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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dining_etiquette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dining etiquette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dining_etiquette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Traditional cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Seasonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>UNESCO recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_ingredients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_ingredients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Traditional ingredients</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_ingredients-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional ingredients subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meat_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Meat consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cooking oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Seasonings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garnishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garnishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Garnishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garnishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Salads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Rice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noodles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noodles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Noodles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noodles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Sweets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Drinks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drinks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drinks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Beer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shōchū" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shōchū"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Shōchū</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shōchū-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whisky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whisky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Whisky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whisky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialty_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Specialty food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cooking techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kaiseki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaiseki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Kaiseki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaiseki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Vegetarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Regional cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dishes_for_special_occasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dishes_for_special_occasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dishes for special occasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dishes_for_special_occasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imported_and_adapted_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imported_and_adapted_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Imported and adapted foods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imported_and_adapted_foods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imported and adapted foods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imported_and_adapted_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yōshoku_–_Foreign_(Western)_food,_dishes[31]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yōshoku_–_Foreign_(Western)_food,_dishes[31]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Yōshoku – Foreign (Western) food, dishes<sup><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yōshoku_–_Foreign_(Western)_food,_dishes[31]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chūka_ryōri_–_Japanese_Chinese_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chūka_ryōri_–_Japanese_Chinese_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Chūka ryōri – Japanese Chinese cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chūka_ryōri_–_Japanese_Chinese_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Okonomiyaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okonomiyaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Okonomiyaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okonomiyaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonkatsu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonkatsu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Tonkatsu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonkatsu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Curry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wafū_burgers_(Japanese-style_burgers)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wafū_burgers_(Japanese-style_burgers)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Wafū burgers (Japanese-style burgers)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wafū_burgers_(Japanese-style_burgers)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Outside Japan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outside Japan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.10</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Food controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese cuisine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مطبخ ياباني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ ياباني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_de_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Gastronomía de Xapón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gastronomía de Xapón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="Yaponiya mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiya mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajengan_Jepang" title="Ajengan Jepang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ajengan Jepang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="জাপানী রন্ধনশৈলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপানী রন্ধনশৈলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Японская кухня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Японская кухня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkakan_nin_Hapon" title="Pagkakan nin Hapon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagkakan nin Hapon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Японска кухня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Японска кухня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_del_Jap%C3%B3" title="Gastronomia del Japó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia del Japó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Japonská kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonská kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_K%C3%BCche" title="Japanische Küche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japanische Küche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_k%C3%B6%C3%B6k" title="Jaapani köök – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaapani köök" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ιαπωνική κουζίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιαπωνική κουζίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_de_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Gastronomía de Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía de Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana_kuirarto" title="Japana kuirarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Japana kuirarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniako_gastronomia" title="Japoniako gastronomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniako gastronomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آشپزی ژاپنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی ژاپنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_japonaise" title="Cuisine japonaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine japonaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3caireacht_na_Seap%C3%A1ine" title="Cócaireacht na Seapáine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cócaireacht na Seapáine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biadh_Seapanach" title="Biadh Seapanach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Biadh Seapanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="일본 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Ճապոնական խոհանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոնական խոհանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Jepang" title="Hidangan Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_giapponese" title="Cucina giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99" title="המטבח היפני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח היפני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Jepang" title="Masakan Jepang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Masakan Jepang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="იაპონური სამზარეულო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაპონური სამზარეულო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAjgeha_japon" title="Pêjgeha japon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêjgeha japon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoni%C5%A1ka_virtuv%C4%97" title="Japoniška virtuvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japoniška virtuvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_konyham%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Japán konyhaművészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán konyhaművészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Јапонска кујна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јапонска кујна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Jepun" title="Masakan Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masakan Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Japang" title="Masakan Japang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Masakan Japang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanse_keuken" title="Japanse keuken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japanse keuken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="日本料理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本料理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattradisjoner_i_Japan" title="Mattradisjoner i Japan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mattradisjoner i Japan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8" title="ଜାପାନୀ ଭୋଜନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାପାନୀ ଭୋଜନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਪਕਵਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਪਕਵਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchnia_japo%C5%84ska" title="Kuchnia japońska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuchnia japońska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_do_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Culinária do Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culinária do Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buc%C4%83t%C4%83ria_japonez%C4%83" title="Bucătăria japoneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bucătăria japoneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Японская кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японская кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_giappunisa" title="Cucina giappunisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cucina giappunisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1" title="ජපන් ආහාරපාන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජපන් ආහාරපාන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_food" title="Japanese food – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Japanese food" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%A1_kuchy%C5%88a" title="Japonská kuchyňa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Japonská kuchyňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonska_kuhinja" title="Japonska kuhinja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Japonska kuhinja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska_kuhinja" title="Japanska kuhinja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Japanska kuhinja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanilainen_keitti%C3%B6" title="Japanilainen keittiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Japanilainen keittiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska_k%C3%B6ket" title="Japanska köket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Japanska köket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Culinary traditions of Japan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oseti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oseti.jpg/220px-Oseti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oseti.jpg/330px-Oseti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oseti.jpg/440px-Oseti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Osechi" title="Osechi">Osechi</a></i></span>, new year special dishes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Japanese cuisine</b> encompasses the regional and traditional foods of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, which have developed through centuries of political, economic, and social changes. The traditional cuisine of Japan (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">washoku</i></span>) is based on rice with <a href="/wiki/Miso_soup" title="Miso soup">miso soup</a> and other dishes with an emphasis on seasonal ingredients. Side dishes often consist of fish, pickled vegetables, and vegetables cooked in broth. Common seafood is often grilled, but it is also sometimes served raw as <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a>. Seafood and vegetables are also deep-fried in a light batter, as <i><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">tempura</a></i></span></i>. Apart from rice, a staple includes noodles, such as <a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">soba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">udon</a>. Japan also has many simmered dishes, such as fish products in broth called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Oden" title="Oden">oden</a></i></span>, or beef in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sukiyaki" title="Sukiyaki">sukiyaki</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nikujaga" title="Nikujaga">nikujaga</a></i></span>. </p><p>Historically influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a>, Japanese cuisine has also opened up to influence from <a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Western cuisines</a> in the modern era. Dishes inspired by foreign food—in particular Chinese food—like <a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">ramen</a> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%8Dza" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyōza">gyōza</a></i></span>, as well as foods like <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">spaghetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburgers</a>, have been adapted to Japanese tastes and ingredients. Traditionally, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">shunned meat</a> as a result of adherence to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, but with the modernization of Japan in the 1880s, meat-based dishes such as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">tonkatsu</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yakiniku" title="Yakiniku">yakiniku</a></i></span> have become common. Since this time, Japanese cuisine, particularly sushi and ramen, has become popular globally. </p><p>In 2011, Japan overtook <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">France</a> to become the country with the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Michelin_3-star_restaurants" title="List of Michelin 3-star restaurants">3-starred Michelin restaurants</a>; as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> has maintained the title of the city with the most 3-starred restaurants in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Japanese cuisine was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Heritage List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">History of Japanese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osechi_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Osechi_001.jpg/220px-Osechi_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Osechi_001.jpg/330px-Osechi_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Osechi_001.jpg/440px-Osechi_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Osechi</i></span>, new year dishes</figcaption></figure> <p>Rice is a staple in Japanese cuisine. Wheat and soybeans were introduced shortly after rice. All three act as staple foods in Japanese cuisine today. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofun Period">Kofun Period</a> and beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuka Period">Asuka Period</a>, Buddhism became the official religion of the country. Therefore, eating meat and fish was prohibited. In 675 AD, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenmu" title="Emperor Tenmu">Emperor Tenmu</a> prohibited the eating of horses, dogs, monkeys, and chickens.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 8th and 9th centuries, many emperors continued to prohibit killing many types of animals. The number of regulated meats increased significantly, leading to the banning of all mammals except whale, which were categorized as fish.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Asuka period, chopsticks were introduced to Japan. Initially, they were only used by the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general population used their hands, as utensils were quite expensive. </p><p>Due to the lack of meat products, Japanese people minimized spice utilization. Spices were rare to find at the time. Spices like pepper and garlic were only used in a minimalist amount. In the absence of meat, fish was served as the main protein, as Japan is an island nation. Fish has influenced many iconic Japanese dishes today. In the 9th century, grilled fish and sliced raw fish were widely popular.<sup id="cite_ref-ashkenazi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashkenazi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese people who could afford it would eat fish at every meal; others would have to make do without animal protein for many of their meals. In traditional Japanese cuisine, oil and fat are usually avoided within the cooking process, because Japanese people were trying to keep a healthy lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-ashkenazi_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashkenazi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preserving fish became a sensation; <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> was originated as a means of preserving fish by fermenting it in boiled rice. Fish that are salted and then placed in rice are preserved by <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">lactic acid fermentation</a>, which helps prevent the proliferation of the bacteria that bring about putrefaction.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 15th century, advancement and development helped shorten the fermentation of sushi to about one to two weeks. Sushi thus became a popular snack food and main entrée, combining fish with rice. During the late <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (early-19th century), sushi without fermentation was introduced. Sushi was still being consumed with and without fermentation till the 19th century when the hand-rolled and nigiri-type sushi was invented.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1854, Japan started to enter new trade deals with Western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Milestones_in_the_History_of_U.S._Foreign_Relations_i855_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milestones_in_the_History_of_U.S._Foreign_Relations_i855-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> took power in 1868 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the government began to adopt Western customs, including the use of animal products in food.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_2019_b717_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_2019_b717-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new ruler staged a New Years' feast designed to embrace the Western world and countries in 1872. The feast contained food that reflected European cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time in a thousand years, people were allowed to consume meat in public, and the general population started to include meat in their regular diets.<sup id="cite_ref-kallen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kallen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempura,_sashimi,_pickles,_ris_og_misosuppe_(6289116752).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tempura%2C_sashimi%2C_pickles%2C_ris_og_misosuppe_%286289116752%29.jpg/220px-Tempura%2C_sashimi%2C_pickles%2C_ris_og_misosuppe_%286289116752%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tempura%2C_sashimi%2C_pickles%2C_ris_og_misosuppe_%286289116752%29.jpg/330px-Tempura%2C_sashimi%2C_pickles%2C_ris_og_misosuppe_%286289116752%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tempura%2C_sashimi%2C_pickles%2C_ris_og_misosuppe_%286289116752%29.jpg/440px-Tempura%2C_sashimi%2C_pickles%2C_ris_og_misosuppe_%286289116752%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese meal including tempura, sashimi, and miso soup</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">washoku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%A3%9F" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:和食">和食</a></span></span>)</span> is now the common word for traditional Japanese cooking. The term [[[Kappō (cooking)|kappō]]<span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B2%E7%83%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:割烹">ja</a>]</span>] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">割烹</span></span>, lit. "cutting and boiling (meats)")</span> is synonymous with "cooking", but became a reference to mostly Japanese cooking, or restaurants, and was much used in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō">Taishō</a> eras.<sup id="cite_ref-kojien-kappo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojien-kappo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NDHZ-kappo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDHZ-kappo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has come to connote a certain standard, perhaps even of the highest caliber, a restaurant with the most highly trained chefs.<sup id="cite_ref-burum-kappo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burum-kappo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kappō</i></span> is generally seen as an eating establishment which is slightly more casual or informal compared to the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">kaiseki</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-michelin-kappo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michelin-kappo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">懐石</span></span>, lit. "warming stone")</span> is tied with the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea ceremony">tea ceremony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kojien-kaiseki5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojien-kaiseki5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseki</i></span> is considered a (simplified) form of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Honzen-ry%C5%8Dri" title="Honzen-ryōri">honzen-ryōri</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">本膳料理</span></span>, lit. "main tray cooking")</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-assmann&rath_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assmann&rath-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was formal banquet dining where several trays of food were served.<sup id="cite_ref-kojien-honzenryori_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojien-honzenryori-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a> term <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseki ryōri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">会席料理</span></span>, lit. "gathering + seating")</span> originally referred to a gathering of composers of <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Renga" title="Renga">renga</a></i></span>, and the simplified version of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">honzen</i></span> dishes served at the poem parties became <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseki ryōri</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-kojien-kaiseki1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojien-kaiseki1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the meaning of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseki ryōri</i></span> degenerated to become just another term for a sumptuous carousing banquet, or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shuen</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">酒宴</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-yomiuri_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yomiuri-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_table_settings">Traditional table settings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional table settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional Japanese <a href="/wiki/Table_setting" title="Table setting">table setting</a> has varied considerably over the centuries, depending primarily on the type of table common during a given era. Before the 19th century, small individual box tables (<i>hakozen</i>, 箱膳) or flat floor trays were set before each diner. Larger low tables (<i>chabudai</i>, ちゃぶ台) that accommodated entire families were gaining popularity by the beginning of the 20th century, but these gave way to Western-style dining tables and chairs by the end of the 20th century. </p><p>The traditional Japanese table setting is to place a bowl of rice on the diner’s left and to place a bowl of miso soup on the diner’s right side at the table. Behind these, each <i><a href="/wiki/Okazu" title="Okazu">okazu</a></i> is served on its own individual plate. Based on the standard three <i>okazu</i> formula, behind the rice and soup are three flat plates to hold the three <i>okazu</i>; one to far back left, one at far back right, and one in the center. Pickled vegetables are often served on the side but are not counted as part of the three <i>okazu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">Chopsticks</a> are generally placed at the very front of the tray near the diner with pointed ends facing left and supported by a <a href="/wiki/Chopstick_rest" title="Chopstick rest">chopstick rest</a>, or <i>hashioki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_to_Japanese_Food_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction_to_Japanese_Food-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dining_etiquette">Dining etiquette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dining etiquette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/225px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/300px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Historical currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_system_in_Japan" title="Health care system in Japan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-occupation_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-occupation Japan">Post-Japanese occupation history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbeikei_Islanders" title="Ōbeikei Islanders">Ōbeikei Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukuyuans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Wasōbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Values</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Japan">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_urban_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese urban legend">Urban legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folktales" title="Japanese folktales">Folktales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Food history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_ingredients" title="List of Japanese ingredients">Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Dishes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon_(festival)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon (festival)">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_Day" title="Coming of Age Day">Coming of Age Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinamatsuri" title="Hinamatsuri">Hinamatsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichi-Go-San" title="Shichi-Go-San">Shichi-Go-San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_festival_(Japan)" title="Cultural festival (Japan)">Cultural festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">New religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Japanese pottery and porcelain">Pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anison" class="mw-redirect" title="Anison">Anison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Japan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Japan" title="Radio in Japan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Media mix">Media mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Mobile phone culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumo in Japan (page does not exist)">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Japan" title="Baseball in Japan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Japan" title="Football in Japan">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Japan" title="Basketball in Japan">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Japan" title="Ice hockey in Japan">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_in_Japan" title="American football in Japan">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Japan" title="Rugby union in Japan">Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics" title="Japan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_(Japan)" title="Cultural Landscape (Japan)">Cultural Landscapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Property_(Japan)" title="Cultural Property (Japan)">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasures</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Japan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Japan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Japan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_museums" title="Japanese museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many restaurants and homes in Japan are equipped with Western-style chairs and tables. However, traditional Japanese low tables and cushions, usually found on <a href="/wiki/Tatami" title="Tatami">tatami</a> floors, are also very common. Tatami mats, which are made of straw, can be easily damaged and are hard to clean, thus shoes or any type of footwear are always taken off when stepping on tatami floors.