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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">J. O. M. Roberts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For others with the same or similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Roberts_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jimmy Roberts (disambiguation)">Jimmy Roberts (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> Lieutenant Colonel <b>James Owen Merion Roberts</b> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">MVO</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a> (21 September 1916 – 1 November 1997) was one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> mountaineer-explorers of the twentieth century; a highly decorated British Army officer who achieved his greatest renown as "the father of trekking" in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. His exploratory activities are comparable to those of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Shipton" title="Eric Shipton">Eric Shipton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilman" title="Bill Tilman">Bill Tilman</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India on 21 September 1916 to Henry and Helen Roberts,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts spent his early life in India, where his father was a headmaster. After attending <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury" title="The King's School, Canterbury">King's School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a>, he was commissioned onto the Unattached List for the Indian Army in August 1936 as a 19-year-old subaltern to satisfy his ardent craving for mountaineering.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a probationary year attached to the 1st Battalion, the <a href="/wiki/East_Yorkshire_Regiment" title="East Yorkshire Regiment">East Yorkshire Regiment</a> in India, he was posted to the 1st battalion, <a href="/wiki/1st_Gorkha_Rifles_(The_Malaun_Regiment)" title="1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)">1st (King George V's Own) Gurkha Rifles</a> in November 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first major expedition was the J. Waller-led attempt in 1938 on <a href="/wiki/Masherbrum" title="Masherbrum">Masherbrum</a>, 7890 metres, in the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>: the weather was bad, the attempt was unsuccessful and J.B. Harrison and R.A. Hodgkin got severely frostbitten. Roberts himself suffered at high altitude and suffered mild frostbite.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He tried to join the post-monsoon 1939 <a href="/wiki/Everest" class="mw-redirect" title="Everest">Everest</a> expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilman" title="Bill Tilman">Bill Tilman</a>, but the attempt was called off. That year, he recorded the first of his many first ascents, that of <b>Guan Nelda</b>, 6303 metres (now called <a href="/wiki/Chau_Chau_Kang_Nilda" title="Chau Chau Kang Nilda">Chau Chau Kang Nilda</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Spiti" title="Spiti">Spiti</a> Himalaya.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ascent was remarkable for something which became a Roberts hallmark: he climbed without any other "sahib" for company, accompanied only by his Gurkhas. In this he was the true successor of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kellas" title="Alexander Kellas">Dr. A. M. Kellas</a> who had climbed in the same fashion in Sikkim before 1914. </p><p>He was selected for the abortive 1940 Everest expedition. </p><p>The second major first ascent by Roberts was the 1941 climb of the 6431 metres/21,100 peak locally called <i>Dharmsura</i> in the Tos Glacier of Kullu Himalaya. He named it <b>White Sail</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._O._M._Roberts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After serving with the 1st battalion, 1st Gurkhas in North Africa, he returned to India and joined the 153 (Gurkha) Indian Para Battalion. He was dropped into North Burma on 3 July 1942 at the head of a small force to survey the Myitkyina area and then march 150 miles North to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hertz" title="Fort Hertz">Fort Hertz</a>. Roberts's party reached Fort Hertz in early August and discovered it was still in British hands. On 13 August, a party led by Capt. G.E.C. Newlands of 153 Para dropped in on Fort Hertz with engineering supplies and the hitherto-unusable airfield at Fort Hertz was made operational by 20 August. Roberts and his men were extracted around that date. For this operation he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Major commanding 'A' Company of the 153 (Gurkha) Para Battalion, he took part in the 50th Para Brigade defence of <a href="/wiki/Sangshak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangshak">Sangshak</a> in 1944 against the Japanese thrust towards <a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a>. The defence of Sangshak was portrayed by some in the Army High Command as not having been exemplary and Brigadier Hope-Thompson, in local command, took the punishment for that. However Slim, the 14th Army Commander personally sent a dispatch praising the bravery of those involved in the six days and nights of hand-to-hand fighting by a force outnumbered by 18 to 1. In fact the action is noted for the highest number of awards for gallantry issued by the Indian Army for a single action. Roberts fought well. The book about the battle by Harry Seaman has a photograph of him.