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<span>Convergence with Rinzai-Zen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convergence_with_Rinzai-Zen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable temples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_temples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable temples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Head temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtemples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtemples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Subtemples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtemples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ōbaku</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaku" title="Obaku – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Obaku" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Обаку – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обаку" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaku" title="Obaku – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Obaku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku-sh%C5%AB" title="Ōbaku-shū – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ōbaku-shū" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaku" title="Obaku – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Obaku" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ōbaku" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku-sh%C5%AB" title="Ōbaku-shū – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ōbaku-shū" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93baku" title="Óbaku – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Óbaku" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%AA%97%E5%AE%97" title="黄檗宗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黄檗宗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ōbaku" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ōbaku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ōbaku" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Обаку – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обаку" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaku" title="Obaku – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Obaku" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaku" title="Obaku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obaku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_B%C3%A1_t%C3%B4ng" title="Hoàng Bá tông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoàng Bá tông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%AA%97%E5%AE%97" title="黄檗宗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黄檗宗" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">School of Japanese Zen Buddhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Ōbaku</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">黄檗宗</span></span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mampukuji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mampukuji.jpg/250px-Mampukuji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mampukuji.jpg/330px-Mampukuji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mampukuji.jpg/500px-Mampukuji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="951" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Manpuku-ji" title="Manpuku-ji">Manpuku-ji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uji" title="Uji">Uji</a>, head temple of the Ōbaku sect</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manpuku-ji" title="Manpuku-ji">Manpuku-ji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingen Ryūki">Ingen Ryūki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1661 <br /><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Branched from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Places of worship</a></th><td class="infobox-data">420</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obakusan.or.jp">http://www.obakusan.or.jp</a></td></tr></tbody></table> 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.mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks zen-buddhism plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="禪 Zen"><img alt="禪 Zen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/40px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/60px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/80px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Part of</span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969"><i>a series</i></span></a> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Zen Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ens%C5%8D" title="Ensō"><img alt="Ensō" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/100px-Enso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/150px-Enso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/200px-Enso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese <i>Chan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese <i>Zen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean <i>Seon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese <i>Thiền</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>The "essence"</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_enlightenment" title="Original enlightenment">Original enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_the_light_around" title="Turning the light around">Turning the light around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden awakening</a></li></ul> <p><b>The way</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Ox-Herding Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five ranks of Tozan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin#Four_ways_of_knowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuin">Hakuin's Four ways of knowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li></ul> <p><b>The "goal"</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul> <p><b>Background</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen and Sutras">Zen and Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_background_of_Zen" title="Doctrinal background of Zen">Doctrinal background of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Representation-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Six Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dhāraṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_meditation" title="Walking meditation">Walking meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_(Zen)" title="Samu (Zen)">Samu (Zen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cry%C5%8Dki" title="Ōryōki">Ōryōki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_combat" title="Dharma combat">Dharma combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgai" title="Kyōgai">Kyōgai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry#Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Zen poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitsuzend%C5%8D" title="Hitsuzendō">Zen calligraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Indian Mahayana texts</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita#Texts" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Lankavatara Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Chinese texts</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">The Awakening