CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Polytetrafluoroethylene - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5d609f70-71fa-49ca-b987-c73177c39961","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Polytetrafluoroethylene","wgTitle":"Polytetrafluoroethylene","wgCurRevisionId":1280524390,"wgRevisionId":1280524390,"wgArticleId":30791,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from October 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2020","Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned","Chemicals without a PubChem CID","Articles without InChI source","Articles with changed EBI identifier","ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata","Articles with changed KEGG identifier","Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes","Chembox image size set","Pages using the external media template with no first item","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles needing additional references from May 2017","All articles needing additional references","Articles with trivia sections from August 2023","All articles with trivia sections","American inventions","Biomaterials","Dielectrics","Dry lubricants","DuPont","DuPont products","Fluorocarbons","Fluoropolymers","Thermoplastics","Pyrotechnic oxidizers","Roofing materials","Engineering plastic","1938 in science"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Polytetrafluoroethylene","wgRelevantArticleId":30791,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Teflon","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q143252","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg/1200px-Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1050"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg/800px-Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="700"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg/640px-Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="560"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Polytetrafluoroethylene - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Polytetrafluoroethylene rootpage-Polytetrafluoroethylene skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_and_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_and_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications and uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications_and_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications and uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications_and_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wire_insulation,_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wire_insulation,_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Wire insulation, electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wire_insulation,_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bearings_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bearings_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bearings seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bearings_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Electrets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Composites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemically_inert_liners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemically_inert_liners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Chemically inert liners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemically_inert_liners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tensioned_membrane_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensioned_membrane_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Tensioned membrane structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tensioned_membrane_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lubricants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lubricants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Lubricants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lubricants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitchenware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitchenware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Kitchenware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitchenware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecotoxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecotoxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ecotoxicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecotoxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecotoxicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecotoxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_Building_Challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_Building_Challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Living Building Challenge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_Building_Challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trifluoroacetate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trifluoroacetate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Trifluoroacetate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trifluoroacetate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PFOA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PFOA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>PFOA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PFOA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GenX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GenX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>GenX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GenX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_polymers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_polymers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Similar polymers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polytetrafluoroethylene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بولي رباعي فلورو الإيثيلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولي رباعي فلورو الإيثيلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="تفلون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تفلون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="টেফলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেফলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тефлон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тефлон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoroetilen" title="Politetrafluoroetilen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Politetrafluoroetilen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefl%C3%B3" title="Tefló – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tefló" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тефлон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тефлон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluorethylen" title="Polytetrafluorethylen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polytetrafluorethylen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon" title="Teflon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Teflon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluorethylen" title="Polytetrafluorethylen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polytetrafluorethylen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCtetrafluoroet%C3%BCleen" title="Polütetrafluoroetüleen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polütetrafluoroetüleen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πολυτετραφθοροαιθυλένιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυτετραφθοροαιθυλένιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoroetileno" title="Politetrafluoroetileno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Politetrafluoroetileno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikvarfluoretileno" title="Polikvarfluoretileno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polikvarfluoretileno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoroetileno" title="Politetrafluoroetileno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Politetrafluoroetileno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86" title="پلی تترافلوئورواتیلن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی تترافلوئورواتیلن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyt%C3%A9trafluoro%C3%A9thyl%C3%A8ne" title="Polytétrafluoroéthylène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polytétrafluoroéthylène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaiteitreafluaireitil%C3%A9in" title="Polaiteitreafluaireitiléin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polaiteitreafluaireitiléin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefl%C3%B3n" title="Teflón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teflón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%85%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%9C%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B8%EB%A0%8C" title="폴리테트라플루오로에틸렌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴리테트라플루오로에틸렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Թեֆլոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեֆլոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="टेफ्लान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेफ्लान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoretilen" title="Politetrafluoretilen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politetrafluoretilen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoroetilena" title="Politetrafluoroetilena – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politetrafluoroetilena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon" title="Teflon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Teflon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoroetilene" title="Politetrafluoroetilene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politetrafluoroetilene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="טפלון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טפלון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Политетрафторэтилен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Политетрафторэтилен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoretil%C4%93ns" title="Politetrafluoretilēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politetrafluoretilēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflonas" title="Teflonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teflonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli(tetrafluoretil%C3%A9n)" title="Poli(tetrafluoretilén) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Poli(tetrafluoretilén)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ടെഫ്ലോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെഫ്ലോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon" title="Teflon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teflon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon" title="Teflon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Teflon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="ポリテトラフルオロエチレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリテトラフルオロエチレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoreten" title="Polytetrafluoreten