WZpkUE12Er&itok=0-1BgBdR" alt="Analysis of historic baleen plates, the comb structures that are used by some species of whales to filter food, from Southern Hemisphere blue and fin whales." /> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__content"> <div class="latest-news-teaser__headline"> <h3> <a href="/news/historic-records-provide-new-insight"> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Historic records provide new insight </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__text"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-news-body"> U.S. National Science Foundation-funded researchers recently released a new study in Ecology and Evolution outlining their in-depth analysis of… </div> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__date"> <time datetime="2024-07-17T16:27:14-04:00" title="Wednesday, July 17, 2024 - 16:27" class="datetime">July 17, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="latest-news-teaser " data-component-id="nsf_theme:latest-news-teaser"> <div class="latest-news-teaser--inner"> <span class="label-gray latest-news-teaser__type"> NSF Stories </span> <div class="latest-news-teaser__image"> <img class="" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/news_teaser/s3/2023-07/PF4039_2020Jan12-Adelie_Penguins_Hut_Point_Mountains-HR.jpg?VersionId=jCtOYmmM4xunq4.SZkBAmpW.9ICEJMlM&itok=2cnQ8bUV" alt="Penguins" /> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__content"> <div class="latest-news-teaser__headline"> <h3> <a href="/news/seasonal-shifts-phenology-events-bottom-world"> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Seasonal shifts: Phenology events at the bottom of the world</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__text"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-news-body"> Climate change has affected more than the planet's temperature. As climate change has become more influential, seasonal event timing has fluctuated… </div> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__date"> <time datetime="2024-07-15T11:41:35-04:00" title="Monday, July 15, 2024 - 11:41" class="datetime">July 15, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="latest-news-teaser " data-component-id="nsf_theme:latest-news-teaser"> <div class="latest-news-teaser--inner"> <span class="label-gray latest-news-teaser__type"> NSF News </span> <div class="latest-news-teaser__image teaser--image--default"> <img class="teaser--image__default-image" src="/themes/custom/nsf_theme/components/sdc-components/molecules/logo/logo-vector.svg" alt="NSF logo" /> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__content"> <div class="latest-news-teaser__headline"> <h3> <a href="/news/nsf-planning-major-infrastructure-overhaul-support"> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">NSF planning major infrastructure overhaul to support future research in South Pole</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__text"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-news-body"> The U.S. National Science Foundation released the draft of its South Pole Station Master Plan (SPSMP), which will inform investments planned under the… </div> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__date"> <time datetime="2024-05-16T09:39:01-04:00" title="Thursday, May 16, 2024 - 09:39" class="datetime">May 16, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="latest-news-teaser " data-component-id="nsf_theme:latest-news-teaser"> <div class="latest-news-teaser--inner"> <span class="label-gray latest-news-teaser__type"> NSF Stories </span> <div class="latest-news-teaser__image"> <img class="" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/news_teaser/s3/2024-01/rn-molecule-for-photosynthesis-nasa.png?VersionId=LaYy5c_jzRnKNFVTppBdbw8kKrkYgL34&itok=4ALCqRSY" alt="Satellites can detect reflections from chlorophyll in organisms that use this molecule for photosynthesis." /> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__content"> <div class="latest-news-teaser__headline"> <h3> <a href="/news/north-atlantics-marine-productivity-may-not-be-declining"> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">North Atlantic's marine productivity may not be declining, according to new study of older ice cores</span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="latest-news-teaser__text"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-news-body"> To paraphrase author Mark Twain, reports of declining phytoplankton in the North Atlantic may have been greatly exaggerated. 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