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_Etiquette_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan_Etiquette-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When dining in a traditional tatami room, sitting upright on the floor is common. In a casual setting, men usually sit with their feet crossed and women sit with both legs to one side. Only men are supposed to sit cross-legged. The formal way of sitting for both sexes is a kneeling style known as <i><a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza">seiza</a></i>. To sit in a <i>seiza</i> position, one kneels on the floor with legs folded under the thighs and the buttocks resting on the heels.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_Etiquette_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan_Etiquette-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When dining out in a restaurant, the customers are guided to their seats by the host. The honored or eldest guest will usually be seated at the center of the table farthest from the entrance. In the home, the most important guest is also seated farthest away from the entrance. If there is a <a href="/wiki/Tokonoma" title="Tokonoma">tokonoma</a>, or alcove, in the room, the guest is seated in front of it. The host sits next to or closest to the entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, it is customary to say <i>itadakimasu</i> ("I [humbly] receive") before starting to eat a meal.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When saying <i>itadakimasu</i>, both hands are put together in front of the chest or on the lap. <i>Itadakimasu</i> is preceded by complimenting the appearance of food. Another customary and important etiquette is to say <i>go-chisō-sama deshita</i> ("It was a feast") to the host after the meal and the restaurant staff when leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_cuisine">Traditional cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traditional cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese cuisine is based on combining the <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a>, which is steamed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rice" title="Japanese rice">white rice</a> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gohan</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">御飯</span></span>)</span>, with one or more <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Okazu" title="Okazu">okazu</a></i></span>, "main" or "side" dishes. This may be accompanied by a clear or miso soup and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsukemono" title="Tsukemono">tsukemono</a></i></span> (pickles). The phrase <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%AB-sansai" title="Ichijū-sansai">ichijū-sansai</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">一汁三菜</span></span>, "one soup, three sides")</span> refers to the makeup of a typical meal served but has roots in classic <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseki</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">honzen</i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yūshoku</i></span> cuisine. The term is also used to describe the first course served in standard <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseki</i></span> cuisine nowadays.<sup id="cite_ref-yomiuri_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yomiuri-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of Japanese "one soup, three sides" cuisine is a dietary style called Ichiju-Issai (一汁一菜, "one soup, one dish"),<sup id="cite_ref-Ichiju-Issai_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ichiju-Issai-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tracing back to the Five Great Zen Temples of the 12-century Kamakura period (<a href="/wiki/Kench%C5%8D-ji" title="Kenchō-ji">Kamakura Gozan</a>), developed as a form of meal that emphasized frugality and simplicity. </p><p>Rice is served in its own small bowl (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chawan" title="Chawan">chawan</a></i></span>), and each main course item is placed on its own small plate (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sara</i></span>) or bowl (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hachi</i></span>) for each individual portion. This is done even in Japanese homes. This contrasts with Western-style home dinners in which each individual takes helpings from large serving dishes of food placed in the middle of the dining table. Japanese style traditionally abhors different flavored dishes touching each other on a single plate, so different dishes are given their own individual plates as mentioned or are partitioned using, for example, leaves. Placing main dishes on top of rice, thereby "soiling" it, is also frowned upon by traditional etiquette.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakfast_at_Tamahan_Ryokan,_Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Breakfast_at_Tamahan_Ryokan%2C_Kyoto.jpg/220px-Breakfast_at_Tamahan_Ryokan%2C_Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Breakfast_at_Tamahan_Ryokan%2C_Kyoto.jpg/330px-Breakfast_at_Tamahan_Ryokan%2C_Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Breakfast_at_Tamahan_Ryokan%2C_Kyoto.jpg/440px-Breakfast_at_Tamahan_Ryokan%2C_Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>Breakfast at a <a href="/wiki/Ryokan_(Japanese_inn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryokan (Japanese inn)">ryokan (Japanese inn)</a>, featuring grilled <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackerel (food)">mackerel</a>, Kansai-style <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dashimaki</i></span> egg, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaminabe</i></span> (paper pot)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although this tradition of not placing other foods on rice originated from classical Chinese dining formalities, especially after the adoption of Buddhist tea ceremonies; it became most popular and common during and after the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, such as in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaiseki</i></span>. Although present-day Chinese cuisine has abandoned this practice, Japanese cuisine retains it. One exception is the popular <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Donburi" title="Donburi">donburi</a></i></span>, in which toppings are directly served on rice. </p><p>The small rice bowl<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茶碗</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chawan</i></span>)</span>, literally "tea bowl", doubles as a word for the large tea bowls in tea ceremonies. Thus in common speech, the drinking cup is referred to as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yunomi-jawan</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yunomi" title="Yunomi">yunomi</a></i></span> for the purpose of distinction. Among the nobility, each course of a full-course Japanese meal would be brought on serving napkins called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">zen</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">膳</span></span>)</span>, which were originally platformed trays or small dining tables. In the modern age, <a href="/wiki/Faldstool" title="Faldstool">faldstool</a> trays or stackup-type legged trays may still be seen used in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">zashiki</i></span>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tatami" title="Tatami">tatami</a>-mat rooms, for large banquets or at a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ryokan_(inn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryokan (inn)">ryokan</a></i></span> type inn. Some restaurants might use the suffix <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">-zen</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">膳</span></span>)</span> as a more sophisticated though <a href="/wiki/Retro_style" title="Retro style">dated</a> synonym to the more familiar <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">teishoku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">定食</span></span>)</span>, since the latter basically is a term for a <a href="/wiki/Combination_meal" title="Combination meal">combo meal</a> served at a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">taishū-shokudō</i></span>, akin to a <a href="/wiki/Diner" title="Diner">diner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kojien-taishushokudo_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojien-taishushokudo-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Teishoku</i></span> means a meal of fixed menu (for example, grilled fish with rice and soup), a dinner <i>à prix fixe</i><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served at <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shokudō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">食堂</span></span>, "dining hall")</span> or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ryōriten</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">料理店</span></span>, "restaurant")</span>, which is somewhat vague (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shokudō</i></span> can mean a diner-type restaurant or a corporate lunch hall); writer on Japanese popular culture Ishikawa Hiroyoshi<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines it as fare served at <i>teishoku</i> dining halls<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">定食食堂</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">teishoku-shokudō</i></span>)</span>, and comparable diner-like establishments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonality">Seasonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seasonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiseki_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kaiseki_001.jpg/220px-Kaiseki_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kaiseki_001.jpg/330px-Kaiseki_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kaiseki_001.jpg/440px-Kaiseki_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Kaiseki appetizers on a wooden plate</figcaption></figure> <p>Emphasis is placed on <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_food" title="Seasonal food">seasonality of food</a> or <i>shun</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:旬">旬</a></span></span>)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-heibonsha-nihonryori_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heibonsha-nihonryori-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dishes are designed to herald the arrival of the four seasons or calendar months. </p><p>Seasonality means taking advantage of the "fruit of the mountains"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">山の幸</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yama no sachi</i></span>, alt. "bounty of the mountains")</span> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoots</a> in spring, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a> in the autumn) as well as the "fruit of the sea"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">海の幸</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">umi no sachi</i></span>, alt. "bounty of the sea")</span> as they come into season. Thus the first catch of <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a> tunas<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">初鰹</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hatsu-gatsuo</i></span>)</span> that arrives with the <a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuroshio Current</a> has traditionally been greatly prized.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If something becomes available rather earlier than what is usual for the item in question, the first crop or early catch is called <i>hashiri</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of tree leaves and branches as decor is also characteristic of Japanese cuisine. Maple leaves are often floated on water to exude coolness or <i>ryō</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">涼</span></span>)</span>; sprigs of <a href="/wiki/Nandina" title="Nandina">nandina</a> are popularly used. The <i>haran</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Aspidistra" title="Aspidistra">Aspidistra</a></i>) and sasa bamboo leaves were often cut into shapes and placed underneath or used as separators.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_recognition">UNESCO recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: UNESCO recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a> recommended that 'Washoku: Traditional Dietary Cultures of the Japanese' be added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 4, 2013, "Washoku, traditional dietary cultures  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] of the Japanese, notably for the celebration of New Year" was added to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage, bringing the number of Japanese assets listed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list to 22.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_ingredients">Traditional ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traditional ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">History of Japanese cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_ingredients" title="List of Japanese ingredients">List of Japanese ingredients</a></div> <p>A characteristic of traditional Japanese food is the sparing use of <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>, oils and fats, and dairy products.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehara_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehara-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">miso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umeboshi" title="Umeboshi">umeboshi</a> tends to result in dishes with high salt content, though there are low-sodium versions of these available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat_consumption">Meat consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Meat consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:090906_yakiniku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/090906_yakiniku.jpg/220px-090906_yakiniku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/090906_yakiniku.jpg/330px-090906_yakiniku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/090906_yakiniku.jpg/440px-090906_yakiniku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yakiniku" title="Yakiniku">Yakiniku</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As Japan is an <a href="/wiki/Island_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Island nation">island nation</a> surrounded by an ocean, its people have always taken advantage of the abundant seafood supply.<sup id="cite_ref-heibonsha-nihonryori_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heibonsha-nihonryori-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the opinion of some food scholars that the Japanese diet always relied mainly on "grains with vegetables or seaweeds as main, with poultry secondary, and <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a> in slight amounts" even before the advent of Buddhism which placed an even stronger taboo.<sup id="cite_ref-heibonsha-nihonryori_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heibonsha-nihonryori-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eating of "four-legged creatures"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四足</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>yotsuashi</i></i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> was spoken of as taboo,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unclean or something to be avoided by personal choice through the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consumption of <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">whale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suppon" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppon">terrapin</a> meat were not forbidden under this definition. Despite this, the consumption of red meat did not completely disappear in Japan. Eating wild game—as opposed to domesticated livestock—was tolerated; in particular, trapped <a href="/wiki/Japanese_hare" title="Japanese hare">hare</a> was counted using the <a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">measure word</a> <i>wa</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">羽</span></span>)</span>, a term normally reserved for birds. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nabe_being_made_at_a_dinner_party_in_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Nabe_being_made_at_a_dinner_party_in_Japan.jpg/220px-Nabe_being_made_at_a_dinner_party_in_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Nabe_being_made_at_a_dinner_party_in_Japan.jpg/330px-Nabe_being_made_at_a_dinner_party_in_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Nabe_being_made_at_a_dinner_party_in_Japan.jpg/440px-Nabe_being_made_at_a_dinner_party_in_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Beef hot pot being made at a party in Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1872 of the Meiji restoration, as part of the opening up of Japan to Western influence, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> lifted the ban on the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-watanabe_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watanabe-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The removal of the ban encountered resistance and in one notable response, ten monks attempted to break into the Imperial Palace. The monks asserted that due to foreign influence, large numbers of Japanese had begun eating meat and that this was "destroying the soul of the Japanese people." Several of the monks were killed during the break-in attempt, and the remainder were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-watanabe_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watanabe-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kallen_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kallen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the consumption of meat was accepted by the common people. <i><b>Gyūnabe</b></i> (beef hot pot), the prototype of <a href="/wiki/Sukiyaki" title="Sukiyaki">sukiyaki</a>, became the rage of the time. Western restaurants moved in, and some of them changed their form to <i><b>Yōshoku</b></i>. </p><p>Vegetable consumption has dwindled while processed foods have become more prominent in Japanese households due to the rising costs of general foodstuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Kyoto vegetables, or <a href="/wiki/Kyoyasai" title="Kyoyasai">Kyoyasai</a>, are rising in popularity and different varieties of Kyoto vegetables are being revived.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking_oil">Cooking oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cooking oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally speaking, traditional Japanese cuisine is prepared with little cooking oil. A major exception is the <a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">deep-frying</a> of foods. This cooking method was introduced during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> due to influence from Western (formerly called <i>nanban-ryōri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">南蛮料理</span></span>)</span>) and Chinese cuisine,<sup id="cite_ref-fukuta-oil_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fukuta-oil-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became commonplace with the availability of cooking oil due to increased productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-fukuta-oil_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fukuta-oil-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">tempura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aburaage" class="mw-redirect" title="Aburaage">aburaage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsuma age">satsuma age</a><sup id="cite_ref-fukuta-oil_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fukuta-oil-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are now part of established traditional Japanese cuisine. Words such as <i>tempura</i> or <i>hiryōzu</i> (synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Ganmodoki" title="Ganmodoki">ganmodoki</a>) are said to be of Portuguese origin. </p><p>Also, certain rustic sorts of traditional Japanese foods such as <a href="/wiki/Kinpira" title="Kinpira">kinpira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hijiki" title="Hijiki">hijiki</a>, and <i>kiriboshi</i> daikon usually involve <a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir-frying</a> in oil before stewing in soy sauce. Some standard <i>osōzai</i> or <a href="/wiki/Obanzai" title="Obanzai">obanzai</a> dishes feature stir-fried Japanese greens with either <a href="/wiki/Aburaage" class="mw-redirect" title="Aburaage">age</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chirimen-jako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chirimen-jako (page does not exist)">chirimen-jako</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%8A%E3%82%81%E3%82%93%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%93" class="extiw" title="ja:ちりめんじゃこ">ja</a>]</span>, dried sardines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonings">Seasonings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seasonings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes#Seasonings" title="List of Japanese dishes">Japanese seasonings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kikkoman_Soy_Sauce,_Front-view_jp-type_,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kikkoman_Soy_Sauce%2C_Front-view_jp-type_%2C.jpg/170px-Kikkoman_Soy_Sauce%2C_Front-view_jp-type_%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kikkoman_Soy_Sauce%2C_Front-view_jp-type_%2C.jpg/255px-Kikkoman_Soy_Sauce%2C_Front-view_jp-type_%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kikkoman_Soy_Sauce%2C_Front-view_jp-type_%2C.jpg/340px-Kikkoman_Soy_Sauce%2C_Front-view_jp-type_%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The use of <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a> is prevalent in Japanese cuisine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Japanese food is typically seasoned with a combination of <a href="/wiki/Dashi" title="Dashi">dashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">mirin</a>, vinegar, sugar, and salt. A modest number of herbs and spices may be used during cooking as a hint or accent, or as a means of neutralizing fishy or gamy odors present. Examples of such spices include <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">perilla</a> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takanotsume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takanotsume (page does not exist)">takanotsume</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B7%B9%E3%81%AE%E7%88%AA" class="extiw" title="ja:鷹の爪">ja</a>]</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鷹の爪</span></span>)</span> red pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intense condiments such as <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a> or Japanese <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustard</a> are provided as condiments to raw fish, due to their effect on the mucous membrane which paralyze the sense of smell, particularly from fish odors.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sprig of <a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia" title="Cryptotaenia">mitsuba</a> or a piece of <a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">yuzu</a> rind floated on soups are called <i>ukimi</i>. Minced <a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">shiso</a> leaves and <a href="/wiki/Myoga" title="Myoga">myoga</a> often serve as <i>yakumi</i>, a type of condiment paired with <a href="/wiki/Tataki" title="Tataki">tataki</a> of <a href="/wiki/Katsuo" title="Katsuo">katsuo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">soba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a> is also a very popular spice mixture often added to soups, noodles and rice cakes. Shichimi is a chilli-based spice mix which contains seven spices: chilli, sansho, orange peel, black sesame, white sesame, hemp, ginger, and nori.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garnishes">Garnishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Garnishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once a main dish has been cooked, spices such as minced ginger and various pungent herbs may be added as a garnish, called <i>tsuma</i>. Finally, a dish may be garnished with minced seaweed in the form of crumpled <a href="/wiki/Nori" title="Nori">nori</a> or flakes of <a href="/wiki/Aonori" class="mw-redirect" title="Aonori">aonori</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Inedible garnishes are featured in dishes to reflect a holiday or the season. Generally these include inedible leaves, flowers native to Japan or with a long history of being grown in the country, as well as their artificial counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salads">Salads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Salads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinach_Ohitashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Spinach_Ohitashi.jpg/220px-Spinach_Ohitashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Spinach_Ohitashi.jpg/330px-Spinach_Ohitashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Spinach_Ohitashi.jpg/440px-Spinach_Ohitashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Japanese boiled spinach salad (<i>ohitashi</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>o-hitashi</i> or <i>hitashi-mono</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おひたし</span></span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is boiled green-leaf vegetables bunched and cut to size, steeped in <a href="/wiki/Dashi" title="Dashi">dashi</a> broth,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimbo2000237_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimbo2000237-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eaten with dashes of soy sauce. Another item is <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sunomono</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">酢の物</span></span>, "vinegar item")</span>, which could be made with <a href="/wiki/Wakame" title="Wakame">wakame</a> seaweed,<sup id="cite_ref-shimbo-sunomono_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimbo-sunomono-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or be something like a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kōhaku <a href="/wiki/Namasu" title="Namasu">namasu</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">紅白なます</span></span>, "red white namasu")</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsujiFisherReichl2006429_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsujiFisherReichl2006429-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made from thin toothpick slices of daikon and carrot. The so-called vinegar that is blended with the ingredient here is often <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanbaizu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanbaizu (page does not exist)">sanbaizu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%AF%E9%85%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:三杯酢">ja</a>]</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三杯酢</span></span>, "three cupful/spoonful vinegar")</span><sup id="cite_ref-shimbo-sunomono_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimbo-sunomono-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a blend of vinegar, mirin, and soy sauce. A <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosazu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosazu (page does not exist)">tosazu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E4%BD%90%E9%85%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:土佐酢">ja</a>]</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">土佐酢</span></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Tosa_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosa province">Tosa</a> vinegar")</span> adds katsuo dashi to this. </p><p>An <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aemono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aemono (page does not exist)">aemono</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:和える">ja</a>]</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和え物</span></span>)</span> is another group of items, describable as a sort of "tossed salad" or "dressed" (though <i>aemono</i> also includes thin strips of squid or fish sashimi (<i>itozukuri</i>) etc. similarly prepared). One type is <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Goma-ae" title="Goma-ae">goma-ae</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">胡麻和え</span></span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-tsuji-appetiz_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsuji-appetiz-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where usually vegetables such as green beans are tossed with white or black <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a> seeds ground in a <a href="/wiki/Suribachi_and_surikogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Suribachi and surikogi">suribachi</a> mortar bowl, flavored additionally with sugar and soy sauce. <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shira-ae</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">白和え</span></span>)</span> adds <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> (bean curd) in the mix.