of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jingde_Record_of_the_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" title="The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp">Transmission of the Lamp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjiejiao" title="Sanjiejiao">Sanjiejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heze school">Heze school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism#Tibetan_Chan" title="Chan Buddhism">Tibetan Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Interbeing" title="Order of Interbeing">Order of Interbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō school</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ōbaku school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Mind_Zen_School" title="Ordinary Mind Zen School">Ordinary Mind Zen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Chán in China</b><br /> <p><i><b>Classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng (Enō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi (Baso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian (Kisen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan (Rinzai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao (Tahui)</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Post-classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongfeng_Mingben" title="Zhongfeng Mingben">Zhongfeng Mingben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Contemporary</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Yun">Xu Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Zen in Japan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassui_Tokush%C5%8D" title="Bassui Tokushō">Bassui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB" title="Ikkyū">Ikkyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankei">Bankei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Seon in Korea</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Bou" title="Taego Bou">Taego Bou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li></ul> <p><b>Thiền in Vietnam</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a></li></ul> <p><b>Western Zen</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li></ul> <i><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists">Category: Zen Buddhists</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_organisation_and_institutions" title="Zen organisation and institutions">Zen organisation and institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Narratives" title="Zen Narratives">Zen Narratives</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sānlùn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Wéishí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zen_Buddhism" title="Template:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zen_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zen_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/250px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/330px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/500px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">History & Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a> (Earliest Buddhist records)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Introduction_of_Buddhism_to_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Introduction of Buddhism to Japan (page does not exist)">Introduction of Buddhism to Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Shōtoku and Early Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a> (Shinto-Buddhist Syncretism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a> (Separation of Buddhism & Shinto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a> (Anti-Buddhist Movement)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy & Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Djitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōjitsu">Jōjitsu</a> (Satyasiddhi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosso">Hosso</a> (Yogacara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanron">Sanron</a> (Three Treatises)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a> (Huayan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a> (Vinaya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha-sh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusha-shū (Buddhism)">Kusha</a> (Abhidharma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Risshu" title="Shingon Risshu">Shingon Risshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a> (Pure Land)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> (True Pure Land)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_Nembutsu" title="Yuzu Nembutsu">Yuzu Nembutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji-shu" title="Ji-shu">Ji-shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōtō Zen">Sōtō Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku_Zen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ōbaku Zen (page does not exist)">Ōbaku Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a> (Mountain Asceticism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Practices & Rituals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a> (Zen Meditation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nenbutsu</a> (Pure Land Chanting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Daimoku</a> (Nichiren Chanting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a> (Warrior Monks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikkō-ikki</a> (Buddhist Uprisings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obon" title="Obon">Obon</a> (Bon Festival & Ancestral Worship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a> (Jisei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a> (Temple Patronage)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Important Figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Historical Figures</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dben" title="Rōben">Rōben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a> (Tendai founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> (Shingon founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a> (Jōdo-shū founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a> (Jōdo Shinshū founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> (Sōtō Zen founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a> (Rinzai Zen founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> (Nichiren Buddhism founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja" title="En no Gyōja">En no Gyōja</a> (Shugendō figure)</li></ul> <p><b>Cultural & Modern Thinkers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a> (Ōbaku Zen master)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a> (Tea Ceremony & Zen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a> (Jōdo Shinshū reformer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a> (Zen & Martial Arts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a> (Zen in the West)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Suzuki Shunryū</a> (Zazen teacher)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred Spaces & Arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Major Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Deities & Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a> (Home Altars)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D" title="Kaichō">Kaichō</a> (Sacred Image