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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sense_of_smell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sense_of_smell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sense of smell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sense_of_smell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smell_acuity_by_age_and_Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smell_acuity_by_age_and_Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Smell acuity by age and Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smell_acuity_by_age_and_Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smell_acuity_compared_to_other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smell_acuity_compared_to_other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Smell acuity compared to other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smell_acuity_compared_to_other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habituation_or_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habituation_or_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Habituation or adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habituation_or_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_component" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_component"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Genetic component</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_component-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Evolutionary impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Measuring techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measuring_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measuring techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measuring_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concentration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Concentration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olfactometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfactometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Olfactometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfactometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_analytical_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_analytical_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other analytical methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_analytical_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Intensity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hedonic_tone_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hedonic_tone_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hedonic tone assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hedonic_tone_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FIDOL_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FIDOL_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>FIDOL factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FIDOL_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Categorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Categorization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretive_dispersion_modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretive_dispersion_modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Interpretive dispersion modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretive_dispersion_modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampling_from_area_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampling_from_area_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Sampling from area sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampling_from_area_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Direct sampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Indirect sampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Health risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pheromones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pheromones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pheromones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pheromones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Advanced technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_cues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_cues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behavioral cues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavioral_cues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavioral cues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_cues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Use in design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scent_preferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scent_preferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scent preferences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scent_preferences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scent preferences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scent_preferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_of_perfume_on_sexual_attractiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_perfume_on_sexual_attractiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Effect of perfume on sexual attractiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_perfume_on_sexual_attractiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_histocompatibility_complex_(MHC)_and_body_odor_preferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_histocompatibility_complex_(MHC)_and_body_odor_preferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and body odor preferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_histocompatibility_complex_(MHC)_and_body_odor_preferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_scent_preferences_and_the_menstrual_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_scent_preferences_and_the_menstrual_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Women's scent preferences and the menstrual cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_scent_preferences_and_the_menstrual_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Odor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="رائحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رائحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golor" title="Golor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Golor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoxu" title="Qoxu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qoxu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Пах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Пах – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Миризма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Миризма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olor" title="Olor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Olor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D1%80%D1%88%C4%83" title="Шăршă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăршă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%AFn%C4%9B" title="Vůně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vůně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroglau" title="Aroglau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aroglau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugt" title="Lugt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lugt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geruch" title="Geruch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geruch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5hn" title="Lõhn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõhn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AE" title="Οσμή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οσμή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ud%C5%8Dr" title="Udōr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Udōr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olor" title="Olor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Olor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoro" title="Odoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Odoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain" title="Usain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Usain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88" title="بو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeur" title="Odeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olor" title="Olor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Olor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%83%84%EC%83%88" title="냄새 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="냄새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गन्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miris" title="Miris – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Miris" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromo" title="Aromo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aromo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" title="Bau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lykt" title="Lykt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lykt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odore" title="Odore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97" title="ריח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambu" title="Ambu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ambu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಂಪು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಂಪು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%96%D1%81" title="Иіс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иіс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%A8" title="Odè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Odè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor" title="Odor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Odor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smar%C5%BEa" title="Smarža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smarža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvapas" title="Kvapas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvapas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsolo" title="Nsolo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nsolo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ഗന്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗന്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" title="Bau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geur" title="Geur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गन्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गन्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%84" title="におい – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="におい" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addore" title="Addore – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Addore" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%9B%DF%8A_%DF%A3%DF%8C%DF%AB_%DF%9B%DF%8E%DF%A1%DF%8A" title="ߞߛߊ ߣߌ߫ ߛߎߡߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߛߊ ߣߌ߫ ߛߎߡߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor" title="Odor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Odor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid" title="Hid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapach" title="Zapach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zapach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor" title="Odor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Запах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Запах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Сыт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сыт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma" title="Aroma – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aroma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor" title="Odor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8F%DA%B3%D9%86%DA%8C" title="سُڳنڌ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سُڳنڌ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pach_(vnem_v_biol%C3%B3gii)" title="Pach (vnem v biológii) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pach (vnem v biológii)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonj" title="Vonj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vonj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86" title="بۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Мирис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мирис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miris" title="Miris – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Miris" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" title="Bau – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bau" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haju" title="Haju – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haju" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukt" title="Lukt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lukt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikdi" title="Tikdi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tikdi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8" title="వాసన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాసన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="กลิ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลิ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koku" title="Koku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Запах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Запах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88" title="بو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9i_(kh%E1%BB%A9u_gi%C3%A1c)" title="Mùi (khứu giác) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mùi (khứu giác)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodeur" title="Nodeur – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nodeur" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%91%B3" title="气味 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="气味" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%A1%83%B4" title="𡃴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="𡃴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%91%B3" title="氣味 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氣味" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Volatile chemical compounds perceived by the sense of smell</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Odor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Odor (disambiguation)">Odor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Aroma" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aroma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aroma (disambiguation)">Aroma (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Scent" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Scent" title="The Scent">The Scent</a>.</span> <span>"Stench" redirects here. For the gas, see <a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a>.</span> <span>"Odour" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/ODEUR" class="mw-redirect" title="ODEUR">ODEUR</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_d._O._-_Allegorie_van_de_geur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jan_Brueghel_d._O._-_Allegorie_van_de_geur.jpg/280px-Jan_Brueghel_d._O._-_Allegorie_van_de_geur.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jan_Brueghel_d._O._-_Allegorie_van_de_geur.jpg/420px-Jan_Brueghel_d._O._-_Allegorie_van_de_geur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jan_Brueghel_d._O._-_Allegorie_van_de_geur.jpg/560px-Jan_Brueghel_d._O._-_Allegorie_van_de_geur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>"Smell", from <i>Allegory of the Senses</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>odor</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or <b>odour</b> (<a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-our,_-or" title="American and British English spelling differences">see spelling differences</a>) is a <b>smell</b> or a <b>scent</b> caused by one or more volatilized <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> generally found in low concentrations that humans and many animals can perceive via their <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory system</a>. While <i>smell</i> can refer to pleasant and unpleasant odors, the terms <i>scent</i>, <i>aroma</i>, and <i>fragrance</i> are usually reserved for pleasant-smelling odors and are frequently used in the food and cosmetic industry to describe <a href="/wiki/Floral_scent" title="Floral scent">floral scents</a> or to refer to <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfumes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odor_physiology">Odor physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Odor physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALCOSAN_Odor_Control_Covers_(6926400399).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/ALCOSAN_Odor_Control_Covers_%286926400399%29.jpg/220px-ALCOSAN_Odor_Control_Covers_%286926400399%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/ALCOSAN_Odor_Control_Covers_%286926400399%29.jpg/330px-ALCOSAN_Odor_Control_Covers_%286926400399%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/ALCOSAN_Odor_Control_Covers_%286926400399%29.jpg/440px-ALCOSAN_Odor_Control_Covers_%286926400399%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Odor control covers at a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage treatment plant">sewage treatment plant</a>: Under these covers, grit and gravel are settled out of the wastewater.