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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-We_use_all_hamazāt_and_tāʔ_marbūṭa_(required_reading)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#We_use_all_hamazāt_and_tāʔ_marbūṭa_(required_reading)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 We use all hamazāt and tāʔ marbūṭa (required reading) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-We_use_all_hamazāt_and_tāʔ_marbūṭa_(required_reading)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ʔiʕrāb_–_final_short_vowels_and_nunation_(required_reading)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ʔiʕrāb_–_final_short_vowels_and_nunation_(required_reading)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 ʔiʕrāb – final short vowels and nunation (required reading) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ʔiʕrāb_–_final_short_vowels_and_nunation_(required_reading)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-When_is_manual_transliteration_needed?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_is_manual_transliteration_needed?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 When is manual transliteration needed? </div> </a> <ul id="toc-When_is_manual_transliteration_needed?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_the_romanization_works_and_some_guidelines_to_it" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_the_romanization_works_and_some_guidelines_to_it"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 How the romanization works and some guidelines to it </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_the_romanization_works_and_some_guidelines_to_it-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparative_table_of_romanizations_preferred_and_dispreferred_by_the_English_Wiktionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_table_of_romanizations_preferred_and_dispreferred_by_the_English_Wiktionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Comparative table of romanizations preferred and dispreferred by the English Wiktionary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_table_of_romanizations_preferred_and_dispreferred_by_the_English_Wiktionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rare_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rare_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Rare letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rare_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Templates pertaining to Arabic </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Templates pertaining to Arabic subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-How_to_welcome_new_users_editing_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_welcome_new_users_editing_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 How to welcome new users editing Arabic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_welcome_new_users_editing_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_describe_derivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_describe_derivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 How to describe derivations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_describe_derivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-I_want_to_link_words_in_other_languages_to_Arabic_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_want_to_link_words_in_other_languages_to_Arabic_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 I want to link words in other languages to Arabic words </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_want_to_link_words_in_other_languages_to_Arabic_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_want_to_write_اِشْتِقَاقَات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_want_to_write_اِشْتِقَاقَات"> <div 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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 How to display headwords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_display_headwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_show_inflections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_show_inflections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 How to show inflections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_show_inflections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_add_references_to_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_add_references_to_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 How to add references to sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_add_references_to_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-What_general_dictionaries_there_are" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_general_dictionaries_there_are"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 What general dictionaries there are </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_general_dictionaries_there_are-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_one_can_ascribe_Arabic_words_to_outside_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_one_can_ascribe_Arabic_words_to_outside_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 How one can ascribe Arabic words to outside origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_one_can_ascribe_Arabic_words_to_outside_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_topical_dictionaries_there_are" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_topical_dictionaries_there_are"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 What topical dictionaries there are </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_topical_dictionaries_there_are-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_make_things_pretty_when_working_with_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_make_things_pretty_when_working_with_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 How to make things pretty when working with Arabic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_make_things_pretty_when_working_with_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_devices_applicable_to_Arabic_entries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_devices_applicable_to_Arabic_entries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Monitoring devices applicable to Arabic entries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_devices_applicable_to_Arabic_entries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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.policy-box{background-color:#252525;border-color:#666}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .policy-box.policy-official{background-color:#23252F;border-color:#66B}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .policy-box.policy-dp{background-color:#23252F;border-color:#66B}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .policy-box.policy-ed{background-color:#2F232F;border-color:#838}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .policy-box.policy-tt{background-color:#232F25;border-color:#383}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .policy-box.page-inactive{background-color:#252525;border-color:#666}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .policy-box.page-obsolete{background-color:#232524;border-color:#444}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .policy-box.essay-box{background:none}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="policy-box policy-tt"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2" class="policy-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Accessories-text-editor.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="link={{{imglink}}}"><img alt="link={{{imglink}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Accessories-text-editor.svg/50px-Accessories-text-editor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Accessories-text-editor.svg/75px-Accessories-text-editor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Accessories-text-editor.svg/100px-Accessories-text-editor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></a> </td> <td>This is a <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wiktionary:Policies and guidelines">Wiktionary policy, guideline or common practices page</a>. Specifically it is a policy think tank, working to develop a formal policy. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Policies – Entries: <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Criteria_for_inclusion" title="Wiktionary:Criteria for inclusion">CFI</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Entry_layout" title="Wiktionary:Entry layout">EL</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Normalization_of_entries" title="Wiktionary:Normalization of entries">NORM</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wiktionary:Neutral point of view">NPOV</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Quotations" title="Wiktionary:Quotations">QUOTE</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Redirections" title="Wiktionary:Redirections">REDIR</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Page_deletion_guidelines" title="Wiktionary:Page deletion guidelines">DELETE</a>. Languages: <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Language_treatment" title="Wiktionary:Language treatment">LT</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:Wiktionary_language_considerations" title="Category:Wiktionary language considerations">AXX</a>. Others: <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Blocking_policy" title="Wiktionary:Blocking policy">BLOCK</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Bots" title="Wiktionary:Bots">BOTS</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Voting_policy" title="Wiktionary:Voting policy">VOTES</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="noprint plainlinks shortcut-box"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Shortcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <code><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:AAR&redirect=no">WT:AAR</a></code></div> <dl><dd>See also <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category:Arabic language</a></dd></dl> <hr/> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Orthography" data-mw-thread-id="h-Orthography">Orthography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="We_use_all_hamazāt_and_tāʔ_marbūṭa_(required_reading)" data-mw-thread-id="h-We_use_all_hamazāt_and_tāʔ_marbūṭa_(required_reading)-Orthography">We use all hamazāt and tāʔ marbūṭa (required reading)</h3></div> أ and إ at the beginning of a word should or else never be written with plain ا, although words spelled this way can be entered as lemmas with <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:alternative_spelling_of#top" title="Template:alternative spelling of">alternative spelling of</a>}}</code> used to redirect to the proper spelling. (This is a <a href="/wiki/bot#English" title="bot">bot</a> job, though.) When to use initial أ/إ and when to use initial ا? A good test that appeals to native Arabic speakers' intuition here is to attempt to prefix <a href="/wiki/%D9%88#Arabic" title="و">وَ</a> (wa, “and”) to the word in question. Does the sound of the hamza remain, as with e.g. وَأَكْتُبُ (waʔaktubu, “and I write”)? Then the word must be spelled with either أ or إ. Does the sound of the hamza disappear, as in وَٱمْتِحَان (wamtiḥān, “and an exam”)? Then the word must be spelled with a hamza-less ا. However, intuition can't be universally relied upon, so the actual codified rules are laid out below. Most words require أ/إ, except the following: <ol><li>The definite article ال.