Viewing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjin" title="Kanjin">Kanjin</a> (Temple Fundraising)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Cultural Influence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art_in_Japan" title="Buddhist art in Japan">Buddhist art in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongen" title="Gongen">Gongen</a> (Buddhist-Shinto Deities)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senjafuda" title="Senjafuda">Senjafuda</a> (Pilgrimage Stickers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Five_Mountains" title="Literature of the Five Mountains">Gozan Bungaku</a> (Zen Poetry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a> (Original Enlightenment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">Honji suijaku</a> (Kami as Buddhas)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Modern Influence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States#Zen" title="Buddhism in the United States">Zen in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a> (Buddhist Modernist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Nishida Kitarō</a> (Philosopher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Shaku Sōen</a> (Zen teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensh%C5%8D_Murakami" title="Senshō Murakami">Murakami Senshō</a> (Historian)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Japanese Buddhism">Glossary of Japanese Buddhism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Japanese_Buddhism_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Japanese Buddhism sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhism_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhism sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ōbaku Zen</b> or the <b>Ōbaku school</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">黄檗宗</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ōbaku-shū</i></span>) is one of three main schools of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> schools. The school was founded in Japan by the Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingen Ryūki">Ingen Ryūki</a>, who immigrated to Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Manchu conquest of China</a> in the 17th century. </p><p>It had a strong influence on Japanese Rinzai, which partly adopted Ōbaku practices, and partly reinstored older practices in response to the Ōbaku school. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki_Kofukuji_M5667.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nagasaki_Kofukuji_M5667.jpg/220px-Nagasaki_Kofukuji_M5667.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nagasaki_Kofukuji_M5667.jpg/330px-Nagasaki_Kofukuji_M5667.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nagasaki_Kofukuji_M5667.jpg/440px-Nagasaki_Kofukuji_M5667.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meditation_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation Hall">Meditation Hall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kofukuji_(Nagasaki)" title="Kofukuji (Nagasaki)">Kōfuku-ji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NagasakiSofukuji2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NagasakiSofukuji2.jpg/250px-NagasakiSofukuji2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NagasakiSofukuji2.jpg/330px-NagasakiSofukuji2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NagasakiSofukuji2.jpg/500px-NagasakiSofukuji2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meditation_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation Hall">Meditation Hall</a> at <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dfuku-ji_(Nagasaki)" title="Sōfuku-ji (Nagasaki)">Sōfuku-ji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The development of the Ōbaku-shū in Japan began somewhere around 1620, a period when Chinese emigrants were coming to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> due to a decree by the <a href="/wiki/Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogunate">shogunate</a> allowing Chinese traders to conduct business there. The Chinese traders, in turn, began to request that monks from China come to Nagasaki "to serve the religious needs of their community and build monasteries in the late-Ming style with which they were familiar."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese community was therefore thrilled when the founder of the Ōbaku, a master of the Linji school/sect named <a href="/wiki/Yinyuan_Longqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinyuan Longqi">Yinyuan Longqi</a> (J. <i>Ingen Ryūki</i>), arrived from China in Nagasaki in 1654 with a small group of his <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> students. Furthermore, Yinyuan himself was happy to get away from China, which was <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">then amidst a terrible war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yinyuan was there with the explicit purpose of helping three underdeveloped temples founded by Chinese emigrants grow in the city. These Nagasaki temples were known as the three "temples of good fortune," respectively <a href="/wiki/Kofukuji_(Nagasaki)" title="Kofukuji (Nagasaki)">Kōfuku-ji</a>, Fukusai-ji and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dfuku-ji_(Nagasaki)" title="Sōfuku-ji (Nagasaki)">Sōfuku-ji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dumoulin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumoulin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time many Japanese heard of his teachings and traveled to Nagasaki to see him, while some came to join his community and become students.<sup id="cite_ref-baroni_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baroni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having planned to stay in Japan for a short period of time, Yinyuan was persuaded by a group of his Japanese students to remain in Japan; this group secured him governmental permission to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, where his student Ryūkai Shōsen wished he would then become abbot of the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai">Rinzai</a> temple <a href="/wiki/Myoshin-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoshin-ji">Myoshin-ji</a>. Authorities within the Rinzai organization were not keen on this idea, due primarily to a disagreement within the congregation as to whether or not Yinyuan presented a take on Zen that was too distinctly Chinese for Japanese tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-dumoulin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumoulin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, Yinyuan began construction of the modern day head temple of the Ōbaku known as <a href="/wiki/Manpuku-ji" title="Manpuku-ji">Ōbaku-san Manpuku-ji</a> in 1661 in <a href="/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Uji, Kyoto">Uji</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto prefecture">Kyoto prefecture</a> (Ōbaku-san being the mountain name). This marks the emergence of the Ōbaku school/sect of Zen Buddhism in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-baroni_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baroni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction was completed in 1669, the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku_Zen_architecture" title="Ōbaku Zen architecture">architecture</a> done