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sense_of_smell">Sense of smell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sense of smell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The perception of odors, or sense of smell, is mediated by the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">olfactory nerve</a>. The olfactory receptor (OR) cells are <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> present in the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_epithelium" title="Olfactory epithelium">olfactory epithelium</a>, which is a small patch of tissue at the back of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>. There are millions of <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron" title="Olfactory receptor neuron">olfactory receptor neurons</a> that act as sensory signaling cells. Each neuron has <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> in direct contact with the air. <a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">Odorous molecules</a> bind to receptor proteins extending from cilia and act as a chemical stimulus, initiating electric signals that travel along the olfactory nerve's <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When an electrical signal reaches a threshold, the neuron fires, which sends a signal traveling along the axon to the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a> of the brain. Interpretation of the smell begins there, relating the smell to past experiences and in relation to the substance(s) inhaled. The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is further processed and forwarded to the central nervous system (CNS), which controls emotions and behavior as well as basic thought processes. </p><p>Odor sensation usually depends on the concentration (number of molecules) available to the olfactory receptors. A single <a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">odorant</a> is usually recognized by many receptors. Different odorants are recognized by combinations of receptors. The patterns of neuron signals help to identify the smell. The olfactory system does not interpret a single compound, but instead the whole odorous mix. This does not correspond to the concentration or intensity of any single constituent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p.492_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.492-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most odors consist of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, although some simple compounds not containing carbon, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, are also odorants. The perception of an odor effect is a two-step process. First, there is the physiological part. This is the detection of <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a> by receptors in the nose. The stimuli are recognized by the region of the human brain which handles olfaction. Because of this, an <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">objective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analytical_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical technique">analytical</a> measure of odor is impossible. While odor feelings are personal <a href="/wiki/Perceptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceptions">perceptions</a>, individual reactions are usually related. They relate to things such as <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, age, state of health, and personal history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smell_acuity_by_age_and_Gender">Smell acuity by age and Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Smell acuity by age and Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ability to identify odor varies among people and decreases with age. Studies claim that there are sex differences in odor discrimination, and that women usually outperform men.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, there are some studies claiming a male advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> claimed that the differences in olfaction are extremely small, but confirmed a small advantage for women.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pregnant women have increased smell sensitivity, sometimes resulting in abnormal taste and smell perceptions, leading to <a href="/wiki/Food_craving" title="Food craving">food cravings</a> or aversions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to taste also decreases with age as the sense of smell tends to dominate the sense of taste. Chronic smell problems are reported in small numbers for those in their mid-twenties, with numbers increasing steadily, with overall sensitivity beginning to decline in the second decade of life, and then deteriorating appreciably as age increases, especially once over 70 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smell_acuity_compared_to_other_animals">Smell acuity compared to other animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Smell acuity compared to other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beagle_sniffing_another_dog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Beagle_sniffing_another_dog.jpg/250px-Beagle_sniffing_another_dog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Beagle_sniffing_another_dog.jpg/330px-Beagle_sniffing_another_dog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Beagle_sniffing_another_dog.jpg/500px-Beagle_sniffing_another_dog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Two dogs <a href="/wiki/Dog_sense_of_smell" title="Dog sense of smell">sniffing each other</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For most untrained individuals, the act of smelling acquires little information concerning the specific <a href="/wiki/Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredients</a> of an odor. Their smell perception primarily offers information that elicits an emotional response.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Experienced individuals, however, such as <a href="/wiki/Flavorist" title="Flavorist">flavorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perfumer" title="Perfumer">perfumers</a>, can identify discrete chemicals in complex mixtures using only their sense of smell. </p><p>Odor perception is a primary evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sense</a>. The sense of smell can induce pleasure or subconsciously warn of danger, which may, for example, help to locate mates, find food, or detect predators. Humans have an unusually good sense of smell considering they have only 350 functional olfactory receptor genes compared to the 1,300 found in mice, for example. This is despite an apparent evolutionary decline in the sense of smell.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human sense of smell is comparable with many animals, able to distinguish between a diverse range of odors. Studies have reported that humans can distinguish in the region of one trillion unique aromas.<sup id="cite_ref-odor_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odor-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habituation_or_adaptation">Habituation or adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Habituation or adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odors that a person is used to, such as their own <a href="/wiki/Body_odor" title="Body odor">body odor</a>, are less noticeable than uncommon odors. This is due to "habituation." After continuous odor exposure, the sense of smell is fatigued, but recovers if the stimulus is removed for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odors can change due to environmental conditions: for example, odors tend to be more distinguishable in cool dry air.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habituation affects the ability to distinguish odors after continuous exposure. The sensitivity and ability to discriminate odors diminishes with exposure, and the brain tends to ignore continuous stimulus and focus on differences and changes in a particular sensation. When odorants are mixed, a habitual odorant is blocked. This depends on the strength of the odorants in the mixture, which can change the perception and processing of an odor. This process helps classify similar odors as well as adjust sensitivity to differences in complex stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_component">Genetic component</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetic component"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary gene sequences for thousands of olfactory receptors are known for the genomes of more than a dozen organisms. They are <a href="/wiki/Heptad_repeat" title="Heptad repeat">seven-helix-turn</a> transmembrane proteins. But there are no known structures for any olfactory receptor. There is a conserved sequence in roughly three quarters of all ORs. This is a tripodal metal-ion binding site,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Suslick" title="Kenneth S. Suslick">Suslick</a> has proposed that the ORs are in fact metalloproteins (most likely with zinc, copper, and manganese ions) that serve as a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases" title="Lewis acids and bases">Lewis Acid</a> site for the binding of many odorant molecules. In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Crabtree" title="Robert H. Crabtree">Crabtree</a> suggested that Cu(I) is "the most likely candidate for a metallo-receptor site in olfaction" of strong-smelling volatiles. These are also good metal-coordinating ligands, such as thiols.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Zhuang, Matsunami, and Block confirmed the Crabtree/Suslick proposal for the specific case of a mouse OR, MOR244-3, showing that copper is essential for detection of certain thiols and other sulfur-containing compounds. Thus, by using a chemical that binds to copper in the mouse nose, so that copper was not available to the receptors, the authors showed that the mice could not detect the thiols without the copper. However, these authors also found that MOR244-3 lacks the specific metal ion binding site suggested by Suslick, instead showing a different motif in the EC2 domain.