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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Istidina" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Istidina" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu 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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietà_chimiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietà_chimiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Proprietà chimiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietà_chimiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Proprietà chimiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietà_chimiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biochimica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochimica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Biochimica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochimica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metabolismo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metabolismo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Metabolismo</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metabolismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosintesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosintesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Biosintesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosintesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regolazione_della_biosintesi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regolazione_della_biosintesi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Regolazione della biosintesi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regolazione_della_biosintesi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degradazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degradazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Degradazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degradazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversione_ad_altre_ammine_biologicamente_attive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversione_ad_altre_ammine_biologicamente_attive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Conversione ad altre ammine biologicamente attive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversione_ad_altre_ammine_biologicamente_attive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Istidina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 60 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هستيدين - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هستيدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هیستیدین - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیستیدین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Гістыдын - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гістыдын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хистидин - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хистидин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Histidina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ιστιδίνη - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστιδίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Histidine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidino" title="Histidino - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Histidino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Histidina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidiin" title="Histidiin - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Histidiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Histidina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هیستیدین - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیستیدین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidiini" title="Histidiini - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Histidiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histidine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Histidina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="היסטידין - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטידין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="हिस्टिडिन - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिस्टिडिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisztidin" title="Hisztidin - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hisztidin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Հիստիդին - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիստիդին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Histidina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="ヒスチジン - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒスチジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰისტიდინი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰისტიდინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гистидин - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гистидин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%94%98" title="히스티딘 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히스티딘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidinas" title="Histidinas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Histidinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histid%C4%ABns" title="Histidīns - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Histidīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хистидин - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хистидин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Histidina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Histidine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istidina" title="Istidina - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istidina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histydyna" title="Histydyna - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Histydyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هسټايډين - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هسټايډين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Histidina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin%C4%83" title="Histidină - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Histidină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гистидин - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гистидин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istidina" title="Istidina - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Istidina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Histidine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histid%C3%ADn" title="Histidín - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Histidín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хистидин - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хистидин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹிஸ்டிடின் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹிஸ்டிடின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гістидин - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гістидин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gistidin" title="Gistidin - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gistidin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidin" title="Histidin - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Histidin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="组氨酸 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="组氨酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="組氨酸 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="組氨酸" 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</nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto" style="width:300px;"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AADDFF;">Istidina</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Amminoacido_istidina_formula.