</li> <li>The past tense, imperative, and verbal noun of all verbs whose past tense begins with a kasra in speech. Namely, this refers to all verbs in forms VII and higher, but excludes form IV verbal nouns (such as <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" title="إضراب">إِضْرَاب</a> (ʔiḍrāb) and <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9#Arabic" title="إضافة">إِضَافَة</a> (ʔiḍāfa), as the past tense of Form IV begins with the sound of a fatḥa) and borrowed words such as <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2#Arabic" title="إنجليز">إِنْجِلِيز</a> (ʔingilīz), <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86#Arabic" title="إسبان">إِسْبَان</a> (ʔisbān), and <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7#Arabic" title="إفريقيا">إِفْرِيقِيَا</a> (ʔifrīqiyā).</li> <li>Imperative verbs in Form I. Verbs of hamza-initial roots are tricky here, because the وَ-test above appears to show that they begin with a hamza; for example, <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%89#Arabic" title="أتى">وَٱئْتِ</a> (waʔti, “and come”). However, this is only because the prefix causes elision of the initial hamza-less ا, allowing the root's hamza to show itself. The unprefixed word is <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%89#Arabic" title="أتى">اِيتِ</a> (īti, “come”) and pronounced without the root's hamza due to Arabic's historical haplology of adjacent phonetic glottal stops.</li> <li>All other words that underlyingly start with a two-consonant cluster. This includes but is not limited to the nouns <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86#Arabic" title="ابن">اِبْن</a> (ibn), <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85#Arabic" title="اسم">اِسْم</a> (ism) and <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA#Arabic" title="است">اِسْت</a> (ist).</li></ol> Regarding tāʔ marbūṭa: if a word can have <a href="/wiki/%D8%A9#Arabic" title="ة">ة</a>, the entry has to use it, not <a href="/wiki/%D9%87#Arabic" title="ه">ه</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ʔiʕrāb_–_final_short_vowels_and_nunation_(required_reading)" data-mw-thread-id="h-ʔiʕrāb_–_final_short_vowels_and_nunation_(required_reading)-Orthography">ʔiʕrāb – final short vowels and nunation (required reading)</h3></div> <div class="noprint plainlinks shortcut-box"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Shortcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <code><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:IRAB&redirect=no">WT:IRAB</a></code></div> We use the following system for deciding whether to include ʔiʕrāb (final, normally unpronounced short vowels and <a href="/wiki/nunation" title="nunation">nunation</a>, e.g. the third-person masculine singular past-tense ending -a or the indefinite nominative singular ending -un) in headwords, which generally follows Hans Wehr: <ol><li>Verbs are shown with full ʔiʕrāb, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتب">كَتَبَ</a> (kataba, “he wrote”) and <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8#Arabic" title="يكتب">يَكْتُبُ</a> (yaktubu, “he writes”) rather than #<a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتب">كَتَب</a> (katab) and #<a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8#Arabic" title="يكتب">يَكْتُب</a> (yaktub).</li> <li>Triptote and diptote nouns, adjectives, and participles (those ending in -un and -u in the indefinite nominative singular, respectively) are normally shown without the ʔiʕrāb, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8#Arabic" title="قلب">قَلْب</a> (qalb, “heart”), <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8#Arabic" title="مكاتب">مَكَاتِب</a> (makātib, “desks”) rather than #<a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8#Arabic" title="قلب">قَلْبٌ</a> (qalbun), #<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8#Arabic" title="مكاتب">مَكَاتِبُ</a> (makātibu).</li> <li>Duals and sound masculine and feminine plurals omit the ʔiʕrāb, e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيتان (page does not exist)">بَيْتَان</a> (baytān, “two houses”), <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86#Arabic" title="مسلمون">مُسْلِمُون</a> (muslimūn, “Muslims”), <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA#Arabic" title="أمهات">أُمَّهَات</a> (ʔummahāt, “mothers”), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معمون (page does not exist)">مُعَمَّوْن</a> (muʕammawn, “disguised (masc. pl.)”) rather than #<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيتان (page does not exist)">بَيْتَانِ</a> (baytāni), #<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86#Arabic" title="مسلمون">مُسْلِمُونَ</a> (muslimūna), #<a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA#Arabic" title="أمهات">أُمَّهَاتٌ</a> (ʔummahātun), #<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معمون (page does not exist)">مُعَمَّوْنَ</a> (muʕammawna).</li> <li>Other declension types include full ʔiʕrāb, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6#Arabic" title="قاض">قَاضٍ</a> (qāḍin, “judge”), <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89#Arabic" title="مستشفى">مُسْتَشْفًى</a> (mustašfan, “hospital”), <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7#Arabic" title="دنيا">دُنْيَا</a> (dunyā, “world”). Note that pages for words ending in -in such as <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6#Arabic" title="قاض">قَاضٍ</a> (qāḍin, “judge”) and <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF#Arabic" title="واد">وَادٍ</a> (wādin, “valley”) are found under e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6#Arabic" title="قاض">قاض</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF#Arabic" title="واد">واد</a> rather than #<a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A#Arabic" title="قاضي">قاضي</a> or #<a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A#Arabic" title="وادي">وادي</a>, although the latter may be created as non-lemma (construct state) forms; see the example for <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A#Arabic" title="وادي">وَادِي</a> (wādī).</li></ol> The same forms are copied into the declension and conjugation tables which automatically display full ʔiʕrāb. For participles and verbal nouns listed in conjugation tables the above rules about ommission of nunation apply. Usage examples may or may not include ʔiʕrāb, depending on how formal they are. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_is_manual_transliteration_needed?" data-mw-thread-id="h-When_is_manual_transliteration_needed?-Orthography">When is manual transliteration needed?</h3></div> Primarily in the following situations: <ol><li>Whenever a word ending in ة occurs as other than the final word. In that case, the automatic transliteration will render the ending as (t); the manual transliteration should render it as either t or nothing, depending on whether it's in the construct state. Note that manual transliteration is not necessary when the ة is followed by ʔiʕrāb such as ً (-an); in such a case the ة will automatically be rendered as t. (Analogous considerations apply to the ending اة, which should be rendered either āt or āh in manual translit.)</li> <li>When a word is preceded by a <a href="/wiki/clitic" title="clitic">clitic</a> prefix such as <a href="/wiki/%D9%88#Arabic" title="و">وَـ</a> (wa-), <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8#Arabic" title="ب">بِـ</a> (bi-) or <a href="/wiki/%D9%84#Arabic" title="ل">لِـ</a> (li-), so that the hyphen can be written. The automatic transliteration will also have problems with some prefixes followed by the definite article, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتاب">وَالْكِتَاب</a> (wa-l-kitāb), rendered as <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتاب">وَالْكِتَاب</a> (wālkitāb) without manual transliteration, and <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A1#Arabic" title="شيء">وَالشَّيْء</a> (wa-š-šayʔ), which without manual transliteration is rendered <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A1#Arabic" title="شيء">وَالشَّيْء</a>, without any transliteration. Note that manual translit is not necessary in words beginning with the definite article, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتاب">الكِتَاب</a> (al-kitāb). Note also that as a special case, words with bi- + definite article are automatically handled correctly, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتاب">بِالكِتَاب</a> (bi-l-kitāb) or <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AF#Arabic" title="تأكيد">بِالتَأْكِيد</a> (bi-t-taʔkīd).</li> <li>In borrowed words where written long vowels are pronounced short, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85#Arabic" title="فيلم">فِيلْم</a> (film, “film”); where the vowels e, ē, o or ō occur, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88#Arabic" title="بيانو">بِيَانُو</a> (biyānō, “piano”); or where a letter has an unexpected pronunciation such as g, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A#Arabic" title="إنجليزي">إِنْجْلِيزِيّ</a> (ʔinglīziyy, “English”).</li> <li>In the small number of native words not pronounced as spelled, mostly archaic spellings like <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%83#Arabic" title="أولئك">أُولٰئِكَ</a> (ʔulāʔika, “those”), <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A9#Arabic" title="مائة">مِائَة</a> (miʔa, “hundred”), <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88#Arabic" title="عمرو">عَمْرو</a> (ʿamr, “Amr”), <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A9#Arabic" title="صلوة">صَلٰوة</a> (ṣalāh, “prayer”).