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_impact">Evolutionary impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolutionary impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gordon_M._Shepherd" title="Gordon M. Shepherd">Gordon Shepherd</a> proposed that the retro-nasal route of olfaction (odorants introduced to the olfactory mucosa through the oral cavity often as food) was partially responsible for the development of human olfactory acuity. He suggested the evolutionary pressure of diversification of food sources and increased complexity of food preparation presented humans with a broader range of odorants, ultimately leading to a "richer repertoire of smells". Animals such as dogs show a greater sensitivity to odors than humans, especially in studies using short-chain compounds. Higher cognitive brain mechanisms and more olfactory brain regions enable humans to discriminate odors better than other mammals despite fewer olfactory receptor genes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measuring_techniques">Measuring techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Measuring techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concentration">Concentration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Concentration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odor concentration refers to an odor's pervasiveness. To measure odor sensation, an odor is diluted to a <a href="/wiki/Odor_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Odor threshold">detection or recognition threshold</a>. The detection threshold is the concentration of an odor in air when 50% of a population can distinguish between the odorous sample and an odor-free reference sample. The recognition odor threshold is usually a factor of two to five higher than the detection threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-p.483_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.483-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The measurement of odor concentration is the most widespread method to quantify odors. It is standardized in <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN EN</a> 13725:2003.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method is based on dilution of an odor sample to the odor threshold. The numerical value of the odor concentration is equal to the dilution factor that is necessary to reach the odor threshold. Its unit is the "European Odour Unit", OU<sub>E</sub>. Therefore, the odor concentration at the odor threshold is 1 OU<sub>E</sub> by definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olfactometer">Olfactometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Olfactometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To establish odor concentration, an olfactometer is used which employs a group of human panelists. A diluted odorous mixture and an odor-free gas—<a href="/wiki/N-Butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Butanol">n-Butanol</a>—as a reference are presented from sniffing ports to a group of panelists who are sensitive in odor perception. To collect an odor sample, the samples are collected using specialized sample bags, which are made from an odor free material, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a>. The most accepted technique for collecting odor samples is the lung technique, where the sample bag is placed in a sealed drum, where a vacuum is created outside the bag, which fills under expansion, and draws into itself the sample from the source. Critically, all components which touch the odor sample, must be odor free, which includes lines and fittings. </p><p>In comparing the odor emitted from each port, the panelists are asked to report if they can detect a difference between the ports. The gas-diluting ratio is then decreased by a factor of 1.4 or two (i.e., the concentration is increased accordingly). The panelists are asked to repeat the test. This continues until the panelists respond with certainty and correctly twice in a row. These responses are used to calculate the concentration of the odor in terms of European odor units (OU<sub>E</sub>/m<sup>3</sup>, where 1 OU<sub>E</sub>/m<sup>3</sup>≡40 ppb/v n-butanol).<sup id="cite_ref-hierarchical_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hierarchical-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans can discriminate between two odorants that differ in concentration by as little as 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A human's odor detection threshold is variable. Repeated exposure to an odorant leads to enhanced olfactory sensitivity and decreased detection thresholds for a number of different odorants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was found in a study that humans who were unable to detect the odor of <a href="/wiki/Androstenone" title="Androstenone">androstenone</a> developed the ability to detect it after repeated exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who cannot smell are said to be <a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">anosmic</a>. </p><p>There are a number of issues which have to be overcome with sampling, these include: </p> <ol><li>If the source is under vacuum</li> <li>if the source is at a high temperature</li> <li>If the source has high humidity</li></ol> <p>Issues such as temperature and humidity are best overcome using either pre-dilution or dynamic dilution techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_analytical_methods">Other analytical methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other analytical methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other analytic methods can be subdivided into the physical, the <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatographical</a>, and the chemosensory method. </p><p>When measuring odor, there is a difference between <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emission" class="extiw" title="wikt:emission">emission</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immission" class="extiw" title="wikt:immission">immission</a> measurements. Emission measurement can be taken by olfactometry using an <a href="/wiki/Olfactometer" title="Olfactometer">olfactometer</a> to dilute the odor sample. Olfactometry is rarely used for immission measurement because of low odor concentrations involved. The same measuring principles are used, but the judgment of the air-assay happens without diluting the samples. </p><p>Odor measurement is essential for odor regulation and control.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An odor emission often consists of a complex mixture of many odorous compounds. Analytical monitoring of individual chemical compounds present in such an odor is usually not practical. As a result, odor sensory methods, instead of instrumental methods, are normally used to measure such odor. Odor sensory methods are available to monitor odor both from source emissions and in the ambient air. These two contexts require different approaches for measuring odor. The collection of odor samples is more easily accomplished for a source emission than for odor in the ambient air.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Field measurement with portable <a href="/wiki/Olfactometer" title="Olfactometer">field olfactometers</a> can seem more effective, but olfactometer use is not regulated in Europe, while it is popular in the U.S. and Canada, where several states set limits at the receptor sites or along the perimeter of odor-emitting plants, expressed in units of dilution-to-threshold (D/T).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensity">Intensity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intensity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odor intensity refers to the perceived strength of an odor sensation. This intensity property is used to locate the source of odors and perhaps most directly related to odor nuisance.<sup id="cite_ref-p.492_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.492-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perceived strength of an odor is measured alongside its concentration and can be mathematically modeled using the <b>Weber-Fechner law</b>: I = a × log(c) + b,<sup id="cite_ref-Jiang,_J._2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiang,_J._2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where: </p> <ul><li><i>I</i> represents the perceived psychological intensity at a given dilution step on the butanol scale,</li> <li><i>a</i> is the Weber-Fechner coefficient,</li> <li><i>C</i> is the chemical concentration, and</li> <li><i>b</i> is the intercept constant (0.5 by definition).<sup id="cite_ref-Jiang,_J._2006_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiang,_J._2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Odor intensity can be expressed using an odor intensity scale, which is a verbal description of an odor sensation to which a numerical value is assigned.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiang,_J._2006_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiang,_J._2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odor intensity can be divided into the following categories according to intensity: </p> <dl><dd>0 – no odor</dd> <dd>1 – very weak (odor threshold)</dd> <dd>2 – weak</dd> <dd>3 – distinct</dd> <dd>4 – strong</dd> <dd>5 – very strong</dd> <dd>6 – intolerable</dd></dl> <p>Odor intensity is determined in a laboratory by specialists who have been trained to accurately define intensity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hedonic_tone_assessment">Hedonic tone assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hedonic tone assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hedonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedonic">Hedonic</a> assessment is the process of rating odors according to a scale ranging from extremely unpleasant to extremely pleasant. Intensity and hedonic tone, whilst similar, refer to different things: that is, the strength of the odor (intensity) and the pleasantness of an odor (hedonic tone). The perception of an odor may change from pleasant to unpleasant with increasing concentration, intensity, time, frequency, or previous experience with a specific odor—all factors in determining a response.