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="formula di struttura"><img alt="formula di struttura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Amminoacido_istidina_formula.svg/180px-Amminoacido_istidina_formula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Amminoacido_istidina_formula.svg/270px-Amminoacido_istidina_formula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Amminoacido_istidina_formula.svg/360px-Amminoacido_istidina_formula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>formula di struttura</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Nome <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">L-istidina </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Abbreviazioni</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><b>H</b><br /><b>His</b> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Nomi alternativi</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">acido 2(S)-ammino-3-(4-imidazolil)propanoico; L-3-imidazol-4-ilalanina </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Caratteristiche generali</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Formula_bruta" title="Formula bruta">Formula bruta</a> o <a href="/wiki/Formula_molecolare" title="Formula molecolare">molecolare</a></th><td>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>9</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Massa_molecolare" title="Massa molecolare">Massa molecolare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_massa_atomica" title="Unità di massa atomica">u</a>)</th><td>155,16 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Colore" title="Colore">Aspetto</a></th><td>solido cristallino biancastro </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Numero_CAS" title="Numero CAS">Numero CAS</a></th><td><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="noarchive"><a class="external text" href="https://iw.toolforge.org/magnustools/cas.php?language=it&cas=71-00-1">71-00-1</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Numero_EINECS" title="Numero EINECS">Numero EINECS</a></th><td>200-745-3 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=6274">6274</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DBDB00117">DBDB00117</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/SMILES" title="SMILES">SMILES</a></th><td><div style="word-break: break-all;"><code style="background-color:transparent; border:none">C1=C(NC=N1)CC(C(=O)O)N</code></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Proprietà chimico-fisiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Costante_di_dissociazione_acida" title="Costante di dissociazione acida">Costante di dissociazione acida</a> a 293 K</th><td>pK<sub>1</sub>: 1,80<br /> <p>pK<sub>2</sub>: 9,33<br /> pK<sub>r</sub>: 6,04 </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Punto_isoelettrico" title="Punto isoelettrico">Punto isoelettrico</a></th><td>7,60 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Solubilit%C3%A0" title="Solubilità">Solubilità</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a></th><td>38,2 g/l a 293 K </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_di_fusione" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura di fusione">Temperatura di fusione</a></th><td>272 °C (545 K) con decomposizione </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Proprietà termochimiche</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Entalpia_standard_di_formazione" title="Entalpia standard di formazione">Δ<sub>f</sub>H<sup>0</sup></a> (kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>)</th><td>−466,7 </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Indicazioni di sicurezza</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Frasi_H" class="mw-redirect" title="Frasi H">Frasi H</a></th><td>--- </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Consigli_P" title="Consigli P">Consigli P</a></th><td>---<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485277" class="extiw" title="d:Q485277"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Istidina su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Composto_chimico/man" title="Template:Composto chimico/man"><span title="Manuale del template Composto chimico">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p>L'<b>istidina</b> (abbreviazioni <b>His</b> e <b>H</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), chiamata anche L-istidina, è un <a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amminoacidi">amminoacido</a> il cui gruppo laterale reca un anello <a href="/wiki/Imidazolo" title="Imidazolo">imidazolico</a>. Viene codificata dai <a href="/wiki/Codone" title="Codone">codoni</a> CAU e CAC, ed è una molecola polare e <a href="/wiki/Chiralit%C3%A0_(chimica)" title="Chiralità (chimica)">chirale</a>. </p><p>Contiene un gruppo α-ammino (che è nella forma protonata <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {-NH3+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {-NH3+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d20f0bdadc7ed49f05580e2045857b611becc08c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.805ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {-NH3+}}}"></span>in condizioni biologiche), un gruppo carbossilico (che si trova nella forma deprotonata <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {-COO-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>COO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {-COO-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/496496f605cbeb87eb515ba3bce3847509ca6654" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.613ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {-COO-}}}"></span>in condizioni biologiche) e un anello imidazolico (che è parzialmente protonato); per questo l'istidina è classificata come amminoacido caricato positivamente a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> fisiologico. </p><p>Il suo <a href="/wiki/Enantiomero" title="Enantiomero">enantiomero</a> <b>L</b> è uno dei 20 amminoacidi ordinari della biochimica, considerato non essenziale nell'uomo adulto ed essenziale per i bambini e durante lo sviluppo; pertanto è definito