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polytetrafluoreten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli(tetrafluoroetylen)" title="Poli(tetrafluoroetylen) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poli(tetrafluoroetylen)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoretileno" title="Politetrafluoretileno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Politetrafluoretileno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoroetilen%C4%83" title="Politetrafluoroetilenă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politetrafluoroetilenă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Политетрафторэтилен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политетрафторэтилен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Polytetrafluoroethylene" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polytetrafluoroethylene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetraflu%C3%B3retyl%C3%A9n" title="Polytetrafluóretylén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polytetrafluóretylén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тефлон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тефлон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluorieteeni" title="Polytetrafluorieteeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polytetrafluorieteeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoreten" title="Polytetrafluoreten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polytetrafluoreten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="டெஃப்லான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டெஃப்லான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="พอลิเตตระฟลูออโรเอทิลีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอลิเตตระฟลูออโรเอทิลีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon" title="Teflon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teflon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Політетрафторетилен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політетрафторетилен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پولی ٹیٹرافلوروایتھلین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولی ٹیٹرافلوروایتھلین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylen" title="Polytetrafluoroethylen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Polytetrafluoroethylen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politetrafluoroetileno" title="Politetrafluoroetileno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Politetrafluoroetileno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%9F%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚四氟乙烯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聚四氟乙烯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q143252#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Polytetrafluoroethylene" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Polytetrafluoroethylene" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&oldid=1280524390" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Polytetrafluoroethylene&id=1280524390&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolytetrafluoroethylene"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolytetrafluoroethylene"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polytetrafluoroethylene" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q143252" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teflon&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Synthetic polymer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Teflon" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Teflon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Teflon (disambiguation)">Teflon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Polytetrafluoroethylene </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg/130px-Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg/195px-Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg/260px-Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="147" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfluorodecyl-chain-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Perfluorodecyl-chain-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png/350px-Perfluorodecyl-chain-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Perfluorodecyl-chain-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png/525px-Perfluorodecyl-chain-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Perfluorodecyl-chain-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png/700px-Perfluorodecyl-chain-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Poly(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethylene)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Fluon, Poly(tetrafluoroethene), Poly(tetrafluoroethylene), Teflon</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=9002-84-0">9002-84-0</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abbreviations </td> <td>PTFE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=53251">CHEBI:53251</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>None</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.120.367">100.120.367</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143252#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D08974">D08974</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/E1NC1JVS3O">E1NC1JVS3O</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7047724">DTXSID7047724</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143252#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>(C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub>)<sub>n</sub>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>2200<span class="nowrap"> </span>kg/m<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>327 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistivity">Electrical resistivity</a> </td> <td>10<sup>18</sup> Ω·cm<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> </td> <td>0.25 W/(m·K) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_584b5df638a03bfe" /></span><map name="ImageMap_584b5df638a03bfe"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" title="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704"><span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors" title="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate">OX</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477171888&page2=Polytetrafluoroethylene">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Polytetrafluoroethylene</b> (<b>PTFE</b>) is a synthetic <a href="/wiki/Fluoropolymer" title="Fluoropolymer">fluoropolymer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroethylene" title="Tetrafluoroethylene">tetrafluoroethylene</a>, and has numerous applications because it is <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">chemically inert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commonly known brand name of PTFE-based composition is <b>Teflon</b> by <a href="/wiki/Chemours" title="Chemours">Chemours</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">spin-off</a> from <a href="/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">DuPont</a>, which originally invented the compound in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polytetrafluoroethylene is a <a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">fluorocarbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, as it is a high-<a href="/wiki/Molecular-weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular-weight">molecular-weight</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> consisting wholly of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>. PTFE is <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a>: neither water nor water-containing substances <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">wet</a> PTFE, as fluorocarbons exhibit only small <a href="/wiki/London_dispersion_force" title="London dispersion force">London dispersion forces</a> due to the low <a href="/wiki/Polarizability" title="Polarizability">electric polarizability</a> of fluorine. PTFE has one of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Friction#Coefficient_of_friction" title="Friction">coefficients of friction</a> of any solid. </p><p>Polytetrafluoroethylene is used as a <a href="/wiki/Non-stick_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-stick coating">non-stick coating</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cookware_and_bakeware" title="Cookware and bakeware">pans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cookware_and_bakeware" title="Cookware and bakeware">cookware</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">non-reactive</a>, partly because of the strength of <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93fluorine_bond" title="Carbon–fluorine bond">carbon–fluorine bonds</a>, so it is often used in containers and <a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">pipework</a> for reactive and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosive</a> chemicals. Where used as a <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricant</a>, PTFE reduces friction, wear, and energy consumption of machinery. It is used as a graft material in surgery and as a coating on <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheters</a>. </p><p>PTFE and chemicals used in its production are some of the best-known and widely applied per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (<a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">PFAS</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0xd_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0xd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>. PTFE occupies more than half of all fluoropolymer production, followed by <a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride" title="Polyvinylidene fluoride">polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0xd_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0xd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For decades, DuPont used <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">perfluorooctanoic acid</a> (PFOA, or C8) during production of PTFE, later discontinuing its use due to <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid#Legal_actions" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">legal actions</a> over <a href="/wiki/Ecotoxicology" title="Ecotoxicology">ecotoxicological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid#Health_effects" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">health effects of exposure to PFOA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dupont's spin-off Chemours today manufactures PTFE using an alternative chemical it calls <a href="/wiki/GenX" title="GenX">GenX</a>, another PFAS. Although GenX was designed to be less persistent in the environment compared to PFOA, its effects may be equally harmful or even more detrimental than those of the chemical it has replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-genx-more-toxic_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genx-more-toxic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa-human-genx-toxicicty_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-human-genx-toxicicty-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Pan_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Happy_Pan_Poster.jpg/170px-Happy_Pan_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Happy_Pan_Poster.jpg/255px-Happy_Pan_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Happy_Pan_Poster.jpg/340px-Happy_Pan_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="5938" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement of the Happy Pan, a Teflon-coated pan from the 1960s</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg/250px-1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="448" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg/255px-1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for Zepel, the trade name used to market Teflon as a fabric treatment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EL-1994-00019.