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He led the first combat <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratrooper</a> jump in Southeast Asia on 1 May 1945, dropping with a battalion-size force at Elephant Point, South of <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a> as part of the operation to capture that city, and was mentioned in Despatches. </p><p>After the war he transferred to the British Army's Brigade of Gurkhas and was posted in <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a> until 1954. He was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the British Empire">Member of the Order of the British Empire</a> in May 1955 for service in Malaya<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He went to <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> in 1958 as military attaché. He retired from the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in 1962 as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_climbing_career_highlights">Postwar climbing career highlights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._O._M._Roberts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Postwar climbing career highlights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1946 Eastern Karakorams, <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> (sometimes abbreviated recce) of the <a href="/wiki/Saser_Kangri" title="Saser Kangri">Saser Kangri</a> massif. First ascent of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lookout_Peak,_Karakoram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lookout Peak, Karakoram (page does not exist)">Lookout Peak</a>, c. 6142 metres/20150, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stundok_Peak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stundok Peak (page does not exist)">Stundok Peak</a>, c.6100 metres/20012 ft.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His recce report was the basis on which the successful 1973 Indian expedition to <a href="/wiki/Saser_Kangri" title="Saser Kangri">Saser Kangri I</a>, 7672 metres / 25170 feet, opted for a change of approach route from West to East that turned out to be the key to success.</li> <li>1950 The most glorious chapter in Roberts' mountaineering career began with the opening up of Nepal in the 1950s. Roberts was asked to join a team led by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilman" title="Bill Tilman">Bill Tilman</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a> massif in 1950. The expedition was 'ill-organised and badly led' and failed to climb even <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_IV" title="Annapurna IV">Annapurna IV</a>, but Roberts saw a lot of the Nepalese mountainscape, seen earlier by only very few people like <a href="/wiki/Toni_Hagen" title="Toni Hagen">Toni Hagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Polunin" title="Oleg Polunin">Oleg Polunin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vale of <a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a> came as an Elysian discovery to Roberts. The same year saw the opening of the successful campaign against the 8000 metre peaks with the French achieving the ascent of <a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna I</a>.</li> <li>1953 Roberts hoped to be invited to join the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Everest</a> team, but found his hopes fulfilled in a disappointing fashion, being asked to organise the transport of oxygen cylinders to Base Camp. Allowed to depart thereafter, Roberts put the time to good use, exploring three valleys lying South and South-west of Everest, and making the first ascent of <b>Mera</b>, 6476 metres (other altitudes exist) on 20 May 1953 with Sen Tensing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times this climb has been downgraded to the first ascent of Mera Central (6461 metres) in some places.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1954 First ascent of <a href="/wiki/Putha_Hiunchuli" title="Putha Hiunchuli">Putha Hiunchuli</a>, 7246 metres, in the <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri#Other_peaks_in_the_Dhaulagiri_Himalaya" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a> group with Ang Nyima on Nov.11 during recce of the massif with G. Lorimer.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1956 Reconnaissance of <a href="/wiki/Machapuchare" title="Machapuchare">Machapuchare</a></li> <li>1957 Leader of expedition to <a href="/wiki/Machapuchare" title="Machapuchare">Machapuchare</a> (<i>The Fishes' Tail</i>), 6993 metres, the only officially recorded attempt. On 2 June the summit team of <a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(historian_and_mountaineer)" title="David Cox (historian and mountaineer)">A D M Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Noyce" title="Wilfrid Noyce">C W F Noyce</a> stopped 'some 50 metres below the North summit' due to lack of time, so the peak is regarded as unclimbed. No further expeditions are allowed to this superbly beautiful peak which is considered holy: apparently Roberts lobbied the Nepal Govt.to have this peak declared out of bounds! <a href="/wiki/Singu_Chuli" title="Singu Chuli">Fluted Peak</a> (21800 ft) was first climbed by this expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 Leader, of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Mountaineering_Association" title="Army Mountaineering Association">Army Mountaineering Association</a> <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_II" title="Annapurna II">Annapurna II</a> expedition, 7937 metres: first ascent achieved. This was <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bonington" title="Chris Bonington">Chris Bonington</a>'s first major Himalayan summit.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962 Leader, <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri#Other_peaks_in_the_Dhaulagiri_Himalaya" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri IV</a>, 7660 metres, expedition: reached 6400 metres on masking peak Dhaulagiri VI.