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a:not(.button):not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-element-button){color:var(--global-palette8);}.site-footer .site-top-footer-wrap a:not(.button):not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-element-button):hover{color:var(--global-palette8);}.site-top-footer-inner-wrap{padding-top:30px;padding-bottom:30px;grid-column-gap:30px;grid-row-gap:30px;}.site-top-footer-inner-wrap .widget{margin-bottom:30px;}.site-top-footer-inner-wrap .widget-area .widget-title{font-style:normal;color:var(--global-palette8);}.site-top-footer-inner-wrap .site-footer-section:not(:last-child):after{right:calc(-30px / 2);}.site-bottom-footer-wrap .site-footer-row-container-inner{background:var(--global-palette3);font-style:normal;font-size:14px;color:var(--global-palette7);}.site-footer .site-bottom-footer-wrap a:where(:not(.button):not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--global-palette7);}.site-footer .site-bottom-footer-wrap a:where(:not(.button):not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-element-button)):hover{color:var(--global-palette9);}.site-bottom-footer-inner-wrap{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;grid-column-gap:30px;}.site-bottom-footer-inner-wrap .widget{margin-bottom:30px;}.site-bottom-footer-inner-wrap .site-footer-section:not(:last-child):after{right:calc(-30px / 2);}#colophon .footer-html{font-style:normal;font-weight:600;color:var(--global-palette8);margin:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;}#colophon .site-footer-row-container .site-footer-row .footer-html a{color:var(--global-palette8);}#colophon .site-footer-row-container .site-footer-row .footer-html a:hover{color:var(--global-palette8);}#colophon .footer-navigation .footer-menu-container > ul > li > a{padding-left:calc(1.2em / 2);padding-right:calc(1.2em / 2);padding-top:calc(1em / 2);padding-bottom:calc(1em / 2);color:var(--global-palette9);}#colophon .footer-navigation .footer-menu-container > ul li 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href="https://earthhow.com/category/life-science/dna-cells-and-organisms/">DNA, Cells and Organisms</a></span> 禄 <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Cambrian Explosion: Life Diversification in the Oceans</span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">Cambrian Explosion: Life Diversification in the Oceans</h1><div class="entry-meta entry-meta-divider-customicon"> <div class="meta-comments"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-comments-alt-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><title>Comments</title><path d="M10 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM16 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM22 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM14 6c-6.5 0-12 3.656-12 8 0 2.328 1.563 4.547 4.266 6.078l1.359 0.781-0.422 1.5c-0.297 1.109-0.688 1.969-1.094 2.688 1.578-0.656 3.016-1.547 4.297-2.672l0.672-0.594 0.891 0.094c0.672 0.078 1.359 0.125 2.031 0.125 6.5 0 12-3.656 12-8s-5.5-8-12-8zM28 14c0 5.531-6.266 10-14 10-0.766 0-1.531-0.047-2.266-0.125-2.047 1.813-4.484 3.094-7.187 3.781-0.562 0.156-1.172 0.266-1.781 0.344h-0.078c-0.313 0-0.594-0.25-0.672-0.594v-0.016c-0.078-0.391 0.187-0.625 0.422-0.906 0.984-1.109 2.109-2.047 2.844-4.656-3.219-1.828-5.281-4.656-5.281-7.828 0-5.516 6.266-10 14-10v0c7.734 0 14 4.484 14 10z"></path> </svg></span><a class="meta-comments-link anchor-scroll" href="#comments">1 Comment</a></div></div></header> <div class="entry-content single-content"> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="678" height="378" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Cambrian-Explosion-Feature-678x378.png" alt="Cambrian Explosion" class="wp-image-2487"/></figure> <div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-center is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“The Cambrian Explosion is one of the most fascinating intervals in the history of life. About 540-510 million years ago, a burst of evolution gave rise to the largest diversification of life in Earth鈥檚 history.”</p> </blockquote> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div><p>For example, most major animal groups, such as mollusks and anthropods emerged from the Cambrian Explosion.</p> <p>Before the Cambrian Explosion, <strong>only primitive life</strong> forms existed in the oceans. In other words, all organisms existed without hard body parts for the first 3.5 billion years on Earth.</p> <p>But the Cambrian explosion marked the first time in <a href="https://earthhow.com/earth-timeline-geological-history-events/">Earth’s timeline</a> that we could observe fossils. So suddenly, we could observe <strong>fossils</strong>, <strong>exoskeletons</strong>, and <strong>shells</strong> from this period.</p> <p>So what started the new life during the Cambrian Explosion? And what caused the mass extinction of major animals during the Cambrian Period?</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">What caused the explosive burst of evolutionary life?</h3> <p>Almost all animals today branched off from the first 40 million years of the Cambrian period. It went from primitive life to something resembling <strong>modern organisms</strong> today. In this remarkable evolutionary event, new lifeforms started in the ocean. Then, it eventually colonized the land.</p> <p>During the Cambrian period, there was an abundance of <strong>eukaryotic organisms</strong> that swam in the oceans. Ocean life started as sparse and simple. For example, Then, there was a colossal amount of life forms that made their first appearance:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Trilobites</li> <li>Brachiopods</li> <li>Gastropods</li> </ul> <p>The climate was milder in the Cambrian period. When oceans spilled onto continents, shelled marine invertebrates are believed to have crawled on the land. Algae likely existed but land plants didn’t. Earth resembled much like a desert so animals did not fully colonize the continent.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Did a shift in ocean chemistry spark diversity?