<sup id="cite_ref-tsuji-appetiz_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsuji-appetiz-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i>aemono</i> is tossed with vinegar-white miso mix and uses <i>wakegi</i><sup id="cite_ref-tsuji-appetiz_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsuji-appetiz-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">scallion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mactra_chinensis" title="Mactra chinensis">baka-gai</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">バカガイ / 馬鹿貝</span></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Trough_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Trough shell">trough shell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mactra_chinensis" title="Mactra chinensis">Mactra chinensis</a></i>)</span> as standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rice">Rice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rice" title="Japanese rice">Japanese rice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukiya_Jakarta_Niku_Ramen_Gyudon_Combo_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sukiya_Jakarta_Niku_Ramen_Gyudon_Combo_1.jpg/220px-Sukiya_Jakarta_Niku_Ramen_Gyudon_Combo_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sukiya_Jakarta_Niku_Ramen_Gyudon_Combo_1.jpg/330px-Sukiya_Jakarta_Niku_Ramen_Gyudon_Combo_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sukiya_Jakarta_Niku_Ramen_Gyudon_Combo_1.jpg/440px-Sukiya_Jakarta_Niku_Ramen_Gyudon_Combo_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%ABdon" title="Gyūdon">Gyūdon</a></i> beef rice bowl (right) and <i>niku shoyu ramen</i> beef noodle (left)</figcaption></figure> <p>Rice has historically been the staple food of the Japanese people. Its fundamental importance is evident from the fact that the word for cooked rice, <i>gohan</i> or <i>meshi</i>, also stands for a "meal".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rice has an ancient history of cultivation in Japan, its use as a staple has not been universal. Notably, in northern areas (northern Honshū and Hokkaidō), other grains such as wheat were more common into the 19th century. </p><p>In most of Japan, rice used to be consumed for almost every meal, and although a 2007 survey showed that 70% of Japanese still eat it once or twice a day, its popularity is now declining. In the 20th century there has been a shift in dietary habits, with an increasing number of people choosing wheat-based products (such as bread and noodles) over rice.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobayashi_&_Smil_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi_&_Smil-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese rice is short-grained and becomes sticky when cooked. Most rice is sold as <i>hakumai</i> (白米, "white rice"), with the outer portion of the grains (糠, <i>nuka</i>) polished away. Unpolished <a href="/wiki/Brown_rice" title="Brown rice">brown rice</a> (玄米, <i>genmai</i>) is considered less desirable, but its popularity has been increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobayashi_&_Smil_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi_&_Smil-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noodles">Noodles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Noodles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_noodles" title="Japanese noodles">Japanese noodles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udon-M1336.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Udon-M1336.jpg/220px-Udon-M1336.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Udon-M1336.jpg/330px-Udon-M1336.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Udon-M1336.jpg/440px-Udon-M1336.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">Udon</a> noodles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otsu_Tsuruki-soba01st3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Otsu_Tsuruki-soba01st3200.jpg/220px-Otsu_Tsuruki-soba01st3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Otsu_Tsuruki-soba01st3200.jpg/330px-Otsu_Tsuruki-soba01st3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Otsu_Tsuruki-soba01st3200.jpg/440px-Otsu_Tsuruki-soba01st3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2130" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">Soba</a> noodles</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese noodles often substitute for a rice-based meal. <i><a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">Soba</a></i> (thin, grayish-brown noodles containing <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> flour) and <i><a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">udon</a></i> (thick wheat noodles) are the main traditional noodles, while ramen is a modern import and now very popular. There are also other, less common noodles, such as <i>somen</i> (thin, white noodles containing wheat flour). </p><p>Japanese noodles, such as soba and udon, are eaten as a standalone, and usually not with a side dish, in terms of general custom. It may have toppings, but they are called <i>gu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:具">具</a></span></span>)</span>. The fried battered shrimp tempura sitting in a bowl of tempura-soba would be referred to as "the shrimp" or "the tempura", and not so much be referred to as a topping (<i>gu</i>). The identical toppings, if served as a dish to be eaten with plain white rice could be called <i>okazu</i>, so these terms are context-sensitive. Some noodle dishes derive their name from Japanese folklore, such as <a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">kitsune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bake-danuki" title="Bake-danuki">tanuki</a>, reflecting dishes in which the noodles can be changed, but the broth and garnishes correspond to their respective legend.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hot noodles are usually served in a bowl already steeped in their broth and are called <i>kakesoba</i> or <i>kakeudon</i>. Cold soba arrive unseasoned and heaped atop a <i>zaru</i> or <i>seiro</i>, and are picked up with a chopstick and dunked in their dipping sauce. The broth can consist of many ingredients but is generally based on dashi; the sauce, called tsuyu, is usually more concentrated and made from soy sauce, dashi and mirin, sake or both. </p><p>In the simple form, <i>yakumi</i> (condiments and spices) such as <a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">shichimi</a>, nori, finely chopped scallions, wasabi, etc. are added to the noodles, besides the broth/dip sauce. </p><p>Udon may also be eaten in <i>kama-age</i> style, piping hot straight out of the boiling pot, and eaten with plain soy sauce and sometimes with raw egg also. </p><p>Japanese noodles are traditionally eaten by bringing the bowl close to the mouth, and sucking in the noodles with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Chopstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopstick">chopsticks</a>. The resulting loud slurping noise is considered normal in Japan, although in the 2010s concerns began to be voiced about the slurping being offensive to others, especially tourists. The word <i>nuuhara</i> (ヌーハラ, from "nuudoru harasumento", noodle harassment) was coined to describe this.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweets">Sweets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sweets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">Wagashi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_desserts_and_sweets" title="List of Japanese desserts and sweets">List of Japanese desserts and sweets</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes#Sweets_and_snacks_(okashi_(おかし),_oyatsu_(おやつ))" title="List of Japanese dishes">List of Japanese sweets and snacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Wagashi_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Green_Wagashi_04.jpg/220px-Green_Wagashi_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Green_Wagashi_04.jpg/330px-Green_Wagashi_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Green_Wagashi_04.jpg/440px-Green_Wagashi_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Green wagashi</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Japanese sweets are known as <i>wagashi</i>. Ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Red_bean_paste" title="Red bean paste">red bean paste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">mochi</a> are used. More modern-day tastes includes <a href="/wiki/Green_tea_ice_cream" title="Green tea ice cream">green tea ice cream</a>, a very popular flavor. Almost all manufacturers produce a version of it. <a href="/wiki/Kakig%C5%8Dri" title="Kakigōri">Kakigōri</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Shaved_ice" title="Shaved ice">shaved ice</a> dessert flavored with syrup or condensed milk. It is usually sold and eaten at summer festivals. A dessert very popular amongst children in Japan is <a href="/wiki/Dorayaki" title="Dorayaki">dorayaki</a>. They are sweet <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a> filled with a sweet red bean paste. They are mostly eaten at room temperature but are also considered very delicious hot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drinks">Drinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes#Tea_and_other_drinks" title="List of Japanese dishes">List of Japanese dishes § Tea and other drinks</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea">Tea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a> may be served with most Japanese dishes. It is produced in Japan and prepared in various forms such as <a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">matcha</a>, the tea used in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Japanese tea ceremony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beer">Beer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Beer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Japan" title="Beer in Japan">Beer in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berber_limited_Edition,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Berber_limited_Edition%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Berber_limited_Edition%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Berber_limited_Edition%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Berber_limited_Edition%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Berber_limited_Edition%2C_2019.jpg/440px-Berber_limited_Edition%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4194" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>lager</figcaption></figure> <p>Beer production started in Japan in the 1860s. The most commonly consumed beers in Japan are pale-coloured light <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lagers</a>, with an alcohol strength of around 5.0% ABV. Lager beers are the most commonly produced <a href="/wiki/Beer_style" title="Beer style">beer style</a> in Japan, but beer-like beverages, made with lower levels of malts called <i><a href="/wiki/Happoshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Happoshu">Happoshu</a></i> (発泡酒, literally, "bubbly alcohol") or non-malt Happousei (発泡性, literally "effervescence") have captured a large part of the market as tax is substantially lower on these products. Beer and its varieties have a market share of almost 2/3 of alcoholic beverages. </p><p>Small local <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbreweries</a> have also gained increasing popularity since the 1990s, supplying distinct tasting beers in a variety of styles that seek to match the emphasis on craftsmanship, quality, and ingredient provenance often associated with Japanese food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sake">Sake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matsui_Sake_Brewery%27s_Sake_20211122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Matsui_Sake_Brewery%27s_Sake_20211122.jpg/220px-Matsui_Sake_Brewery%27s_Sake_20211122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Matsui_Sake_Brewery%27s_Sake_20211122.jpg/330px-Matsui_Sake_Brewery%27s_Sake_20211122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Matsui_Sake_Brewery%27s_Sake_20211122.jpg/440px-Matsui_Sake_Brewery%27s_Sake_20211122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Sake</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a> is a brewed rice beverage that typically contains 15–17% <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> and is made by multiple <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a> of rice. At traditional formal meals, it is considered an equivalent to rice and is not simultaneously taken with other rice-based dishes, although this notion is typically no longer applied to modern, refined, premium ("ginjo") sake, which bear little resemblance to the sakes of even 100 years ago. Side dishes for sake are particularly called <i><a href="/wiki/Sakana" title="Sakana">sakana</a></i> or <i>otsumami</i>. </p><p>Sake is brewed in a highly labor-intensive process more similar to beer production than winemaking, hence, the common description of sake as rice "wine" is misleading. Sake is made with, by legal definition, strictly just four ingredients: <a href="/wiki/Sake#Rice" title="Sake">special rice</a>, water, <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_oryzae" title="Aspergillus oryzae">koji</a>, and special <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>. </p><p>As of 2014, Japan has some 1500 registered breweries,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which produce thousands of different sakes. Sake characteristics and flavor profiles vary with regionality, ingredients, and the styles (maintained by brewmaster guilds) that brewery leaders want to produce. </p><p>Sake flavor profiles lend extremely well to pairing with a wide variety of cuisines, including non-Japanese cuisines. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shochu_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shochu_004.jpg/103px-Shochu_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shochu_004.jpg/155px-Shochu_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shochu_004.jpg/207px-Shochu_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><b>Shochu</b></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shōchū"><span id="Sh.C5.8Dch.C5.AB"></span>Shōchū</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shōchū"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Distilled_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled spirit">distilled spirit</a> that is typically made from <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, or rice. <i>Shōchū</i> is produced everywhere in Japan, but its production started in <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whatis_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatis-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whisky">Whisky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Whisky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_whisky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Japanese_whisky.jpg/220px-Japanese_whisky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Japanese_whisky.jpg/330px-Japanese_whisky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Japanese_whisky.jpg/440px-Japanese_whisky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption><b>Japanese whisky</b></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a> began commercial production in the early 20th century, and is now extremely popular, primarily consumed in <a href="/wiki/Highball" title="Highball">highballs</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ハイボール</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">haibōru</i></span>)</span>. It is produced in the Scottish style, with malt whisky produced since the 1980s, and has won top international awards since the 2000s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine">Wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">domestic wine production</a> exists since the 1860s, yet most wine is imported. The total market share of wine on alcoholic beverages is about 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialty_food">Specialty food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Specialty food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagy%C5%AB_on_plate_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wagy%C5%AB_on_plate_4.jpg/220px-Wagy%C5%AB_on_plate_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wagy%C5%AB_on_plate_4.jpg/330px-Wagy%C5%AB_on_plate_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wagy%C5%AB_on_plate_4.jpg/440px-Wagy%C5%AB_on_plate_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><b>Wagyū</b> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wagyu" title="Wagyu">Wagyu</a> is the collective name for the four principal <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cattle_breeds" title="List of Japanese cattle breeds">Japanese breeds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">beef cattle</a>. All wagyū cattle derive from <a href="/wiki/Cross-breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-breeding">cross-breeding</a> in the early twentieth century of native Japanese cattle with imported stock, mostly from Europe. In several areas of Japan, Wagyu beef is shipped carrying area names. Some examples are <a href="/wiki/Matsusaka_beef" title="Matsusaka beef">Matsusaka beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobe_beef" title="Kobe beef">Kobe beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yonezawa_beef" title="Yonezawa beef">Yonezawa beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmi_beef" title="Ōmi beef">Ōmi beef</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanda,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Sanda, Hyōgo">Sanda</a> beef. In recent years, Wagyu beef has increased in fat percentage due to a decrease in grazing and an increase in using feed, resulting in larger, fattier cattle. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yubari_melons_in_the_cardboard_box.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yubari_melons_in_the_cardboard_box.JPG/153px-Yubari_melons_in_the_cardboard_box.JPG" decoding="async" width="153" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yubari_melons_in_the_cardboard_box.JPG/230px-Yubari_melons_in_the_cardboard_box.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yubari_melons_in_the_cardboard_box.JPG/306px-Yubari_melons_in_the_cardboard_box.JPG 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><b>Yubari</b></figcaption></figure> <p>Specialty eggs – compared to ordinary eggs, eggs produced with special feed and poultry-raising. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cube_Watermelons_for_Sale_in_Munich,_Germany_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cube_Watermelons_for_Sale_in_Munich%2C_Germany_Market.jpg/167px-Cube_Watermelons_for_Sale_in_Munich%2C_Germany_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cube_Watermelons_for_Sale_in_Munich%2C_Germany_Market.jpg/251px-Cube_Watermelons_for_Sale_in_Munich%2C_Germany_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cube_Watermelons_for_Sale_in_Munich%2C_Germany_Market.jpg/334px-Cube_Watermelons_for_Sale_in_Munich%2C_Germany_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><b>Cube Watermelons</b></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Yubari King</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">夕張メロン</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yūbari Meron</i></span>, Yūbari melon)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Cantaloupe" title="Cantaloupe">cantaloupe</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> farmed in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABbari,_Hokkaido" title="Yūbari, Hokkaido">Yūbari, Hokkaido</a>, a small city close to <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a> </p><p><b>Square</b> or <b>cube watermelons</b> are <a href="/wiki/Watermelons" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermelons">watermelons</a> grown into the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cube</a>. Cube watermelons are commonly sold in Japan, where they are essentially ornamental and are often very expensive, with prices as high as <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$200</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooking_techniques">Cooking techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cooking techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different cooking techniques are applied to each of the three <i>okazu</i>; they may be raw (<a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">grilled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">simmered</a> (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiled</a>), <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steamed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">deep-fried</a>, vinegared, or <a href="/wiki/Salad_dressing" title="Salad dressing">dressed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dishes">Dishes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">List of Japanese dishes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Okazu" title="Okazu">okazu</a>, and sōzai<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A3%E8%8F%9C" class="extiw" title="ja:惣菜">惣菜</a></span></span>)</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obanzai_yasai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Obanzai_yasai.JPG/220px-Obanzai_yasai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Obanzai_yasai.JPG/330px-Obanzai_yasai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Obanzai_yasai.JPG/440px-Obanzai_yasai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><b>Obanzai yasai</b></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>ichijū-sansai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">一汁三菜</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"one soup, three sides"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, the word <i>sai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:菜">菜</a></span></span>)</span> has the basic meaning of "vegetable", but secondarily means any accompanying dish (whether it uses fish or meat),<sup id="cite_ref-kojien-sai_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojien-sai-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the more familiar combined form <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%8Dzai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sōzai (page does not exist)"><i>sōzai</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A3%E8%8F%9C" class="extiw" title="ja:惣菜">ja</a>]</span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">惣菜</span></span>)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-kojien-sai_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojien-sai-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a term for any side dish, such as the vast selections sold at Japanese supermarkets or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Depachika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depachika (page does not exist)"><i>depachikas</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%91%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:デパ地下">ja</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-baltimore-sun2004-09-22_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baltimore-sun2004-09-22-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It figures in the Japanese word for appetizer, <i>zensai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">前菜</span></span>)</span>; main dish, <i>shusai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">主菜</span></span>)</span>; or <i>sōzai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">惣菜</span></span>)</span> (formal synonym for <i>okazu</i>), but the latter is considered somewhat of a ladies' term or <i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">nyōbō kotoba</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kojien-okazu_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kojien-okazu-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempura_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tempura_02.jpg/220px-Tempura_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tempura_02.jpg/330px-Tempura_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tempura_02.jpg/440px-Tempura_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">Tempura</a></i> battered and deep fried seafood and vegetables </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muroran_Yakitori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Muroran_Yakitori.jpg/220px-Muroran_Yakitori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Muroran_Yakitori.jpg/330px-Muroran_Yakitori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Muroran_Yakitori.jpg/440px-Muroran_Yakitori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Yakitori" title="Yakitori">Yakitori</a></i> grilled chicken</figcaption></figure> <p>Below are listed some of the most common categories for prepared food: </p> <ul><li><i>Yakimono</i> (焼き物), grilled and pan-fried dishes</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimono" title="Nimono">Nimono</a></i> (煮物), stewed/simmered/cooked/boiled dishes</li> <li><i>Itamemono</i> (炒め物), stir-fried dishes</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushimono" title="Mushimono">Mushimono</a></i> (蒸し物), steamed dishes</li> <li><i>Agemono</i> (揚げ物), deep-fried dishes</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">Sashimi</a></i> (刺身), sliced raw fish</li> <li><i>Suimono</i> (吸い物) and <i>shirumono</i> (汁物), soups</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsukemono" title="Tsukemono">Tsukemono</a></i> (漬け物), pickled/salted vegetables</li> <li><i>Aemono</i> (和え物), dishes dressed with various kinds of sauce</li> <li><i>Sunomono</i> (酢の物), vinegared dishes</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinmi" title="Chinmi">Chinmi</a></i> (珍味), delicacies<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kaiseki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></i>, closely associated with tea ceremony (<i><a href="/wiki/Chanoyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanoyu">chanoyu</a></i>), is a high form of hospitality through cuisine. The style is minimalist, extolling the aesthetics of <a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">wabi-sabi</a>. Like the tea ceremony, appreciation of the diningware and vessels is part of the experience. In the modern standard form, the first course consists of <i>ichijū-sansai</i> (one soup, three dishes), followed by the serving of sake accompanied by dish(es) plated on a square wooden bordered tray of sorts called <i>hassun</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">八寸</span></span>)</span>. Sometimes another element called <i>shiizakana</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">強肴</span></span>)</span> is served to complement the sake, for guests who are heavier drinkers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarian">Vegetarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vegetarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natto_mixed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Natto_mixed.jpg/220px-Natto_mixed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Natto_mixed.jpg/330px-Natto_mixed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Natto_mixed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">Nattō</a>, Japanese soybean-based vegetarian food</figcaption></figure> <p>Strictly vegetarian food is rare since even vegetable dishes are flavored with the ubiquitous dashi stock, usually made with <a href="/wiki/Katsuobushi" title="Katsuobushi">katsuobushi</a> (dried <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack tuna</a> flakes), and are therefore <a href="/wiki/Pescetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pescetarian">pescetarian</a> more often than carnivorous. An exception is <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">shōjin-ryōri</a></i> (精進料理), vegetarian dishes developed by Buddhist monks. However, the advertised <i>shōjin-ryōri</i> at public eating places includes some non-vegetarian elements. Vegetarianism, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fucha-ry%C5%8Dri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fucha-ryōri (page does not exist)">fucha-ryōri</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E8%8C%B6%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" class="extiw" title="ja:普茶料理">ja</a>]</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">普茶料理</span></span>)</span> was introduced from China by the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a> sect (a sub-sect of Zen Buddhism), and which some sources still regard as part of "Japanese cuisine".