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_the_romanization_works_and_some_guidelines_to_it" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_the_romanization_works_and_some_guidelines_to_it-Orthography">How the romanization works and some guidelines to it</h3></div> <div class="noprint plainlinks shortcut-box"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Shortcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>: <code><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:AR_TR&redirect=no">WT:AR TR</a></code></div> Arabic transliterations (that is, romanizations) are not words. Arabic entries should only be written in the Arabic script. Normally the transcriptions are automatically and correctly provided by the module <a href="/wiki/Module:ar-translit" title="Module:ar-translit">ar-translit</a> if you use the correct templates and enter the words with their Arabic vowel signs, but for details how this works: The Wiktionary romanization system as well as the orthography for Arabic is based on the system found in Hans Wehr A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, with the following modifications: <ol><li>Hamza (ʔ) is always written at the beginning of a word, except when the word begins with an elidable hamza (hamzat al-qaṭʿ).</li> <li>-iyy-, -uww- are used in place of -īy-, -ūw-. This is because automatic transcriptions can be more easily done this way.</li> <li>-ay-, -aw- are used in place of -ai-, -au-.</li> <li>Words with the nisba ending ـِيّ are transcribed with -iyy instead of -ī.</li> <li>The third-person masculine singular object pronoun is always written -hu/-hi with a short vowel (Hans Wehr writes -hū/-hī following a short vowel, -hu/-hi following a long vowel). Again, even though the vowels are technically long as in <a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B0%D9%87#Arabic" title="هذه">هذه</a>, there is no way for programs to know this.</li></ol> Other important points: <ol><li>ة gives a normally, but at in an ʔiḍāfa construction.</li> <li>اة gives āh normally, but āt in an ʔiḍāfa construction.</li> <li>Similarly, آة, as in e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A9#Arabic" title="مرآة">مِرْآة</a> (mirʔāh, “<a href="/wiki/mirror" title="mirror">mirror</a>”), gives ʔāh normally, but ʔāt in an ʔiḍāfa construction.</li> <li>Hamzas are always written ʔ regardless of which letter they sit on.</li> <li>Orthographic, silent و and ا occurring at the end of certain words are not transliterated. For example, the third-plural ending ـُوا is transliterated -ū, and the name عَمْرو is transliterated ʿamr in accordance with its pronunciation. (Note that the silence of these letters appears in the Arabic spelling, indicated by the lack of any diacritic over the previous letter when fully vocalized.)</li> <li>Assimilation and elision of the definite article is shown; hence al- may appear as ad-, aṭ-, etc. before a sun letter or as elided l-, d-, ṭ- etc. after a vowel and before a sun letter. (Assimilation and elision is also reflected in fully vocalized Arabic spelling.)</li> <li>The character - is used to separate articles and other clitics (e.g. bi-, wa-, al-, etc.). However, allāh and related forms of this word are written without the hyphen.</li> <li>Stress is not shown, since different dialects have widely varying stress systems and it conveys no distinction whatsoever in Standard Arabic.</li> <li>Capitalisation of proper nouns or beginnings of sentences is dispreferred, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9#Arabic" title="القاهرة">اَلْقَاهِرَة</a> is transliterated as “al-qāhira”, not “al-Qāhira”.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparative_table_of_romanizations_preferred_and_dispreferred_by_the_English_Wiktionary" data-mw-thread-id="h-Comparative_table_of_romanizations_preferred_and_dispreferred_by_the_English_Wik-How_the_romanization_works_and_some_guidelines_to_it">Comparative table of romanizations preferred and dispreferred by the English Wiktionary</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>Rom. </th> <th>Dispreferred alternatives (incl. Arabic chat alphabet) </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7#Arabic" title="ا">ا</a> </td> <td>ā </td> <td>aa áa ā́ </td> <td>aː </td> <td>In initial position, it is used to spell a short vowel (a, i, u) without a preceding glottal stop; elsewhere it is used for long ā. Make sure to use <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3#Arabic" title="أ">أ</a> or <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5#Arabic" title="إ">إ</a> when appropriate, e.g. أكبر not #اكبر, although the latter might be creatable as an "alternative spelling" of the former, using <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:alternative_spelling_of#top" title="Template:alternative spelling of">alternative spelling of</a>}}</code>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A3#Arabic" title="أ">أ</a> </td> <td>ʔa ʔu ʔ </td> <td>a u ' ʼ 2 ʾ </td> <td>ʔa ʔu ʔ </td> <td>In initial position, it is used to spell a combination of glottal stop and short vowel (ʔa, ʔu), elsewhere just a glottal stop (ʔ). Always transliterate the glottal stop, including in initial position (using the ʔ character; do not use an apostrophe nor a half-ring). Always use <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3#Arabic" title="أ">أ</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7#Arabic" title="ا">ا</a> in initial position when it is called for. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A5#Arabic" title="إ">إ</a> </td> <td>ʔi </td> <td>i </td> <td>ʔi </td> <td>Only used in initial position, where it is used to spell ʔi. Always transliterate the glottal stop (using the ʔ character; do not use an apostrophe nor a half-ring). Always use <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5#Arabic" title="إ">إ</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7#Arabic" title="ا">ا</a> in initial position when it is called for. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2#Arabic" title="آ">آ</a> </td> <td>ʔā </td> <td>'aa 'áa 'ā ʼā ʾā ʾā́ aa áa ā etc. </td> <td>ʔaː </td> <td>Always transliterate the glottal stop, including in initial position (using the ʔ character; do not use an apostrophe nor a half-ring). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8#Arabic" title="ب">ب</a> </td> <td>b </td> <td> </td> <td>b </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA#Arabic" title="ت">ت</a> </td> <td>t </td> <td>t- </td> <td>t </td> <td>dispreferred alternative t- may be used when transliterating the cluster t+h to avoid confusion with th (<a href="/wiki/%D8%AB#Arabic" title="ث">ث</a>), but this is not Wiktionary's current convention </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB#Arabic" title="ث">ث</a> </td> <td>ṯ </td> <td>th θ </td> <td>θ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC#Arabic" title="ج">ج</a> </td> <td>j </td> <td>ǧ </td> <td>d͡ʒ </td> <td>Older versions of the Hans Wehr dictionary used "ǧ", and both symbols represent the current standard pronunciation /d͡ʒ/. The classical pronunciation was /ɟ/, but this exists only regionally (and rarely) today. Other regional variants include /ʒ/, /ɡ/, and /j/. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD#Arabic" title="ح">ح</a> </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>H ħ 7 </td> <td>ħ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE#Arabic" title="خ">خ</a> </td> <td>ḵ </td> <td>ḫ kh x 5 </td> <td>x </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF#Arabic" title="د">د</a> </td> <td>d </td> <td>d- </td> <td>d </td> <td>dispreferred alternative d- may be used when transliterating the cluster d+h to avoid confusion with dh (<a href="/wiki/%D8%B0#Arabic" title="ذ">ذ</a>), but this is not Wiktionary's current convention </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0#Arabic" title="ذ">ذ</a> </td> <td>ḏ </td> <td>dh </td> <td>ð </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1#Arabic" title="ر">ر</a> </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2#Arabic" title="ز">ز</a> </td> <td>z </td> <td> </td> <td>z </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3#Arabic" title="س">س</a> </td> <td>s </td> <td>s- </td> <td>s </td> <td>dispreferred alternative s- may be used when transliterating the cluster s+h to avoid confusion with sh (<a href="/wiki/%D8%B4#Arabic" title="ش">ش</a>), but this is not Wiktionary's current convention </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4#Arabic" title="ش">ش</a> </td> <td>š </td> <td>sh </td> <td>ʃ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5#Arabic" title="ص">ص</a> </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td>S sˤ 9 </td> <td>sˁ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6#Arabic" title="ض">ض</a> </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>D </td> <td>dˁ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7#Arabic" title="ط">ط</a> </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td>T 6 </td> <td>tˁ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B8#Arabic" title="ظ">ظ</a> </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td>Z ðˤ </td> <td>ðˁ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9#Arabic" title="ع">ع</a> </td> <td>ʕ </td> <td>ʿ 3 ʻ </td> <td>ʕ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA#Arabic" title="غ">غ</a> </td> <td>ḡ </td> <td>ġ gh </td> <td>ɣ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%81#Arabic" title="ف">ف</a> </td> <td>f </td> <td> </td> <td>f </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%82#Arabic" title="ق">ق</a> </td> <td>q </td> <td>8 </td> <td>q </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%83#Arabic" title="ك">ك</a> </td> <td>k </td> <td>k- </td> <td>k </td> <td>dispreferred alternative k- may be used when transliterating the cluster k+h to avoid confusion with kh (<a href="/wiki/%D8%AE#Arabic" title="خ">خ</a>), but this is not Wiktionary's current convention </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%84#Arabic" title="ل">ل</a> </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%85#Arabic" title="م">م</a> </td> <td>m </td> <td> </td> <td>m </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%86#Arabic" title="ن">ن</a> </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%87#Arabic" title="ه">ه</a> </td> <td>h </td> <td> </td> <td>h </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%88#Arabic" title="و">و</a> </td> <td>w ū o ō </td> <td>uu úu ū́ / oo óo ṓ </td> <td>w uː oː </td> <td>o and ō are used in some loanwords and dialectal terms. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A4#Arabic" title="ؤ">ؤ</a> </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>' ʼ ʾ 2 </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>Generally used in the vicinity of a u or ū sound, although the exact rules are complex (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza" class="extiw" title="w:Hamza">Hamza</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A#Arabic" title="ي">ي</a> </td> <td>y ī e ē </td> <td>ii íi ī́ / ee ée ḗ </td> <td>j iː eː </td> <td>e and ē are used in some loanwords and dialectal terms. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%89#Arabic" title="ى">ى</a> </td> <td>ā </td> <td>aa áa ā́ </td> <td>aː </td> <td>Only used in final position. Only use <a href="/wiki/%D9%89#Arabic" title="ى">ى</a> in words where it represents -ā or -an. Do not use the Egyptian style where final -ī is spelled <a href="/wiki/%D9%89#Arabic" title="ى">ى</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6#Arabic" title="ئ">ئ</a> </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>' ʼ ʾ 2 </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>Generally used in the vicinity of a i or ī sound, although the exact rules are complex (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza" class="extiw" title="w:Hamza">Hamza</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1#Arabic" title="ء">ء</a> </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>' ʼ ʾ 2 </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A9#Arabic" title="ة">ة</a> </td> <td>a at </td> <td>ah </td> <td> </td> <td>Normally, use -a, but use -at in the construct state (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9#Arabic" title="إضافة">إِضَافَة</a> (ʔiḍāfa)). Do not use the Egyptian style where the final <a href="/wiki/%D8%A9#Arabic" title="ة">ة</a> is replaced with <a href="/wiki/%D9%87#Arabic" title="ه">ه</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7#Arabic" title="ا">ا</a><a href="/wiki/%D8%A9#Arabic" title="ة">ة</a> </td> <td>āh āt </td> <td>ā aa aah ā́h / aat ā́t etc. </td> <td> </td> <td>Normally, use -āh, but use -āt in the construct state (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9#Arabic" title="إضافة">إِضَافَة</a> (ʔiḍāfa)). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Diacritics </th></tr> <tr> <td>ـَ </td> <td>a </td> <td>á </td> <td>a </td> <td>Called <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A9#Arabic" title="فتحة">فَتْحَة</a> (fatḥa) in Arabic. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـُ </td> <td>u </td> <td>ú </td> <td>u </td> <td>Called <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A9#Arabic" title="ضمة">ضَمَّة</a> (ḍamma) in Arabic. o is used in some loanwords and dialectal terms. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـِ </td> <td>i </td> <td>í </td> <td>i </td> <td>Called <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9#Arabic" title="كسرة">كَسْرَة</a> (kasra) in Arabic. e is used in some loanwords and dialectal terms. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـْ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>indicates the absence of a vowel after a consonant. Called <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86#Arabic" title="سكون">سُكُون</a> (sukūn) in Arabic. Normally not used in final positions in the headword or links, e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتاب">كِتَاب</a> (kitāb), not <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتاب">كِتَابْ</a> (kitāb). The form <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتاب">كِتَابٌ</a> (kitābun) with <a href="/wiki/%D9%80%D9%8C#Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="ـٌ">ـٌ</a> is also dispreferred but is shown in the declension table as a nominative/singular/indefinite form. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـّ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>indicates a geminate (long, double) consonant. Called <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9#Arabic" title="شدة">شَدَّة</a> (šadda) in Arabic. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـًا, ـًى </td> <td>an </td> <td> </td> <td>an </td> <td>Note the position of the ـً diacritic over the second-to-last letter as in مَرْحَبًا, not the last one. (Do not use the spellings ـاً or ـىً with the diacritic over the last letter.) This is believed to be more standard in fully vocalized text. In relaxed or colloquial Arabic pronounced only in most adverbials, often dropped as accusative ending. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـٌ </td> <td>un </td> <td> </td> <td>un </td> <td>Not pronounced in relaxed or colloquial Arabic, and in pausa in strict Arabic. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـٍ </td> <td>in </td> <td> </td> <td>in </td> <td>Not pronounced in relaxed or colloquial Arabic, and in pausa in strict Arabic. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـَو </td> <td>aw </td> <td>áw au áu </td> <td>aw </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـُو </td> <td>ū </td> <td>uu úu ū́ </td> <td>uː </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـَي </td> <td>ay </td> <td>áy ai ái </td> <td>aj </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـِي </td> <td>ī </td> <td>ii íi ī́ </td> <td>iː </td> <td>Note that a <a href="/wiki/nisba" title="nisba">nisba</a> ending <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A#Arabic" title="ي">ـِيّ</a> (-iyy) has a <a href="/wiki/shadda" title="shadda">shadda</a>. In other texts where <a href="/wiki/%D9%89#Arabic" title="ى">ى</a> is used in place of the dotted <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A#Arabic" title="ي">ي</a> ‎ in the final positions <a href="/wiki/%D9%89#Arabic" title="ى">ى</a> after a <a href="/wiki/kasra" title="kasra">kasra</a> ـِى is identical to ـِي but Wiktionary always uses ـِي. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ـٰ </td> <td>ā </td> <td>a </td> <td>aː </td> <td>superscript alif, dagger alif or ʔalif ḵanjariyya (أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة). Not optional in Wiktionary, always written (with or without a fatḥa), e.g. <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86#Arabic" title="رحمن">رَحْمَٰن</a> (raḥmān) or <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86#Arabic" title="رحمن">رَحْمٰن</a> (raḥmān). </td></tr> <tr> <td>ٱ </td> <td>(nothing) </td> <td>(nothing) </td> <td>(nothing) </td> <td>No sound, used optionally to show that there are no vowels after an ʔalif, especially when it can be ambiguous. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rare_letters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Rare_letters-How_the_romanization_works_and_some_guidelines_to_it">Rare letters</h4></div> <ul><li>Letters with a limited usage, sometimes used in Arabic texts for words borrowed from other languages and not present in the first layer of Arabic keyboard layouts, may be used in Wiktionary entries according to the usage in the world and are transliterated as follows:</li></ul> <ol><li>پ: p</li> <li>ڤ, or ڥ: v</li> <li>گ, ڨ or ݣ: g</li> <li>چ: č</li> <li>ژ: ž</li> <li>ڢ: f</li> <li>ڧ: q</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic" data-mw-thread-id="h-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic">Templates pertaining to Arabic</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_welcome_new_users_editing_Arabic" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_welcome_new_users_editing_Arabic-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic">How to welcome new users editing Arabic</h3></div> <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Substitution" class="extiw" title="mw:Manual:Substitution">subst</a>:<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-welcome#top" title="Template:ar-welcome">ar-welcome</a>}}</code> may be placed on the talk page of new Arabic-speaking contributors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_describe_derivations" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_describe_derivations-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic">How to describe derivations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="I_want_to_link_words_in_other_languages_to_Arabic_words" data-mw-thread-id="h-I_want_to_link_words_in_other_languages_to_Arabic_words-How_to_describe_derivations">I want to link words in other languages to Arabic words</h4></div> The template <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:derived#top" title="Template:derived">der</a>||ar}}</code> should be used in the etymology section of entries in non-Arabic languages whose origin is derived from an Arabic word, and specifically <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:borrowed#top" title="Template:borrowed">bor</a>||ar}}</code> if the non-Arabic word is known to be directly from Arabic. For example, on the page for the English word <a href="/wiki/djinn" title="djinn">djinn</a>, the Etymology section may contain the following code: <pre>===Etymology=== From {{bor|en|ar|جِنّ||a mythical race of supernatural creatures}}. </pre> Which produces the following display: <dl><dd>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" class="extiw" title="w:Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86#Arabic" title="جن">جِنّ</a> (jinn, “a mythical race of supernatural creatures”).</dd></dl> The template does the following things: <ol><li>It displays the name of the language of origin;</li> <li>It links to the Wikipedia article about <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>; and</li> <li>Automatically categorizes the entry in the <a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_derived_from_Arabic" title="Category:English terms derived from Arabic">Category:English terms derived from Arabic</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_borrowed_from_Arabic" title="Category:English terms borrowed from Arabic">Category:English terms borrowed from Arabic</a> if <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:borrowed#top" title="Template:borrowed">bor</a>}}</code> is used.</li></ol> This template also works for languages other than English if the first parameter is changed. So, for the Spanish word <a href="/wiki/cero#Spanish" title="cero">cero</a>, the Etymology section contains the following code: <pre>From {{bor|es|it|zero}}, from Biblical Latin {{m|la|zephyrum}}, from {{der|es|xaa||ṣifr}}, from Classical {{der|es|ar|صِفْر||zero, nothing, empty, void}}. </pre> Which produces the following display: <dl><dd>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" class="extiw" title="w:Italian language">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/zero#Italian" title="zero">zero</a>, from Biblical Latin <a href="/wiki/zephyrum#Latin" title="zephyrum">zephyrum</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="w:Andalusi Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a> ṣifr, from Classical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" class="extiw" title="w:Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1#Arabic" title="صفر">صِفْر</a> (ṣifr, “zero, nothing, empty, void”).