in the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> style. By authorization of the local <a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">bakufu</a> leaders (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Tsunayoshi" title="Tokugawa Tsunayoshi">Tokugawa Tsunayoshi</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the Ōbaku-shu emerged to help revitalize Rinzai practice in Japan. The practice at Manpuku-ji was different from that in other Rinzai temples and monasteries of Japan during this period, being much more Chinese in its approach. Yinyuan brought with him aspects of <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Buddhism">esoteric Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dumoulin" title="Heinrich Dumoulin">Heinrich Dumoulin</a> puts it, "For Zen practice in general, seated meditation and the practice of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōan</a> are central, while cultic ceremony is of secondary importance. Insofar as the Ōbaku belonged to the Rinzai tradition, <i><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a></i> and kōan practice were made part of daily life, but ritual was also accorded a place of considerable importance."<sup id="cite_ref-dumoulin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumoulin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Ōbaku monasteries and temples came to be governed by a doctrine known as <i>Ōbaku shingi</i>, which both imported Chinese practices such as the recitation (<a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharani</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Nembutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nembutsu">nembutsu</a> and "sought to preserve the Chinese character of the group."<sup id="cite_ref-baroni_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baroni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ōbaku also chanted <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> derived from the Pure Land Buddhist sect set to Chinese music.<sup id="cite_ref-dumoulin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumoulin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Yinyuan's retirement in 1664<sup id="cite_ref-weidner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weidner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and death in 1673, other monks who had come to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> around the same time as he helped to carry on the tradition of practice at <a href="/wiki/Manpuku-ji" title="Manpuku-ji">Manpuku-ji</a>. The foremost of his disciples was <a href="/wiki/Mokuan_Sh%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokuan Shōtō">Mokuan Shōtō</a>, who became 2nd abbot of Manpuku-ji in 1664. During its formative years, Manpuku-ji was very popular in Japan with many adherents coming to the temple for instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-dumoulin_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumoulin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the book <i>Latter Days of the Law</i>, "For the next century, Manpuku-ji was headed by Chinese immigrant monks, and they sent their Japanese followers to found other temples. Ōbaku Zen quickly spread through the country."<sup id="cite_ref-weidner_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weidner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one abbot of <a href="/wiki/Manpuku-ji" title="Manpuku-ji">Manpuku-ji</a> during this period of early Ōbaku history proved to be controversial. His name was Tu-chan Hsing-jung (Dokutan Shōtei), and he served as 4th abbot of Manpuku-ji. Critics charge that he took his emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Nembutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nembutsu">nembutsu</a> recitation at Manpuku-ji too far, and he is today derisively nicknamed "Nembutsu Dokutan".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most important Ōbaku practitioner besides Yinyuan Longqi was <a href="/wiki/Tetsugen_D%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetsugen Dōkō">Tetsugen Dōkō</a>, a Japanese man who lived from 1630 to 1682. Tetsugen is remembered for having transcribed the entire <a href="/wiki/Ming_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming period">Ming period</a> Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a> to <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodblocks</a>—known as the <i>Tetsugen-ban</i> or <i>Ōbaku-ban</i> (<i>ban</i> meaning edition).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raised as part of the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> of Japan, Tetsugen first met Yinyuan in 1655 at <a href="/wiki/Kofukuji_(Nagasaki)" title="Kofukuji (Nagasaki)">Kōfuku-ji</a> in Nagasaki and eventually came to join the Ōbaku.<sup id="cite_ref-dumoulin_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumoulin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Japanese abbot of Manpuku-ji assumed leadership of the Ōbaku in 1740, a man by the name of Ryūtō Gentō. From 1786 on through to the modern-day, the Ōbaku has been run and controlled by exclusively Japanese leadership. </p><p>Today Manpuku-ji serves as the Ōbaku's head temple, with 420 subtemples spread throughout Japan as of 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_influence">Characteristics and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Chinese monk Yinyuan (<a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a>), who founded the Ōbaku school</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastic_practice">Monastic practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monastic practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monastic practices of the Ōbaku-shū were once largely informed by the <i>Ōbaku shingi</i> (or, <i>Ōbaku codes</i>), composed in 1672 with ten sections outlining the practice regimen at <a href="/wiki/Manpuku-ji" title="Manpuku-ji">Manpuku-ji</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Heine" title="Steven Heine">Steven Heine</a> writes that, "The text reflected a few evolutionary changes that had taken place in Chinese monasteries since the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>, but it was squarely in the tradition of classical rules of purity such as the <i>Chanyuan qingui</i> and <i>Chixiu baizhang qingqui</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rinzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai">Rinzai</a> branch <a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dshin-ji" title="Myōshin-ji">Myōshin-ji</a> authored their own set of monastic regulations (penned by Mujaku Dōchū)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response to this later in 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-heine_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heine-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be sure, Myoshinji was worried about losing students to the Ōbaku, who were growing in popularity. The Ōbaku's "emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Pratimoksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratimoksa">precepts</a> and the strict observance of monastic regulations embodied in <i>Ōbaku shingi</i> seem to have stimulated and encouraged certain Japanese masters of similar bent. In the Sōtō sect, for example, the Chinese teachers influenced the monastic codes of reformers like <a href="/wiki/Gessh%C5%AB_S%C5%8Dko" title="Gesshū Sōko">Gesshū Sōko</a> and Manzan Dōhaku who had studied under Ōbaku masters."