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EL-1994-00019.jpeg/170px-EL-1994-00019.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EL-1994-00019.jpeg/255px-EL-1994-00019.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EL-1994-00019.jpeg/340px-EL-1994-00019.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>PTFE thermal cover showing impact craters, from NASA's Ultra Heavy Cosmic Ray Experiment (UHCRE) on the <a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">Long Duration Exposure Facility</a> (LDEF)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teflon_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Teflon_logo.svg/220px-Teflon_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Teflon_logo.svg/330px-Teflon_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Teflon_logo.svg/440px-Teflon_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="58" /></a><figcaption>Logo of Teflon, the commonly known brand name of PTFE-based compositions manufactured by Chemours</figcaption></figure> <p>Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was accidentally discovered in 1938 by <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Plunkett" title="Roy J. Plunkett">Roy J. Plunkett</a> while he was working in Chemours Chambers Works plant in New Jersey for <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>. A team of Dupont chemists attempted to make a new <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbon</a> refrigerant, called <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroethylene" title="Tetrafluoroethylene">tetrafluoroethylene</a>. The gas in its pressure bottle stopped flowing before the bottle's weight had dropped to the point signaling "empty". John J. Beall (chemist), noticing a weight differential in his test cylinder, brought it to the attention of Roy Plunkett. The chemists in the lab sawed the bottle apart and found the bottle's interior coated with a waxy white material that was oddly slippery. Analysis showed that it was polymerized perfluoroethylene, with the iron from the inside of the container having acted as a catalyst at high pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinetic Chemicals patented the new fluorinated plastic (analogous to the already known <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>) in 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and registered the Teflon trademark in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-fluoroboom_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fluoroboom-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1948, DuPont, which founded Kinetic Chemicals in partnership with <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, was producing over 910,000 kilograms (2,000,000 lb) of Teflon-brand polytetrafluoroethylene per year in <a href="/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia" title="Parkersburg, West Virginia">Parkersburg, West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early use was in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> as a material to coat valves and seals in the pipes holding highly reactive <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">uranium hexafluoride</a> at the vast <a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25</a> <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">uranium enrichment</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rhodes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhodes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, Colette Grégoire urged her husband, the French engineer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Marc Grégoire">Marc Grégoire</a>, to try the material he had been using on fishing tackle on her cooking pans. He subsequently created the first PTFE-coated, <a href="/wiki/Non-stick_pans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-stick pans">non-stick pans</a> under the brand name <a href="/wiki/Tefal" title="Tefal">Tefal</a> (combining "Tef" from "Teflon" and "al" from aluminium).<sup id="cite_ref-history_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Marion_A._Trozzolo" title="Marion A. Trozzolo">Marion A. Trozzolo</a>, who had been using the substance on scientific utensils, marketed the first US-made PTFE-coated pan, "The Happy Pan", in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-intofire_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intofire-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-stick cookware has since become a common household product, now offered by hundreds of manufacturers across the world. </p><p>The brand name Zepel was used for promoting its stain-resistance and water-resistance when applied to fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, it was found that PTFE could be radiation <a href="/wiki/Cross-linked" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-linked">cross-linked</a> above its melting point in an oxygen-free environment.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated655_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated655-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam processing">Electron beam processing</a> is one example of radiation processing. Cross-linked PTFE has improved high-temperature mechanical properties and radiation stability. That was significant because, for many years, irradiation at ambient conditions has been used to break down PTFE for recycling.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This radiation-induced <a href="/wiki/Chain_scission" title="Chain scission">chain scission</a> allows it to be more easily reground and reused. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona discharge treatment</a> of the surface to increase the energy and improve adhesion has been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PTFE is produced by <a href="/wiki/Free-radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-radical">free-radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroethylene" title="Tetrafluoroethylene">tetrafluoroethylene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net equation is as follows: </p> <dl><dd><i>n</i> F<sub>2</sub>C=CF<sub>2</sub> → −(F<sub>2</sub>C−CF<sub>2</sub>)<sub><i>n</i></sub>−</dd></dl> <p>Because tetrafluoroethylene can explosively decompose to <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoromethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrafluoromethane">tetrafluoromethane</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) and carbon, a special apparatus is required for the polymerization to prevent hot spots that might initiate this dangerous side reaction. The process is typically initiated with <a href="/wiki/Peroxydisulfate" title="Peroxydisulfate">persulfate</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Homolysis_(chemistry)" title="Homolysis (chemistry)">homolyzes</a> to generate sulfate radicals: </p> <dl><dd>[O<sub>3</sub>SO−OSO<sub>3</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> ⇌ 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">•−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>The resulting polymer is terminated with <a href="/wiki/Sulfate_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate ester">sulfate ester</a> groups, which can be <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzed">hydrolyzed</a> to give OH <a href="/wiki/End-group" class="mw-redirect" title="End-group">end-groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Granular PTFE is produced via <a href="/wiki/Suspension_polymerization" title="Suspension polymerization">suspension polymerization</a>, where PTFE is suspended in an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous</a> medium primarily via agitation and sometimes with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a>. PTFE is also synthesized via <a href="/wiki/Emulsion_polymerization" title="Emulsion polymerization">emulsion polymerization</a>, where a surfactant is the primary means of keeping PTFE in an aqueous medium.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surfactants in the past have included <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">perfluorooctanoic acid</a> (PFOA) and <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid">perfluorooctanesulfonic acid</a> (PFOS). More recently, Perfluoro 3,6 dioxaoctanoic acid (PFO2OA) and <a href="/wiki/FRD-903" title="FRD-903">FRD-903</a> (GenX) are being used as alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blintzes_in_frying_pan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blintzes_in_frying_pan.jpg/220px-Blintzes_in_frying_pan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blintzes_in_frying_pan.jpg/330px-Blintzes_in_frying_pan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blintzes_in_frying_pan.jpg/440px-Blintzes_in_frying_pan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>PTFE is often used to coat <a href="/wiki/Non-stick_pans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-stick pans">non-stick pans</a> as it is <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> and possesses fairly high heat resistance.</figcaption></figure> <p>PTFE is a <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>, which is a white solid at room temperature, with a density of about 2200 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and a melting point of 600 K (327 °C; 620 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-chemours_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemours-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It maintains high strength, toughness and self-lubrication at low temperatures down to 5 K (−268.2 °C; −450.7 °F), and good flexibility at temperatures above 194 K (−79.15 °C; −110.5 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-ptfe_handbook_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptfe_handbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PTFE gains its properties from the aggregate effect of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fluorine_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fluorine bond">carbon-fluorine bonds</a>, as do all fluorocarbons. The only chemicals known to affect these carbon-fluorine bonds are highly reactive metals like the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>, at higher temperatures such metals as aluminium and magnesium, and fluorinating agents such as <a href="/wiki/Xenon_difluoride" title="Xenon difluoride">xenon difluoride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_fluoride" title="Cobalt(III) fluoride">cobalt(III) fluoride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At temperatures above 650–700 °C (1,200–1,290 °F) PTFE undergoes depolymerization.