</dd></dl> and classifies the entry in <a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_terms_borrowed_from_Italian" title="Category:Spanish terms borrowed from Italian">Category:Spanish terms borrowed from Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_terms_derived_from_Italian" title="Category:Spanish terms derived from Italian">Category:Spanish terms derived from Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_terms_derived_from_Arabic" title="Category:Spanish terms derived from Arabic">Category:Spanish terms derived from Arabic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="I_want_to_write_اِشْتِقَاقَات" data-mw-thread-id="h-I_want_to_write_اِشْتِقَاقَات-How_to_describe_derivations">I want to write اِشْتِقَاقَات</h4></div> The templates <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:borrowed#top" title="Template:borrowed">bor</a>}}</code>, <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:derived#top" title="Template:derived">der</a>}}</code> can and shall be used in Arabic entries. But in Arabic entries you also might like to use <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:inherited#top" title="Template:inherited">inh</a>}}</code> for words which Arabic hasn’t loaned but from earlier times if there is evidence for those words in other Semitic languages. Examples of both by <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A9#Arabic" title="خوخة">خَوْخَة</a> (ḵawḵa) and <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A3%D8%B1#Arabic" title="فأر">فَأْر</a> (faʔr): <pre>From {{bor|ar|gez|ኆኅት|tr=ḫoḫət}}. </pre> Which produces the following display: <dl><dd>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" class="extiw" title="w:Geʽez">Ge'ez</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%86%E1%8A%85%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኆኅት (page does not exist)">ኆኅት</a> (ḫoḫət).</dd></dl> <pre>From {{inh|ar|sem-pro|*paʔr-}}. </pre> Which produces the following display: <dl><dd>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/pa%CA%94r-" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/paʔr-">*paʔr-</a>.</dd></dl> For internal Arabic derivations, that is the majority of lexical entries, <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-rootbox#top" title="Template:ar-rootbox">ar-rootbox</a>}}</code> provides a simple device to categorize terms assigned to certain roots and, via a sidebox, link index pages for the same roots, that have been imagined internally to afford the pattern by which the word has attained its morphological form. <pre>{{ar-rootbox|ك و ن}} </pre> If you intend to explicitly mention roots in etymologies, categorization of terms by roots and linking to root pages in <a href="/wiki/running_text" title="running text">running text</a> will be covered by <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-root#top" title="Template:ar-root">ar-root</a>}}</code>. It supports the following two syntaxes: <pre>Belongs to the root {{ar-root|ك و ن}}. </pre> <pre>Belongs to the root {{ar-root|ك|و|ن}}. </pre> Both result in: <dl><dd>Belongs to the root <a href="/wiki/%D9%83_%D9%88_%D9%86#Arabic" title="ك و ن">ك و ن</a> (k-w-n).</dd></dl> If you use it outside of words which belong to the root, you are supposed to give <code>|nocat=1</code>, because else the page gets categorized as in <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_terms_belonging_to_the_root_%D9%83_%D9%88_%D9%86" title="Category:Arabic terms belonging to the root ك و ن">Category:Arabic terms belonging to the root ك و ن</a>. Conversely, to categorize but show nothing it uses <code>|notext=1</code>. But if you want to show something in the etymology section, you can use specific Arabic templates as found in <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_etymology_templates" title="Category:Arabic etymology templates">Category:Arabic etymology templates</a> to mark derivations by classical prefixes and suffixes. In cases of a specific template missing you can fall back to <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:prefix#top" title="Template:prefix">prefix</a>}}</code> and <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:suffix#top" title="Template:suffix">suffix</a>}}</code>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_show_pronunciations" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_show_pronunciations-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic">How to show pronunciations</h3></div> It is easy to add transcriptions in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#English" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. Just use <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-IPA#top" title="Template:ar-IPA">ar-IPA</a>}}</code> with the vocalized word (and the transcription in <code>|tr=</code>, if there is an irregular pronunciation). This way: <dl><dd><code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-IPA#top" title="Template:ar-IPA">ar-IPA</a>|خَوْخَة}}</code></dd></dl> It produces <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_phonology" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Arabic phonology">key</a>): /xaw.xa/</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_add_regional_pronunciations" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_add_regional_pronunciations-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic">How to add regional pronunciations</h3></div> The template <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:arabic-dialect-pronunciation#top" title="Template:arabic-dialect-pronunciation">arabic-dialect-pronunciation</a>}}</code> can be used to display pronunciations in the modern dialects of Arabic. See for example <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9#Arabic" title="قابلة">قابلة</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_display_headwords" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_display_headwords-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic">How to display headwords</h3></div> Numerous templates are available for headwords. For nouns, <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-noun#top" title="Template:ar-noun">ar-noun</a>}}</code> should be used, or a more specific template like <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-proper_noun#top" title="Template:ar-proper noun">ar-proper noun</a>}}</code>, <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-coll-noun#top" title="Template:ar-coll-noun">ar-coll-noun</a>}}</code>, <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-sing-noun#top" title="Template:ar-sing-noun">ar-sing-noun</a>}}</code>. For verbs, use <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-verb#top" title="Template:ar-verb">ar-verb</a>}}</code>. For adjectives, use <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-adj#top" title="Template:ar-adj">ar-adj</a>}}</code> or <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-adj-sound#top" title="Template:ar-adj-sound">ar-adj-sound</a>}}</code>. See <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_headword-line_templates" title="Category:Arabic headword-line templates">Category:Arabic headword-line templates</a> for more. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_show_inflections" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_show_inflections-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic">How to show inflections</h3></div> For verb inflections, use <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-conj#top" title="Template:ar-conj">ar-conj</a>}}</code>. For noun inflections, use <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-decl-noun#top" title="Template:ar-decl-noun">ar-decl-noun</a>}}</code>; <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-decl-gendered-noun#top" title="Template:ar-decl-gendered-noun">ar-decl-gendered-noun</a>}}</code>, <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-decl-coll-noun#top" title="Template:ar-decl-coll-noun">ar-decl-coll-noun</a>}}</code> and <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-decl-sing-noun#top" title="Template:ar-decl-sing-noun">ar-decl-sing-noun</a>}}</code> are handy to show paired nouns. For adjective inflections, use <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-decl-adj#top" title="Template:ar-decl-adj">ar-decl-adj</a>}}</code>. The template <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:ar-prep-auto#top" title="Template:ar-prep-auto">ar-prep-auto</a>}}</code> is used to show prepositions with bound pronouns. See for example <a href="/wiki/%D9%84#Preposition" title="ل">ل</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8#Preposition" title="ب">ب</a>. That’s all. But you can regard <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_inflection-table_templates" title="Category:Arabic inflection-table templates">Category:Arabic inflection-table templates</a> for an overview. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_add_references_to_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_add_references_to_sources-Templates_pertaining_to_Arabic">How to add references to sources</h3></div> If one feels the need to point to a page or an entry outside Wiktionary, there are the general templates <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:cite-book#top" title="Template:cite-book">cite-book</a>}}</code>, <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:cite-journal#top" title="Template:cite-journal">cite-journal</a>}}</code>, <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:cite-web#top" title="Template:cite-web">cite-web</a>}}</code> available, for which you can regard their documentations with succeess. But they are too fiddly for sources one uses often. Thus Arabic has, as all languages covered by Wiktionary use to, templates for specific sources you might consult. They are listed on <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_reference_templates" title="Category:Arabic reference templates">Category:Arabic reference templates</a> and here the freedom is taken to describe their contents for users who are not familiar with what is available on the market. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="What_general_dictionaries_there_are" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_general_dictionaries_there_are-How_to_add_references_to_sources">What general dictionaries there are</h4></div> In Arabic larger dictionaries are unavoidable to check vocalizations, plural forms, verbal nouns, for one naturally does not find all information one needs for an entry when one picks up a word. You usually only need to call the books by a short name and use the parameters <code>|page=</code>, <code>|pages=</code>, and <code>|entry=</code> or <code>|1=</code> (the first positional parameter) for a specific entry – if the entry referred to is different from the pagename. There is the dictionary of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Wehr" class="extiw" title="w:Hans Wehr">Hans Wehr</a> as the standard for the modern literary Arabic language. <code> {{R:ar:Wehr-4}} {{R:ar:Wehr-5-de}} {{R:ar:Wehr-6-de}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Wehr" class="extiw" title="w:Hans Wehr">Wehr, Hans</a> (1979) “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejtaal.net/aa/#bwq=Entryname">Entry name</a>”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, <cite>A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</cite>, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87950-003-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87950-003-4">→ISBN</a></li> <li>Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “Entry name”, in <cite>Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/26387126HansWehrArabischesWorterbuch/26387126-Hans-Wehr-Arabisches-Worterbuch.pdf">[1]</a> (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06584-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06584-9">→ISBN</a></li></ul> For Russian readers: <code> {{R:ar:Borisov}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ru:%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="w:ru:Борисов, Валентин Михайлович">Борисов, В. М.