<sup id="cite_ref-haskel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haskel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the Ōbaku-shū has sometimes been referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Nembutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nembutsu">Nembutsu</a> Zen"—a derogatory characterization intended to describe their use of "Zen and <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> practices."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ōbaku-shū emphasized the taking of various precepts and also observed the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> tradition as well as <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a> translation. But perhaps most obvious to the Japanese was their use of <i><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nembutsu</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also their use of the "<i>nembutsu <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōan</a></i>" which entailed the practice of reciting the name of <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a> while holding in one's mind the kōan, "Who is reciting?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While foreign to the Japanese (despite this "dual practice" being introduced in Japan as early as the late 13th century),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was very common in <a href="/wiki/Ming_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming period">Ming period</a> Ch'an, where there was no sectarian divide between <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> Buddhists and Ch'an practitioners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convergence_with_Rinzai-Zen">Convergence with Rinzai-Zen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Convergence with Rinzai-Zen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heine and Wright note that:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... regardless of its inclusion of Pure Land elements, the fact remained that the Ōbaku school, with its group practice of zazen on the platforms in a meditation hall and its emphasis on keeping the precepts, represented a type of communal monastic discipline far more rigorous than anything that existed at the time in Japanese Buddhism.</p></blockquote> <p>As a result of their approach, which caused a stir in Japan, many Rinzai and Sōtō masters undertook reforming and revitalizing their own monastic institutions, such as Rinzai master Ungo Kiyō who even began implementing the use of <i>nembutsu</i> into his training regimen at <a href="/wiki/Zuigan-ji" title="Zuigan-ji">Zuigan-ji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> T. Griffith Foulk writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The followers of <a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a> (1687—1769) tried to purge the elements of Ōbaku Zen they found objectionable. They suppressed the Pure Land practice of reciting <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amida</a> Buddha's name, deemphasized the Vinaya, and replaced sutra study with a more narrow focus on traditional koan collections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith_Foulk1988165_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith_Foulk1988165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rooted in the lineage (school) of <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji</a>, and therefore sharing a familial relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai-shū</a> of Japan, the Ōbaku's approach to practice is today tinged with a hint of Chinese influence. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_J._Baroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen J. Baroni (page does not exist)">Helen J. Baroni</a> writes that today, "With a few notable exceptions, such as the style of sutra chanting (which continues to be done in an approximation of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> dialect), Ōbaku temples and monasteries appear very like their Rinzai neighbors."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistically the smallest school/sect of Zen in modern-day Japan, the Ōbaku is also like the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai-shū</a> in that it is known to be more conservative and intellectually inclined than the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō-shū</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ōbaku abbots are now all from the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ct%C5%8Dkan" title="Ōtōkan">Ōtōkan</a> lineage, the same as Rinzai, and thus practices are largely similar, though this was not the case originally. Specifically, starting under the leadership of chief abbot Ryochu Nyoryu 良忠如隆 (1793–1868), Zen practice largely became the same as Rinzai practice, but monastic and cultural differences remain. Additionally, Buddhist sutras in the Ōbaku-shū continue today to be chanted in <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" title="Tō-on">Tō-on</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to their contribution to Zen in Japan, the Ōbaku also "disseminated many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Ming_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming period">Ming-period</a> culture" in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the monks who came from China were accomplished <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligraphers</a>, and Obaku's founder <a href="/wiki/Yinyuan_Longqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinyuan Longqi">Yinyuan Longqi</a> and two other Ōbaku masters, <a href="/wiki/Mokuan_Sh%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokuan Shōtō">Mokuan Shōtō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokuhi_Nyoitsu" title="Sokuhi Nyoitsu">Sokuhi Nyoitsu</a>, became known as the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku_no_Sanpitsu" title="Ōbaku no Sanpitsu">Ōbaku no Sanpitsu</a> (or, the "Three Brushes of Ōbaku"). Author <a href="/wiki/Steven_Heine" title="Steven Heine">Steven Heine</a> writes, "Areas where the influence of — or the reaction to — Ōbaku left an imprint on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a> is manifold, and its impact even reached the fields of Japanese cultural techniques, such as printing and painting.