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it begins to decompose at about 260 °C (500 °F) through 350 °C (662 °F), and <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> occurs at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Property </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">Glass temperature</a> </td> <td>114.85 °C (238.73 °F; 388.00 K)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a> </td> <td>112–125×10<sup>−6</sup> K<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity" title="Thermal diffusivity">Thermal diffusivity</a> </td> <td>0.124 mm<sup>2</sup>/s<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> </td> <td>0.5 GPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yield_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Yield strength">Yield strength</a> </td> <td>23 MPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">Coefficient of friction</a> </td> <td>0.05–0.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric constant">Dielectric constant</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">ε = 2.1</span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dissipation_factor" title="Dissipation factor">tan(δ)</a> < 5×10<sup>−2</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dielectric constant (60 Hz) </td> <td><span class="nowrap">ε = 2.1</span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dissipation_factor" title="Dissipation factor">tan(δ)</a> < 2×10<sup>−2</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_strength" title="Dielectric strength">Dielectric strength</a> (1 MHz) </td> <td>60 MV/m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (SI, 22 °C) </td> <td>−10.28×10<sup>−6</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">coefficient of friction</a> of plastics is usually measured against polished steel.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PTFE's coefficient of friction is 0.05 to 0.10,<sup id="cite_ref-chemours_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemours-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the third-lowest of any known solid material (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium_magnesium_boride" title="Aluminium magnesium boride">aluminium magnesium boride</a> (BAM) being the lowest, with a coefficient of friction of 0.02; <a href="/wiki/Diamond-like_carbon" title="Diamond-like carbon">diamond-like carbon</a> being second-lowest at 0.05).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> PTFE's resistance to <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">van der Waals forces</a> means that it is the only known surface to which a <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">gecko</a> cannot stick.<sup id="cite_ref-gecko_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gecko-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, PTFE can be used to prevent insects from climbing up surfaces painted with the material. For example, PTFE is used to prevent ants from climbing out of <a href="/wiki/Formicarium" title="Formicarium">formicaria</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Surface_treatment_of_PTFE" title="Surface treatment of PTFE">surface treatments for PTFE</a> that alter the surface to allow adhesion to other materials. </p><p>Because of its chemical and thermal properties, PTFE is often used as a gasket material within industries that require resistance to aggressive chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or chemical processing.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, until the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated655_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated655-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PTFE was not known to crosslink like an <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomer</a>, due to its chemical inertness. Therefore, it has no "memory" and is subject to <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a>. Because of the propensity to creep, the long-term performance of such seals is worse than for elastomers that exhibit zero, or near-zero, levels of creep. In critical applications, <a href="/wiki/Belleville_washer" title="Belleville washer">Belleville washers</a> are often used to apply continuous force to PTFE gaskets, thereby ensuring a minimal loss of performance over the lifetime of the gasket.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PTFE is an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) transparent polymer. However, when exposed to an <a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">excimer laser</a> beam it severely degrades due to heterogeneous <a href="/wiki/Photothermal_effect" title="Photothermal effect">photothermal effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Processing PTFE can be difficult and expensive because its high melting temperature, 327 °C (621 °F), is above its decomposition temperature. Even when molten, PTFE does not flow due to its exceedingly high melt-viscosity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viscosity and melting point can be decreased by inclusion of small amount of <a href="/wiki/Comonomer" title="Comonomer">comonomers</a> such as perfluoro (propylvinyl ether) and <a href="/wiki/Hexafluoropropylene" title="Hexafluoropropylene">hexafluoropropylene</a> (HFP). These cause the otherwise perfectly linear PTFE chain to become branched, reducing its crystallinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebnesajjad2016_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebnesajjad2016-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some PTFE parts are made by cold-moulding, a form of <a href="/wiki/Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">compression molding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, fine powdered PTFE is forced into a mould under high pressure (10–100 MPa).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a settling period, lasting from minutes to days, the mould is heated at 360 to 380 °C (680 to 716 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing the fine particles to fuse (<a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sinter</a>) into a single mass.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_uses">Applications and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Applications and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Special:EditPage/Polytetrafluoroethylene">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gore_twisted_pair_cable,_Passenger_Experience_Week_2018,_Hamburg_(1X7A3731)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gore_twisted_pair_cable%2C_Passenger_Experience_Week_2018%2C_Hamburg_%281X7A3731%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Gore_twisted_pair_cable%2C_Passenger_Experience_Week_2018%2C_Hamburg_%281X7A3731%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gore_twisted_pair_cable%2C_Passenger_Experience_Week_2018%2C_Hamburg_%281X7A3731%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gore_twisted_pair_cable%2C_Passenger_Experience_Week_2018%2C_Hamburg_%281X7A3731%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gore_twisted_pair_cable%2C_Passenger_Experience_Week_2018%2C_Hamburg_%281X7A3731%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Gore_twisted_pair_cable%2C_Passenger_Experience_Week_2018%2C_Hamburg_%281X7A3731%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption>PTFE-jacketed (white) shielded <a href="/wiki/Twisted-pair_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisted-pair cable">twisted-pair cables</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wire_insulation,_electronics"><span id="Wire_insulation.2C_electronics"></span>Wire insulation, electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wire insulation, electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common use of PTFE, consuming about 50% of production,<sup id="cite_ref-vedantu2024_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vedantu2024-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is for the insulation of wiring in aerospace and computer applications (e.g. hookup wire, coaxial cables).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vedantu2024_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vedantu2024-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This application exploits the fact that PTFE has excellent <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> properties, specifically low <a href="/wiki/Group_velocity_dispersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Group velocity dispersion">group velocity dispersion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MishraYagci_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MishraYagci-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially at high <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequencies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MishraYagci_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MishraYagci-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it suitable for use as an excellent <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulator</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">connector</a> assemblies and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">cables</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a> used at <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> frequencies. Combined with its high melting temperature, this makes PTFE the material of choice as a high-performance substitute for the weaker, higher dispersion and lower-melting-point <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> commonly used in low-cost applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bearings_seals">Bearings seals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bearings seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In industrial applications, owing to its low friction, PTFE is used for <a href="/wiki/Plain_bearing" title="Plain bearing">plain bearings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slide_plate" title="Slide plate">slide plates</a>, seals, gaskets, bushings,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more applications with sliding action of parts, where it outperforms <a href="/wiki/Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">acetal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrets">Electrets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electrets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its extremely high bulk <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">resistivity</a> makes it an ideal material for fabricating long-life <a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">electrets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> analogues of <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">permanent magnets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composites">Composites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Composites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PTFE film is also widely used in the production of carbon fiber composites as well as fiberglass composites, notably in the aerospace industry. PTFE film is used as a barrier between the carbon or fiberglass part being built and, in breather and bagging materials, is used to incapsulate the bondment when debulking (vacuum removal of air from between layers of laid-up plies of material) and when curing the composite, usually in an autoclave. The PTFE, used here as a film, prevents the non-production materials from sticking to the part being built, which is sticky due to the carbon-graphite or fiberglass plies being pre-pregnated with <a href="/wiki/Bismaleimide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismaleimide">bismaleimide</a> resin. Non-production materials such as Teflon, Airweave Breather, and the bag itself would be considered F.O.D. (foreign object debris/damage) if left in layup. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a> is a brand of expanded PTFE (ePTFE), a material incorporating a fluoropolymer membrane with micropores. The roof of the <a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome" title="Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome">Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, US, was one of the largest applications of PTFE coatings. 20 acres (81,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of the material was used in the creation of the white double-layered PTFE-coated fiberglass dome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemically_inert_liners">Chemically inert liners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemically inert liners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its extreme non-reactivity and high temperature rating, PTFE is often used as the liner in <a href="/wiki/Hose" title="Hose">hose</a> assemblies, <a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint#Pipe_expansion_joints" title="Expansion joint">expansion joints</a>, and in industrial pipe lines, particularly in applications using acids, alkalis, or other chemicals. Its frictionless qualities allow improved flow of highly viscous liquids and for uses in applications such as brake hoses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tensioned_membrane_structures">Tensioned membrane structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tensioned membrane structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PTFE architectural membranes are created by coating a woven glass-fibre base cloth with PTFE, forming one of the strongest and most durable materials used in <a href="/wiki/Tensile_structure" title="Tensile structure">tensile structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable structures featuring PTFE-tensioned membranes include <a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">The O2 Arena</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mabhida_Stadium" title="Moses Mabhida Stadium">Moses Mabhida Stadium</a> in South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitano_Stadium" title="Metropolitano Stadium">Metropolitano Stadium</a> in Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Football_Stadium_(2022)" title="Sydney Football Stadium (2022)">Sydney Football Stadium</a> Roof in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PTFE is often found in musical instrument lubrication products, most commonly valve oil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lubricants">Lubricants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lubricants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PTFE is used in some aerosol lubricant sprays, including in <a href="/wiki/Micronization" title="Micronization">micronized</a> and polarized form. It is notable for its extremely low coefficient of friction, its hydrophobia (which serves to inhibit rust), and for the dry film it forms after application, which allows it to resist collecting particles that might otherwise form an abrasive paste.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brands include GT85, Tri-Flow and WD-40 Specialist.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitchenware">Kitchenware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kitchenware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teflon-jar_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two teflon jars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Teflon-jar_hg.jpg/250px-Teflon-jar_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Teflon-jar_hg.jpg/330px-Teflon-jar_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Teflon-jar_hg.jpg/500px-Teflon-jar_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Two molded PTFE jars.</figcaption></figure> <p>PTFE is best known for its use in <a href="/wiki/Non-stick_surface" title="Non-stick surface">coating non-stick</a> <a href="/wiki/Frying_pan" title="Frying pan">frying pans</a> and other cookware, as it is <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> and possesses fairly high heat resistance. </p><p>The sole plates of some <a href="/wiki/Clothes_iron" title="Clothes iron">clothes irons</a> are coated with PTFE.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Trivia plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section contains a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">list of miscellaneous information</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocate</a> any relevant information into other sections or articles.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PTFE_tapes_with_pressure-sensitive_adhesive_backing,_rolls_of_15_and_25_mm_widths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/PTFE_tapes_with_pressure-sensitive_adhesive_backing%2C_rolls_of_15_and_25_mm_widths.jpg/250px-PTFE_tapes_with_pressure-sensitive_adhesive_backing%2C_rolls_of_15_and_25_mm_widths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/PTFE_tapes_with_pressure-sensitive_adhesive_backing%2C_rolls_of_15_and_25_mm_widths.jpg/330px-PTFE_tapes_with_pressure-sensitive_adhesive_backing%2C_rolls_of_15_and_25_mm_widths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/PTFE_tapes_with_pressure-sensitive_adhesive_backing%2C_rolls_of_15_and_25_mm_widths.jpg/500px-PTFE_tapes_with_pressure-sensitive_adhesive_backing%2C_rolls_of_15_and_25_mm_widths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>PTFE tapes with pressure-sensitive adhesive backing</figcaption></figure><p>Other niche applications include: </p><ul><li>It is often found in <a href="/wiki/Ski_binding" title="Ski binding">ski bindings</a> as a non-mechanical AFD (anti-friction device)</li> <li>It can be stretched to contain small pores of varying sizes and is then placed between fabric layers to make a waterproof, breathable fabric in outdoor apparel.<sup id="cite_ref-gore_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gore-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is used widely as a fabric protector to repel stains on formal school-wear, like uniform blazers.<sup id="cite_ref-CutterAndTailor_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CutterAndTailor-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is frequently used as a lubricant to prevent captive insects and other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> from escaping.</li> <li>It is used as a coating for medical and healthcare applications formulated to provide strength and heat resistance to surgical devices and other medical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-DeltaCoatingsandLinings_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeltaCoatingsandLinings-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is used as a film interface patch for sports and medical applications, featuring a pressure-sensitive adhesive backing, which is installed in strategic high friction areas of footwear, insoles, <a href="/wiki/Ankle-foot_orthosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle-foot orthosis">ankle-foot orthosis</a>, and other medical devices to prevent and relieve friction-induced blisters, calluses and foot ulceration.<sup id="cite_ref-FilmInterfacePatch_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FilmInterfacePatch-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Expanded PTFE membranes have been used in trials to assist <a href="/wiki/Trabeculectomy" title="Trabeculectomy">trabeculectomy</a> surgery to treat glaucoma.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Powdered PTFE is used in <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_composition" title="Pyrotechnic composition">pyrotechnic compositions</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a> with powdered metals such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>. Upon ignition, these mixtures form carbonaceous <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> and the corresponding metal <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, and release large amounts of heat. They are used in <a href="/wiki/Infrared_decoy_flare" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared decoy flare">infrared decoy flares</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Igniter" class="mw-redirect" title="Igniter">igniters</a> for <a href="/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">solid-fuel rocket</a> <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-koch_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aluminium and PTFE is also used in some <a href="/wiki/Thermobaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermobaric">thermobaric</a> fuel compositions.</li> <li>Powdered PTFE is used in a suspension with a low-viscosity, azeotropic mixture of siloxane ethers to create a lubricant for use in <a href="/wiki/Twisty_puzzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisty puzzle">twisty puzzles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In optical <a href="/wiki/Radiometry" title="Radiometry">radiometry</a>, sheets of PTFE are used as measuring heads in spectroradiometers and broadband radiometers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a> meters and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiometer" title="Radiometer">radiometers</a>) due to PTFE's capability to diffuse a transmitting light nearly perfectly. Moreover, optical properties of PTFE stay constant over a wide range of wavelengths, from UV down to near <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>. In this region, the ratio of its regular transmittance to diffuse transmittance is negligibly small, so light transmitted through a <a href="/wiki/Diffuser_(optics)" title="Diffuser (optics)">diffuser</a> (PTFE sheet) radiates like <a href="/wiki/Lambert%27s_cosine_law" title="Lambert's cosine law">Lambert's cosine law</a>. Thus PTFE enables cosinusoidal angular response for a detector measuring the power of optical radiation at a surface, e.g. in solar <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> measurements.