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FIDOL_factors">FIDOL factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: FIDOL factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overall set of qualities are sometimes identified as the "FIDOL (Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Offensiveness, Location) factors".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The character of an odor is a critical element in assessing an odor. This property is the ability to distinguish different odors and is only descriptive. First, a basic description is used—such as sweet, pungent, acrid, fragrant, warm, dry, or sour. The odor is then referenced to a source such as sewage or apple which can then be followed by a reference to a specific chemical such as acids or gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-p.492_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.492-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most commonly, a set of standard descriptors is used, which may range from "fragrant" to "sewer odor".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the method is fairly simplistic, it is important for the FIDOL factors to be understood by the person rating the smell. This method is most commonly used to define the character of an odor which can then be compared to other odors. It is common for olfactometry laboratories to report character as an additional factor post sample-analysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Categorization">Categorization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Categorization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different categorizations of primary odors have been proposed, including the following, which identifies 7 primary odors:<sup id="cite_ref-p.483_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.483-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-understanding_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">Musky</a> – perfumes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Putrid">Putrid</a> – rotten eggs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pungent">Pungent</a> – vinegar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphoraceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Camphoraceous">Camphoraceous</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mothball" title="Mothball">mothballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Ethereal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloroethylene">dry cleaning fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral">Floral</a> – roses (see also <a href="/wiki/Floral_scent" title="Floral scent">floral scent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">Pepperminty</a> – mint gum</li></ol> <p>Though the concept of primary odors is not universally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretive_dispersion_modeling">Interpretive dispersion modeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Interpretive dispersion modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many countries odor modeling is used to determine the extent of an impact from an odor source. These are a function of modeled concentration, averaging time (over what time period the model steps are run over, typically hourly), and a percentile. Percentiles refer to a statistical representation of how many hours per year the concentration C may be exceeded based on the averaging period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampling_from_area_sources">Sampling from area sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sampling from area sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main odor sampling techniques: direct and indirect odor sampling techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_sampling">Direct sampling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Direct sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct refers to the placement of an enclosure on or over an emitting surface from which samples are collected, and an odor emission rate is determined. </p><p>The most commonly used direct methods include the flux chamber<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnels</a> such as the one at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> (UNSW).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many other available techniques, and consideration should be given to a number of factors before selecting a suitable method. </p><p>A source which has implications for this method are sources, such as bark bed <a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">biofilters</a>, that have a vertical velocity component. For such sources, consideration must be given as to the most appropriate method. A commonly used technique is to measure the odor concentration at the emitting surface, and combine this with the volumetric flow rate of air entering the biofilter to produce an emission rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indirect_sampling">Indirect sampling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Indirect sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indirect sampling is often referred to as back calculation. It involves the use of a mathematical formula to predict an emission rate. </p><p>Many methods are used, but all make use of the same inputs which include surface roughness, upwind and downwind concentrations, stability class (or other similar factor), wind speed, and wind direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_risks">Health risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Health risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Odor" title="Special:EditPage/Odor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Odor%22">"Odor"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Odor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Odor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Odor%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Odor%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Odor%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The human sense of smell is a primary factor in the sensation of comfort. Olfaction as a sensory system brings awareness of the presence of airborne chemicals. Some inhaled chemicals are volatile compounds that act as a stimulus, triggering unwanted reactions such as nose, eye, and <a href="/wiki/Throat_irritation" title="Throat irritation">throat irritation</a>. Perception of odor and of irritation is unique to each person, and varies because of physical conditions or memory of past exposures to similar chemicals. A person's specific threshold, before an odor becomes a nuisance, depends also on the frequency, concentration, and duration of an odor. </p><p>The perception of irritation from odor sensation is hard to investigate because exposure to a volatile chemical elicits a different response based on sensory and physiological signals, and interpretation of these signals is influenced by experience, expectations, personality, or situational factors. <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">Volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs) may have higher concentrations in confined indoor environments, due to restricted infiltration of fresh air, as compared to the outdoor environment, leading to greater potential for toxic health exposures from a variety of chemical compounds. Health effects of odor are traced to the sensation of an odor or the odorant itself. Health effects and symptoms vary—including eye, nose, or throat irritation, cough, chest tightness, drowsiness, and mood change—all of which decrease as an odor ceases. Odors may also trigger illnesses such as asthma, depression, stress-induced illness, or hypersensitivity. The ability to perform tasks may decrease, and other social/behavioral changes may occur. </p><p>Occupants should expect remediation from disturbing and unexpected odors that disturb concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and generally increase the dislike for a particular environment. It is important to set occupational exposure limits (OELs) to ensure the health and safety of workers, as well as comfort, because exposure to chemicals can elicit physiological and biochemical changes in the upper respiratory system. Standards are hard to set when exposures are not reported and can also be hard to measure. Workforce populations vary in terms of discomfort from odors because of exposure history or habituation, and they may not realize possible risks of exposure to chemicals that produce specific odors.