</h3> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="alignright"><img decoding="async" width="290" height="300" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Cambrian-Explosion-290x300.png" alt="Cambrian Explosion" class="wp-image-1752" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Cambrian-Explosion-290x300.png 290w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Cambrian-Explosion.png 407w" sizes="(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px"/></figure></div><p>What sparked life to evolve during the Cambrian explosion that lasted over 20 million years? The main catalyst is believed to be a <strong>shift in ocean chemistry</strong>.</p> <p>As calcium and magnesium levels in prehistoric oceans changed, so did the species that took residence. For example, organisms developed:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Calcified body parts</li> <li>Flexible limbs</li> <li>Eyes</li> </ul> <p>One of the environmental triggers was increased phytoplankton in the ocean. In our modern environment, phytoplankton is the largest producer of oxygen. In prehistoric times, phytoplankton was responsible for increasing oxygen as well. As <a href="https://earthhow.com/atmosphere-history/">oxygen levels rose</a>, it boosted the amount that could be used to drive metabolism.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">What was the mass extinction that ended most Cambrian life?</h3> <p>The Cambrian period was a time of prosperity in the oceans. As revolutions of life sprung out, it was only followed by catastrophic extinction.</p> <p>Earth has <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/">experienced 5 mass extinctions</a>. More than 99% of species that existed are now extinct. No matter how far back you look, nature has found its way to reshuffle the deck. Cambrian life is no exception.</p> <p>For example, ocean/atmosphere chemistry, climate change, volcanic activity, and meteor/asteroid impacts have all caused fatal consequences for life on the planet.</p> <p>As all life hinges on oxygen, scientists attribute the mass extinction to a <strong>sudden depletion of oxygen</strong>. It’s believed that oxygen temporarily dropped from the upwelling of cooler deep ocean areas.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">How is the Burgess Shale relevant to the Cambrian Explosion?</h3> <p>The Burgess Shale <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/304" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">is a UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. What’s special about the Burgess Shale is that it has fossils from both hard-body shells and soft tissues in the same place.</p> <p>It’s like a window into the history of life because it’s like a living snapshot of how life was over 500 million years ago. In fact, much of our knowledge of Cambrian life comes from places like the <a href="https://www.burgess-shale.bc.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Burgess Shale</a> where we can observe fossils from soft creatures without shells or skeletons.</p> <p>The Burgess Shale has many different body plans. In fact, some are ancestors of close relatives of animals we know today. Often, they represent high-level <a href="https://earthhow.com/taxonomic-classification/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">taxonomic groups</a> like phyla that went extinct long ago.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Cambrian Explosion</h3> <p>The Cambrian explosion was a period of rapid evolutionary development, with macroevolutionary changes occurring very quickly during the explosion.</p> <p>It was one of the most important events in Earth’s history and is often viewed as a hallmark event in biology.</p> <p>We also have a <a href="https://earthhow.com/theory-of-evolution/">guide on the theory of evolution</a> and <a href="https://earthhow.com/human-evolution-timeline/">human evolution</a> as well. Otherwise, if you have a comment, please make sure to drop one below.</p></div></div><div class="newsletter1"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Subscribe to our newsletter:</span> <div class="tnp tnp-subscription-minimal"><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=tnp&na=s" method="post" style="text-align: center"><input type="hidden" name="nr" value="minimal"> <input type="hidden" name="nlang" value=""> <input class="tnp-email" type="email" required name="ne" value="" placeholder="Email"><input class="tnp-submit" type="submit" value="Subscribe" style=""> </form></div></div><div class="kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id18718_0cb308-dd alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout"><div class="kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top"> <div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column18718_3e5fb2-fa kvs-sm-false kb-section-dir-horizontal"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col"><div 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kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/isostatic-rebound-glacial-depression/" aria-label="Read More What is Isostatic Rebound?" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Glacial-Rebound-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="isostatic rebound" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Glacial-Rebound-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Glacial-Rebound-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Glacial-Rebound-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Glacial-Rebound-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Glacial-Rebound.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Glacial-Rebound-326x245.png 326w, 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vcard"> <b class="fn">Al McKnight</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/cambrian-explosion-life-diversification/#comment-28350"><time datetime="2024-02-05T17:42:15-06:00">February 5, 2024 at 5:42 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Science fiction seems innocent enough, but there are impressionable people who actually believe this fictional fantasy.</p></div></article> </li> </ol> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply</h3><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment comment-form-float-label"><textarea 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