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teflon-coated_bullet" title="Teflon-coated bullet">Teflon-coated bullets</a> are coated with PTFE to reduce wear on the <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifling</a> of firearms that uncoated projectiles would cause. PTFE itself does not give a projectile an armor-piercing property.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Its high corrosion resistance makes PTFE useful in laboratory environments, where it is used for lining containers, as a coating for magnetic stirrers, and as tubing for highly corrosive chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a>, which will dissolve glass containers. It is used in containers for storing <a href="/wiki/Fluoroantimonic_acid" title="Fluoroantimonic acid">fluoroantimonic acid</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Superacid" title="Superacid">superacid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PTFE tubes are used in gas-gas heat exchangers in gas cleaning of waste incinerators. Unit power capacity is typically several megawatts.</li> <li>PTFE is widely used as a <a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">thread seal tape</a> in plumbing applications, largely replacing paste thread dope.</li> <li>PTFE membrane filters are among the most efficient industrial air filters. PTFE-coated filters are often used in <a href="/wiki/Dust_collection_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust collection system">dust collection systems</a> to collect <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">particulate matter</a> from air streams in applications involving high temperatures and high particulate loads such as coal-fired power plants, cement production and steel foundries.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PTFE grafts can be used to bypass <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a> in peripheral vascular disease if a suitable autologous <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">vein</a> graft is not available.</li> <li>Many bicycle lubricants and greases contain PTFE and are used on <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_chain" title="Bicycle chain">chains</a> and other moving parts subjected to frictional forces (such as <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_wheel#Bearings" title="Bicycle wheel">hub bearings</a>).</li> <li>PTFE is used for some types of <a href="/wiki/Dental_floss" title="Dental floss">dental floss</a>.</li> <li>PTFE can also be used when placing <a href="/wiki/Dental_fillings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental fillings">dental fillings</a>, to isolate the contacts of the adjacent tooth so the restorative materials will not stick to the adjacent tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PTFE sheets are used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Butane_hash_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Butane hash oil">butane hash oil</a> due to its non-stick properties and resistance to non-polar solvents.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PTFE, associated with a slightly textured laminate, makes the plain bearing system of a <a href="/wiki/Dobsonian_telescope" title="Dobsonian telescope">Dobsonian telescope</a>.</li> <li>PTFE is widely used as a non-stick coating for food processing equipment;<sup id="cite_ref-surface_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surface-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dough hoppers, mixing bowls, conveyor systems, rollers, and chutes. PTFE can also be reinforced where abrasion is present – for equipment processing seeded or grainy dough for example.<sup id="cite_ref-surface_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surface-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PTFE has been experimented with for <a href="/wiki/Electroless_nickel_plating" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroless nickel plating">electroless nickel plating</a>.</li> <li>PTFE tubing is used for Bowden tubing in <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printers</a> because its low friction allows the extruder stepper motor to push filament through it more easily.</li> <li>PTFE is commonly used in aftermarket add-on mouse feet for <a href="/wiki/Gaming_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming mice">gaming mice</a> to reduce friction of the mouse against the mouse pad, resulting in a smoother glide.</li> <li>PTFE foils are commonly used with laserprinters everywhere, in their fuser unit, wrapped around the heater element(s) and as well on the opposite pressure roller to prevent any kind of sticking to it (neither the printed paper nor toner waste)</li> <li>PTFE is also used to make body jewellery as it's much safer to wear compared to materials like acrylic, that release toxics into the body at 26.6 °C, unlike PTFE at 650–700 °C.</li> <li>PTFE is used to make bookbinding tools for folding, scoring and separating sheets of paper. These are typically referred to as Teflon bone folders.</li> <li>PTFE is commonly used for the tip of <a href="/wiki/Desoldering#Pumps" title="Desoldering">desoldering pumps</a> due to its high melting temperature.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While PTFE is stable at lower temperatures, it begins to deteriorate at temperatures of about 260 °C (500 °F), it decomposes above 350 °C (662 °F), and <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> occurs at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main decomposition products are <a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">fluorocarbon</a> gases and a <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimate</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoroethylene" title="Tetrafluoroethylene">tetrafluoroethylene</a> (TFE) and <a href="/wiki/Difluorocarbene" title="Difluorocarbene">difluorocarbene</a> <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radicals</a> (RCF2).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An animal study conducted in 1955 concluded that it is unlikely that these products would be generated in amounts significant to health at temperatures below 250 °C (482 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-zapp_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zapp-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above those temperatures the degradation by-products can be lethal to <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can cause <a href="/wiki/Flu-like_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu-like symptoms">flu-like symptoms</a> in humans (<a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">polymer fume fever</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in humans those symptoms disappear within a day or two of being moved to fresh air.<sup id="cite_ref-hsdb_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsdb-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most cases of polymer fume fever in humans occur due to smoking PTFE-contaminated tobacco,<sup id="cite_ref-hsdb_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsdb-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although cases have occurred in people who have <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welded</a> near PTFE components.<sup id="cite_ref-hsdb_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsdb-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PTFE-coated cookware is unlikely to reach dangerous temperatures with normal use, as meat is usually fried between 204 and 232 °C (399 and 450 °F), and most <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oils</a> (except refined <a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">safflower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">avocado</a> oils) start to <a href="/wiki/Smoke_point" title="Smoke point">smoke</a> before a temperature of 260 °C (500 °F) is reached. A 1973 study by DuPont's Haskell Laboratory found that a 4-hour exposure to the fumes emitted by PTFE cookware heated to 280 °C (536 °F) was lethal for <a href="/wiki/Parakeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Parakeets">parakeets</a>, although that was a higher temperature than the 260 °C (500 °F) required for fumes from pyrolyzed butter to be lethal to the birds.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a> (PFOA), a chemical formerly used in the manufacture of PTFE products such as non-stick coated cookware, can be <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> for people who are exposed to it (see <a href="#Ecotoxicity">Ecotoxicity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cancer_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning levels of PFOA have been found in the blood of people who work in or live near factories where the chemical is used, and in people regularly exposed to PFOA-containing products such as some <a href="/wiki/Ski_wax" title="Ski wax">ski waxes</a> and stain-resistant fabric coatings, but non-stick cookware was not found to be a major source of exposure, as the PFOA is burned off during the manufacturing process and not present in the finished product.<sup id="cite_ref-hsdb_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsdb-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-stick coated cookware has not been manufactured using PFOA since 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and PFOA is no longer being made in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecotoxicity">Ecotoxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecotoxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_Building_Challenge">Living Building Challenge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Living Building Challenge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PTFE was added to the <a href="/wiki/Red_List_building_materials" title="Red List building materials">Living Building Challenge (LBC) Red List</a> in 2016. The Red List bans substances prevalent in the building industry that pose serious risks to human health and the environment from construction that seeks to meet the criteria of the Living Building Challenge (LBC).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trifluoroacetate">Trifluoroacetate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trifluoroacetate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sodium_trifluoroacetate" title="Sodium trifluoroacetate">Sodium trifluoroacetate</a> and the similar compound <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorodifluoroacetate" title="Sodium chlorodifluoroacetate">sodium chlorodifluoroacetate</a> can both be generated when PTFE undergoes <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermolysis</a>, as well as producing longer chain polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids which may be equally persistent. These products can accumulate in evaporative <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> and have been found in the roots and seeds of wetland plant species, but has not been observed to have an adverse impact on plant health or germination success.