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types"><span class="anchor" id="Types_of_odors"></span>Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Odor" title="Special:EditPage/Odor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Odor%22">"Odor"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Odor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Odor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Odor%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Odor%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Odor%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some odors are sought after, such as from perfumes and flowers, some of which command high prices. Whole industries have developed around products that remove or mask unpleasant odors, such as <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a>. </p><p>Odor molecules transmit messages to the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a>, the area of the brain that governs emotional responses. Some believe that these messages have the power to alter moods, evoke distant memories, raise spirits, and boost self-confidence. This belief has led to "<a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a>", wherein fragrances are claimed to cure a wide range of psychological and physical problems. Aromatherapy claims that fragrances can positively affect sleep, stress, alertness, social interaction, and general feelings of well-being. Evidence for the effectiveness of aromatherapy is mostly <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal</a> and controlled <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> studies to substantiate its claims are lacking. </p><p>Some people are allergic to the fragrances found in perfume, scented shampoo, scented deodorant, or similar products. Reactions, as with other chemical allergies, can range from slight headaches to <a href="/wiki/Anaphylactic_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactic shock">anaphylactic shock</a>, which can result in death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unpleasant odors play various roles in nature, often to warn of danger, though this may not be known to the subject who smells it.<sup id="cite_ref-Trygg_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trygg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The natural gas industry uses odor to enable consumers to identify leaks. <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas#Added_odor" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> in its native state is colorless and almost odorless. To help users detect <a href="/wiki/Leak" title="Leak">leaks</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Odorizer" title="Odorizer">odorizer</a> with the scent of rotten eggs, <a href="/wiki/Tert-Butylthiol" title="Tert-Butylthiol">tert-Butylthiol</a> (t-butyl mercaptan), is added. Sometimes a related compound, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrothiophene" title="Tetrahydrothiophene">thiophane</a>, may be used in the mixture. </p><p>An odor that is viewed as unpleasant by some people or cultures can be viewed as attractive by others where it is more familiar or has a better reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Trygg_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trygg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commonly thought that those exuding an unpleasant <a href="/wiki/Body_odor" title="Body odor">body odor</a> are unattractive to others. But studies have shown that a person who is exposed to a particular unpleasant odor can be attracted to others who have been exposed to the same unpleasant odor.<sup id="cite_ref-Trygg_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trygg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes odors associated with pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-Trygg_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trygg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What causes a substance to smell unpleasant may be different from what one perceives. For example, <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a> is often viewed as having an unpleasant odor, but it is odorless. It is bacteria in the perspiration that causes the odor.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unpleasant odors can arise from specific industrial processes, adversely affecting workers and even residents downwind of the source. The most common sources of industrial odor arise from <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants, <a href="/wiki/Refining" title="Refining">refineries</a>, animal rendering factories, and industries processing chemicals (such as sulfur) which have odorous characteristics. Sometimes industrial odor sources are the subject of community controversy and scientific analysis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Body_odor" title="Body odor">Body odor</a> is present both in animals and humans and its intensity can be influenced by many factors (behavioral patterns, survival strategies). Body odor has a strong genetic basis both in animals and humans, but it can be also strongly influenced by various diseases and psychological conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study">Study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of odors is a growing field but is a complex and difficult one. The human <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory system</a> can detect many thousands of scents based on only minute airborne concentrations of a chemical. The sense of smell of many animals is even better. Some fragrant flowers give off <i><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">odor plumes</a></i> that move downwind and are detectable by <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> more than a kilometer away. </p><p>The study of odors is complicated by the complex chemistry taking place at the moment of a smell sensation. For example, iron-containing metallic objects are perceived to have a distinctive odor when touched, although iron's <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> is negligible. According to a 2006 study, this smell is the result of <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Nonanal" title="Nonanal">nonanal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>: <a href="/wiki/1-Octen-3-one" class="mw-redirect" title="1-Octen-3-one">1-octen-3-one</a>) released from the human skin on contact with <a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> ions that are formed in the sweat-mediated corrosion of iron. The same chemicals are also associated with the smell of blood, as ferrous iron in blood on skin produces the same reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pheromones">Pheromones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pheromones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromones</a> are odors that are used for communication, and are sometimes called "airborne hormones". A female <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moth</a> may release a pheromone that can entice a male moth that is several kilometers downwind. <a href="/wiki/Honeybee" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee">Honeybee</a> queens constantly release pheromones that regulate the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">hive</a>. Worker bees can release such smells to call other bees into an appropriate cavity when a swarm moves into new quarters, or to "sound" an alarm when the hive is threatened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_technology">Advanced technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Advanced technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most artificial or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_nose" title="Electronic nose">electronic nose</a> instruments work by combining output from an array of non-specific <a href="/wiki/Chemical_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical sensors">chemical sensors</a> to produce a fingerprint of whatever volatile chemicals in the local environment.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most electronic noses need to be "trained" to recognize chemicals of interest before it can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many current electronic-nose instruments suffer from problems with reproducibility subject to varying ambient <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>. An example of this type of technology is the <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Suslick" title="Kenneth S. Suslick">colorimetric sensor array</a>, which visualizes odor through color change and creates a "picture" of it.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavioral_cues">Behavioral cues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Behavioral cues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odor perception is a complex process involving the central nervous system and can evoke psychological and physiological responses. Because the olfactory signal terminates in or near the amygdala, odors are strongly linked to memories and can evoke emotions. The amygdala participates in the hedonic or emotional processing of olfactory stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odors can disturb our concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and in general increase a dislike for an environment. Odors can impact the liking for a person, place, food, or product as a form of conditioning.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memories recalled by odors are significantly more emotional and evocative than those recalled by the same cue presented visually or auditorily.