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<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Central_Siberia" title="Special:EditPage/South Central Siberia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22South+Central+Siberia%22">"South Central Siberia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22South+Central+Siberia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22South+Central+Siberia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22South+Central+Siberia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22South+Central+Siberia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22South+Central+Siberia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South Central Siberia</b> is a geographical region in <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a>, just north of the meeting point between <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia_-_Kemerovo_Oblast_(2008-03).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_Russia_-_Kemerovo_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg/300px-Map_of_Russia_-_Kemerovo_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_Russia_-_Kemerovo_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg/450px-Map_of_Russia_-_Kemerovo_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_Russia_-_Kemerovo_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg/600px-Map_of_Russia_-_Kemerovo_Oblast_%282008-03%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="630"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo Oblast</a> highlighted<br>Kuznetsk Basin to the west and Minusinsk basin to the east.<br><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai Krai</a> northwest of that and <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> to the southeast</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#The_Four_Corners"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">The Four Corners</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#South:_Altai_Republic"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">South: Altai Republic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Northern_mountain_range:_Abakans_and_Kuznetsk_Alatau"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Northern mountain range: Abakans and Kuznetsk Alatau</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#West:_Kuznetsk_Depression"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">West: Kuznetsk Depression</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#East:_Minusinsk_Depression"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">East: Minusinsk Depression</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Southeast:_Tuva"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Southeast: Tuva</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Surrounding_area"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Surrounding area</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_information"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Other information</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="The_Four_Corners">The Four Corners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Four Corners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentralasien_topo.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zentralasien_topo.png/330px-Zentralasien_topo.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1038"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zentralasien_topo.png/330px-Zentralasien_topo.png" data-width="330" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zentralasien_topo.png/495px-Zentralasien_topo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zentralasien_topo.png/660px-Zentralasien_topo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Central Asia. The area in question is between the Altai region and Novosibirsk.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altai,_Tienschan-Orte.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png/330px-Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="471"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png/330px-Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png" data-width="330" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png/495px-Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Altai%2C_Tienschan-Orte.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Altai Mountains and surrounding areas</figcaption></figure> <p>At approximately <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Central_Siberia&params=49_8_8_N_87_33_46_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°8′8″N</span> <span class="longitude">87°33′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.13556°N 87.56278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.13556; 87.56278</span></span></span></a></span></span>, the borders of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> intersect in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>. Mongolia and Kazakhstan are separated by a 55km stretch of the Sino-Russian border between the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a>, a federal subject of Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a> of China. To the east, <a href="/wiki/Tavan_Bogd_Uul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavan Bogd Uul">Tavan Bogd Uul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii Province</a>, Mongolia, marks the end of the Sino-Russian border. To the west, is Kazakhstan's <a href="/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kazakhstan Province">East Kazakhstan Province</a>. </p><p>The Altai mountains on the Russian side of the border have been designated a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="South:_Altai_Republic">South: Altai Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: South: Altai Republic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Above the "Four Corners" and in the southern part of South Central <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai Krai</a> to the northwest). It contains the central knot to the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>. The area is very mountainous and has few good roads. It was inhabited by various <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> groups who gradually became the <a href="/wiki/Altay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay people">Altay people</a>. As the surrounding steppes filled with <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, many of the lowland Turks were <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a> or retreated to the mountains. The area only came under definitive Russian control in the 1860s. The <a href="/wiki/M52_highway_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="M52 highway (Russia)">M52 highway (Russia)</a> runs northwest from here. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Northern_mountain_range:_Abakans_and_Kuznetsk_Alatau">Northern mountain range: Abakans and Kuznetsk Alatau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Northern mountain range: Abakans and Kuznetsk Alatau" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Northern South Central Siberia includes the Altai Republic, which is a 400 km projection of forested mountains which bends slightly to the west at the tip. It is called the <a href="/wiki/Abakan_Range" title="Abakan Range">Abakan Range</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsk_Alatau" title="Kuznetsk Alatau">Kuznetsk Alatau</a> in the north. North of its northern end is the town of <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="West:_Kuznetsk_Depression">West: Kuznetsk Depression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: West: Kuznetsk Depression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The west part of South Central Siberia includes the steppe of the <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsk_Depression" title="Kuznetsk Depression">Kuznetsk Depression</a>, which contains the large <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsk_Basin" title="Kuznetsk Basin">Kuznetsk Basin</a> coal fields, the mountains of the Abakans and Kuznetsk Alatau and the <a href="/wiki/Salair_Ridge" title="Salair Ridge">Salair Ridge</a> which ends near <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>. </p><p>In the Soviet era, the Kuznetsk Basin coal fields were the largest Russian coal field after the Donets Basin. The name Kuznets means <i>blacksmith</i> and comes from the 'Blacksmith Tatars' or <a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a>, who were notable metal workers. </p><p>The Russians reached the area as early as 1618. The Abakans, Kuznetsk Alatau and the Kuznetsk Basin form the <a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo Oblast</a> with its mostly Russian population. The <a href="/wiki/Tom_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom River">Tom River</a> drains the basin and joins the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a>. The town of <a href="/wiki/Novokuznetsk" title="Novokuznetsk">Novokuznetsk</a> was founded in 1618. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="East:_Minusinsk_Depression">East: Minusinsk Depression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: East: Minusinsk Depression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The eastern part of South Central Siberia, between the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Sayan Mountains, includes the steppe of the <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Depression">Minusinsk Depression</a> which is the core of <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> flows north through its center. The <a href="/wiki/Abakan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Abakan River">Abakan River</a> flows from the base of the depression north and slightly east to the Yenisei at <a href="/wiki/Abakan" title="Abakan">Abakan</a> town, near where another river comes in from the east. <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk" title="Minusinsk">Minusinsk</a> town is a few kilometres east of Abakan. The <a href="/wiki/Chulym_River_(Ob_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulym River (Ob River)">Chulym River (Ob River)</a> starts in the northwest corner of the depression, arcs into the Taiga north of the Alatau and joins the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a>. East of the river is the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk Krai</a>. </p><p>This area was a center of the <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo culture</a>, a suggested homeland for the <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharians</a>. Later it was the home of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a>, who gave their name to the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kirgiz</a> further south. The <a href="/wiki/Khakas_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakas people">Khakas</a> of Khakassia may be their descendants. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Southeast:_Tuva">Southeast: Tuva</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southeast: Tuva" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>East of the Altai and southeast of Minusinsk is <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>. Tuva is bordered on the south by the <a href="/wiki/Tannu-Ola_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannu-Ola Mountains">Tannu-Ola Mountains</a>, which separate it from the Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Depression" title="Great Lakes Depression">Great Lakes Depression</a>, on the west by the Altai, on the northwest by the Western Sayans which separate it from the Minusinsk Depression, on the north by the Eastern Sayans and on the east by mountains on the Mongolian border. </p><p>The core area is the <a href="/wiki/Tuva_Depression" title="Tuva Depression">Tuva Depression</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kyzyl</a> is located, the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Tuva_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuva Republic">Tuva Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> flows west here and then breaks through the Western Sayans in a long narrow gorge which contains the <a href="/wiki/Sayano-Shushenskaya_Dam" title="Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam">Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam</a> north of the Tuva border. </p><p>Tuva was traditionally part of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and only passed to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>—Russia in the 20th century. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Surrounding_area">Surrounding area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surrounding area" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>To the north, South Central Siberia merges into the Siberian forests. </p><p>To the south, South Central Siberia merges into the mountains along the former Sino-Soviet border. <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> is directly to the south. </p><p>To the west of South Central Siberia is the agricultural steppe of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai Krai</a> with its Russian population. Here the <a href="/wiki/Katun_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Katun River">Katun River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Biya River">Biya River</a> join to form the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a>. Further west, between the Ob and <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh Rivers</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Baraba_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraba steppe">Baraba steppe</a> in the north and the Kalunda Steppe in the south. </p><p>To the east, the Western and then Eastern <a href="/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains">Sayan Mountains</a> extend east to the southern tip of Lake Baikal. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Other_information">Other information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other information" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Large cities in South Central Siberia include <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> on the Ob River, <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a> north of the Kuznetsk Alatau, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> north of the Minusinsk Depression on the Yenisei, and <a href="/wiki/Barnaul" title="Barnaul">Barnaul</a> on the steppe south of Novosibirsk.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> runs through this region from <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>The area to the west is steppe or forest-steppe. The steppe curves around north of the Kuznetsk Alatau into the Minusinsk Depression. The land to the north and east is <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>The Russians first entered the area in about 1620. Seeking furs, they stayed in the forest area to the north. Massive peasant colonization of the steppe area only began after about 1860.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg/32px-Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg/32px-Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg/48px-Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg/64px-Kuznetsk_Alatau_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Siberia" title="Portal:Siberia">Siberia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai-Sayan_region" title="Altai-Sayan region">Altai-Sayan region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabinsk_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Barabinsk Steppe">Barabinsk Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanas_Lake" title="Kanas Lake">Kanas Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Depression" title="Great Lakes Depression">Great Lakes Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saylyugemsky_National_Park" title="Saylyugemsky National Park">Saylyugemsky National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorsky_National_Park" title="Shorsky National Park">Shorsky National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denisova_Cave" title="Denisova Cave">Denisova Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazyryk Culture">Pazyryk Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykov_family" title="Lykov family">Lykov family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Siberian_Mountains" title="South Siberian Mountains">South Siberian Mountains</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/768/">"Golden Mountains of Altai - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. Whc.unesco.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Mountains+of+Altai+-+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F768%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Central+Siberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Central_Siberia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>Forsyth, James, "A History of the Peoples of Siberia", 1992.</li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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