<sup id="cite_ref-heine_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heine-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a> and architecture were also introduced, as was the practice of "<a href="/wiki/Spirit_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit writing">spirit writing</a>", the latter practiced by Ōbaku monks who were said to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Chen_Tuan" title="Chen Tuan">Chen Tuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haskel_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haskel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ōbaku school is also well known for its style of <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a> cooking known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">fucha ryōri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">普茶料理</span></span>)</span>, its version of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist cuisine</a> (in Japan known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōjin ryōri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">精進料理</span></span>, devotion cuisine)</span>). This is similar to usual <i>shōjin ryōri,</i> but with more Chinese influence. It was introduced by Yinyuan and his group, and served at the main temple of Manpuku-ji,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with various subtemples such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanga-an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanga-an (page does not exist)">Kanga-an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ōbaku school also introduced <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> tea culture to Japan, including the steeping of loose-leaf teas (<a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">sencha</a>) rather than the powdered <a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">matcha</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Chanoyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanoyu">chanoyu</a>. Ōbaku monks and intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Baisao" title="Baisao">Baisao</a> opposed the rigid, elaborate formalism of <a href="/wiki/Chanoyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanoyu">chanoyu</a> and promoted a carefree, informal approach inspired by ancient Chinese sages. This would later produce a new type of tea ceremony called <a href="/wiki/Senchado" class="mw-redirect" title="Senchado">senchado</a>, and sencha would eventually become the most popular form of tea consumed in Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_temples">Notable temples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_temple">Head temple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Head temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manpuku-ji" title="Manpuku-ji">Manpuku-ji</a> – Construction began in 1661 and concluded in 1669. Located in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Manpuku-ji serves as the head temple of the Ōbaku school.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides a "rare example" of a temple built in a purely <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Ming_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming period">Ming period</a> <a href="/wiki/Architectural" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural">architectural</a> style in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rowthorn_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowthorn-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtemples">Subtemples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subtemples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fukusai-ji" title="Fukusai-ji">Fukusai-ji</a> – Founded in 1628 in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> and later destroyed in 1945, Fukusai-ji has since been reconstructed in the shape of a turtle with an 18-metre high <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum alloy">aluminum alloy</a> statue of <a href="/wiki/Kannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannon">Kannon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> of compassion. The interior is famous for the 25-metre <a href="/wiki/Foucault_Pendulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Foucault Pendulum">Foucault Pendulum</a> which swings over the remains of 16,500 Japanese killed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dodd_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dodd-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukugon-ji_(Yanagawa)" title="Fukugon-ji (Yanagawa)">Fukugon-ji (Yanagawa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuju-ji_(Kitakyushu)" title="Fukuju-ji (Kitakyushu)">Fukuju-ji (Kitakyushu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji_(Nagasaki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōfuku-ji (Nagasaki)">Kōfuku-ji (Nagasaki)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry%C5%ABshin-ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryūshin-ji (page does not exist)">Ryūshin-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D-ji_(Gifu)" title="Shōhō-ji (Gifu)">Shōhō-ji (Gifu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dfuku-ji_(Nagasaki)" title="Sōfuku-ji (Nagasaki)">Sōfuku-ji (Nagasaki)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toko-ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toko-ji (page does not exist)">Toko-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuish%C5%8D-ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuishō-ji (page does not exist)">Zuishō-ji</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeineWright2005">Heine & Wright (2005)</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dumoulin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dumoulin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dumoulin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dumoulin_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dumoulin_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dumoulin_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dumoulin_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumoulin, 299-356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baroni-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baroni_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baroni_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baroni_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iron Eyes; 5-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Totman; 404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weidner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weidner_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weidner_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weidner, 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obaku Zen; 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obaku Zen; 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dougill, 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2005151-152_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeineWright2005">Heine & Wright (2005)</a>, p. 151-152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heine-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heine_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heine_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heine, 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haskel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haskel_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haskel_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haskel, 37-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obaku Zen; 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baskind, 19-34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obaku Zen; 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith_Foulk1988165-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith_Foulk1988165_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffith_Foulk1988">Griffith Foulk (1988)</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iron Eyes; 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd; 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, et al.; 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zen.rinnou.net/head_temples/02manpuku.html">"Rinzai-Obaku zen | Head Temples - Manpukuji Temple"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127151351/http://zen.rinnou.net/head_temples/02manpuku.