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odors can become conditioned to experiential states and when later encountered have directional influences on behavior. Doing a frustrating task in a scented room decreases performance of other cognitive tasks in the presence of the same odor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonhuman animals communicate their emotional states through changes in body odor, and human body odors are indicative of emotional state.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human <a href="/wiki/Body_odor" title="Body odor">body odors</a> influence interpersonal relationships and are involved in adaptive behaviors, such as parental attachment in infants or partner choice in adults. "Mothers can discriminate the odor of their own child, and infants recognize and prefer the body odor of their mother over that of another woman. This maternal odor appears to guide infants toward the breast and to have a calming effect."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Why is this quoted? Any references? (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Body odor is involved in the development of infant–mother attachment and is essential to a child's social and emotional development and evokes feelings of security. Reassurance created by familiar parental body odors may contribute significantly to the attachment process.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human body odors <a href="/wiki/Body_odour_and_sexual_attraction" title="Body odour and sexual attraction">can also affect mate choice</a>. Fragrances are commonly used to raise sexual attractiveness and induce sexual arousal. Researchers found that people choose perfume that interacts well with their body odor.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Body odor is a sensory cue critical for mate selection in humans because it is a signal of immunological health. Women prefer men with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes and odor different from themselves especially during ovulation. Different MHC alleles are favorable because different allele combinations would maximize disease protection and minimize recessive mutations in offspring. Biologically females tend to select mates "who are most likely to secure offspring survival and thus increase the likelihood that her genetic contribution will be reproductively viable."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have suggested that people might be using odor cues associated with the immune system to select mates. Using a brain-imaging technique, Swedish researchers have shown that <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">straight</a> males' brains respond in different ways to two odors that may be involved in sexual arousal, and that the gay men respond in the same way as straight women, though it could not be determined whether this was cause or effect. The study was expanded to include lesbian women; the results were consistent with previous findings that lesbian women were not as responsive to male-identified odors, while their response to female cues was similar to that of straight males.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An odor can cue recall of a distant memory. Most memories that pertain to odor come from the first decade of life, compared to verbal and visual memories which usually come from the 10th to 30th years of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsson2009_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsson2009-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odor-evoked memories are more emotional, associated with stronger feelings of being brought back in time, and have been thought of less often as compared to memories evoked by other cues.<sup id="cite_ref-Larsson2009_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsson2009-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_design">Use in design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Use in design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising#Scent" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising § Scent</a></div> <p>The sense of smell is not overlooked as a way of marketing products. The deliberate and controlled application of scent is used by designers, scientists, artists, perfumers, architects, and chefs. Some applications of scents in environments are in casinos, hotels, private clubs, and new automobiles. For example, "technicians at New York City’s Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center disperse vanilla-scented oil into the air to help patients cope with the claustrophobic effects of MRI testing. Scents are used at the Chicago Board of Trade to lower the decibel level on the trading floor."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If ingredients are listed on a product, the term "fragrance" can be used in a general sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scent_preferences">Scent preferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Scent preferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_perfume_on_sexual_attractiveness">Effect of perfume on sexual attractiveness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Effect of perfume on sexual attractiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both men and women use perfume to boost their <a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">sexual attractiveness</a> to members of the opposite, or same, sex. When people find that a particular perfume or aftershave is perceived positively, they may be hard-pressed to change it. <a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfactory communication</a> is natural in humans. Without perfume or aftershave, humans unconsciously detect people's natural scents: in the form of pheromones. Pheromones are usually detected unconsciously, and it is believed that they have an important influence on human's social and sexual behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of hypotheses concerning why humans wear perfume or aftershave, and whether it amplifies or reduces their natural scents. </p><p>In 2001, a study found that the <a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex_and_sexual_selection" title="Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection">major histocompatibility complex (MHC)</a> (a polymorphic set of genes which is important for immune-function in humans) is correlated with the ingredients found in perfume. This suggests that humans do, in fact, choose perfumes that complement or enhance their natural scents (their pheromones). This evidence offers support for the hypothesis that perfume is chosen by individuals to advertise their physical health. Research suggests that this advertisement of good health will, in fact, enhance females' attractiveness to the opposite sex as health markers have been shown to do.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While strong evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that wearing perfume enhances females' attractiveness to males, little research has been done into the effect of fragrance on males' attractiveness to females. Considerably more research has covered the effect of males' natural odor and females' ratings of attractiveness. Many studies<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that odor predicted attractiveness when female raters were not on any form of contraceptive pill. For those who were, there was no relation between attractiveness and body odor. </p><p>A person's odor can increase or decrease ratings of attractiveness because the olfactory receptors in the brain are directly linked with the limbic system, the part of the brain that is thought to be most involved with emotion. This link is important, because if an individual associates positive affect (elicited by pheromones<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), with a potential mate, their liking for, and attraction to, that potential mate will be increased.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not a typically evolutionary hypothesis, this hypothesis is one that acknowledges how humans have adapted their mating strategies to modern-day societal norms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_histocompatibility_complex_(MHC)_and_body_odor_preferences"><span id="Major_histocompatibility_complex_.28MHC.29_and_body_odor_preferences"></span>Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and body odor preferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and body odor preferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex" title="Major histocompatibility complex">Major histocompatibility complex</a> (MHC) is a genotype found in vertebrates, including humans. MHC is thought to contribute to <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a> in animals and humans. In <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>, females opt for mates with an MHC which differs from their own, optimising genes for their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Heterozygote_advantage" title="Heterozygote advantage">heterozygote advantage</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Red_Queen_hypothesis" title="Red Queen hypothesis">Red Queen</a>" explanations for these findings fall under the "pathogen hypothesis". Due to differences in MHC <a href="/wiki/Alleles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleles">alleles</a>' resistance to <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a>, a preference for mates with a dissimilar MHC composition has been argued to act as a mechanism to avoid infectious diseases. According to the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterozygote#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:heterozygote">heterozygotes</a>-advantage hypothesis, diversity within the MHC genotype is beneficial for the immune system due to a greater range of <a href="/wiki/Antigens" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigens">antigens</a> available to the host. Therefore, the hypothesis proposes that MHC heterozygotes will be superior to MHC <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homozygote#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:homozygote">homozygotes</a> in fighting off pathogens. Experimental research has shown mixed findings for this idea.