pseudo-essenziale. </p><p>Infine, l'istidina è un precursore della biosintesi dell'<a href="/wiki/Istamina" title="Istamina">istamina</a>, un agente infiammatorio vitale nelle risposte immunitarie. L’istidina è stata isolata per la prima volta per il fisiologo tedesco Albercht Kossel e Sven Hedin nel 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietà_chimiche"><span id="Propriet.C3.A0_chimiche"></span>Proprietà chimiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Proprietà chimiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietà chimiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'anello imidazolico dell'istidina ha un <a href="/wiki/Costante_di_dissociazione_acida" title="Costante di dissociazione acida">pKa</a> di 6.0: ciò fa sì che piccole variazioni di pH nell'ambiente <a href="/wiki/Cellula" title="Cellula">cellulare</a>, che è in genere attorno a valori di pH neutri, possano cambiare il segno della sua ionizzazione. Per questa ragione, il residuo dell'istidina è di fondamentale importanza nelle <a href="/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine">proteine</a>, e compare nei siti in cui può coordinare ioni metallici o i substrati su cui va a esercitare la sua attività <a href="/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima">enzimatica</a>. </p><p>A pH minore di 6, l'anello imidazolico è perlopiù protonato. Quando è <a href="/wiki/Protonazione" title="Protonazione">protonato</a>, l'anello imidazolico ha due legami NH e ha una carica positiva; questa carica è equamente distribuita tra i due <a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoti</a> e può essere rappresentata con due <a href="/wiki/Risonanza_(chimica)" title="Risonanza (chimica)">strutture di risonanza</a> ugualmente importanti. Nel momento in cui il pH aumenta oltre 6, uno dei protoni viene perso. Il protone rimanente dell'anello imidazolico, ora neutro, può risiedere su entrambi gli azoti, dando origine a quelli che sono noti come <a href="/wiki/Tautomeria" title="Tautomeria">tautomeri</a> N1-H o N3-H. Il tautomero N3-H è protonato sull'azoto n. 3, più lontano nella catena principale dell'amminoacido che porta i gruppi ammino e carbossile, mentre il tautomero N1-H è protonato sull'azoto più vicino alla catena principale.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'anello imidazolico ha due <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a> con differenti proprietà; uno (quello che ha legato a sé un atomo di <a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">idrogeno</a>) condivide il suo <a href="/wiki/Doppietto_di_elettroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppietto di elettroni">doppietto di elettroni</a> nell'anello <a href="/wiki/Composti_aromatici" title="Composti aromatici">aromatico</a> ed è quindi lievemente <a href="/wiki/Acido" title="Acido">acido</a>, l'altro invece condivide nell'anello aromatico un solo elettrone lasciando il suo doppietto di elettroni disponibile ed è quindi <a href="/wiki/Base_(chimica)" title="Base (chimica)">basico</a>. </p><p>Queste proprietà vengono sfruttate negli enzimi in vari modi. Nelle cosiddette <i>triadi catalitiche</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> l'azoto basico dell'istidina viene usato per rimuovere uno ione H<sup>+</sup> dalla <a href="/wiki/Serina_(chimica)" title="Serina (chimica)">serina</a>, dalla <a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">treonina</a> o dalla <a href="/wiki/Cisteina" title="Cisteina">cisteina</a> per attivarle come <a href="/wiki/Nucleofilo" title="Nucleofilo">nucleofili</a>. Nel <i>trasferimento di protoni via istidina</i> (<i>hystidine proton shuttle</i>) l'istidina trasferisce uno ione H<sup>+</sup> estraendolo da un donatore tramite il suo azoto basico e cedendo lo ione H<sup>+</sup> legato al suo atomo di azoto acido a un accettore. Nell'enzima <i><a href="/wiki/Carbonato_deidratasi" title="Carbonato deidratasi">anidrasi carbonica</a></i> l'istidina viene usata per allontanare rapidamente ioni H<sup>+</sup> da una molecola d'acqua legata a uno ione <a href="/wiki/Zinco" title="Zinco">zinco</a> per rigenerare la forma attiva dell'enzima. Usando come esempio il zwitterion di istidina, è stata scoperta per la prima volta un'interazione anione-anione del tipo anione carbossilato-tetrossido.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochimica">Biochimica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Biochimica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Biochimica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La catena laterale imidazolica dell'istidina è un <a href="/wiki/Ligando_(biochimica)" title="Ligando (biochimica)">ligando</a> coordinante comune nelle <a href="/wiki/Metalloproteina" title="Metalloproteina">metalloproteine</a> ed è una parte dei <a href="/wiki/Sito_attivo" title="Sito attivo">siti catalitici</a> in alcuni <a href="/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima">enzimi</a>. Ha la capacità di passare da stati protonati a non protonati, che consente all'istidina di partecipare alla catalisi acido-base.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelle triadi catalitiche, l'azoto basico dell'istidina viene utilizzato per estrarre un protone da <a href="/wiki/Serina_(chimica)" title="Serina (chimica)">serina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">treonina</a> o <a href="/wiki/Cisteina" title="Cisteina">cisteina</a> per attivarle come <a href="/wiki/Nucleofilo" title="Nucleofilo">nucleofile</a>. L'istidina è anche importante nelle eliche E e F dell'<a href="/wiki/Emoglobina" title="Emoglobina">emoglobina</a>. L'istidina distale aiuta a stabilizzare l'ossiemoglobina e a destabilizzare il legame del CO con l'emoglobina. Di conseguenza, il legame col <a href="/wiki/Monossido_di_carbonio" title="Monossido di carbonio">monossido di carbonio</a> è solo 200 volte più forte nell'emoglobina, rispetto alle 20.000 volte più forte nell'<a href="/wiki/Eme" title="Eme">eme</a> libero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolismo">Metabolismo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Metabolismo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Metabolismo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosintesi">Biosintesi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Biosintesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Biosintesi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'istidina è un <a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi_essenziali" title="Amminoacidi essenziali">amminoacido essenziale</a> che non è sintetizzato negli esseri umani<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Essi devono quindi introdurlo tramite la dieta oppure tramite integratori. La biosintesi dell'istidina è stata ampiamente studiata nei <a href="/wiki/Procarioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Procarioti">procarioti</a> come l'<a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>. </p><p>La sintesi dell'istidina nell'E. coli coinvolge otto prodotti genetici (His1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) e avviene in tre passi (fig. 1). Questo è possibile perché un solo prodotto di un <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> è capace di <a href="/wiki/Catalisi" title="Catalisi">catalizzare</a> più di una reazione. Per esempio, His4 catalizza 4 passi diversi nel percorso sintetico.