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rinzai-Obaku+zen+%26%23124%3B+Head+Temples+-+Manpukuji+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzen.rinnou.net%2Fhead_temples%2F02manpuku.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coldicott 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kangaan.jp/kyofutya.html">京懐石普茶料理</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422170619/http://www.kangaan.jp/kyofutya.html">Archived</a> 2012-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kangaan.jp">閑臥庵</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422210650/http://www.kangaan.jp/">Archived</a> 2012-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaliDougill2012" class="citation book cs1">Cali, Joseph; Dougill, John (November 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1gEEAAAQBAJ"><i>Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824837754" title="Special:BookSources/9780824837754"><bdi>9780824837754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto+Shrines%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Sacred+Sites+of+Japan%27s+Ancient+Religion&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.isbn=9780824837754&rft.aulast=Cali&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Dougill%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1gEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rowthorn-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rowthorn_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowthorn, 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dodd-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dodd_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodd, 722</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllenJohn_de_Monins_Johnson1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Stafford_Allen" title="Percy Stafford Allen">Allen, Percy Stafford</a>; John de Monins Johnson (1908). <i>Transactions of the Third International Congress for the History of Religions</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090222">1090222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transactions+of+the+Third+International+Congress+for+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090222&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Percy+Stafford&rft.au=John+de+Monins+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaroni2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Josephine_Baroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Josephine Baroni (page does not exist)">Baroni, Helen Josephine</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=0824822439"><i>Obaku Zen: The Emergence of the Third Sect of Zen in Tokugawa, Japan</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2243-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2243-9"><bdi>0-8248-2243-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obaku+Zen%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Third+Sect+of+Zen+in+Tokugawa%2C+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8248-2243-9&rft.aulast=Baroni&rft.aufirst=Helen+Josephine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fqt%3Dworldcat_org_all%26q%3D0824822439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaskind2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit">Baskind, James (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322123250/http://www.japanese-religions.jp/publications/assets/JR33_a_Baskind.pdf">"The Nianfo in Obaku Zen: A Look at the Teachings of the Three Founding Masters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Japanese Religions 33 (1-2), 19-34</i>, archived from the original on March 22, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Religions+33+%281-2%29%2C+19-34&rft.atitle=The+Nianfo+in+Obaku+Zen%3A+A+Look+at+the+Teachings+of+the+Three+Founding+Masters&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Baskind&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanese-religions.jp%2Fpublications%2Fassets%2FJR33_a_Baskind.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaroni2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Josephine_Baroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Josephine Baroni (page does not exist)">Baroni, Helen Josephine</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=0791468917&=Search&qt=owc_search"><i>Iron Eyes: The Life and Teachings of the Ōbaku Zen master Tetsugen Dōko</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6891-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6891-7"><bdi>0-7914-6891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Eyes%3A+The+Life+and+Teachings+of+the+%C5%8Cbaku+Zen+master+Tetsugen+D%C5%8Dko&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7914-6891-7&rft.aulast=Baroni&rft.aufirst=Helen+Josephine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D0791468917%26%3DSearch%26qt%3Dowc_search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColdicott2009" class="citation news cs1">Coldicott, Nicholas (Jan 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fg20090130nc.html">"An intoxicating temple in Kyoto"</a>. The Japan Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+intoxicating+temple+in+Kyoto&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.aulast=Coldicott&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Ftext%2Ffg20090130nc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoddRichmond,_Simon2001" class="citation book cs1">Dodd, Jan; Richmond, Simon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetojapa00jand"><i>The Rough Guide to Japan</i></a>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-699-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-699-9"><bdi>1-85828-699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Japan&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85828-699-9&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Richmond%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetojapa00jand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDougill2006" class="citation book cs1">Dougill, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=0195301382&=Search&qt=owc_search"><i>Kyoto: A Cultural History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530138-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530138-2"><bdi>0-19-530138-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kyoto%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-530138-2&rft.aulast=Dougill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D0195301382%26%3DSearch%26qt%3Dowc_search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDumoulin1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dumoulin" title="Heinrich Dumoulin">Dumoulin, Heinrich</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zenbuddhismhisto01dumo"><i>Zen Buddhism: A History</i></a></span>. Collier Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-908240-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-908240-4"><bdi>0-02-908240-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Collier+Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-02-908240-4&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzenbuddhismhisto01dumo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischerKyoko_KinoshitaTaiga_IkeGyokuran2007" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Felice; Kyoko