<sup id="cite_ref-heibonsha-nihonryori_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heibonsha-nihonryori-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sect in Japan was founded by the priest <a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a> (d. 1673), and is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Uji, Kyoto">Uji, Kyoto</a>. The Japanese name for the <a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris" title="Phaseolus vulgaris">common green bean</a> takes after this priest who allegedly introduced the New World crop via China. One aspect of the fucha-ryōri practiced at the temple is the wealth of <i>modoki-ryōri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">もどき料理</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"mock foods"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, one example being mock-eel, made from strained <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nori" title="Nori">nori</a> seaweed used expertly to mimic the black skin.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secret ingredient used is grated <i><a href="/wiki/Arctium" title="Arctium">gobō</a></i> (burdock) roots.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Masakazu Tada, Honorary Vice-President of the <a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a> for 25 years from 1960, stated that "Japan was vegetarian for 1,000 years". The taboo against eating meat was lifted in 1872 by the Meiji Emperor as part of an effort towards westernizing Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-kallen_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kallen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British journalist <a href="/wiki/J._W._Robertson_Scott" title="J. W. Robertson Scott">J. W. Robertson Scott</a> reported in the 1920s that the society was still 90% vegetarian, and 50–60% of the population ate fish only on festive occasions, probably due to poverty more than for any other reason. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_cuisine">Regional cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Regional cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_regional_cuisine" title="Japanese regional cuisine">Japanese regional cuisine</a></div> <p>Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties known as <i>kyōdo-ryōri</i> (郷土料理), many of them originating from dishes prepared using traditional recipes with local ingredients. Foods from the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō region</a> taste very strong. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Dashi" title="Dashi">dashi</a>-based broth for serving <a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">udon</a> noodles is heavy on dark <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">soba</a> broth. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Kansai_region" title="Kansai region">Kansai region</a> foods are lightly seasoned, with clear udon noodles.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made with light soy sauce.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_to_Japanese_Food_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction_to_Japanese_Food-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dishes_for_special_occasions">Dishes for special occasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dishes for special occasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimaki_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chimaki_002.jpg/220px-Chimaki_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chimaki_002.jpg/330px-Chimaki_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chimaki_002.jpg/440px-Chimaki_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><b>Chimaki</b> </figcaption></figure><p>In Japanese tradition, some dishes are strongly tied to a festival or event. These dishes include: </p><table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botamochi_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Botamochi_002.jpg/120px-Botamochi_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Botamochi_002.jpg/180px-Botamochi_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Botamochi_002.jpg/240px-Botamochi_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Botamochi" title="Botamochi">Botamochi</a></td> <td>a sticky rice dumpling with sweet azuki paste served in spring, while a similar sweet <a href="/wiki/Ohagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohagi">Ohagi</a> is served in autumn. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimaki_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chimaki_002.jpg/120px-Chimaki_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chimaki_002.jpg/180px-Chimaki_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chimaki_002.jpg/240px-Chimaki_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chimaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimaki">Chimaki</a></td> <td>steamed sweet rice cake. <a href="/wiki/Tango_no_sekku" title="Tango no sekku">Tango no sekku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gion_Matsuri" title="Gion Matsuri">Gion Festival</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hamo.jpg/120px-Hamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hamo.jpg/180px-Hamo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hamo.jpg/240px-Hamo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamo">Hamo</a></td> <td>a type of fish, often <a href="/wiki/Eel_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel (food)">eel</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmen" title="Sōmen">sōmen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gion_Matsuri" title="Gion Matsuri">Gion Festival</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oseti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oseti.jpg/120px-Oseti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oseti.jpg/180px-Oseti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oseti.jpg/240px-Oseti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osechi" title="Osechi">Osechi</a></td> <td>New Year. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sekihan_(2017-10-15).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sekihan_%282017-10-15%29.jpg/120px-Sekihan_%282017-10-15%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sekihan_%282017-10-15%29.jpg/180px-Sekihan_%282017-10-15%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sekihan_%282017-10-15%29.jpg/240px-Sekihan_%282017-10-15%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sekihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekihan">Sekihan</a></td> <td>red rice, which is served for any celebratory occasion. It is usually sticky rice cooked with azuki, or red bean, which gives the rice its distinctive red colour.<sup id="cite_ref-tsuji_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsuji-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soba_(15340369488).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Soba_%2815340369488%29.jpg/120px-Soba_%2815340369488%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Soba_%2815340369488%29.jpg/180px-Soba_%2815340369488%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Soba_%2815340369488%29.jpg/240px-Soba_%2815340369488%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">Soba</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>New Year's Eve. This is called <i><a href="/wiki/Toshikoshi_soba" title="Toshikoshi soba">toshi koshi soba</a></i> (literally "year crossing soba"). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chirashizushi_and_suimono_by_sakura_chihaya_on_Hina_matsuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chirashizushi_and_suimono_by_sakura_chihaya_on_Hina_matsuri.jpg/120px-Chirashizushi_and_suimono_by_sakura_chihaya_on_Hina_matsuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chirashizushi_and_suimono_by_sakura_chihaya_on_Hina_matsuri.jpg/180px-Chirashizushi_and_suimono_by_sakura_chihaya_on_Hina_matsuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chirashizushi_and_suimono_by_sakura_chihaya_on_Hina_matsuri.jpg/240px-Chirashizushi_and_suimono_by_sakura_chihaya_on_Hina_matsuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Chirashizushi</a>, Ushiojiru (clear soup of clams) and <a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">amazake</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinamatsuri" title="Hinamatsuri">Hinamatsuri</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In some regions, on every first and fifteenth day of the month, people eat a mixture of rice and azuki (<i>azuki meshi</i> (小豆飯); see <a href="/wiki/Sekihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekihan">Sekihan</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imported_and_adapted_foods">Imported and adapted foods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Imported and adapted foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan has a long history of importing food from other countries, some of which are now part of Japan's most popular cuisine. <a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">Ramen</a> is considered an important part to their culinary history, to the extent where in survey of 2,000 Tokyo residents, <a href="/wiki/Instant_noodle" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant noodle">instant ramen</a> came up many times as a product they thought was an outstanding Japanese invention.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believed to have originated in China, ramen became popular in Japan after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sino-Japanese war">Second Sino-Japanese war</a> (1937–1945), when many Chinese students were displaced to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beef_curry_rice_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Beef_curry_rice_003.jpg/250px-Beef_curry_rice_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Beef_curry_rice_003.jpg/375px-Beef_curry_rice_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Beef_curry_rice_003.jpg/500px-Beef_curry_rice_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Curry</a> is so widely consumed that it can be called a <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-curry_rice_research_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curry_rice_research-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Curry is another popular imported dish and is ranked near the top of nearly all Japanese surveys for favorite foods. The average Japanese person eats curry at least once a week.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of curry, as well many other foreign imports such as <i>pan</i> or bread, are linked to the emergence of <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dshoku" title="Yōshoku">yōshoku</a></i>, or western cuisine. <i>Yōshoku</i> can be traced as far back as the late <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> (1336–1573) during a culinary revolution called <i>namban ryori</i> (南蛮料理), which means "Southern barbarian cooking", as it is rooted in European cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cuisine style was first seen in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, which served as the point of contact between Europe and Japan at that point in time. Food items such as potatoes, corn, dairy products, as well as the hard candy <i>kompeito</i> (金平糖), spread during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cuisine became popular in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>, which is considered by many historians to be when Japan first opened itself to the outside world. </p><p>Bread was not a traditional food in Japan, but <i>shokupan</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Milk_Bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Milk Bread">Japanese milk bread</a>, was developed and came into broad use after the American response to post-World War II Japanese <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">rice shortages</a> included <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">relief</a> shipments of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, many of these imported items still hold a heavy presence in Japan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes#Foods_imported_from_Portugal_in_the_16th_century" title="List of Japanese dishes">Foods imported from Portugal in the 16th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes#Other_homegrown_cuisine_of_foreign_origin" title="List of Japanese dishes">Other adapted cuisines in Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yōshoku_–_Foreign_(Western)_food,_dishes[31]"><span id="Y.C5.8Dshoku_.E2.80.93_Foreign_.28Western.29_food.2C_dishes.5B31.5D"></span>Yōshoku – Foreign (Western) food, dishes<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Yōshoku – Foreign (Western) food, dishes[31]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dshoku" title="Yōshoku">Yōshoku</a></div> <p>Japan today abounds with home-grown, loosely Western-style food. Many of these were invented in the wake of the 1868 <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> and the end of <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">national seclusion</a>, when the sudden influx of foreign (in particular, Western) culture led to many restaurants serving Western food, known as <i>yōshoku</i> (洋食), a shortened form of <i>seiyōshoku</i> (西洋食, "Western cuisine"), opening up in cities. Restaurants that serve these foods are called <i>yōshokuya</i> (洋食屋, "Western cuisine restaurants").<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <i>yōshoku</i> items from that time have been adapted to a degree that they are now considered Japanese and are an integral part of any Japanese family menu. Many are served alongside rice and miso soup, and eaten with chopsticks. Yet, due to their origins these are still categorized as <i>yōshoku</i> as opposed to the more traditional <i>washoku</i> (和食, "Japanese cuisine").<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chūka_ryōri_–_Japanese_Chinese_cuisine"><span id="Ch.C5.ABka_ry.C5.8Dri_.E2.80.93_Japanese_Chinese_cuisine"></span>Chūka ryōri – Japanese Chinese cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Chūka ryōri – Japanese Chinese cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Chinese_cuisine" title="Japanese Chinese cuisine">Japanese Chinese cuisine</a></div> <p>Chinese cuisine is one of the oldest and most common foreign cuisines in Japan, predating the introduction of Western food dishes into the country. Many Chinese dishes have been altered to suit Japanese palates in a type of cuisine known as "chuka ryori". Iconic dishes of chuka ryori include <a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">ramen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiaozi" title="Jiaozi">gyoza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baozi" title="Baozi">chukaman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Okonomiyaki">Okonomiyaki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Okonomiyaki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Okonomiyaki" title="Okonomiyaki">Okonomiyaki</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okonomiyaki_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Okonomiyaki_001.jpg/220px-Okonomiyaki_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Okonomiyaki_001.jpg/330px-Okonomiyaki_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Okonomiyaki_001.jpg/440px-Okonomiyaki_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Japanese pancake, <a href="/wiki/Okonomiyaki" title="Okonomiyaki">Okonomiyaki</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Okonomiyaki is a savoury pancake containing a variety of ingredients in a wheat-flour-based batter.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonkatsu">Tonkatsu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tonkatsu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkatsu_by_ayustety_in_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tonkatsu_by_ayustety_in_Tokyo.jpg/220px-Tonkatsu_by_ayustety_in_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tonkatsu_by_ayustety_in_Tokyo.jpg/330px-Tonkatsu_by_ayustety_in_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tonkatsu_by_ayustety_in_Tokyo.jpg/440px-Tonkatsu_by_ayustety_in_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">Tonkatsu</a></i> pork cutlet</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">Tonkatsu</a></div> <p>Tonkatsu is a breaded, deep-fried pork cutlet. It is frequently served with <a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu_sauce" title="Tonkatsu sauce">tonkatsu sauce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curry">Curry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Curry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Japanese curry</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Curry</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Anglo</a>-Indian officers of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> who brought curry powder to Japan in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-times-curry_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-curry-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> adopted curry to prevent <a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">beriberi</a>. Overtime it was reinvented and adapted to suit Japanese tastes that it became uniquely Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-times-curry_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-curry-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is consumed so much that it is considered a <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-curry_rice_research_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curry_rice_research-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many recipes are on the menu of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">JMSDF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of vegetables and meats are used to make <a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Japanese curry</a>, usually vegetables like onions, carrots, and potatoes. The types of meat used are beef, pork, and chicken. A popular dish is <i><a href="/wiki/Katsukar%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsukarē">Katsu-karē</a></i> which is a <a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">breaded deep-fried cutlet</a> (<i>tonkatsu</i>; usually pork or chicken) with Japanese curry sauce.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_goodfood_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_goodfood-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Japanese curry</a> can be found in foods such as curry <a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">udon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curry_bread" title="Curry bread">curry bread</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Katsukar%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsukarē">katsukarē</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">tonkatsu</a> served with curry. It's very commonly made with rice beside the curry on the dish called "curry"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">カレー</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">karē</i></span>)</span>. This can be eaten during dinner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wafū_burgers_(Japanese-style_burgers)"><span id="Waf.C5.AB_burgers_.28Japanese-style_burgers.29"></span>Wafū burgers (Japanese-style burgers)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Wafū burgers (Japanese-style burgers)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">Hamburger</a> chains active in Japan include <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger King</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Kitchen" title="First Kitchen">First Kitchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotteria" title="Lotteria">Lotteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOS_Burger" title="MOS Burger">MOS Burger</a>. Many chains developed uniquely Japanese versions of American fast food such as the <a href="/wiki/Teriyaki" title="Teriyaki">teriyaki</a> burger, <a href="/wiki/Kinpira" title="Kinpira">kinpira</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauté">sauté</a>) rice burger, fried shrimp burgers, and green tea <a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">milkshakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Itameshi" title="Itameshi">Itameshi</a></div> <p>High-class Japanese chefs have preserved many Italian seafood dishes that are forgotten in other countries. These include pasta with <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp (food)">prawns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster meat">lobster</a> (a specialty known in Italy as pasta all'aragosta), <a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">crab</a> (an Italian specialty; in Japan it is served with a different species of crab), and pasta with <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea urchin as food">sea urchin</a> sauce (sea urchin pasta being a specialty of the <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Puglia region</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Japan">Outside Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Outside Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Rolls.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/California_Rolls.JPG/170px-California_Rolls.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/California_Rolls.JPG/255px-California_Rolls.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/California_Rolls.JPG/340px-California_Rolls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/California_roll" title="California roll">California roll</a>, a fusion makizushi created outside of Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Many countries have imported portions of Japanese cuisine. Some may adhere to the traditional preparations of the cuisines, but in some cultures the dishes have been adapted to fit the palate of the local populace. In 1970s sushi travelled from Japan to Canada and the United States, it was modified to suit the American palate, and re-entered the Japanese market as "American Sushi".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this phenomenon is the <a href="/wiki/California_roll" title="California roll">California roll</a>, which was created in North America in the 1970s, rose in popularity across the United States through the 1980s, and thus sparked Japanese food's – more precisely, sushi's – global popularity. </p><p>In 2014, Japanese Restaurant Organization has selected potential countries where Japanese food is becoming increasingly popular, and conducted research concerning the Japanese restaurants abroad. These key nations or region are <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AntaraJP_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AntaraJP-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was meant as an effort to promote Japanese cuisine and to expand the market of Japanese ingredients, products and foodstuffs. Numbers of Japanese foodstuff and seasoning brands such as <a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto" title="Ajinomoto">Ajinomoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kikkoman" title="Kikkoman">Kikkoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissin_Foods" title="Nissin Foods">Nissin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kewpie_(mayonnaise)" title="Kewpie (mayonnaise)">Kewpie</a> mayonnaise, are establishing production base in other Asian countries, such as China, Thailand and Indonesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese cuisine is very popular in Australia, and Australians are becoming increasingly familiar with traditional Japanese foods.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restaurants serving Japanese cuisine feature prominently in popular rankings, including Gourmet Traveller and The Good Food Guide.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sushi in particular has been described as being "as popular as sandwiches", particularly in large cities like Melbourne, Sydney, or Brisbane.<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_Culture_in_Australia_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_Culture_in_Australia-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, sushi bars are a mainstay in shopping centre food courts, and are extremely common in cities and towns all over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_Culture_in_Australia_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_Culture_in_Australia-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, Japanese food is widespread due to the large <a href="/wiki/Japanese-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese-Brazilian">Japanese-Brazilian</a> population living in the country, which represents the largest Japanese community living outside Japan. Over the past years, many restaurant chains such as <a href="/wiki/Koni_Store" title="Koni Store">Koni Store</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have opened, selling typical dishes such as the popular <a href="/wiki/Temaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Temaki">temaki</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yakisoba" title="Yakisoba">Yakisoba</a>, which is readily available in all supermarkets, and often included in non-Japanese restaurant menus.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, Japanese cuisine has become quite popular. <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a>, and instant ramen are highly popular at opposite ends of the income scale, with instant ramen being a common low-budget meal. Sushi and sashimi takeout began in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, and is now common throughout Canada. The largest supermarket chains all carry basic sushi and sashimi, and Japanese ingredients and instant ramen are readily available in most supermarkets. Most mid-sized mall food courts feature fast-food teppan cooking. <a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">Izakaya</a> restaurants have surged in popularity. Higher-end ramen restaurants (as opposed to instant ramen noodles of variable quality) are increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_Teriyaki_Bento_Ichiban_Sushi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chicken_Teriyaki_Bento_Ichiban_Sushi.jpg/220px-Chicken_Teriyaki_Bento_Ichiban_Sushi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chicken_Teriyaki_Bento_Ichiban_Sushi.jpg/330px-Chicken_Teriyaki_Bento_Ichiban_Sushi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chicken_Teriyaki_Bento_Ichiban_Sushi.jpg/440px-Chicken_Teriyaki_Bento_Ichiban_Sushi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>Chicken <a href="/wiki/Teriyaki" title="Teriyaki">teriyaki</a> <a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">bento</a> set,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including salmon <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyoza">gyoza</a>, salad and miso soup, served in a Japanese restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> region, Indonesia is the second largest market for Japanese food, after Thailand. Japanese cuisine has been increasingly popular as a result of the growing Indonesian middle-class expecting higher quality foods.<sup id="cite_ref-AntaraJP_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AntaraJP-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has also contributed to the fact that Indonesia has large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese expatriates</a>. The main concern is the issue of many traditional Japanese recipes not being <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> majority country, Indonesians expect that Japanese foods served there are halal according to Islamic dietary law, which means no pork or alcohol are allowed. Japanese restaurants in Indonesia often offer a set menu which includes rice served with an array of Japanese favourites in a single setting. A set menu might include a choice of yakiniku or sukiyaki, including a sample of sushi, tempura, gyoza and miso soup. Authentic Japanese style <a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">izakaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">ramen</a> shops can be found in the Little Tokyo (Melawai) area in <a href="/wiki/Blok_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok M">Blok M</a>, South Jakarta, serving both Japanese expats and local clienteles.