</a> (1993) “Entry name”, in <cite>Русско-арабский словарь (Russko-arabskij slovarʹ)</cite>, Москва: Сам Интернешнл, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85631-002-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-85631-002-0">→ISBN</a></li></ul> The online dictionary Al-Maʿānī is fairly comprehensive for Arabic-English: <code> {{R:ar:Almaany}} </code> <ul><li>“Entry name” in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/Entry">name Almaany</a></li></ul> Al-Maʿānī’s Arabic-Arabic comprehensivity appears largely feeded from the medieval lexica however. You can also check the bulk of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arabic_dictionaries" class="extiw" title="w:List of Arabic dictionaries">these Classical Arabic dictionaries</a> nowadays: they are held accessible at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/">[2]</a>. But this at whole is not templatized because there is a whole lot of dictionaries in it and cryptic URLs. For now there is: <code> {{R:Lisan al-Arab}} {{R:ar:Qamus}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Manzur" class="extiw" title="w:Ibn Manzur">ابن منظور</a>. «Entry name»، لسان العرب.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%ABr%C5%ABz%C4%81b%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="w:Fīrūzābādī">Fīrūzābādī</a> (1834) <cite>Al-uqiyānūs al-basīt</cite>, 2nd edition, translated from Arabic into Ottoman Turkish by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCtercim_As%C4%B1m" class="extiw" title="w:Mütercim Asım">Aḥmad ʻĀṣim</a>, Constantinople</li></ul> You might want to look into Abit Yaşar Koçak’s short treatise Handbook of Arabic Dictionaries from the year 2002 (Berlin: Hans Schiler) to get an overview what dictionaries there have been. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_William_Lane" class="extiw" title="w:Edward William Lane">Edward William Lane</a>’s dictionary is thought to be the most complete one for Classical Arabic, translating the medieval Arabic dictionaries, but ends somewhere at the letter ق (¾ of the alphabet) and is somewhat hard to read for its—sometimes spurious—subtile distinctions and referrals to later or former entries. <code> {{R:ar:Lane}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_William_Lane" class="extiw" title="w:Edward William Lane">Lane, Edward William</a> (1863) “Entry name”, in <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic-English_Lexicon" class="extiw" title="w:Arabic-English Lexicon">Arabic-English Lexicon</a></cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://lexicon.quranic-research.net">[3]</a>, London: Williams & Norgate</li></ul> The Lane is predeceded by Georg Freytag. This one is a clear read – if one reads Latin. <code> {{R:ar:Freytag}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Freytag" class="extiw" title="w:Georg Freytag">Freytag, Georg</a> (1830–1837) “Entry name”, in <cite>Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11007483_00009.html">[4]</a> (in Latin), Halle: C. A. Schwetschke</li></ul> For words assumed to be current before his time one is lucky with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Joseph_Steingass" class="extiw" title="w:Francis Joseph Steingass">Francis Joseph Steingass</a>’s dictionary, but it does not sort all by roots and has an increased amount of misprintings: <code> {{R:ar:Steingass}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Joseph_Steingass" class="extiw" title="w:Francis Joseph Steingass">Steingass, Francis Joseph</a> (1884) “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924026873194#page/n19/mode/2up">Entry name</a>”, in <cite>The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924026873194">[5]</a>, London: W.H. Allen</li></ul> Wahrmund’s dictionary is like the same as Steingass’s in structure and quality but in German: <code> {{R:ar:Wahrmund}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Wahrmund" class="extiw" title="w:Adolf Wahrmund">Wahrmund, Adolf</a> (1887) “Entry name”, in <cite>Handwörterbuch der neu-arabischen und deutschen Sprache</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/handwrterbuch01wahr">[6]</a> (in German), Gießen: J. Ricker’sche Buchhandlung</li></ul> For a collection different from Steingass and Wahrmund one can use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Kazimirski_de_Biberstein" class="extiw" title="w:Albin Kazimirski de Biberstein">Albin Kazimirski de Biberstein</a>, which is very similar to Freytag but glosses in French; in fact it seems to be a translation of Freytag though occasionally being more detailed in explanation and rarely including dialectal words. <code> {{R:ar:Kazimirski}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kazimirski_de_Biberstein" class="extiw" title="w:Albert Kazimirski de Biberstein">Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein</a> (1860) “Entry name”, in <cite>Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionnairearab01bibeuoft">[7]</a> (in French), Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie</li></ul> In French the dictionary of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhart_Dozy" class="extiw" title="w:Reinhart Dozy">Reinhart Dozy</a> is notable for being evidence-based, for perusing and referring to sources other than the classical dictionaries: <code> {{R:ar:Dozy}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhart_Dozy" class="extiw" title="w:Reinhart Dozy">Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne</a> (1881) “Entry name”, in <cite>Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&query=(dc.title%20all%20%22Suppl%C3%A9ment%20aux%20dictionnaires%20arabes%22)%20and%20dc.creator%20all%20%22dozy%2C%20reinhart%20pieter%20anne%20.%20auteur%20du%20texte%20(1820-1883)%22">[8]</a> (in French), Leiden: E. J. Brill</li></ul> An even more notable, comprehensive attestation-based dictionary, par with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:Historical dictionary">the great national dictionaries</a>, covers only the letters ك (k) and ل (l): <code> {{R:ar:WKAS}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de:Manfred_Ullmann" class="extiw" title="w:de:Manfred Ullmann">Ullmann, Manfred</a> (1959–2009) <cite>Wörterbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache</cite> (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz</li></ul> Note that particular lexicographic studies in the series Beiträge zur Lexikographie des Klassischen Arabisch from the milieu of the WKAS are all <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikationen.badw.de/de/meta/index">digitized at the Bavarian academy of sciences</a>. The WKAS continued one publication which covered only seldom terms beginning with <a href="/wiki/%D8%A3#Arabic" title="أ">أ</a> (ʔ) / <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5#Arabic" title="إ">إ</a> (ʔ). <code> {{R:ar:Nöldekes Belegwörterbuch}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" class="extiw" title="w:Theodor Nöldeke">Nöldeke, Theodor</a> (1930) “About Arabic”, in Jörg Kraemer, editor, <cite>Belegwörterbuch zur klassischen arabischen Sprache</cite>, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, published 1952–1953, Fascicles 1 and 2 (Only Alif)</li></ul> Else it contains a history of Arabic dictionary projects at the end of the ل (l) volume. <code> {{R:ar:WKAS}} </code> You can use the latest Arabic-Spanish dictionaries well too: <code> {{R:ar:Cortés|ed=1|Entry name}} {{R:ar:Cortés|ed=2|Entry name}} {{R:ar:Corriente|Entry name}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Julio_Cort%C3%A9s_Soroa" class="extiw" title="w:es:Julio Cortés Soroa">Cortés, Julio</a> (1996) “Entry name”, in <cite>Diccionario de árabe culto moderno</cite> (in Spanish), 1st edition, Madrid: Gredos, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788424917944" title="Special:BookSources/9788424917944">→ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Julio_Cort%C3%A9s_Soroa" class="extiw" title="w:es:Julio Cortés Soroa">Cortés, Julio</a> (2008) “Entry name”, in <cite>Diccionario de árabe culto moderno</cite> (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Madrid: Gredos, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788424935733" title="Special:BookSources/9788424935733">→ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Federico_Corriente_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="extiw" title="w:es:Federico Corriente Córdoba">Corriente, Federico</a> (2005) “Entry name”, in <cite>Diccionario avanzado árabe</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/DiccionarioArabe-espanolAvanzado-p1">[9]</a> (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Barcelona: Herder</li></ul> This milieu has also engendered some comprehensive attestation-based Andalusi Arabic dictionaries: <code> {{R:xaa:Corriente}} {{R:xaa:Corriente-Additions}} {{R:xaa:ELA|II}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Federico_Corriente_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="extiw" title="w:es:Federico Corriente Córdoba">Corriente, F.