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Come gli animali e i microrganismi, anche le piante hanno bisogno di istidina per crescere e svilupparsi.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I microrganismi e le piante sono simili tra di loro perché possono sintetizzare l'istidina<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, entrambi tramite l'intermedio biochimico <a href="/wiki/Fosforibosilpirofosfato" title="Fosforibosilpirofosfato">fosforibosilpirofosfato</a>. In generale, la biosintesi dell'istidina è simile in piante e microrganismi.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WP514_85639.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:WP514_85639.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/WP514_85639.svg/770px-WP514_85639.svg.png" decoding="async" width="770" height="1934" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/WP514_85639.svg/1155px-WP514_85639.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/WP514_85639.svg/1540px-WP514_85639.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption><b>1) Biosintesi dell'istidina</b> Otto diversi enzimi possono catalizzare dieci reazioni. In questa immagine, His4 catalizza quattro diverse reazioni nel percorso.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regolazione_della_biosintesi">Regolazione della biosintesi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Regolazione della biosintesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Regolazione della biosintesi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questa reazione ha bisogno d'energia per avvenire, quindi la presenza di <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfato" title="Adenosina trifosfato">ATP</a> ne attiva il primo enzima, l'ATP-fosforibosiltransferasi. La ATP-fosforibosiltransferasi è l'enzima che determina la velocità di reazione, che viene regolata attraverso feedback negativo. Questo significa che in presenza di molto prodotto (istidina) la biosintesi di questa viene inibita<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Degradazione">Degradazione</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Degradazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Degradazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nei procarioti, l'istidina è trasformata in <a href="/wiki/Glutammato_monosodico" title="Glutammato monosodico">glutammato</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ammoniaca" title="Ammoniaca">ammoniaca</a>. </p><p>L'istidina è uno degli amminoacidi che possono essere convertiti in intermedi del ciclo dell'acido tricarbossilico (TCA)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'istidina insieme ad altri amminoacidi come la prolina e l'arginina, prende parte alla deamminazione, un processo in cui il suo ammino-gruppo viene rimosso. Nei procarioti, l'istidina viene prima convertita in urocanato dall'istidasi. Successivamente, l'urocanasi converte l'urocanato in 4-imidazolone-5-propionato. L'imidazolonepropionasi catalizza la reazione per formare il formiminoglutammato (FIGLU) dal 4-imidazolone-5-propionato<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il gruppo formimino viene trasferito al tetraidrofolato e i restanti cinque carboni formano il glutammato<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nel complesso, queste reazioni provocano la formazione di glutammato e ammoniaca<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il glutammato può quindi essere deamminato dal glutammato deidrogenasi o transaminato per formare α-chetoglutarato<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversione_ad_altre_ammine_biologicamente_attive">Conversione ad altre ammine biologicamente attive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Conversione ad altre ammine biologicamente attive" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Conversione ad altre ammine biologicamente attive"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>L'istidina è un precursore dell'<a href="/wiki/Istamina" title="Istamina">istamina</a>, un'ammina prodotta nel corpo necessaria per l'infiammazione.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>L'istidina può essere convertita in 3-metilistidina (fig. 2) che serve come <a href="/wiki/Biomarcatore" title="Biomarcatore">biomarcatore</a> relativo a danni nei <a href="/wiki/Muscoli_scheletrici" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscoli scheletrici">muscoli scheletrici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In funghi filamentosi come il <i><a href="/wiki/Neurospora_crassa" title="Neurospora crassa">Neurospora crassa</a></i>, l'istidina può essere convertita nell'<a href="/wiki/Antiossidante" title="Antiossidante">antiossidante</a> <a href="/wiki/Ergotioneina" title="Ergotioneina">ergotioneina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>L'istidina è anche un precursore della biosintesi della carnosina, che è un dipeptide presente nei muscoli scheletrici.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histidine_decarboxylase.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Histidine_decarboxylase.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Histidine_decarboxylase.svg/400px-Histidine_decarboxylase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Histidine_decarboxylase.svg/600px-Histidine_decarboxylase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Histidine_decarboxylase.svg/800px-Histidine_decarboxylase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption>2) Conversione dell'istidina in istamina mediante istidina decarbossilasi.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">scheda dell'istidina su <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gestis-en.itrust.de">IFA-GESTIS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016183546/http://gestis-en.itrust.de/">Archiviato</a> il 16 ottobre 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html">Names of common α-aminoacids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html">Archiviato</a> il 9 ottobre 2008 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. dalle convenzioni di nomenclatura <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a>, 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Hubert Bradford Vickery e Charles S. Leavenworth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/78/3/627"><span style="font-style:italic;">ON THE SEPARATION OF HISTIDINE AND ARGININE IV. THE PREPARATION OF HISTIDINE</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of Biological Chemistry</span>, vol. 78, n. 3, 1º agosto 1928, pp. 627–635, <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> 0021-9258<span class="noprint plainlinks"> (<span title="Ricerca su WorldCat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0021-9258&lang=it">WC</a></span> · <span title="Ricerca sul Catalogo Italiano dei Periodici"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/search?issn=0021-9258">ACNP</a></span>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Albert Lehninger, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox, <span style="font-style:italic;">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry</span>, W. H. Freeman, 2012, p. 65.