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Japanese restaurants can be found in most major Indonesian cities, with a high concentration in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Jakarta">Greater Jakarta</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>. </p><p>In some cases, Japanese cuisine in Indonesia is often altered to suit Indonesian taste. <a href="/wiki/Hoka_Hoka_Bento" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoka Hoka Bento">Hoka Hoka Bento</a> in particular is an Indonesian-owned Japanese fast food restaurant chain that caters to the Indonesian clientele. As a result, the foods served there have been adapted to suit Indonesians' taste. Examples of the change include stronger flavours compared to the authentic subtle Japanese taste, the preference for fried food, as well as the addition of <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a> to cater to the Indonesians' preference for hot and spicy food. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Games_2018_GBK_Jakarta_Okonomiyaki_Takoyaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Asian_Games_2018_GBK_Jakarta_Okonomiyaki_Takoyaki.jpg/220px-Asian_Games_2018_GBK_Jakarta_Okonomiyaki_Takoyaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Asian_Games_2018_GBK_Jakarta_Okonomiyaki_Takoyaki.jpg/330px-Asian_Games_2018_GBK_Jakarta_Okonomiyaki_Takoyaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Asian_Games_2018_GBK_Jakarta_Okonomiyaki_Takoyaki.jpg/440px-Asian_Games_2018_GBK_Jakarta_Okonomiyaki_Takoyaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5628" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Okonomiyaki" title="Okonomiyaki">Okonomiyaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takoyaki" title="Takoyaki">takoyaki</a> served in a festival of <a href="/wiki/2018_Asian_Games" title="2018 Asian Games">2018 Asian Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese food popularity also has penetrated <a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Indonesia" title="Street food of Indonesia">street food culture</a>, as modest <i>Warjep</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Warung" title="Warung">Warung</a> Jepang</i> (Japanese food stall) offer Japanese food such as tempura, okonomiyaki and takoyaki, at moderately low prices.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, okonomiyaki and takoyaki are popular street fare in Jakarta and other Indonesian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also pushed further by the Japanese convenience stores operating in Indonesia, such as <a href="/wiki/7-Eleven" title="7-Eleven">7-Eleven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawson_(store)" title="Lawson (store)">Lawson</a> offering Japanese favourites such as <a href="/wiki/Oden" title="Oden">oden</a>, chicken katsu (deep-fried chicken cutlet), chicken teriyaki and <a href="/wiki/Onigiri" title="Onigiri">onigiri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some chefs in Indonesian sushi establishments have created a Japanese-Indonesian fusion cuisine, such as krakatau roll, <a href="/wiki/Gado-gado" title="Gado-gado">gado-gado</a> roll, <a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a> roll and <a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">gulai</a> ramen.<sup id="cite_ref-Suntiang_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suntiang-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of fusion cuisine melding spicy Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Padang_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang food">Padang</a> and Japanese cuisine was combined because both cuisine traditions are well-liked by Indonesians.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some of these Japanese eating establishments might strive to serve authentic Japanese cuisine abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-JPJapan_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPJapan-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbers of Japanese chain restaurants has established their business in Indonesia, such as <a href="/wiki/Yoshinoya" title="Yoshinoya">Yoshinoya</a> gyūdon restaurant chain,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gyu-Kaku" title="Gyu-Kaku">Gyu-Kaku</a> yakiniku restaurant chain and <a href="/wiki/Ajisen_Ramen" title="Ajisen Ramen">Ajisen Ramen</a> restaurant chain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexico</a>, certain Japanese restaurants have created what is known as "sushi Mexicano", in which spicy sauces and ingredients accompany the dish or are integrated in sushi rolls. The <a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">habanero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serrano_pepper" title="Serrano pepper">serrano</a> chiles have become nearly standard and are referred to as chiles toreados, as they are fried, diced and tossed over a dish upon request. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Japanese cuisine is also popular among the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines have been exposed to the influences from the Japanese, <a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cities of <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> probably have the most Japanese influence in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular dining spots for Japanese nationals are located in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, which is called as "Little Tokyo", a small area filled with restaurants specializing in different types of Japanese food. Some of the best Japanese no-frills restaurants in the Philippines can be found in Makati's "Little Tokyo" area.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Halo-halo" title="Halo-halo">Halo-halo</a> is derived from Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kakigori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakigori">Kakigori</a>. Halo-halo is believed to be an indigenized version of the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Kakigori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakigori">kakigori</a></i> class of desserts, originating from pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">war</a> Japanese migrants into the islands. The earliest versions were composed only of cooked <a href="/wiki/Red_bean" title="Red bean">red beans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung beans</a> in crushed ice with sugar and milk, a dessert known locally as "<i>mongo-ya</i>". Over the years, more native ingredients were added, resulting in the development of the modern <i>halo-halo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors specifically attribute it to the 1920s or 1930s Japanese migrants in the <a href="/wiki/Quinta_Market" title="Quinta Market">Quinta Market</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a>, Manila, due to its proximity to the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Insular_Ice_Plant" title="Insular Ice Plant">Insular Ice Plant</a>, which was the source of the city's ice supply.<sup id="cite_ref-zialcita_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zialcita-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, the Little Kyoto district let's you experience the feel of being in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> with a statue of the reclining <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> overlooking the city. The Little Kyoto district also features Japanese food stalls serving various Japanese dishes like <a href="/wiki/Takoyaki" title="Takoyaki">Takoyaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">Tempura</a>, and various other Japanese cuisine that is enjoyed by the people of Cebu City, Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Odong" title="Odong">Odong</a>, also called <b>pancit odong</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayan</a> <a href="/wiki/Noodle_soup" title="Noodle soup">noodle soup</a> made with <span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">odong</i></span> noodles, <a href="/wiki/Canned_sardines" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned sardines">canned</a> smoked sardines (<i><a href="/wiki/Tinapa" title="Tinapa">tinapa</a></i>) in tomato sauce, <a href="/wiki/Bottle_gourd" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle gourd">bottle gourd</a> (<span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">upo</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Loofah" class="mw-redirect" title="Loofah">loofah</a> (<span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">patola</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Chayote" title="Chayote">chayote</a>, ginger, garlic, <a href="/wiki/Red_onions" class="mw-redirect" title="Red onions">red onions</a>, and various other vegetables. It is garnished and spiced with <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallions" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallions">scallions</a>, toasted garlic, <a href="/wiki/Calamansi" title="Calamansi">calamansi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Labuyo_chili" class="mw-redirect" title="Labuyo chili">labuyo chilis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polistico_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polistico-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PolisticoPFI_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolisticoPFI-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramos_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dish is usually prepared as a soup, but it can also be cooked with minimal water, in which case, it is known as <b>odong guisado</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a common simple and cheap meal in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Visayas_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayas Islands">Visayas Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ong_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pp_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-teds_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teds-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is almost always eaten with white rice, rarely on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is named after the round flour noodles called <span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">odong</i></span> which are closest in texture and taste to the <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_soba" title="Okinawa soba">Okinawa soba</a>. These noodles are characteristically sold dried into straight sticks around 6 to 8 in (15 to 20 cm) long.<sup id="cite_ref-teds_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teds-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Udon#Philippines" title="Udon">udon</a></i> noodles, although it does not use <i>udon</i> noodles or bear any resemblance to <i>udon</i> dishes. It originates from the <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a><sup id="cite_ref-Figueroa2016_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figueroa2016-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had a large Japanese migrant community in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman1967_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman1967-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">odong</i></span> noodles were previously locally manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Okinawans" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawans">Okinawans</a>, but modern <span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">odong</i></span> noodles (which are distinctly yellowish) are imported from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Figueroa2016_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figueroa2016-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <span title="Cebuano-language text"><i lang="ceb">odong</i></span> noodles are difficult to find in other regions, they can be substituted with other types of noodles; including <i><a href="/wiki/Misua" title="Misua">misua</a></i>, <i>miki</i> (<a href="/wiki/Egg_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg noodles">egg noodles</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">udon</a></i>, and even <a href="/wiki/Instant_noodles" title="Instant noodles">instant noodles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pp_121-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan and Taiwan have shared <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Japan–Taiwan relations">close historical and cultural relations</a>. Dishes such as sushi, ramen, and donburi are very popular among locals. Japanese chain restaurants such as Coco Ichibanya, Ippudo, Kura Sushi, Marugame Seimen, Mister Donut, MOS Burger, Ootoya, Ramen Kagetsu Arashi, Saizeriya, Sukiya, Sushiro, Tonkatsu Shinjuku Saboten, Yayoi Ken, and Yoshinoya, can all be found in Taiwan, among others. Taiwan has adapted many Japanese food items. Tianbula ("Taiwanese tempura") is actually satsuma-age and was introduced to Taiwan during <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a> by people from Kyushu, where the word <i>tempura</i> is commonly used to refer to satsuma-age.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is popular as a night market snack and as an ingredient for oden, hot pot and lu wei. Taiwanese versions of oden are sold locally as olen or, more recently, as guandongzhu (from Japanese Kantō-ni) in convenience stores. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Southeast Asia, Thailand is the largest market for Japanese food. This is partly because Thailand is a popular <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">tourist destination</a>, having large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese people in Thailand">Japanese expatriates</a>, as well as the local population having developed a taste for authentic Japanese cuisine. According to the Organisation that Promote Japanese Restaurants Abroad (JRO), the number of Japanese restaurants in Thailand jumped about 2.2-fold from 2007's figures to 1,676 in June 2012. In <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Japanese restaurants accounts for 8.3 percent of all restaurants, following those that serve <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbers of Japanese chain restaurants has established their business in Thailand, such as Yoshinoya gyūdon restaurant chain, Gyu-Kaku <a href="/wiki/Yakiniku" title="Yakiniku">yakiniku</a> restaurant chain and Kourakuen ramen restaurant chain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kokoro_Sushi_restaurant,_Sutton_High_Street,_Sutton,_Surrey,_Greater_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kokoro_Sushi_restaurant%2C_Sutton_High_Street%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.JPG/220px-Kokoro_Sushi_restaurant%2C_Sutton_High_Street%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kokoro_Sushi_restaurant%2C_Sutton_High_Street%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.JPG/330px-Kokoro_Sushi_restaurant%2C_Sutton_High_Street%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kokoro_Sushi_restaurant%2C_Sutton_High_Street%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.JPG/440px-Kokoro_Sushi_restaurant%2C_Sutton_High_Street%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A branch of Kokoro in <a href="/wiki/Sutton_High_Street" title="Sutton High Street">Sutton High Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton</a>, Greater London</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese food Inspired restaurant chains in the UK include <a href="/wiki/Wagamama" title="Wagamama">Wagamama</a>, <a href="/wiki/YO!_Sushi" title="YO! Sushi">YO! Sushi</a>, Nudo Sushi Box, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi_(restaurant)" title="Wasabi (restaurant)">Wasabi</a>, Bone Daddies and Kokoro, often localising the food and mixing in other ingredients originating from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/California_roll" title="California roll">California roll</a> has been influential in sushi's global popularity; its invention often credited to a Japanese-born chef working in Los Angeles, with dates assigned to 1973, or even 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian2006_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian2006-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ji-song-ku_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ji-song-ku-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dish has been snubbed by some purist sushi chefs,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian2006_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian2006-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also likened to the American-born <a href="/wiki/Chop_suey" title="Chop suey">chop suey</a> by one scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-ji-song-ku_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ji-song-ku-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the country has about 4,200 sushi restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-passy20150826_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passy20150826-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the most popular styles of sushi in the US market. Japanese cuisine is an integral part of food culture in Hawaii as well as in other parts of the United States. Popular items are sushi, sashimi, and teriyaki. <a href="/wiki/Kamaboko" title="Kamaboko">Kamaboko</a>, known locally as fish cake, is a staple of <a href="/wiki/Saimin" title="Saimin">saimin</a>, a noodle soup that is a local favorite in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJi-Song_Ku2013263_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJi-Song_Ku2013263-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sushi, long regarded as quite exotic in the west until the 1970s, has become a popular health food in parts of North America, Western Europe and Asia. </p><p>Two of the first Japanese restaurants in the United States were Saito and Nippon. Restaurants such as these popularized dishes such as sukiyaki and tempura, while Nippon was the first restaurant in Manhattan to have a dedicated sushi bar.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nippon was also one of the first Japanese restaurants in the U.S. to grow and process their own soba<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and responsible for creation of the now standard <a href="/wiki/Negimaki" title="Negimaki">beef negimayak</a>i dish.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Teppanyaki" title="Teppanyaki">teppanyaki</a> "iron hot plate" cooking restaurant took foothold. Such restaurants featured steak, shrimp and vegetables (including <a href="/wiki/Bean_sprouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean sprouts">bean sprouts</a>), cooked in front of the customer on a "teppanyaki grill" (teppan) by a personal chef who turns cooking into performance art, twirling and juggling cutting knives like batons. The meal would be served with steamed rice and Japanese soup. This style of cooking was made popular in the U.S. when <a href="/wiki/Hiroaki_Aoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroaki Aoki">Rocky Aoki</a> founded his popular restaurant chain <a href="/wiki/Benihana" title="Benihana">Benihana</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan this type of cooking is thought to be American food, but in the U.S. it is thought to be Japanese. Aoki thought this would go over better in the U.S. than traditional Japanese cuisine because he felt that Americans enjoyed "eating in exotic surroundings, but are deeply mistrustful of exotic foods".<sup id="cite_ref-Sporkful_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sporkful-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_controversies">Food controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Food controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_whale_meat_sashimi_and_sea_urchin_sushi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blue_whale_meat_sashimi_and_sea_urchin_sushi.JPG/220px-Blue_whale_meat_sashimi_and_sea_urchin_sushi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blue_whale_meat_sashimi_and_sea_urchin_sushi.JPG/330px-Blue_whale_meat_sashimi_and_sea_urchin_sushi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blue_whale_meat_sashimi_and_sea_urchin_sushi.JPG/440px-Blue_whale_meat_sashimi_and_sea_urchin_sushi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale meat</a> sashimi, one of the most controversial Japanese dishes</figcaption></figure> <p>Some elements of Japanese cuisine involving <a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">eating live seafood</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ikizukuri" title="Ikizukuri">Ikizukuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odori_ebi" title="Odori ebi">Odori ebi</a>, have received criticism overseas as a form of <a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">animal cruelty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese cuisine is heavily dependent on seafood products. About 45 kilograms of seafood are consumed per capita annually in Japan, more than most other developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An aspect of environmental concern is Japanese appetite for seafood, which could contribute to the depletion of natural ocean resources. For example, Japan consumes 80% of the global supply of <a href="/wiki/Blue_fin_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue fin tuna">blue fin tuna</a>, a popularly sought sushi and sashimi ingredient, which could lead to its extinction due to commercial <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another environmental concern is commercial <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Japan" title="Whaling in Japan">whaling</a> and the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat#Japan" title="Whale meat">whale meat</a>, for which Japan is the world's largest market.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Okinawa">Cuisine of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_food_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake food in Japan">Fake food in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honzen-ry%C5%8Dri" title="Honzen-ryōri">Honzen-ryōri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_condiments" title="List of Japanese condiments">List of Japanese condiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cooking_utensils" title="List of Japanese cooking utensils">List of Japanese cooking utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">List of Japanese dishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_desserts_and_sweets" title="List of Japanese desserts and sweets">List of Japanese desserts and sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_soups_and_stews" title="List of Japanese soups and stews">List of Japanese soups and stews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_ingredients" title="List of Japanese ingredients">List of Japanese ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_restaurants" title="List of Japanese restaurants">List of Japanese restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sushi_restaurants" title="List of sushi restaurants">List of sushi restaurants</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDemetriou2011" class="citation news cs1">Demetriou, Danielle (October 19, 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/8835949/Japan-relishes-status-as-country-with-most-three-starred-Michelin-restaurants.html">"Japan relishes status as country with most three-starred Michelin restaurants"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/8835949/Japan-relishes-status-as-country-with-most-three-starred-Michelin-restaurants.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Japan+relishes+status+as+country+with+most+three-starred+Michelin+restaurants&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Demetriou&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2Ffoodanddrinknews%2F8835949%2FJapan-relishes-status-as-country-with-most-three-starred-Michelin-restaurants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-25223105">"Japanese cuisine added to Unesco 'intangible heritage' list"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. December 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107231507/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-25223105">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+cuisine+added+to+Unesco+%27intangible+heritage%27+list&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-asia-25223105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRath2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rath, Eric C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_japanese_studies/v039/39.1.rath.html">"Reevaluating Rikyū: Kaiseki and the Origins of Japanese Cuisine"</a>. <i>The Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 67–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjjs.2013.0022">10.1353/jjs.2013.0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1549-4721">1549-4721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Reevaluating+Riky%C5%AB%3A+Kaiseki+and+the+Origins+of+Japanese+Cuisine&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-96&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjjs.2013.0022&rft.issn=1549-4721&rft.aulast=Rath&rft.aufirst=Eric+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcrossref%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_japanese_studies%2Fv039%2F39.1.rath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2011" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Carolyn S. (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10371397.2011.559898">"Touch: Encounters with Japanese Popular Culture"</a>. <i>Japanese Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10371397.2011.559898">10.1080/10371397.2011.559898</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1037-1397">1037-1397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Touch%3A+Encounters+with+Japanese+Popular+Culture&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10371397.2011.559898&rft.issn=1037-1397&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10371397.2011.559898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestor2012" class="citation book cs1">Bestor, Theodore C. (December 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203818459">"Cuisine and identity in contemporary Japan"</a>. <i>Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203818459.ch22">10.4324/9780203818459.ch22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81845-9"><bdi>978-0-203-81845-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cuisine+and+identity+in+contemporary+Japan&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Japanese+Culture+and+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203818459.ch22&rft.isbn=978-0-203-81845-9&rft.aulast=Bestor&rft.aufirst=Theodore+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9780203818459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashkenazi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ashkenazi_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashkenazi_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshkenaziJacobMichael_Ashkenazi2013" class="citation book cs1">Ashkenazi, Michael; Jacob, Jeanne; Michael Ashkenazi, Michael Ashkenazi (October 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781136815492"><i>The Essence of Japanese Cuisine</i></a> (0 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315027487">10.4324/9781315027487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81549-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81549-2"><bdi>978-1-136-81549-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Japanese+Cuisine&rft.edition=0&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315027487&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81549-2&rft.aulast=Ashkenazi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Jeanne&rft.au=Michael+Ashkenazi%2C+Michael+Ashkenazi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781136815492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advance.lexis.com/document/?pdmfid=1516831&crid=0b0db89f-05e8-4053-975c-8e6b3e812d8b&pddocfullpath=/shared/document/news/urn:contentItem:5V3X-T411-JC8V-11SX-00000-00&pddocid=urn:contentItem:5V3X-T411-JC8V-11SX-00000-00&pdcontentcomponentid=433272&pdteaserkey=sr1&pditab=allpods&ecomp=3fyk&earg=sr1&prid=2c88f0d1-9550-46f7-a7e7-d6f4afee7db2">The Japanese Culinary Academy teaches you the fundamentals of food from the Land of the Rising Sun</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avey, T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/history-of-sushi/">Discover the History of Sushi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417191211/https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/history-of-sushi/">Archived</a> April 17, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milestones_in_the_History_of_U.S._Foreign_Relations_i855-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_in_the_History_of_U.S._Foreign_Relations_i855_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/opening-to-japan">"The United States and the Opening to Japan, 1853"</a>. <i>United States Office of the Historian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524112402/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/opening-to-japan">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Why+Eating+Meat+Was+Banned+in+Japan+for+Centuries&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kristi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fjapan-meat-ban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking2010" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ilvBQAAQBAJ"><i>Food and Language: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009</i></a>. Oxford Symposium. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-79-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-79-8"><bdi>978-1-903018-79-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Language%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cooking+2009&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Oxford+Symposium&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-903018-79-8&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ilvBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowner2001" class="citation book cs1">Downer, Lesley (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzKoDvi3EYoC&pg=PA161"><i>At the Japanese Table: New and Traditional Recipes</i></a>. Chronicle Books. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-3280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-3280-9"><bdi>978-0-8118-3280-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Japanese+Table%3A+New+and+Traditional+Recipes&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-3280-9&rft.aulast=Downer&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzKoDvi3EYoC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kallen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kallen_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kallen_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kallen_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Allen, Kristi (March 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/japan-meat-ban">"Why Eating Meat Was Banned in Japan for Centuries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Obscura" title="Atlas Obscura">Atlas Obscura</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518200843/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/japan-meat-ban">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Why+Eating+Meat+Was+Banned+in+Japan+for+Centuries&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kristi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fjapan-meat-ban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kojien-kappo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kojien-kappo_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22かっぽう%22">Kappō かっ‐ぽう【割烹】</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021120/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Kojien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojien">Kojien</a></i>, 4th ed., 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDHZ-kappo-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NDHZ-kappo_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTada1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%94%B0%E9%89%84%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:多田鉄之助">Tada, Tetsunosuke</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pVEEAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%E5%89%B2%E7%83%B9%22">"Kappo" <bdi lang="ja">割烹かつぽう</bdi></a>. <i>Nihon Dai-hyakka zensho</i>. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Shogakukan" title="Shogakukan">Shogakukan</a>. p. 436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784095260013" title="Special:BookSources/9784095260013"><bdi>9784095260013</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021022/https://books.google.com/books?id=pVEEAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%E5%89%B2%E7%83%B9%22">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kappo+%E5%89%B2%E7%83%B9+%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A4%E3%81%BD%E3%81%86&rft.btitle=Nihon+Dai-hyakka+zensho&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Shogakukan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9784095260013&rft.aulast=Tada&rft.aufirst=Tetsunosuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpVEEAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522%25E5%2589%25B2%25E7%2583%25B9%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burum-kappo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burum-kappo_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurum1992" class="citation book cs1">Burum, Linda (1992). "Koryori-ya, Kappo, and Robata Restaurants: Little Dishes with More Style". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bz-i3eWmxkC&q=%22cordon%22"><i>A Guide to Ethnic Food in Los Angeles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062730381" title="Special:BookSources/9780062730381"><bdi>9780062730381</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015942/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bz-i3eWmxkC&q=%22cordon%22">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koryori-ya%2C+Kappo%2C+and+Robata+Restaurants%3A+Little+Dishes+with+More+Style&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Ethnic+Food+in+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780062730381&rft.aulast=Burum&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Bz-i3eWmxkC%26q%3D%2522cordon%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michelin-kappo-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-michelin-kappo_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guide.michelin.com/en/article/dining-out/what-is-japanese-kappo-cuisine">"What is Japanese Kappo cuisine?"</a>. <i>Michelin</i>. December 19, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021020/https://guide.michelin.com/en/article/dining-out/what-is-japanese-kappo-cuisine">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michelin&rft.atitle=What+is+Japanese+Kappo+cuisine%3F&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguide.michelin.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdining-out%2Fwhat-is-japanese-kappo-cuisine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kojien-kaiseki5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kojien-kaiseki5_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22懐石%22">Kaiseki(5) かい‐せき【懐石】</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015944/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%E6%87%90%E7%9F%B3%22">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Kojien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojien">Kojien</a></i>, 4th ed., 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-assmann&rath-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-assmann&rath_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssmannRath2010" class="citation book cs1">Assmann, Stephanie; Rath, Eric C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ppll3L_9fAsC&pg=PA4">"Koryori-ya, Kappo, and Robata Restaurants: Little Dishes with More Style"</a>. <i>A Guide to Ethnic Food in Los Angeles</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252077524" title="Special:BookSources/9780252077524"><bdi>9780252077524</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930020038/https://books.google.com/books?id=ppll3L_9fAsC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Koryori-ya%2C+Kappo%2C+and+Robata+Restaurants%3A+Little+Dishes+with+More+Style&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Ethnic+Food+in+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780252077524&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Rath%2C+Eric+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dppll3L_9fAsC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kojien-honzenryori-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kojien-honzenryori_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22本膳料理%22">Honzenryōri ほんぜん‐りょうり【本膳料理】</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015957/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%E6%9C%AC%E8%86%B3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%22">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Kojien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojien">Kojien</a></i>, 4th ed., 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kojien-kaiseki1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kojien-kaiseki1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22会席%22">Kaiseki(1) かい‐せき【会席】</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015944/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%AD%22">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", "かいせき‐りょうり【会席料理】" <i><a href="/wiki/Kojien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojien">Kojien</a></i>, 4th ed., 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yomiuri-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yomiuri_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yomiuri_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYomiuri_Shimbun,_Osaka2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Yomiuri Shimbun, Osaka (2005) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuANkSnZ8e0C&pg=PA158"><i>Zatsugaku shimbun</i> <bdi lang="ja">雑学新聞</bdi></a>. PHP Kenkyusho. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-569-64432-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-569-64432-5"><bdi>978-4-569-64432-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zatsugaku+shimbun+%E9%9B%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft.pub=PHP+Kenkyusho&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-4-569-64432-5&rft.au=Yomiuri+Shimbun%2C+Osaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuANkSnZ8e0C%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introduction_to_Japanese_Food-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_to_Japanese_Food_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_to_Japanese_Food_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanesefood.about.com/od/holidaytraditionalfood/a/introduction.htm">Introduction to Japanese Food</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221073408/http://japanesefood.about.com/od/holidaytraditionalfood/a/introduction.htm">Archived</a> December 21, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan_Etiquette-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Etiquette_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Etiquette_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etiquettescholar.com/dining_etiquette/table-etiquette/pacific_dinner_etiquette/japanese.html">"Japan Etiquette"</a>. <i>Etiquette Scholar</i>. Yellowstone Publishing, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829101500/https://www.etiquettescholar.com/dining_etiquette/table-etiquette/pacific_dinner_etiquette/japanese.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etiquette+Scholar&rft.atitle=Japan+Etiquette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etiquettescholar.com%2Fdining_etiquette%2Ftable-etiquette%2Fpacific_dinner_etiquette%2Fjapanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLininger" class="citation web cs1">Lininger, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etiquettescholar.com/dining_etiquette/table-etiquette/pacific_dinner_etiquette/japanese.html">"Japan Etiquette | International Dining Etiquette | Etiquette Scholar"</a>. <i>Etiquette Scholar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etiquette+Scholar&rft.atitle=Japan+Etiquette+%7C+International+Dining+Etiquette+%7C+Etiquette+Scholar&rft.aulast=Lininger&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etiquettescholar.com%2Fdining_etiquette%2Ftable-etiquette%2Fpacific_dinner_etiquette%2Fjapanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgura,_Tomoko小倉朋子2008" class="citation book cs1">Ogura, Tomoko; 小倉朋子 (2008). <i>"Itadakimasu" o wasureta Nihonjin : tabekata ga migaku hinsei</i> (Shohan ed.). Tōkyō: Asukī Media Wākusu. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784048672870" title="Special:BookSources/9784048672870"><bdi>9784048672870</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244300317">244300317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Itadakimasu%22+o+wasureta+Nihonjin+%3A+tabekata+ga+migaku+hinsei&rft.place=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=Shohan&rft.pub=Asuk%C4%AB+Media+W%C4%81kusu&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244300317&rft.isbn=9784048672870&rft.au=Ogura%2C+Tomoko&rft.au=%E5%B0%8F%E5%80%89%E6%9C%8B%E5%AD%90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glosbe.com/">"ごちそうさまでした in English – Japanese–English Dictionary"</a>. <i>Glosbe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622073359/https://glosbe.com/">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glosbe&rft.atitle=%E3%81%94%E3%81%A1%E3%81%9D%E3%81%86%E3%81%95%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F+in+English+%E2%80%93+Japanese%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglosbe.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ichiju-Issai-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ichiju-Issai_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobayashi" class="citation web cs1">Kobayashi, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wawaza.com/blogs/taste-of-simplicity-japanese-one-soup-one-dish-cuisine/">"Taste of Simplicity: Japanese One-Soup One-Dish Cuisine"</a>. <i>WAWAZA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WAWAZA&rft.atitle=Taste+of+Simplicity%3A+Japanese+One-Soup+One-Dish+Cuisine&rft.aulast=Kobayashi&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwawaza.com%2Fblogs%2Ftaste-of-simplicity-japanese-one-soup-one-dish-cuisine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondo2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Kondo, Tamami(近藤珠實) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gszX4_Z15-sC&pg=PA185"><bdi lang="ja">日本の作法としきたり: 四季の行事と冠婚葬祭、その由来と常識</bdi></a> [<i>Nihon no saho to shikitari: shiki no gyoji to kankon sosai, sono yurai to joshiki</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(preview)</span>. PHP研究所. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-569-77764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-569-77764-1"><bdi>978-4-569-77764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B3%95%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%8D%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A%3A+%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A3%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B%E3%81%A8%E5%86%A0%E5%A9%9A%E8%91%AC%E7%A5%AD%E3%80%81%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B1%E6%9D%A5%E3%81%A8%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98&rft.pub=PHP%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-4-569-77764-1&rft.aulast=Kondo&rft.aufirst=Tamami%28%E8%BF%91%E8%97%A4%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%A6%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgszX4_Z15-sC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kojien-taishushokudo-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kojien-taishushokudo_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22たいしゅう%22">Taishūshokudō たいしゅう‐しょくどう【大衆食堂】</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021120/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Kojien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojien">Kojien</a></i>, 4th ed., 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6">4-7674-2015-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshikawa1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%BC%98%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:石川弘義">Ishikawa, Hiroyoshi</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mYxAQAAIAAJ"><i>Taishū bunka jiten</i></a>. Kōbundō. p. 516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784335550461" title="Special:BookSources/9784335550461"><bdi>9784335550461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taish%C5%AB+bunka+jiten&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=K%C5%8Dbund%C5%8D&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9784335550461&rft.aulast=Ishikawa&rft.aufirst=Hiroyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mYxAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heibonsha-nihonryori-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heibonsha-nihonryori_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heibonsha-nihonryori_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heibonsha-nihonryori_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heibonsha-nihonryori_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotoyama1969" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%B1%B1%E8%8D%BB%E8%88%9F" class="extiw" title="ja:本山荻舟">Motoyama, Tekishū</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (1969) [1968]. "Nihon ryōri" <bdi lang="ja">日本料理</bdi>. <i>Sekai hyakka jiten 世界百科事典</i>. Vol. 17. Heibonsha. pp. 355–356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nihon+ry%C5%8Dri+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%99%E7%90%86&rft.btitle=Sekai+hyakka+jiten+%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=355-356&rft.pub=Heibonsha&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Motoyama&rft.aufirst=Tekish%C5%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tjf.or.jp/eng/content/japaneseculture/pdf/ge09shun.pdf">"A Day in the Life: Seasonal Foods"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212751/http://www.tjf.or.jp/eng/content/japaneseculture/pdf/ge09shun.pdf">Archived</a> January 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Japan Forum Newsletter No.September 14, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItoh2013" class="citation web cs1">Itoh, Makiko (April 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/04/26/food/katsuo-japans-ubiquitous-tuna/">"Katsuo, Japan's ubiquitous tuna"</a>. <i>Japan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Katsuo%2C+Japan%27s+ubiquitous+tuna&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft.aulast=Itoh&rft.aufirst=Makiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2013%2F04%2F26%2Ffood%2Fkatsuo-japans-ubiquitous-tuna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHepburn1888">Hepburn (1888)</a> dictionary "hashiri: The first fruits, or first caught fish of the season"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordenker2008" class="citation news cs1">Gordenker, Alice (January 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/01/15/reference/bento-grass/">"Bento grass"</a>. <i>Japan Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763">0447-5763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Bento+grass&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft.issn=0447-5763&rft.aulast=Gordenker&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2008%2F01%2F15%2Freference%2Fbento-grass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219034458/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120218p2g00m0dm006000c.html">"Japanese cuisine to be nominated for UNESCO world heritage list"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Daily_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainichi Daily News">Mainichi Daily News</a></i>. February 18, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120218p2g00m0dm006000c.html">the original</a> on February 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mainichi+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+cuisine+to+be+nominated+for+UNESCO+world+heritage+list&rft.date=2012-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdn.mainichi.jp%2Fmdnnews%2Fnews%2F20120218p2g00m0dm006000c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists?RL=00869">UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention :</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022202405/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists?RL=00869">Archived</a> October 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNESCO. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210034227/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20131205p2g00m0dm001000c.html">"Japanese cuisine added to UNESCO intangible heritage list"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Daily_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainichi Daily News">Mainichi Daily News</a></i>. December 5, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20131205p2g00m0dm001000c.html">the original</a> on December 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mainichi+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+cuisine+added+to+UNESCO+intangible+heritage+list&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmainichi.jp%2Fenglish%2Fenglish%2Fnewsselect%2Fnews%2F20131205p2g00m0dm001000c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehara-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ehara_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhara1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ehara, Ayako (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXlDAAAAYAAJ">"School Meals and Japan's Changing Diet"</a>. <i>Japan Echo</i>. <b>26</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930014510/https://books.google.com/books?id=YXlDAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Relatively alien to the traditional Japanese diet were meat, oil and fats, and dairy products..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Echo&rft.atitle=School+Meals+and+Japan%27s+Changing+Diet&rft.volume=26&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Ehara&rft.aufirst=Ayako&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXlDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorn1997">Cawthorn (1997)</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorimatsuHinonishiSakamoto1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Morimatsu, Yoshiaki; Hinonishi, Sukenori; Sakamoto, Taro (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nGxAAAAIAAJ"><bdi lang="ja">風俗辞典</bdi></a>. 東京堂出版. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930014421/https://books.google.com/books?id=8nGxAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2015</span>. <q>天武天皇三年に牛・馬。犬・猿,鶏の肉を食べゐこと古禁じてから肉食が演じ、江戸時代になっても四足・二足を食べない家が多かった。もっとも野獣の肉は食用に供した。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%A2%A8%E4%BF%97%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A0%82%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Morimatsu&rft.aufirst=Yoshiaki&rft.au=Hinonishi%2C+Sukenori&rft.au=Sakamoto%2C+Taro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nGxAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watanabe-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watanabe_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watanabe_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe" class="citation web cs1">Watanabe, Zenjiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429063516/http://www.kikkoman.co.jp/kiifc/foodculture/pdf_09/e_002_008.pdf">"Removal of the Ban on Meat: The Meat-Eating Culture of Japan at the Beginning of Westernization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kikkoman.co.jp/kiifc/foodculture/pdf_09/e_002_008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Removal+of+the+Ban+on+Meat%3A+The+Meat-Eating+Culture+of+Japan+at+the+Beginning+of+Westernization&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Zenjiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kikkoman.co.jp%2Fkiifc%2Ffoodculture%2Fpdf_09%2Fe_002_008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulvers2011" class="citation news cs1">Pulvers, Roger (March 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801045928/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/rss/fl20110306rp.html">"Japanese families' nutritional values pay dearly for 'progress'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Japan Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/rss/fl20110306rp.html">the original</a> on August 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Japanese+families%27+nutritional+values+pay+dearly+for+%27progress%27&rft.date=2011-03-06&rft.aulast=Pulvers&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Frss%2Ffl20110306rp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ochiai, H. (November 25, 2014). Is it a potato or a prawn?: Kyoto farmers make a name selling strangely shaped vegetables, The Japan News by the Yomiuri Shimbun, the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001713547</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fukuta-oil-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fukuta-oil_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fukuta-oil_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fukuta-oil_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuta1999" class="citation book cs1">Fukuta, Ajio (福田アジオ) (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGgQAQAAMAAJ"><i>Nihon minzoku daijiten(日本民俗大辞典)</i></a>. Vol. 1. Yoshikawa Kobunkan (吉川弘文館). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784642013321" title="Special:BookSources/9784642013321"><bdi>9784642013321</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930014441/https://books.google.com/books?id=qGgQAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihon+minzoku+daijiten%28%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%29&rft.pub=Yoshikawa+Kobunkan+%28%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D%E5%BC%98%E6%96%87%E9%A4%A8%29&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9784642013321&rft.aulast=Fukuta&rft.aufirst=Ajio+%28%E7%A6%8F%E7%94%B0%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGgQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span>, p.16 安土,桃山時代から江戸時代にかけて南蛮料理や中国料理の影響と油の生産増大に伴い、油揚や天麩羅,素揚,薩摩撝など副食物として</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiTuZhangSha2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Jin-lin; Tu, Zong-cai; Zhang, Lu; Sha, Xiao-mei; Wang, Hui; Pang, Juan-juan; Tang, Ping-ping (August 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2301-1">"The effect of ginger and garlic addition during cooking on the volatile profile of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) soup"</a>. <i>Journal of Food Science and Technology</i>. <b>53</b> (8): 3253–3270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13197-016-2301-1">10.1007/s13197-016-2301-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0975-8402">0975-8402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055890">5055890</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27784920">27784920</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015016/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13197-016-2301-1">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+ginger+and+garlic+addition+during+cooking+on+the+volatile+profile+of+grass+carp+%28Ctenopharyngodon+idella%29+soup&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3253-3270&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055890%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0975-8402&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27784920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13197-016-2301-1&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jin-lin&rft.au=Tu%2C+Zong-cai&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Lu&rft.au=Sha%2C+Xiao-mei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hui&rft.au=Pang%2C+Juan-juan&rft.au=Tang%2C+Ping-ping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs13197-016-2301-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirasaTakemasa1998" class="citation book cs1">Hirasa, Kenji; Takemasa, Mitsuo (June 16, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jCYovj2TIa8C&q=%22sensational+deodorizing%22&pg=PA77"><i>Spice Science and Technology</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-36755-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-36755-2"><bdi>978-0-585-36755-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930014927/https://books.google.com/books?id=jCYovj2TIa8C&q=%22sensational+deodorizing%22&pg=PA77#v=snippet&q=%22sensational%20deodorizing%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spice+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0-585-36755-2&rft.aulast=Hirasa&rft.aufirst=Kenji&rft.au=Takemasa%2C+Mitsuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjCYovj2TIa8C%26q%3D%2522sensational%2Bdeodorizing%2522%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToday" class="citation web cs1">Today, What Way. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611101642/https://whatwaytoday.com/food-in-japan-is-not-just-about-sushi-japanese-food-adventure/">"Food in Japan is not just about Sushi – Japanese Food Adventure"</a>. <i>What Way Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatwaytoday.com/food-in-japan-is-not-just-about-sushi-japanese-food-adventure/">the original</a> on June 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=What+Way+Today&rft.atitle=Food+in+Japan+is+not+just+about+Sushi+%E2%80%93+Japanese+Food+Adventure&rft.aulast=Today&rft.aufirst=What+Way&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhatwaytoday.com%2Ffood-in-japan-is-not-just-about-sushi-japanese-food-adventure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPemberton1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pemberton, Robert W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346107168">"Japanese Food as Art and Symbol: Evidence from Inedible Leaf Garnishes"</a>. <i>Petits Propos Culinaires</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Petits+Propos+Culinaires&rft.atitle=Japanese+Food+as+Art+and+Symbol%3A+Evidence+from+Inedible+Leaf+Garnishes&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Pemberton&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F346107168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndoh2012">Andoh (2012)</a>, p. 20 "spinach steeped in broth"; p. 63 "(spinach) blanched and then marinated" in smoky broth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimbo2000237-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimbo2000237_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShimbo2000">Shimbo (2000)</a>, p. 237: "Ohitashi literally means 'dipped item,' although the dressing is actually poured over the leaf vegetables."