</a> (1997) <cite>A Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic</cite> (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East; 29)‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryandalu00corr">[10]</a>, Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09846-6">→ISBN</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/96052434">→LCCN</a></li></ul> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Federico_Corriente" class="extiw" title="w:es:Federico Corriente">Corriente, Federico</a> (2008) “Additions and corrections to A Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic”, in <cite>Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23861630">[11]</a>, volume 98, pages 31–80 <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Federico_Corriente_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="extiw" title="w:es:Federico Corriente Córdoba">Corriente, Federico</a>, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), <cite>Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques</cite> (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-045019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-045019-4">→ISBN</a></li></ul> Worth a look are also reliable Yemeni Arabic dictionaries: <code> {{R:ar:Landberg|G1}} {{R:ar:Landberg|G2}} {{R:ar:Landberg|G3}} {{R:ar:Piamenta}} </code> <ul><li>Landberg, Carlo, editor (1920), <cite>Glossaire daṯînois</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/glossairedatno01landuoft">[12]</a> (in French), Leiden: Brill</li> <li>Landberg, Carlo, editor (1928), <cite>Glossaire daṯînois</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/glossairedatno02landuoft">[13]</a> (in French), Leiden: Brill</li> <li>Landberg, Carlo, editor (1942), <cite>Glossaire daṯînois</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/glossairedatno03landuoft">[14]</a> (in French), Leiden: Brill</li> <li>Piamenta, Moshe (1991) <cite>Dictionary of Post-Classical Yemeni Arabic</cite>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09294-5">→ISBN</a></li></ul> And if a word is in the Qurʾān, one can make points with the newest dictionary of Qurʾānic usage (it takes <code>|page=</code>, <code>|pages=</code>, <code>|entry=</code>): <code> {{R:ar:BadawiHaleem}} </code> <ul><li>Badawi, Elsaid M., Abdel Haleem, Muhammad (2008) <cite>Arabic-English Dictionary of Qurʾanic Usage</cite> (Handbook of Oriental Studies; 85), Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-47-42377-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-47-42377-5">→ISBN</a></li></ul> And: <code> {{R:ar:Farid}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Farid" class="extiw" title="w:Malik Ghulam Farid">Farid, Malik Ghulam</a> (2006) “Entry name”, in <cite>Dictionary of the Holy Qurʾan</cite>, Tilford, Surrey: Islam International Publications Ltd., <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85372-821-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85372-821-1">→ISBN</a></li></ul> Perhaps one finds something about the frequency of a word in Buckwalter/Parkinson: <code> {{R:ar:Buckwalter}} </code> <ul><li>Buckwalter, Tim, Parkinson, Dilworth (2011) “Entry name”, in <cite>A Frequency Dictionary of Arabic: Core vocabulary for learners</cite>, first edition, London and New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44434-7">→ISBN</a></li></ul> A source of a different kind also giving you a picture about frequency is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://context.reverso.net/translation/">Reverso Context</a>. It can help you modulate the meanings you understand for terms you search by giving equivalent Arabic and English texts matching your search terms, and often it is also the fastest for finding out what words mean. It requires you to be logged in though to load more than a few rows, and with regard to the representativeness you should be wary of texts being gathered from subtitle databases, and of course it technically cannot be cited. And there are also dictionaries dedicated to verbs which are templatized, the one by Nabil Osman is also frequency-based and takes pursuant to its actual ordering the parameters <code>|pages=</code>, <code>|page=</code> and <code>|Tafel=</code>. <code> {{R:ar:Osman-Verben}} {{R:ar:Mace}} </code> <ul><li>Osman, Nabil (1996) <cite>Konjugationslexikon arabischer Verben</cite> (in German), Ismaning: Max Hueber Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-19-005169-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-19-005169-4">→ISBN</a></li> <li>Mace, John (2007) “Entry name”, in <cite>Arabic Verbs</cite>, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1229-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1229-0">→ISBN</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="How_one_can_ascribe_Arabic_words_to_outside_origins" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_one_can_ascribe_Arabic_words_to_outside_origins-How_to_add_references_to_sources">How one can ascribe Arabic words to outside origins</h4></div> The etymological treatment of the Arabic language is destitute. There is no etymological dictionary for Arabic; etymological studies are scattered across journals and isolated monographs of scope limited by author knowledge. Generally you have to apply your own reason and historical knowledge to determine how Arabic words or their meanings can be attributed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="What_topical_dictionaries_there_are" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_topical_dictionaries_there_are-How_to_add_references_to_sources">What topical dictionaries there are</h4></div> There is the specific field of names for entities in the flora and fauna. This topic is very obscure: It is already an accomplishment to ascribe to Arabic plant or animal names correct meanings if the words aren’t the most current ones – even the meanings given for plants and animal names used in the Qurʾān are often plainly wrong. A systematic place to get plant names is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_L%C3%B6w" class="extiw" title="w:Immanuel Löw">Immanuel Löw</a>. From him one can use: <code> {{R:arc:Löw-Flora}} {{R:arc:Löw-Pflanzen}} {{R:arc:Löw-Färberpflanzen}} {{R:arc:Löw-Lurche}} {{R:arc:Löw-Schlangen}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_L%C3%B6w" class="extiw" title="w:Immanuel Löw">Löw, Immanuel</a> (1924–1934) <cite>Die Flora der Juden</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30-180014581006">[15]</a> (in German), Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_L%C3%B6w" class="extiw" title="w:Immanuel Löw">Löw, Immanuel</a> (1881) <cite>Aramæische Pflanzennamen</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="//menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-24281">[16]</a> (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_L%C3%B6w" class="extiw" title="w:Immanuel Löw">Löw, Immanuel</a> (1922) “Semitische Färberpflanzen”, in <cite>Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/116893">[17]</a> (in German), volume 1</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_L%C3%B6w" class="extiw" title="w:Immanuel Löw">Löw, Immanuel</a> (1912) “Aramäische Lurchnamen”, in <cite>Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/118247">[18]</a> (in German), volume 26</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_L%C3%B6w" class="extiw" title="w:Immanuel Löw">Löw, Immanuel</a> (1909) <cite>Aramäische Schlangennamen</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="//menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-28524">[19]</a> (in German), Szegedin</li></ul> There has been an extensive work on Arabia’s plants with the rare merit of combining botanical exactitude and correct transcription: <code> {{R:ar:Mandaville|B}} </code> <ul><li>Mandaville, James Paul (2011) <cite>Bedouin Ethnobotany. Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World</cite>, Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2900-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2900-1">→ISBN</a></li></ul> One may harvest plant names from the web by searching Arabic words together with taxonomic names, but one must be careful about combined terms that might have been specifically calqued for the purpose of writing Arabic – including, and particularly, plant titles on the Arabic Wikipedia. One must be convinced that plant names circulate not only by force of Wikipedia so they can be created. A polyglot dictionary notable for botany and reprinted often is: <code> {{R:hy:Bedevian}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenag_K._Bedevian" class="extiw" title="w:Armenag K. Bedevian">Bedevian, Armenag K.</a> (1936) “Entry name”, in <cite>Illustrated Polyglottic Dictionary of Plant Names</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/391126/edition/361791/content">[20]</a>, Cairo: Argus & Papazian Presses</li></ul> Worth a read for textiles is: <code> {{R:Textile Terminologies}} </code> <ul><li>Gaspa, Salvatore, Michel, Cécile, Nosch, Marie-Louise, editors (2017 July 26), <cite>Textile Terminologies from the Orient to the Mediterranean and Europe, 1000 BC to 1000 AD</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/texterm/">[21]</a>, Lincoln, Nebraska: Zea Books, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13014%2FK2S46PVB">→DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60962-112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60962-112-4">→ISBN</a></li></ul> Cosmetics are comprehensively covered in <code> {{R:ar:Schönig}} </code> <ul><li>Schönig, Hanne (2002) <cite>Schminken, Düfte und Räucherwerk der Jemenitinnen: Lexikon der Substanzen, Utensilien und Techniken</cite> (Beiruter Texte und Studien; 91)‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="//menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/inhouse/content/titleinfo/2055908">[22]</a>, Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89913245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89913245-8">→ISBN</a></li></ul> For animals and their parts there is: <code> {{R:Hommel-Säugethiere}} {{R:ar:Eisenstein}} {{R:sem-pro:SED|volume=1}} {{R:sem-pro:SED|volume=2}} {{R:sem-pro:Weninger-Handbook|pages=179 seqq.}} {{R:ar:Hyrtl}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hommel" class="extiw" title="w:Fritz Hommel">Hommel, Fritz</a> (1879) <cite>Die Namen der Säugethiere bei den südsemitischen Völkern als Beiträge zur arabischen und äthiopischen Lexicographie, zur semitischen Kulturforschung und Sprachvergleichung und zur Geschichte der Mittelmeerfauna. Mit steter Berücksichtigung auch der assyrischen und hebräischen Thiernamen und geographischen und literaturgeschichtlichen Excursen</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="//menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-27512">[23]</a> (in German), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de:Herbert_Eisenstein" class="extiw" title="w:de:Herbert Eisenstein">Eisenstein, Herbert</a> (1991) <cite>Einführung in die arabische Zoographie: das tierkundliche Wissen in der arabisch-islamischen Literatur</cite> (in German), Berlin: Dietrich Reimer</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Militarev" class="extiw" title="w:Alexander Militarev">Militarev, Alexander</a>, Kogan, Leonid (2000) <cite>Semitic Etymological Dictionary</cite>, volumes I: Anatomy of Man and Animals, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927120-96-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-927120-96-0">→ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Militarev" class="extiw" title="w:Alexander Militarev">Militarev, Alexander</a>, Kogan, Leonid (2005) <cite>Semitic Etymological Dictionary</cite>, volume II: Animal Names, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-934628-57-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-934628-57-5">→ISBN</a></li> <li>Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, <cite>The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook</cite> (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018613-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018613-0">→ISBN</a>, page 179 seqq.