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Red Queen" or "rare-allele" hypothesis suggests that diversity in the MHC gene provides a moving target for pathogens, making it more difficult for them to adapt to MHC <a href="/wiki/Genotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genotypes">genotypes</a> in the host.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hypothesis suggests that preferences for MHC-dissimilar mates could serve to avoid <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Body odor can provide MHC information. Although less is known about how odor is influenced by MHC genes, possible explanations have been that <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbial flora</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Volatile_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile acids">volatile acids</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are affected by the gene, which can be detected in body odor. Female mice and humans have both shown odor preferences for males with MHC-dissimilarity.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that women prefer the scent of men with dissimilar MHC genes. In a study, women rated the scent of T-shirts, worn over two nights by men, as more pleasant when smelling those of MHC-dissimilar men.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been found that women were reminded more of current or prior partners when smelling odors from men whose MHC was dissimilar to their own. A study of married couples found that MHC <a href="/wiki/Haplotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplotypes">haplotypes</a> differed between spouses more than chance would dictate.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptives">oral contraceptives</a> has been found to reverse the MHC-dissimilarity odor preference.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_scent_preferences_and_the_menstrual_cycle"><span id="Women.27s_scent_preferences_and_the_menstrual_cycle"></span>Women's scent preferences and the menstrual cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Women's scent preferences and the menstrual cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women's preferences for body odor change with their <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornhill,_R._2013_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornhill,_R._2013-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ovulatory-shift hypothesis argues that women experience elevated immediate sexual attraction, relative to low-fertile days of the cycle, to men with characteristics that reflect good genetic quality.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As certain body odors can reflect good genetic quality, woman are more likely to prefer these scents when they are fertile, as this is when they are most likely to produce offspring with any potential mates, with conception-risk being related to a preference for the scent of male symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornhill,_R._2013_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornhill,_R._2013-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men also prefer the scent of women at their fertile cycle points.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several scents that reflect good genetic quality that females prefer during the most fertile phase of their cycles. Women prefer the scent of symmetrical men more during the fertile phases of their menstrual cycle than during their infertile phases,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with estrogen positively predicting women's preferences for the scent of symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's preferences for masculine faces is greatest when their fertility is at its highest,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so is the preference for attractive faces.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scents found to be preferred by women in the most fertile phase of their cycle are the scent for developmental stability.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If women are taking a contraceptive pill the changes in mate scent preferences over the menstrual cycle are not expressed.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If odor plays a role in human mate choice then the contraceptive pill could disrupt <a href="/wiki/Assortative_mating" title="Assortative mating">disassortative mate</a> preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those taking a contraceptive pill show no significant preference for the scent of either symmetrical or asymmetrical men, whereas normally cycling women prefer the scent of shirts worn by symmetrical men.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males' preferences for women's scent may also change if the woman is taking oral contraceptives. When women take a contraceptive pill, this has been found to demolish the cycle attractiveness of odors that men find attractive in normally ovulating women.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, a contraceptive pill affects both women's preferences for scent and also affects their own scents, making their scent less attractive to males than the scent of normally cycling women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">Aroma compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">Chemoreceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavor_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor (taste)">Flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_olfaction" title="Machine olfaction">Machine olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactometer" title="Olfactometer">Olfactometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_fatigue" title="Olfactory fatigue">Olfactory fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">Perfume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantosmia" title="Phantosmia">Phantosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scented_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Scented water">Scented water</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farh050">"Attractiveness of women's body odours over the menstrual cycle: the role of oral contraceptives and receiver sex"</a>. <i>Behavioral Ecology</i>. <b>15</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">579–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farh050">10.1093/beheco/arh050</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&rft.atitle=Attractiveness+of+women%27s+body+odours+over+the+menstrual+cycle%3A+the+role+of+oral+contraceptives+and+receiver+sex&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E579-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farh050&rft.aulast=Kuukasjarvi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+P.+C.+J.&rft.au=Koskela%2C+E.&rft.au=Mappes%2C+T.&rft.au=Nissinen%2C+K.&rft.au=Rantala%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbeheco%252Farh050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odor&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJarvis2021" class="citation news cs1">Jarvis, Brooke (January 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/28/magazine/covid-smell-science.html">"What Can Covid-19 Teach Us About the Mysteries of Smell?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Can+Covid-19+Teach+Us+About+the+Mysteries+of+Smell%3F&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F28%2Fmagazine%2Fcovid-smell-science.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="wiktionary:Special:Search/odor">odor</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485537#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2006" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485537#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Odors"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1043912/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4020433-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85094110">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Odeurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981770v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Odeurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981770v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568532">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pachy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph250760&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Olores"><a 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