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shimbo-sunomono-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shimbo-sunomono_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shimbo-sunomono_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShimbo2000">Shimbo (2000)</a>, p. 147 "wakame and cucumber in sanbaizu dressing (sunomono)"; p. 74 "sanbaizu" recipe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsujiFisherReichl2006429-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsujiFisherReichl2006429_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsujiFisherReichl2006">Tsuji, Fisher & Reichl (2006)</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsuji-appetiz-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsuji-appetiz_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsuji-appetiz_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsuji-appetiz_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsujiFisherReichl2006">Tsuji, Fisher & Reichl (2006)</a>, pp. 241–253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipleOrnelas2000">Kiple & Ornelas (2000)</a>, p. 1176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kobayashi_&_Smil-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kobayashi_&_Smil_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kobayashi_&_Smil_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobayashiSmil2012" class="citation book cs1">Kobayashi, Kazuhiko; Smil, Vaclav (2012). <i>Japan's Dietary Transition and Its Impacts</i>. US: <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01782-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01782-4"><bdi>978-0-262-01782-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Dietary+Transition+and+Its+Impacts&rft.place=US&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01782-4&rft.aulast=Kobayashi&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiko&rft.au=Smil%2C+Vaclav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshkenaziJacob2003" class="citation book cs1">Ashkenazi, Michael; Jacob, Jeanne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ley_r5VldNUC&q=Japanese+garnishes&pg=PA37"><i>Food Culture in Japan</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32438-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32438-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32438-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930014929/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ley_r5VldNUC&q=Japanese+garnishes&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+Japan&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32438-3&rft.aulast=Ashkenazi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLey_r5VldNUC%26q%3DJapanese%2Bgarnishes%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2019" class="citation news cs1">Ashcraft, Brian (May 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/japans-noodle-slurping-noises-disturb-tourists-it-seem-1792036808">"Japan's Noodle Slurping Noises Disturb Tourists, It Seems"</a>. <i>Kotaku</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021940/https://kotaku.com/japans-noodle-slurping-noises-disturb-tourists-it-seem-1792036808">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Noodle+Slurping+Noises+Disturb+Tourists%2C+It+Seems&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fjapans-noodle-slurping-noises-disturb-tourists-it-seem-1792036808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hosking" title="Richard Hosking">Hosking, Richard</a> (1995). <i>A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients and Culture</i>. Tuttle. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-2042-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-2042-2"><bdi>0-8048-2042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Japanese+Food%3A+Ingredients+and+Culture&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8048-2042-2&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106190822/http://sake-world.com/html/sake-faqs.html">"Sake FAQs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sake-world.com/html/sake-faqs.html">the original</a> on November 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sake+FAQs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsake-world.com%2Fhtml%2Fsake-faqs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whatis-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whatis_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cocktailtimes.com/dictionary/shochu.shtml">"What is Shochu?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115828/http://www.cocktailtimes.com/dictionary/shochu.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Shochu%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcocktailtimes.com%2Fdictionary%2Fshochu.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/04/13/food/what-the-japanese-are-drinking/">"Japanese drinking"</a>. April 13, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319200203/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/04/13/food/what-the-japanese-are-drinking/">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+drinking&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2007%2F04%2F13%2Ffood%2Fwhat-the-japanese-are-drinking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kojien-sai-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kojien-sai_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kojien-sai_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22副食物%22">Sai さい【菜】</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930022944/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%E5%89%AF%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%22">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Kojien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojien">Kojien</a></i>, 4th ed., 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baltimore-sun2004-09-22-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baltimore-sun2004-09-22_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2004" class="citation news cs1">Shapiro, Stephanie (September 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-09-22-0409210017-story.html">"Saving time, but losing a tradition among Japanese"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115092907/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-09-22-0409210017-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Saving+time%2C+but+losing+a+tradition+among+Japanese&rft.date=2004-09-22&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-2004-09-22-0409210017-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kojien-okazu-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kojien-okazu_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22御数%22">Okazu お‐かず【御数】】</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930022909/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%E5%BE%A1%E6%95%B0%22">Archived</a> September 30, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Kojien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojien">Kojien</a></i>, 4th ed., 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/kansai/travel/hibiki/OSK201109030034_02.html">"腹が鳴るなり万福寺黄檗宗大本山万福寺（宇治市）"</a>. <i>ひびき紀行</i>. September 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%81%B2%E3%81%B3%E3%81%8D%E7%B4%80%E8%A1%8C&rft.atitle=%E8%85%B9%E3%81%8C%E9%B3%B4%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8A%E4%B8%87%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA+%E9%BB%84%E6%AA%97%E5%AE%97%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%AC%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%87%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%87%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2011-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fkansai%2Ftravel%2Fhibiki%2FOSK201109030034_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagatomo2011" class="citation web cs1">Nagatomo, Akiko (長友麻希子) (September 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064558/http://kanko.city.kyoto.lg.jp/wakaru/gastronomy/entertainment/basis/file07.html">"普茶料理"</a>. <i>「京都」×（もっと）ワかる</i>. Industry and Tourism Bureau, City of Kyoto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kanko.city.kyoto.lg.jp/wakaru/gastronomy/entertainment/basis/file07.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8C%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E3%80%8D%C3%97%EF%BC%88%E3%82%82%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8%EF%BC%89%E3%83%AF%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B&rft.atitle=%E6%99%AE%E8%8C%B6%E6%96%99%E7%90%86&rft.date=2011-09-03&rft.aulast=Nagatomo&rft.aufirst=Akiko+%28%E9%95%B7%E5%8F%8B%E9%BA%BB%E5%B8%8C%E5%AD%90%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkanko.city.kyoto.lg.jp%2Fwakaru%2Fgastronomy%2Fentertainment%2Fbasis%2Ffile07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndoh2010">Andoh (2010)</a>, p. 188 – gives a recipe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJo" class="citation news cs1">Jo, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401194324/https://asianinspirations.com.au/cuisine/japanese/">"Japanese food includes dishes such as delicious Soba and Udon noodles"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianinspirations.com.au/cuisine/japanese/">the original</a> on April 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japanese+food+includes+dishes+such+as+delicious+Soba+and+Udon+noodles&rft.aulast=Jo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianinspirations.com.au%2Fcuisine%2Fjapanese%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2003" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nhfSFs79fUC&pg=PA34"><i>Seafood of South-East Asia: a comprehensive guide with recipes</i></a>. Ten Speed Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58008-452-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58008-452-4"><bdi>1-58008-452-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930014948/https://books.google.com/books?id=8nhfSFs79fUC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seafood+of+South-East+Asia%3A+a+comprehensive+guide+with+recipes&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58008-452-4&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nhfSFs79fUC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsuji-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tsuji_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsujiM.F.K._Fisher2007" class="citation book cs1">Tsuji, Shizuo; M.F.K. Fisher (2007). <i>Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art</i> (25 ed.). Kodansha International. pp. 280–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3049-8"><bdi>978-4-7700-3049-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Cooking%3A+A+Simple+Art&rft.pages=280-281&rft.edition=25&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-3049-8&rft.aulast=Tsuji&rft.aufirst=Shizuo&rft.au=M.F.K.+Fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMente2007" class="citation book cs1">Mente, Boye Lafayette De (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OT8OSoiYyagC&q=tachi-gui+soba%E3%80%80station&pg=PA70"><i>Dining Guide to Japan: Find the Right Restaurant, Order the Right Dish, and</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8053-0875-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-8053-0875-2"><bdi>978-4-8053-0875-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930014931/https://books.google.com/books?id=OT8OSoiYyagC&q=tachi-gui+soba%E3%80%80station&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dining+Guide+to+Japan%3A+Find+the+Right+Restaurant%2C+Order+the+Right+Dish%2C+and&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-4-8053-0875-2&rft.aulast=Mente&rft.aufirst=Boye+Lafayette+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOT8OSoiYyagC%26q%3Dtachi-gui%2Bsoba%25E3%2580%2580station%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayao, Okumura. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137514080" title="Special:BookSources/9781137514080"><bdi>9781137514080</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930014931/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb6hCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Enjoying+internationally+popular+Japanese+food&rft.date=2009-11-30&rft.au=I.+Christianto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F11%2F30%2Fenjoying-internationally-popular-japanese-food.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501155110/http://www.yoshinoya.co.id/menu.htm">"Yoshinoya Indonesia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yoshinoya.co.id/menu.htm">the original</a> on May 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yoshinoya+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yoshinoya.co.id%2Fmenu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheryl_M._Arcibal2013" class="citation web cs1">Cheryl M. Arcibal (July 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food/articles/2013/07/08/963081/latest-japanese-resto-town-wants-conquer-pinoy-bellies-pork-and-ramen">"Latest Japanese resto in town wants to conquer Pinoy bellies with pork and ramen | Food"</a>. <i>The Philippine Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319200149/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food/articles/2013/07/08/963081/latest-japanese-resto-town-wants-conquer-pinoy-bellies-pork-and-ramen">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Latest+Japanese+resto+in+town+wants+to+conquer+Pinoy+bellies+with+pork+and+ramen+%26%23124%3B+Food&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft.au=Cheryl+M.+Arcibal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffood%2Farticles%2F2013%2F07%2F08%2F963081%2Flatest-japanese-resto-town-wants-conquer-pinoy-bellies-pork-and-ramen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701082957/http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html">Archived</a> July 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdachi2006" class="citation book cs1">Adachi, Nobuko (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=litYzL0GYSkC&pg=PA21"><i>Japanese Diasporas: Unsung Pasts, Conflicting Presents and Uncertain Futures</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203968840" title="Special:BookSources/9780203968840"><bdi>9780203968840</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015437/https://books.google.com/books?id=litYzL0GYSkC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Diasporas%3A+Unsung+Pasts%2C+Conflicting+Presents+and+Uncertain+Futures&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780203968840&rft.aulast=Adachi&rft.aufirst=Nobuko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlitYzL0GYSkC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/05/15/12/sushi-tempura-wagyu-japanese-food-101">"From sushi to tempura to Wagyu: Japanese food 101"</a>. May 15, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227052543/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/05/15/12/sushi-tempura-wagyu-japanese-food-101">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+sushi+to+tempura+to+Wagyu%3A+Japanese+food+101&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Flifestyle%2F05%2F15%2F12%2Fsushi-tempura-wagyu-japanese-food-101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiu2012" class="citation web cs1">Tiu, Cheryl (December 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222102752/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/escape/philippines/manila-076896">"Best of Manila | CNN Travel"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/escape/philippines/manila-076896">the original</a> on February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Best+of+Manila+%26%23124%3B+CNN+Travel&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft.aulast=Tiu&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fexplorations%2Fescape%2Fphilippines%2Fmanila-076896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2012" class="citation news cs1">Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/35790/japanese-origins-of-the-philippine-halo-halo">"Japanese origins of the Philippine 'halo-halo'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423093030/https://opinion.inquirer.net/35790/japanese-origins-of-the-philippine-halo-halo">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Japanese+origins+of+the+Philippine+%27halo-halo%27&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F35790%2Fjapanese-origins-of-the-philippine-halo-halo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinoyrecipe.net/halo-halo-graham-float-recipe/">"Halo-Halo Graham Float Recipe"</a>. <i>Pinoy Recipe at Iba Pa</i>. July 24, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724023553/https://www.pinoyrecipe.net/halo-halo-graham-float-recipe/">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pinoy+Recipe+at+Iba+Pa&rft.atitle=Halo-Halo+Graham+Float+Recipe&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinoyrecipe.net%2Fhalo-halo-graham-float-recipe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zialcita-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zialcita_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisol,_Christine2006" class="citation book cs1">Crisol, Christine (2006). "A <i>Halo-Halo</i> Menu". In Zialcita, Fernando N. (ed.). <i>Quiapo: Heart of Manila</i>. Manila: Quiapo Printing. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-93673-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-93673-0-7"><bdi>978-971-93673-0-7</bdi></a>. <q>Today, many non-Quiapense informants in their forties and older associate the Quinta Market with this dessert. Why did this market become important in the invention of this dessert? Aside from its being a Japanese legacy in the area [...] of all the city markets, the Quinta was closest to the ice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Halo-Halo+Menu&rft.btitle=Quiapo%3A+Heart+of+Manila&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Quiapo+Printing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-93673-0-7&rft.au=Crisol%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks2021" class="citation web cs1">Sparks, Ph (October 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suroy.ph/sachikos-little-kyoto-makes-you-feel-like-youre-in-japan/">"Sachiko's Little Kyoto makes you feel like you're in Japan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930025238/https://suroy.ph/sachikos-little-kyoto-makes-you-feel-like-youre-in-japan/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sachiko%27s+Little+Kyoto+makes+you+feel+like+you%27re+in+Japan&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Ph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuroy.ph%2Fsachikos-little-kyoto-makes-you-feel-like-youre-in-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivomigsgee.com/2021/11/07/sachikos-little-kyoto-a-little-slice-of-japan-in-cebu/">"Sachiko's Little Kyoto: A Little Slice of Japan in Cebu"</a>. November 7, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015518/https://www.vivomigsgee.com/2021/11/07/sachikos-little-kyoto-a-little-slice-of-japan-in-cebu/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sachiko%27s+Little+Kyoto%3A+A+Little+Slice+of+Japan+in+Cebu&rft.date=2021-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivomigsgee.com%2F2021%2F11%2F07%2Fsachikos-little-kyoto-a-little-slice-of-japan-in-cebu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polistico-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polistico_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolistico2017" class="citation book cs1">Polistico, Edgie (2017). <i>Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary</i>. Anvil Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786214200870" title="Special:BookSources/9786214200870"><bdi>9786214200870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Food%2C+Cooking%2C+%26+Dining+Dictionary&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9786214200870&rft.aulast=Polistico&rft.aufirst=Edgie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PolisticoPFI-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PolisticoPFI_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolistico" class="citation web cs1">Polistico, Edgie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pinoyfoodillustrated.blogspot.com/2018/07/odong.html">"Odong"</a>. <i>Philippine Food Illustrated</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015518/https://pinoyfoodillustrated.blogspot.com/2018/07/odong.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Food+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Odong&rft.aulast=Polistico&rft.aufirst=Edgie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpinoyfoodillustrated.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F07%2Fodong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramos-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramos_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos2013" class="citation news cs1">Ramos, Ige (November 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bandera.inquirer.net/40649/kumain-at-tumulong">"Kumain at tumulong"</a>. <i>Bandera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015508/https://bandera.inquirer.net/40649/kumain-at-tumulong">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bandera&rft.atitle=Kumain+at+tumulong&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=Ige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbandera.inquirer.net%2F40649%2Fkumain-at-tumulong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketmanila.com/archives/odong-sardinas-at-patola-a-la-maimai">"Odong, Sardinas at Patola a la MaiMai"</a>. <i>Market Manila</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021850/https://www.marketmanila.com/archives/odong-sardinas-at-patola-a-la-maimai">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Market+Manila&rft.atitle=Odong%2C+Sardinas+at+Patola+a+la+MaiMai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketmanila.com%2Farchives%2Fodong-sardinas-at-patola-a-la-maimai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp_121-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://panlasangpinoy.com/odong-recipe/">"Odong Recipe"</a>. <i>Panlasang Pinoy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930025240/https://panlasangpinoy.com/odong-recipe/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panlasang+Pinoy&rft.atitle=Odong+Recipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpanlasangpinoy.com%2Fodong-recipe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ong-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ong_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOng2018" class="citation news cs1">Ong, Kenneth Irvin (October 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edgedavao.net/indulge-lifestyle/2018/10/18/for-the-love-of-ligo-sardines/">"For the love of Ligo Sardines"</a>. <i>Edge Davao</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022083505/http://edgedavao.net/indulge-lifestyle/2018/10/18/for-the-love-of-ligo-sardines/">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edge+Davao&rft.atitle=For+the+love+of+Ligo+Sardines&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Irvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedgedavao.net%2Findulge-lifestyle%2F2018%2F10%2F18%2Ffor-the-love-of-ligo-sardines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teds-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teds_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teds_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kusinaniteds.com/2019/06/sardines-with-odong-noodles.html">"Sardines with Odong Noodles"</a>. <i>Kusina ni Teds</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930025241/https://kusinaniteds.com/2019/06/sardines-with-odong-noodles.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kusina+ni+Teds&rft.atitle=Sardines+with+Odong+Noodles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkusinaniteds.com%2F2019%2F06%2Fsardines-with-odong-noodles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Figueroa2016-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Figueroa2016_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Figueroa2016_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueroa2016" class="citation news cs1">Figueroa, Antonio V. (September 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/edgedavao/docs/edge9_issue142/9">"US, Japan linguistic legacies"</a>. <i>Edge Davao</i>. No. 142. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930025246/https://issuu.com/edgedavao/docs/edge9_issue142/9">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edge+Davao&rft.atitle=US%2C+Japan+linguistic+legacies&rft.issue=142&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Figueroa&rft.aufirst=Antonio+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fedgedavao%2Fdocs%2Fedge9_issue142%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman1967-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodman1967_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1967" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Grant K. (1967). "Japanese Percentage of Participation in Davao Province Industries". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/1195"><i>Davao: A Case Study in Japanese-Philippine Relations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, Center for East Asian Studies. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F1195">1808/1195</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807051921/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/1195">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese+Percentage+of+Participation+in+Davao+Province+Industries&rft.btitle=Davao%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Japanese-Philippine+Relations&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas%2C+Center+for+East+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1808%2F1195&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Grant+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fhandle%2F1808%2F1195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatakura2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%80%89%E4%BD%B3%E5%8F%B2" class="extiw" title="ja:片倉佳史">Katakura, Yoshifumi</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koryu.or.jp/Portals/0/images/publications/magazine/2016/1/201601_04.pdf">"片倉佳史の台湾歴史紀行第一回港湾都市・基隆を訪ねる"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Taiwan_Exchange_Association" title="Japan–Taiwan Exchange Association">Japan–Taiwan Exchange Association</a>. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930025247/https://www.koryu.or.jp/Portals/0/images/publications/magazine/2016/1/201601_04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%89%87%E5%80%89%E4%BD%B3%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%B4%80%E8%A1%8C+%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%9B%9E+%E6%B8%AF%E6%B9%BE%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%83%BB%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86%E3%82%92%E8%A8%AA%E3%81%AD%E3%82%8B&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Japan%E2%80%93Taiwan+Exchange+Association&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Katakura&rft.aufirst=Yoshifumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koryu.or.jp%2FPortals%2F0%2Fimages%2Fpublications%2Fmagazine%2F2016%2F1%2F201601_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshige2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%AF%9B%E7%9B%B4%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="ja:石毛直道">Ishige, Naomichi</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0nXAwAAQBAJ&q=Tempura+Satsuma-age&pg=PA246"><i>The History and Culture of Japanese Food</i></a>. Routledge. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136602559" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136602559"><bdi>978-1136602559</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930020148/https://books.google.com/books?id=H0nXAwAAQBAJ&q=Tempura+Satsuma-age&pg=PA246#v=snippet&q=Tempura%20Satsuma-age&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+Japanese+Food&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1136602559&rft.aulast=Ishige&rft.aufirst=Naomichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0nXAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTempura%2BSatsuma-age%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/13209051/">"「さつま揚げ」の各都道府県での呼び名を調査関西は「天ぷら」"</a>. J-TOWN.NET. June 16, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021851/https://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/13209051/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%81%95%E3%81%A4%E3%81%BE%E6%8F%9A%E3%81%92%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%90%84%E9%83%BD%E9%81%93%E5%BA%9C%E7%9C%8C%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AE%E5%91%BC%E3%81%B3%E5%90%8D%E3%82%92%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB+%E9%96%A2%E8%A5%BF%E3%81%AF%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%A9%E3%81%B7%E3%82%89%E3%80%8D&rft.pub=J-TOWN.NET&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.livedoor.com%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F13209051%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204101819/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/Burgeoning-growth-of-Japanese-cuisine-in-Thailand-30190989.html">"Burgeoning growth of Japanese cuisine in Thailand"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. September 24, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/Burgeoning-growth-of-Japanese-cuisine-in-Thailand-30190989.