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de:Joseph_Hyrtl" class="extiw" title="w:de:Joseph Hyrtl">Hyrtl, Joseph</a> (1879) <cite>Das Arabische und Hebräische in der Anatomie</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/dasarabischeundh00hyrtuoft/">[24]</a> (in German), Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller</li></ul> There is a thick book that has narrowed down the weapon names of the oldest literature: <code> {{R:ar:Schwarzlose}} </code> <ul><li>Schwarzlose, Friedrich Wilhelm (1886) <cite>كتاب السلاح. Die Waffen der alten Araber aus ihren Dichtern dargestellt. Ein Beitrag zur arabischen Alterthumskunde, Synonymik und Lexicographie nebst Registern</cite> (in German), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung</li></ul> And there is a dissertation about bakery-related words: <code> {{R:ar:Mielck}} </code> <ul><li>Mielck, Reinhard (1914) <cite>Terminologie und Technologie der Müller und Bäcker im islamischen Mittelalter</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="//archive.org/details/terminologieund00miel">[25]</a> (in German), Hamburg: J. J. Augustin</li></ul> And one can try for household items: <code> {{R:ar:Vollers-Beitr.}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Vollers" class="extiw" title="w:Karl Vollers">Vollers, Karl</a> (1896) “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der lebenden arabischen Sprache in Aegypten”, in <cite>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/62919">[26]</a> (in German), volume 50, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/pageview/42530">page 607</a></li></ul> For clothing names: <code> {{R:ar:Dozy-V}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhart_Dozy" class="extiw" title="w:Reinhart Dozy">Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne</a> (1845) <cite>Dictionnaire détaillé des noms des vêtements chez les arabes</cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-32025">[27]</a> (in French), Amsterdam: Jean Müller</li></ul> There are some dictionaries of the administrative area; one might consult them because common usage as well as the general linguistic material might exhibit wild misperceptions about which words are used for specific legal concepts or which meanings terms current in specific administration areas have. <code> {{R:ar:Conference}} {{R:ar:Diplo}} </code> <ul><li>Abdallah, Hassan (1982) <cite>A Dictionary of International Relations and Conference Terminology. English-Arabic with English and Arabic Indexes and Appendices</cite>, Beirut: Librairie du Liban</li> <li>Fawq al-ʿĀda, Samūḥī (1974) <cite>A Dictionary of Diplomacy and International Affairs. English-French-Arabic</cite>, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-33-617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953-33-617-6">→ISBN</a></li></ul> The vocabularies of the churches have been recorded in: <code> {{R:ar:Graf-Verzeichnis}} </code> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Graf" class="extiw" title="w:Georg Graf">Graf, Georg</a> (1929–1934) “Verzeichnis arabischer kirchlicher Termini”, in <cite>Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete</cite> (in German), volumes 7–9, also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de:Liste_der_Werke_des_Corpus_Scriptorum_Christianorum_Orientalium" class="extiw" title="w:de:Liste der Werke des Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium">Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium volume 147</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="How_to_make_things_pretty_when_working_with_Arabic" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_make_things_pretty_when_working_with_Arabic">How to make things pretty when working with Arabic</h2></div> Arabic text in an etymology or usage section should be surrounded with <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:mention#top" title="Template:mention">m</a>|ar|...}}</code>, or the link template <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:link#top" title="Template:link">l</a>|ar|...}}</code>, if it is not nested in any other template. Ideally the text should be written fully vocalized, in which case a transliteration will automatically be provided, but a transliteration can also be specified explicitly using <code>|tr=</code>. For example, the code <pre>*Arabic: {{m|ar|جَزِيرَة}}, {{l|ar|كِتَاب}} </pre> or <pre>*Arabic: {{m|ar|جَزِيرَة|tr=jazīra}}, {{l|ar|كِتَاب|tr=kitāb}} </pre> produces the text: <ul><li>Arabic: <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9#Arabic" title="جزيرة">جَزِيرَة</a> (jazīra), <a href="/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" title="كتاب">كِتَاب</a> (kitāb)</li></ul> Using the templates ensures that text written in Arabic script will display correctly on a wider range of computers and font problems will be bypassed, as well as that automatic transliteration will be provided in case of full Arabic vocalization. In general, one does not need to write Arabic text untemplatized in the English Wiktionary. Either one has it in the headword or inflection templates or in <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:mention#top" title="Template:mention">m</a>}}</code> or <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:link#top" title="Template:link">l</a>}}</code>, or <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:lang#top" title="Template:lang">lang</a>|ar|word}}</code> if one does not need to link nor transliteration, as often in quotations or in image descriptions. The headword can use <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:l-self#top" title="Template:l-self">l-self</a>}}</code> and <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:m-self#top" title="Template:m-self">m-self</a>}}</code>. For example the already adduced entry <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A9#Arabic" title="خوخة">خَوْخَة</a> (ḵawḵa) has the following: <pre>[[File:Śluza Gdańska Głowa na Szkarpawie - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|{{l-self|ar|خَوْخَة|tr=-}}]] </pre> It displays a nice picture with readable Arabic text: <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Aluza_Gda%C5%84ska_G%C5%82owa_na_Szkarpawie_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%C5%9Aluza_Gda%C5%84ska_G%C5%82owa_na_Szkarpawie_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%C5%9Aluza_Gda%C5%84ska_G%C5%82owa_na_Szkarpawie_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%C5%9Aluza_Gda%C5%84ska_G%C5%82owa_na_Szkarpawie_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%C5%9Aluza_Gda%C5%84ska_G%C5%82owa_na_Szkarpawie_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%C5%9Aluza_Gda%C5%84ska_G%C5%82owa_na_Szkarpawie_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%C5%9Aluza_Gda%C5%84ska_G%C5%82owa_na_Szkarpawie_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"/></a><figcaption>خَوْخَة</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> Here the picture of course uses <code>thumb|center</code> and not <code>thumb|right</code>. The general rule for images illustrating lemmata is that they use <code>thumb|right</code>. Browse <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" class="extiw" title="w:Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> to find images. You will most likely find fitting images there if it is possible to illustrate a word with a picture. As you might find out by browsing <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Namespace" title="Wiktionary:Namespace">Wiktionary:Namespace</a>, you can just prefix your queries in the English Wiktionary with <code>c:</code> to be directed to Wikimedia Commons for any word you search – typically an English one, but you might search Arabic words to find more prototypical images for Arabic entries. You might also want to glean images from Wikimedia Commons systematically starting from <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabic_culture" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Arabic culture">c:Category:Arabic culture</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Monitoring_devices_applicable_to_Arabic_entries" data-mw-thread-id="h-Monitoring_devices_applicable_to_Arabic_entries">Monitoring devices applicable to Arabic entries</h2></div> You can check <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_entry_maintenance" title="Category:Arabic entry maintenance">Category:Arabic entry maintenance</a> to find work for boring hours. You should definitely check into it if you are a native speaker of Arabic, for some of the categories touch points relating to exhaustion of experiential knowledge and references of editors. You might like a watchlink for <a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Category:Arabic_lemmas" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked/Category:Arabic lemmas">Recent changes to Arabic lemmas</a> for ensuring the constant reliability of Wiktionary in Arabic entries. See <a href="/wiki/User:Erutuon/bad_Arabic_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Erutuon/bad Arabic transliteration">User:Erutuon/bad Arabic transliteration</a> for transliterations that need to be corrected, derived from the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps" class="extiw" title="m:Data dumps">XML dump</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User:DTLHS/Arabic_usage_notes" title="User:DTLHS/Arabic usage notes">List of Arabic entries with Usage notes sections</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:About_Arabic&oldid=82404087#Romanization">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:About_Arabic&oldid=82404087#Romanization</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wiktionary_think_tank_policies" title="Category:Wiktionary think tank policies">Wiktionary think tank policies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wiktionary_language_considerations" title="Category:Wiktionary language considerations">Wiktionary language considerations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_invalid_parameters_when_calling_Template:policy-TT" title="Category:Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:policy-TT">Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:policy-TT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wiktionary_pages_with_shortcuts" title="Category:Wiktionary pages with shortcuts">Wiktionary pages with shortcuts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 October 2024, at 14:33.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Definitions and other text are available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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