<sup id="cite_ref-hsdb_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsdb-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PFOA">PFOA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: PFOA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></div> <p>Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, or C8) has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Emulsion_polymerization" title="Emulsion polymerization">emulsion polymerization</a> of PTFE, although several manufacturers have entirely discontinued its use. </p><p>PFOA persists indefinitely in the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PFOA has been detected in the blood of many individuals of the general US population in the low and sub-<a href="/wiki/Parts_per_billion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per billion">parts per billion</a> range, and levels are higher in chemical plant employees and surrounding subpopulations. PFOA and <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid">perfluorooctanesulfonic acid</a> (PFOS) have been estimated to be in every American person's blood stream in the parts per billion range, though those concentrations have decreased by 70% for PFOA and 84% for PFOS between 1999 and 2014, which coincides with the end of the production and phase out of PFOA and PFOS in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general population has been exposed to PFOA through massive dumping of C8 waste into the ocean and near the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTmagazine_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTmagazine-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blake_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fellner-16June2018_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellner-16June2018-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PFOA has been detected in industrial waste, stain-resistant carpets, carpet cleaning liquids, <a href="/wiki/House_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="House dust">house dust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popcorn_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Popcorn bag">microwave popcorn bags</a>, water, food and PTFE cookware. </p><p>As a result of <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid#Robert_Bilott_investigation" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">a class-action lawsuit and community settlement</a> with <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiologists</a> conducted studies on the population of Parkersburg, WV surrounding the (former DuPont) Chemours Washington Works chemical plant that was exposed to PFOA at levels greater than in the general population. The studies concluded that there was an association between PFOA exposure and six health outcomes: <a href="/wiki/Kidney_cancer" title="Kidney cancer">kidney cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease" title="Thyroid disease">thyroid disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" title="Hypercholesterolemia">hypercholesterolemia</a> (high cholesterol), and <a href="/wiki/Gestational_hypertension" title="Gestational hypertension">gestational hypertension</a> (pregnancy-induced high blood pressure).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, PTFE cookware is considered a minor exposure pathway to PFOA.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GenX">GenX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: GenX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GenX" title="GenX">GenX</a></div> <p>As a result of the lawsuits concerning <a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid#Robert_Bilott_investigation" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">the PFOA class-action lawsuit</a>, DuPont began to use GenX, a similarly fluorinated compound, as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Fluoropolymer" title="Fluoropolymer">fluoropolymers</a>, such as Teflon-brand PTFE.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the EPA has classified GenX as more toxic than PFOA<sup id="cite_ref-genx-more-toxic_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genx-more-toxic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has proven to be a "regrettable substitute";<sup id="cite_ref-genx-regret_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genx-regret-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GenX#Health_Effects" title="GenX">its effects may be equally harmful or even more detrimental</a> than those of the chemical it was meant to replace.<sup id="cite_ref-genx-regret_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genx-regret-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa-human-genx-toxicicty_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-human-genx-toxicicty-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chemicals are manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Chemours" title="Chemours">Chemours</a>, a corporate spin-off of DuPont, in <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fayetteville Works was the site where DuPont began manufacture of PFOA after the lawsuit in Parkersburg WV halted their production there. When EPA asked companies to voluntarily phase out PFOA production, it was replaced by GenX in Fayetteville Works. In June of 2017, The Wilmington Star-News broke the story<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that GenX was found in the Cape Fear River – the drinking water supply for 500,000 people. The source of the pollution was determined to be the Fayetteville Works site, which had been run by DuPont since its founding in 1971 and then managed by DuPont spinoff, The Chemours Company, since 2015. The water utility confirmed they had no ability to filter these chemicals from the drinking water. </p><p>The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ) records<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicate that DuPont started release PFAS into the area beginning in 1976 with the production of Nafion, and that PFAS including GenX had been released as a byproduct of the production of Vinyl Ethers since 1980, exposing the Cape Fear Basin for decades. A small nonprofit called Cape Fear River Watch sued NC DEQ for not taking swifter and stronger action, and sued the polluter, Chemours, for violations of the Clean Water Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. The result was a Consent Order,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed February 25, 2019 by Cape Fear River Watch, NC DEQ, and Chemours.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order has required Chemours to stop wastewater discharge, air emissions, groundwater discharge, sampling and filtration options to well users, and required sampling that proved there were upwards of 300 distinct PFAS compounds being released from Fayetteville Works.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_polymers">Similar polymers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Similar polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PFA_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PFA_Structure.svg/250px-PFA_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PFA_Structure.svg/330px-PFA_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PFA_Structure.svg/500px-PFA_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Teflon is also used as the trade name for a polymer with similar properties, <a href="/wiki/Perfluoroalkoxy_polymer_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin">perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin</a> (PFA).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Teflon trade name is also used for other polymers with similar compositions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluoroalkoxy_alkane" title="Perfluoroalkoxy alkane">Perfluoroalkoxy alkane</a> (PFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorinated_ethylene_propylene" title="Fluorinated ethylene propylene">Fluorinated ethylene propylene</a> (FEP)</li></ul> <p>These retain the useful PTFE properties of low friction and nonreactivity, but are also more easily formable. For example, FEP is softer than PTFE and melts at 533 K (260 °C; 500 °F); it is also highly transparent and resistant to sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BS_4994" title="BS 4994">BS 4994</a>, PTFE as a thermoplastic lining for dual laminate chemical process plant equipment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Waters_(2019_film)" title="Dark Waters (2019 film)"><i>Dark Waters</i></a>, a film about litigation related to PFOA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_We_Know_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil We Know (film)"><i>The Devil We Know</i></a>, documentary on PFOA's health and environmental effects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETFE" title="ETFE">ETFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a> waterproof fabric</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium/Teflon/Viton" title="Magnesium/Teflon/Viton">Magnesium/Teflon/Viton</a>, pyrolant thermite composition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_adsorption" title="Polymer adsorption">Polymer adsorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhydrophobic_coating" title="Superhydrophobic coating">Superhydrophobic coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_treatment_of_PTFE" title="Surface treatment of PTFE">Surface treatment of PTFE</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dielectric. Bulk resistivity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=53251">"poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (CHEBI:53251)"</a>. <i>ebi.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ebi.ac.uk&rft.atitle=poly%28tetrafluoroethylene%29+%28CHEBI%3A53251%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebi.ac.uk%2Fchebi%2FsearchId.do%3FchebiId%3D53251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716201011/http://www.microwaves101.com/ENCYCLOPEDIA/PTFE.cfm">"PTFE"</a>. <i>Microwaves101</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/PTFE.cfm">the original</a> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microwaves101&rft.atitle=PTFE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microwaves101.com%2Fencyclopedia%2FPTFE.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepipettepen.com/ask-a-toxicologist-is-it-safe-to-use-teflon-pans/">"Ask a Toxicologist: Is it safe to use Teflon pans? – the Pipettepen"</a>. <i>The Pipettepen</i>. 6 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pipettepen&rft.atitle=Ask+a+Toxicologist%3A+Is+it+safe+to+use+Teflon+pans%3F+%E2%80%93+the+Pipettepen&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepipettepen.com%2Fask-a-toxicologist-is-it-safe-to-use-teflon-pans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teflon.com:443/en/news-events/history">"The History of Teflon Fluoropolymers"</a>. <i>Teflon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teflon.