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Albert Lehninger, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox, <span style="font-style:italic;">Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry</span>, W. H. Freeman, 2012, p. 218.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Anton P. Novikov, Alexey V. Safonov e Konstantin E. 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Fahey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.333"><span style="font-style:italic;">Novel Thiols of Prokaryotes</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Annual Review of Microbiology</span>, vol. 55, n. 1, 2001-10, pp. 333–356, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.55.1.333">10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.333</a>. <small>URL consultato il 18 novembre 2018</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Wim Derave, Inge Everaert, Sam Beeckman e Audrey Baguet, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.2165/11530310-000000000-00000"><span style="font-style:italic;">Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Sports Medicine</span>, vol. 40, n. 3, 1º marzo 2010, pp. 247–263, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2165%2F11530310-000000000-00000">10.2165/11530310-000000000-00000</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> 1179-2035<span class="noprint plainlinks"> (<span title="Ricerca su WorldCat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1179-2035&lang=it">WC</a></span> · <span title="Ricerca sul Catalogo Italiano dei Periodici"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/search?issn=1179-2035">ACNP</a></span>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20199122">20199122</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Albert Lehninger, Michael M. Cox, David L. Nelson, <i>Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry,</i> W. H. Freeman, 2012</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acido_urocanico" title="Acido urocanico">Acido urocanico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi_essenziali" title="Amminoacidi essenziali">Amminoacidi essenziali</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istidina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:L-Histidine"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:L-Histidine?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:L-Histidine?uselang=it">istidina</a></span></b></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Amminoacidi"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amminoacidi" title="Template:Amminoacidi"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Amminoacidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Amminoacidi (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Amminoacidi&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amminoacidi">Amminoacidi</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi_proteinogenici" title="Amminoacidi proteinogenici">Proteinogenici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi L-α</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_aspartico" title="Acido aspartico">Acido L-aspartico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_glutammico" title="Acido glutammico">Acido L-glutammico</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">Alanina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Arginina" title="Arginina">Arginina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Asparagina" title="Asparagina">Asparagina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Cisteina" title="Cisteina">Cisteina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Fenilalanina" title="Fenilalanina">Fenilalanina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Glicina" title="Glicina">Glicina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Glutammina" title="Glutammina">Glutammina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Isoleucina" title="Isoleucina">Isoleucina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istidina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Leucina" title="Leucina">Leucina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">Lisina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">Metionina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Pirrolisina" title="Pirrolisina">Pirrolisina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Prolina" title="Prolina">Prolina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Selenocisteina" title="Selenocisteina">Selenocisteina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Serina_(chimica)" title="Serina (chimica)">Serina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">Tirosina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">Treonina</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Triptofano" title="Triptofano">Triptofano</a><b> ·</b> L-<a href="/wiki/Valina" title="Valina">Valina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Amminoacidi_non_proteinogenici" title="Amminoacidi non proteinogenici">Non proteinogenici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi D-α</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_aspartico" title="Acido aspartico">Acido D-aspartico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_glutammico" title="Acido glutammico">Acido D-glutammico</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">Alanina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Arginina" title="Arginina">Arginina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Asparagina" title="Asparagina">Asparagina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Cisteina" title="Cisteina">Cisteina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Fenilalanina" title="Fenilalanina">Fenilalanina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Glutammina" title="Glutammina">Glutammina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Isoleucina" title="Isoleucina">Isoleucina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Istidina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Leucina" title="Leucina">Leucina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Lisina" title="Lisina">Lisina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">Metionina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Pirrolisina" title="Pirrolisina">Pirrolisina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Prolina" title="Prolina">Prolina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Selenocisteina" title="Selenocisteina">Selenocisteina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Serina_(chimica)" title="Serina (chimica)">Serina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Tirosina" title="Tirosina">Tirosina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Treonina" title="Treonina">Treonina</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Triptofano" title="Triptofano">Triptofano</a><b> ·</b> D-<a href="/wiki/Valina" title="Valina">Valina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alliina" title="Alliina">Alliina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoalliina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoalliina (la pagina non esiste)">Isoalliina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi L-α</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-metilcisteina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-metilcisteina (la pagina non esiste)">S-metilcisteina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=L-terzleucina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-terzleucina (la pagina non esiste)">L-terzleucina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi α senza stereocentri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_2-amminoisobutirrico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido 2-amminoisobutirrico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido 2-amminoisobutirrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_2-amminomuconico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido 2-amminomuconico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido 2-amminomuconico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deidroalanina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deidroalanina (la pagina non esiste)">Deidroalanina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi α con uno stereocentro</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/5-idrossitriptofano" title="5-idrossitriptofano">5-idrossitriptofano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_%CE%B1-amminobutirrico" title="Acido α-amminobutirrico">Acido α-amminobutirrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_carbossiglutammico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido carbossiglutammico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido carbossiglutammico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_ibotenico" title="Acido ibotenico">Acido ibotenico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_quisqualico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido quisqualico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido quisqualico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Canavanina" title="Canavanina">Canavanina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Citrullina" title="Citrullina">Citrullina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ipoglicina" title="Ipoglicina">Ipoglicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" class="mw-redirect" title="Levodopa">Levodopa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norleucina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norleucina (la pagina non esiste)">Norleucina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Norvalina" title="Norvalina">Norvalina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Omocisteina" title="Omocisteina">Omocisteina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ornitina" title="Ornitina">Ornitina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Penicillamina" title="Penicillamina">Penicillamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiroxina" title="Tiroxina">Tiroxina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi α con più stereocentri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_diaminopimelico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido diaminopimelico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido diaminopimelico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cistationina" title="Cistationina">Cistationina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cistina" title="Cistina">Cistina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lantionina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lantionina (la pagina non esiste)">Lantionina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metillantionina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metillantionina (la pagina non esiste)">Metillantionina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi α non-ammine primarie</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_N-metil-D-aspartico" title="Acido N-metil-D-aspartico">Acido N-metil-D-aspartico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_N-metil-L-aspartico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido N-metil-L-aspartico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido N-metil-L-aspartico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_pipecolico" title="Acido pipecolico">Acido pipecolico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carnitina" title="Carnitina">Carnitina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicloalliina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicloalliina (la pagina non esiste)">Cicloalliina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idrossiprolina" title="Idrossiprolina">Idrossiprolina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sarcosina" title="Sarcosina">Sarcosina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:125px">Amminoacidi non-α</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-alanina" title="Β-alanina">β-alanina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-leucina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-leucina (la pagina non esiste)">β-leucina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_%CE%B2-amminobutirrico" title="Acido β-amminobutirrico">Acido β-amminobutirrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_%CE%B3-amminobutirrico" title="Acido γ-amminobutirrico">Acido γ-amminobutirrico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_2-amminobenzoico" class="mw-redirect" title="Acido 2-amminobenzoico">Acido 2-amminobenzoico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_3-amminobenzoico" title="Acido 3-amminobenzoico">Acido 3-amminobenzoico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_4-amminobenzoico" title="Acido 4-amminobenzoico">Acido 4-amminobenzoico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_3-amminolevulinico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido 3-amminolevulinico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido 3-amminolevulinico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_5-amminolevulinico" title="Acido 5-amminolevulinico">Acido 5-amminolevulinico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Baclofene" title="Baclofene">Baclofene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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