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Burgeoning+growth+of+Japanese+cuisine+in+Thailand&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fbusiness%2FBurgeoning-growth-of-Japanese-cuisine-in-Thailand-30190989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian2006-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian2006_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian2006_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenton2006" class="citation news cs1">Renton, Alex (February 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1715295,00.html">"How Sushi ate the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113115505/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1715295,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Sushi+ate+the+World&rft.date=2006-02-26&rft.aulast=Renton&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Ffoodmonthly%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1715295%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ji-song-ku-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ji-song-ku_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ji-song-ku_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJi-Song_Ku2013" class="citation book cs1">Ji-Song Ku, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh_HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44"><i>Dubious Gastronomy: The Cultural Politics of Eating Asian in the USA</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. pp. 43–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-824-83920-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-824-83920-8"><bdi>978-0-824-83920-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930020037/https://books.google.com/books?id=mh_HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whale+and+Dolphin+Conservation&rft.atitle=Whaling+in+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.whales.org%2Fissues%2Fwhaling-in-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndoh2010" class="citation cs2">Andoh, Elizabeth (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMzb3AkDbcUC&pg=PA188"><i>Kansha: Celebrating Japan's Vegan and Vegetarian Traditions</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> Digital, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-955-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-955-5"><bdi>978-1-58008-955-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kansha%3A+Celebrating+Japan%27s+Vegan+and+Vegetarian+Traditions&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58008-955-5&rft.aulast=Andoh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMzb3AkDbcUC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndoh2012" class="citation cs2">Andoh, Elizabeth (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lziyA6pHdxEC&pg=PA191"><i>Washoku: Recipes from the Japanese Home Kitchen</i></a>, Random House Digital, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-81355-8"><bdi>978-0-307-81355-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washoku%3A+Recipes+from+the+Japanese+Home+Kitchen&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-81355-8&rft.aulast=Andoh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlziyA6pHdxEC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorn1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cawthorn, M. W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/casn164.pdf">"Meat consumption from stranded whales and marine mammals in New Zealand: Public health and other issues"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Conservation Advisory Science Notes</i> (164). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1171-9834">1171-9834</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206191550/http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/casn164.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Advisory+Science+Notes&rft.atitle=Meat+consumption+from+stranded+whales+and+marine+mammals+in+New+Zealand%3A+Public+health+and+other+issues&rft.issue=164&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1171-9834&rft.aulast=Cawthorn&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fdocuments%2Fscience-and-technical%2Fcasn164.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Hepburn" title="James Curtis Hepburn">Hepburn, James Curtis</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6CkYAAAAYAAJ"><i>A Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary</i></a> (4 ed.). Tokyo: Z.P. Maruya & Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240930021022/https://books.google.com/books?id=6CkYAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Japanese-English+and+English-Japanese+Dictionary&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Z.P.+Maruya+%26+Company&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=James+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6CkYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipleOrnelas2000" class="citation book cs1">Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504003540/http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/japan.htm"><i>The Cambridge World History of Food</i></a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40216-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40216-6"><bdi>0-521-40216-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/japan.htm">the original</a> on May 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Food&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-40216-6&rft.aulast=Kiple&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+F.&rft.au=Ornelas%2C+Kriemhild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fbooks%2Fkiple%2Fjapan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimbo2000" class="citation cs2">Shimbo, Hiroko (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=43puKgiAK2YC&pg=PA237"><i>The Japanese Kitchen: 250 Recipes in a Traditional Spirit</i></a>, Harvard Common Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-177-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-177-9"><bdi>978-1-55832-177-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Kitchen%3A+250+Recipes+in+a+Traditional+Spirit&rft.pub=Harvard+Common+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55832-177-9&rft.aulast=Shimbo&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D43puKgiAK2YC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsujiFisherReichl2006" class="citation cs2">Tsuji, Shizuo; Fisher, M.F.K.; Reichl, Ruth (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fby2Er0seMMC&pg=PA241"><i>Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodansha_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodansha International">Kodansha International</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3049-8"><bdi>978-4-7700-3049-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Cooking%3A+A+Simple+Art&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-3049-8&rft.aulast=Tsuji&rft.aufirst=Shizuo&rft.au=Fisher%2C+M.F.K.&rft.au=Reichl%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfby2Er0seMMC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCwiertka2006" class="citation cs2">Cwiertka, Katarzyna Joanna (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oK-7LOlWNpEC"><i>Modern Japanese Cuisine: Food, Power And National Identity</i></a>, Reaktion Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-298-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-298-0"><bdi>978-1-86189-298-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Japanese+Cuisine%3A+Food%2C+Power+And+National+Identity&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-298-0&rft.aulast=Cwiertka&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna+Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoK-7LOlWNpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Francks, Penelope. "Diet and the comparison of living standards across the Great Divergence: Japanese food history in an English mirror." <i>Journal of Global History</i> 14.1 (2019): 3-21.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRath2010" class="citation cs2">Rath, Eric C. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_m6g_8Aw_IsC"><i>Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Japan</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26227-0"><bdi>978-0-520-26227-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Fantasy+in+Early+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26227-0&rft.aulast=Rath&rft.aufirst=Eric+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_m6g_8Aw_IsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_cuisine&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kpu.ac.jp/jp_cuisine_ebook/">JAPANESE CUISINE COMPLETE</a>Japanese Culinary Academy, Kyoto Prefectual University</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cuisine_of_Japan" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Cuisine of Japan"> Cuisine of Japan</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuisine_of_Japan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuisine of Japan">Cuisine of Japan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has travel information for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Japanese_cuisine#Q234138" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_food_and_drink" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_food_and_drink" title="Template:Japanese food and drink"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_food_and_drink" title="Template talk:Japanese food and drink"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_food_and_drink" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese food and drink"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_food_and_drink" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese food and drink</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shushoku</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rice" title="Japanese rice">Rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahan_(dish)" title="Chahan (dish)">Chahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Curry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katsu_curry" title="Katsu curry">Katsu curry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">Glutinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germinated_brown_rice" title="Germinated brown rice">Hatsuga genmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">Kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donburi" title="Donburi">Donmono</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABkadon" title="Chūkadon">Chūkadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%ABdon" title="Gyūdon">Gyūdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsudon" title="Katsudon">Katsudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyakodon" title="Oyakodon">Oyakodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekkadon" title="Tekkadon">Tekkadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenshindon" title="Tenshindon">Tenshindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unadon" title="Unadon">Unadon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_rice" title="Hayashi rice">Hayashi rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%AB-sansai" title="Ichijū-sansai">Ichijū-sansai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okowa" title="Okowa">Okowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onigiri" title="Onigiri">Onigiri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenmusu" title="Tenmusu">Tenmusu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omurice" title="Omurice">Omurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sushi" title="Sustainable sushi">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_bean_rice" title="Red bean rice">Sekihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takikomi_gohan" title="Takikomi gohan">Takikomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosui" title="Zosui">Zosui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_noodles" title="Japanese noodles">Noodles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane_noodles#Japan" title="Cellophane noodles">Harusame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiyamugi" title="Hiyamugi">Hiyamugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiyashi_ch%C5%ABka" title="Hiyashi chūka">Hiyashi chūka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">Ramen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champon" title="Champon">Champon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_ramen" title="Kagoshima ramen">Kagoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muroran_curry_ramen" title="Muroran curry ramen">Muroran curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan_noodles#Related_dishes" title="Dandan noodles">Tantan-men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkotsu_ramen" title="Tonkotsu ramen">Tonkotsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukemen" title="Tsukemen">Tsukemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirataki_noodles" title="Shirataki noodles">Shirataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">Soba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_soba" title="Okinawa soba">Okinawa soba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soki" title="Soki">Soki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmen" title="Sōmen">Sōmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmen_salad" title="Sōmen salad">Salad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">Udon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaki_udon" title="Yaki udon">Yakiudon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakisoba" title="Yakisoba">Yakisoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Hōtō">Hōtō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konamono</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monjayaki" title="Monjayaki">Monjayaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okonomiyaki" title="Okonomiyaki">Okonomiyaki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirayachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirayachi">Hirayachi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takoyaki" title="Takoyaki">Takoyaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bread</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anpan" title="Anpan">Anpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_bread" title="Curry bread">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melonpan" title="Melonpan">Melonpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_milk_bread" title="Japanese milk bread">Milk bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Water roux">Yudane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Okazu" title="Okazu">Okazu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agedashi_d%C5%8Dfu" title="Agedashi dōfu">Agedashi dōfu</a></li> <li>Agemono <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furai" title="Furai">Furai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaage" title="Karaage">Karaage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korokke" title="Korokke">Korokke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushikatsu" title="Kushikatsu">Kushikatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma-age" title="Satsuma-age">Satsuma-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">Tempura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawanmushi" title="Chawanmushi">Chawanmushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_(ginger)" title="Gari (ginger)">Gari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi#Gyōza" title="Jiaozi">Gyōza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakuni" title="Kakuni">Kakuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabemono" title="Nabemono">Nabemono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasu_(Food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namasu (Food)">Namasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">Nattō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikujaga" title="Nikujaga">Nikujaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oden" title="Oden">Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen_tamago" title="Onsen tamago">Onsen tamago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">Sashimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu">Fugusashi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabu-shabu" title="Shabu-shabu">Shabu-shabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiokara" title="Shiokara">Shiokara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukiyaki" title="Sukiyaki">Sukiyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagoyaki" title="Tamagoyaki">Tamagoyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokoroten" title="Tokoroten">Tokoroten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">Tonkatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tororo_(food)" title="Tororo (food)">Tororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukemono" title="Tsukemono">Tsukemono</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukazuke" title="Nukazuke">Nukazuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan" title="Takuan">Takuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukudani" title="Tsukudani">Tsukudani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukune" title="Tsukune">Tsukune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakiniku" title="Yakiniku">Yakiniku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakitori" title="Yakitori">Yakitori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soup<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_soups_and_stews" title="List of Japanese soups and stews">Shirumono</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butajiru" title="Butajiru">Butajiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenchin-jiru" title="Kenchin-jiru">Kenchin-jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso_soup" title="Miso soup">Miso soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suimono" class="mw-redirect" title="Suimono">Suimono</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E3%81%84%E7%89%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:吸い物">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Set menu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekiben" title="Ekiben">Ekiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaraben" title="Kyaraben">Kyaraben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makunouchi" title="Makunouchi">Makunouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappameshi" title="Wappameshi">Wappameshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honzen-ry%C5%8Dri" title="Honzen-ryōri">Honzen-ryōri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABbako" title="Jūbako">Jūbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osechi" title="Osechi">Osechi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcoholic beverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigori" title="Nigori">Nigori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toso" title="Toso">Toso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habushu" title="Habushu">Habushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeshu" title="Umeshu">Umeshu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_tea#Japan" title="Green tea">Green tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_Japan" title="History of tea in Japan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bancha" title="Bancha">Bancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuro" title="Gyokuro">Gyokuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Djicha" title="Hōjicha">Hōjicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuse_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabuse tea">Kabuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukicha" title="Kukicha">Kukicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">Matcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">Sencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uji_tea" title="Uji tea">Uji</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbal tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genmaicha" title="Genmaicha">Genmaicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_tea" title="Buckwheat tea">Sobacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_tea" title="Kelp tea">Kombu-cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Mugicha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soft drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramune" title="Ramune">Ramune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarius (beverage)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.C._Lemon" title="C.C. Lemon">C.C. Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpis" title="Calpis">Calpis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_coffee" title="Canned coffee">Canned coffee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_Coffee" title="Boss Coffee">Boss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(coffee)" title="Georgia (coffee)">Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovitan" title="Lipovitan">Lipovitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oronamin_C" title="Oronamin C">Oronamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocari_Sweat" title="Pocari Sweat">Pocari Sweat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakult" title="Yakult">Yakult</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snacks /<br />desserts/<br /> <a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">Wagashi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanatt%C5%8D" title="Amanattō">Amanattō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botan_Rice_Candy" title="Botan Rice Candy">Botan Rice Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daifuku" title="Daifuku">Daifuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dango" title="Dango">Dango</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chichi_dango" title="Chichi dango">Chichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibi_dango_(millet_dumpling)" title="Kibi dango (millet dumpling)">Kibi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorayaki" title="Dorayaki">Dorayaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukan" title="Karukan">Karukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konpeit%C5%8D" title="Konpeitō">Konpeitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manj%C5%AB" title="Manjū">Manjū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agemochi" title="Agemochi">Agemochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goheimochi" title="Goheimochi">Goheimochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankoro_Mochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankoro Mochi">Kankoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzumochi" title="Kuzumochi">Kuzumochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunda-mochi" title="Zunda-mochi">Zunda-mochi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbei" title="Senbei">Senbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arare_(food)" title="Arare (food)">Arare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiruko" title="Shiruko">Shiruko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyaki" title="Taiyaki">Taiyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uir%C5%8D" title="Uirō">Uirō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warabimochi" title="Warabimochi">Warabimochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkan" title="Yōkan">Yōkan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_watermelon" title="Square watermelon">Square watermelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubari_King" title="Yubari King">Yubari King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Roman" title="Ruby Roman">Ruby Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shine_Muscat" title="Shine Muscat">Shine Muscat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ingredients /<br />condiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_bean_paste" title="Red bean paste">Anko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">Bamboo shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_sh%C5%8Dga" title="Beni shōga">Beni shōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctium" title="Arctium">Burdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikon" title="Daikon">Daikon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakurajima_radish" title="Sakurajima radish">Sakurajima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashi" title="Dashi">Dashi</a></li> <li>Fish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamaboko" title="Kamaboko">Kamaboko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Mentaiko / tarako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijiki" title="Hijiki">Hijiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzuri" title="Kanzuri">Kanzuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karashi" title="Karashi">Karashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsuobushi" title="Katsuobushi">Katsuobushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">Kombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjac">Konnyaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudzu_powder" title="Kudzu powder">Kuzuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise#Japan" title="Mayonnaise">Mayonnaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menma" title="Menma">Menma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">Miso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">MSG</a></li> <li>Mushrooms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flammulina_filiformis" title="Flammulina filiformis">Enokitake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiitake" title="Shiitake">Shiitake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoga" title="Myoga">Myoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nori" title="Nori">Nori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake_kasu" title="Sake kasu">Sake kasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_crumbs#Panko" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread crumbs">Panko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum#Japanese_cuisine" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sansyō</a></li> <li>Sauce <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponzu" title="Ponzu">Ponzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">Soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tare_sauce" title="Tare sauce">Tare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu_sauce" title="Tonkatsu sauce">Tonkatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce#Japan" title="Worcestershire sauce">Worcestershire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasu" title="Tenkasu">Tenkasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeboshi" title="Umeboshi">Umeboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cooking_utensils" title="List of Japanese cooking utensils">Utensils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cooker" title="Rice cooker">Rice cooker</a></li> <li>Knives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Deba bōchō">Deba bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef%27s_knife" title="Chef's knife">Gyuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_kitchen_knife" title="Japanese kitchen knife">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguro_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Maguro bōchō">Maguro bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakiri_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Nakiri bōchō">Nakiri bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoku" title="Santoku">Santoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashimi_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Sashimi bōchō">Sashimi bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usuba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Usuba bōchō">Usuba bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanagi_ba" title="Yanagi ba">Yanagi ba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamoji">Shamoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suribachi" title="Suribachi">Suribachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaru" title="Zaru">Zaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_condiments" title="List of Japanese condiments">Condiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_desserts_and_sweets" title="List of Japanese desserts and sweets">Desserts and sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Dishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ramen_dishes" title="List of ramen dishes">Ramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_soups_and_stews" title="List of Japanese soups and stews">Soups and stews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_snacks" title="List of Japanese snacks">Snacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sushi_and_sashimi_ingredients" title="List of sushi and sashimi ingredients">Sushi and sashimi ingredients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinmi" title="Chinmi">Chinmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omakase" title="Omakase">Omakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teppanyaki" title="Teppanyaki">Teppanyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusanhin" title="Tokusanhin">Tokusanhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teriyaki" title="Teriyaki">Teriyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">Umami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Japanese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Japanese dining">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_cuisine" title="Category:Japanese cuisine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timorese cuisine">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian cuisine">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz cuisine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Cypriot cuisine">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian cuisine">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory cuisine (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_cuisine" title="Christmas Island cuisine">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands cuisine (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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