Kinoshita; Taiga Ike; Gyokuran (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=0300122187&=Search&qt=owc_search"><i>Ike Taiga and Tokuyama Gyokuran: Japanese Masters of the Brush</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12218-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ike+Taiga+and+Tokuyama+Gyokuran%3A+Japanese+Masters+of+the+Brush&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12218-3&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Felice&rft.au=Kyoko+Kinoshita&rft.au=Taiga+Ike&rft.au=Gyokuran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D0300122187%26%3DSearch%26qt%3Dowc_search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffith_Foulk1988" class="citation cs2">Griffith Foulk, T. (1988), "The Zen Institution in Modern Japan", in Kraft, Kenneth (ed.), Grove Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Zen+Institution+in+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Griffith+Foulk&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaskel2001" class="citation book cs1">Haskel, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=0824824407"><i>Letting Go: The Story of Zen Master Tōsui</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2440-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2440-7"><bdi>0-8248-2440-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letting+Go%3A+The+Story+of+Zen+Master+T%C5%8Dsui&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8248-2440-7&rft.aulast=Haskel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fqt%3Dworldcat_org_all%26q%3D0824824407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeineDale_S._Wright2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Heine" title="Steven Heine">Heine, Steven</a>; Dale S. Wright (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=0195117484&=Search&qt=owc_search"><i>The Koan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511748-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511748-4"><bdi>0-19-511748-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koan%3A+Texts+and+Contexts+in+Zen+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-511748-4&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Dale+S.+Wright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D0195117484%26%3DSearch%26qt%3Dowc_search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeineWright2005" class="citation book cs1">Heine, Steven; Wright, Dale S. (2005). <i>Zen Classics: Formative Texts in the History of Zen Buddhism</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517525-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517525-5"><bdi>0-19-517525-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191827544">191827544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Classics%3A+Formative+Texts+in+the+History+of+Zen+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191827544&rft.isbn=0-19-517525-5&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Wright%2C+Dale+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKraft1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kraft" title="Kenneth Kraft">Kraft, Kenneth</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zentraditiontran00kraf"><i>Zen: Tradition and Transition</i></a></span>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3162-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3162-X"><bdi>0-8021-3162-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen%3A+Tradition+and+Transition&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8021-3162-X&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzentraditiontran00kraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Arthur (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creedofhalfjapan009440mbp"><i>The Creed of Half Japan: Historical Sketches of Japanese Buddhism</i></a>. Gardeners Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-00645-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-00645-0"><bdi>978-0-548-00645-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creed+of+Half+Japan%3A+Historical+Sketches+of+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.pub=Gardeners+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-548-00645-0&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreedofhalfjapan009440mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowthorn2005" class="citation book cs1">Rowthorn, Chris (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMylBmGjWkwC&q=Mampuku-ji"><i>Lonely Planet Kyoto: City Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-085-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-085-X"><bdi>1-74104-085-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Kyoto%3A+City+Guide&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-74104-085-X&rft.aulast=Rowthorn&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjMylBmGjWkwC%26q%3DMampuku-ji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith-WeidnerPatricia_Ann_Berger1994" class="citation book cs1">Smith-Weidner, Marsha; Patricia Ann Berger (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=0824816625"><i>Latter Days of the Law: Images of Chinese Buddhism, 850-1850</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1662-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1662-5"><bdi>0-8248-1662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latter+Days+of+the+Law%3A+Images+of+Chinese+Buddhism%2C+850-1850&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8248-1662-5&rft.aulast=Smith-Weidner&rft.aufirst=Marsha&rft.au=Patricia+Ann+Berger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fsearch%3Fqt%3Dworldcat_org_all%26q%3D0824816625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTotman,_Conrad1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Totman" title="Conrad Totman">Totman, Conrad</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlymodernjapan0000totm"><i>Early Modern Japan</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20356-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20356-9"><bdi>0-520-20356-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-520-20356-9&rft.au=Totman%2C+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlymodernjapan0000totm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%8Cbaku" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Addiss, Stephen (1978). Obaku: Zen Painting and Calligraphy, Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas</li> <li>Linhartová, Vĕra (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arasi_0004-3958_2002_num_57_1_1483">La culture Ōbaku et le renouveau de l'art bouddhique au Japon à l'époque des Tokugawa</a>, Arts asiatiques 57, 114-136</li> <li>Moss, Paul et al. (2014). "Eat this and Drink Some Tea:" Chinese and Japanese Calligraphy and Painting of the Obaku School. London: Sydney L. Moss Gallery</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cbaku&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obakusan.or.jp">Mampukuji Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zen.rinnou.net/">Joint Council for Japanese Rinzai and Obaku Zen</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/40px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/60px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a 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