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963 Transport Officer, <a href="/wiki/1963_American_Mount_Everest_expedition" title="1963 American Mount Everest expedition">American Mount Everest Expedition</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965 Joint Leader, <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri#Other_peaks_in_the_Dhaulagiri_Himalaya" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri IV</a> expedition <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971 Joint leader with <a href="/wiki/Norman_Dyhrenfurth" title="Norman Dyhrenfurth">Norman Dyhrenfurth</a> of the International Everest Expedition that ended in disaster and acrimony after the death of Indian member H. V. Bahuguna on the West Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A lifelong votary of 'small party mountaineering', particularly to unexplored areas and mountains, Roberts disliked the repeated attempts on Everest. "The big "first" was taken for ever in 1953", he wrote in 1979,"and other firsts must now be sought - the first ascent by a woman, without oxygen, by such and such a nationality, and, a big prize to come, the first ascent in elastic-sided boots." However, he was encouraged by a renewed interest in small expeditions: "...there are signs that a renaissance of small party mountaineering (even to the highest summits) is on the way."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995 he was given the <b>Back Award</b> (instituted 1888) by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>. </p><p>Roberts founded the first trekking and mountaineering outfit <b>Mountain Travel Nepal</b> in 1964 to offer the opportunity for wealthy travellers to enjoy the experience of trekking or climbing in Nepal without problems. His trained Gurkha/Sherpa teams, took care of transportation, camping and local liaison, leaving trekkers free to enjoy the thrills. The first trek he managed was one by three elderly ladies to Everest Base Camp in 1965. He is known and revered as "the father of trekking in Nepal". </p><p>He acted as bird-collector for the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> during the 1950 expedition, and maintained an aviary in Pokhara where he bred pheasants. He wrote a brief outline of his life in August 1997 as a two-part blog called <i>The Himalayan Odyssey</i> on the mountaintravelnepal.com website just before he died at Pokhara on 1 November 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._O._M._Roberts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obituary in Himalayan Journal Vol.54, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London Gazette 28 August 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Army List October 1939</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himalayan Journal Vol.11, p.42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alpine Journal Vol.52, p.233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alpine Journal Vol.53, p.323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London Gazette 29 September 1942, page 4209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Battle at Sangshak, Burma, March 1944</i> by Harry Seaman, Pen and Sword,1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London Gazette 27 May 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">London Gazette 14 March 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himalayan Journal Vol.14, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nepal Himalaya</i> by Bill Tilman, Cambridge Univ. Press,1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himalayan Journal Vol.18, p.59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Alpine Journal 1977, p. 243-44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himalayan Journal Vol.19, p.98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_J.O.M1955" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, J.O.M (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1955_files/AJ60%201955%20248-256%20Roberts%20Dhaulagiri.pdf">"Round about Dhaulagiri"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Alpine Journal</i>. <b>60</b>. Alpine Club: 248–256<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alpine+Journal&rft.atitle=Round+about+Dhaulagiri&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=248-256&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Roberts%2C+J.O.M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpinejournal.org.uk%2FContents%2FContents_1955_files%2FAJ60%25201955%2520248-256%2520Roberts%2520Dhaulagiri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+O.+M.+Roberts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Climbing the Fish's Tail</i> by Wilfrid Noyce, William Heinemann Ltd, 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts obituary by Stephen Venables, Independent,26 November 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himalyan Journal Vol.22, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himalan Journal Vol.24, P.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Americans on Everest</i>, James Ramsay Ullman, J.B. Lippincott Company, 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himalayan Journal Vol.27, p.42 and p.178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himalayan Journal Vol. 31, p.19 and p.33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts' introduction to <i>Himalayan Handbook</i> by Joydeep Sircar, Calcutta 1979</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._O._M._Roberts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obituary on Action Asia web site <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105133311/http://www.actionasia.com/actionasia/Articles/index.jsp?aid=816">[1]</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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