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Teflon+Fluoropolymers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teflon.com%3A443%2Fen%2Fnews-events%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0xd-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0xd_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0xd_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAméduriSawada2017" class="citation book cs1">Améduri, B.; Sawada, Hideo, eds. (2017). <i>Fluorinated polymers</i>. RSC polymer chemistry series. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78262-917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78262-917-7"><bdi>978-1-78262-917-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951763265">951763265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluorinated+polymers&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=RSC+polymer+chemistry+series&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951763265&rft.isbn=978-1-78262-917-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRich2016" class="citation web cs1">Rich, Nathaniel (6 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html">"The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Lawyer+Who+Became+DuPont%27s+Worst+Nightmare&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F10%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillam2023" class="citation web cs1">Gillam, Carey (2 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/02/dupont-pfas-settlement-water-chemical-contamination">"Top US chemical firms to pay $1.2bn to settle water contamination lawsuits"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Top+US+chemical+firms+to+pay+%241.2bn+to+settle+water+contamination+lawsuits&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft.aulast=Gillam&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Fjun%2F02%2Fdupont-pfas-settlement-water-chemical-contamination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genx-more-toxic-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genx-more-toxic_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genx-more-toxic_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/environment/persistent-pollutants/US-EPA-deems-two-GenX-PFAS-chemicals-more-toxic-than-PFOA/99/i40">"US EPA deems two GenX PFAS chemicals more toxic than PFOA"</a>. <i>Chemical & Engineering News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=US+EPA+deems+two+GenX+PFAS+chemicals+more+toxic+than+PFOA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Fenvironment%2Fpersistent-pollutants%2FUS-EPA-deems-two-GenX-PFAS-chemicals-more-toxic-than-PFOA%2F99%2Fi40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epa-human-genx-toxicicty-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epa-human-genx-toxicicty_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa-human-genx-toxicicty_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-03/GenX-Toxicity-Assessment-factsheet-March-2023-update.pdf">"Fact Sheet: Human Health Toxicity Assessment for GenX Chemicals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Human+Health+Toxicity+Assessment+for+GenX+Chemicals&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F2023-03%2FGenX-Toxicity-Assessment-factsheet-March-2023-update.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institute-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Institute_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/roy-j-plunkett">"Roy J. Plunkett"</a>. <i>Science History Institute</i>. June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Roy+J.+Plunkett&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Froy-j-plunkett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFPlunkett1941"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2230654">US 2230654</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Plunkett" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Plunkett">Plunkett, Roy J</a>, "Tetrafluoroethylene polymers", issued 4 February 1941</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2230654&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Tetrafluoroethylene+polymers&rft.inventor=Plunkett&rft.date=4 February 1941"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fluoroboom-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fluoroboom_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703073623/http://www2.dupont.com/Refrigerants/en_US/sales_support/history_1930.html">"History Timeline 1930: The Fluorocarbon Boom"</a>. DuPont. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Refrigerants/en_US/sales_support/history_1930.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+Timeline+1930%3A+The+Fluorocarbon+Boom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.dupont.com%2FRefrigerants%2Fen_US%2Fsales_support%2Fhistory_1930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217011800/http://www2.dupont.com/Heritage/en_US/1938_dupont/1938_indepth.html">"Roy Plunkett: 1938"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Heritage/en_US/1938_dupont/1938_indepth.html">the original</a> on 17 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Roy+Plunkett%3A+1938&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.dupont.com%2FHeritage%2Fen_US%2F1938_dupont%2F1938_indepth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_of_Invention_%26_Technology" title="American Heritage of Invention & Technology">American Heritage of Invention & Technology</a></i>, Fall 2010, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rhodes_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2012" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Richard (2012). <i>The Making of the Atomic Bomb</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2622-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2622-6"><bdi>978-1-4391-2622-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-2622-6&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214150646/http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/teflon/index.html">"Teflon"</a>. <i>Useless Information</i>. home.nycap.rr.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/teflon/index.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Useless+Information&rft.atitle=Teflon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.nycap.rr.com%2Fuseless%2Fteflon%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intofire-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intofire_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1986" class="citation news cs1">Robbins, William (21 December 1986). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/21/us/teflon-maker-out-of-frying-pan-into-fame.html">"Teflon Maker: Out of a Frying Pan Into Fame"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/110883381">110883381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Teflon+Maker%3A+Out+of+a+Frying+Pan+Into+Fame&rft.date=1986-12-21&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F12%2F21%2Fus%2Fteflon-maker-out-of-frying-pan-into-fame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenton1992" class="citation news cs1">Fenton, Lois (2 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620172022/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-01-02-1992002050-story.html">"Go, spot, go Teflon enters fashion world as a protective coating"</a>. <i>Baltimore Sun</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-01-02-1992002050-story.html">the original</a> on 20 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Go%2C+spot%2C+go+Teflon+enters+fashion+world+as+a+protective+coating&rft.date=1992-01-02&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1992-01-02-1992002050-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated655-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated655_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated655_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunZhangZhongZhu1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sun, Jiazhen; Zhang, Yuefang; Zhong, Xiaoguang; Zhu, Xianglin (December 1994). "Modification of polytetrafluoroethylene by radiation—1. Improvement in high temperature properties and radiation stability". <i>Radiation Physics and Chemistry</i>. <b>44</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">655–</span>659. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994RaPC...44..655S">1994RaPC...44..655S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0969-806X%2894%2990226-7">10.1016/0969-806X(94)90226-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Physics+and+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Modification+of+polytetrafluoroethylene+by+radiation%E2%80%941.+Improvement+in+high+temperature+properties+and+radiation+stability&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E655-%3C%2Fspan%3E659&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0969-806X%2894%2990226-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994RaPC...44..655S&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Jiazhen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yuefang&rft.au=Zhong%2C+Xiaoguang&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xianglin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-beamservices.com/chain.htm">Electron Beam Processing of PTFE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906131658/http://e-beamservices.com/chain.htm">Archived</a> 6 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> E-BEAM Services website. Accessed 21 May 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWypych2015" class="citation book cs1">Wypych, George (2015). "Degradation by Other Forms of Radiation". <i>PVC Degradation and Stabilization</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-895198-85-0.50009-1">10.1016/B978-1-895198-85-0.50009-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-895198-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-895198-85-0"><bdi>978-1-895198-85-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Degradation+by+Other+Forms+of+Radiation&rft.btitle=PVC+Degradation+and+Stabilization&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-1-895198-85-0.50009-1&rft.isbn=978-1-895198-85-0&rft.aulast=Wypych&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPutsCrouseAmeduri2019" class="citation journal cs1">Puts, Gerard J.; Crouse, Philip; Ameduri, Bruno M. (28 January 2019). "Polytetrafluoroethylene: Synthesis and Characterization of the Original Extreme Polymer". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>119</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1763–</span>1805. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.8b00458">10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00458</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F68582">2263/68582</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689365">30689365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59338589">59338589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Polytetrafluoroethylene%3A+Synthesis+and+Characterization+of+the+Original+Extreme+Polymer&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1763-%3C%2Fspan%3E1805&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F68582&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59338589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30689365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.8b00458&rft.aulast=Puts&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft.au=Crouse%2C+Philip&rft.au=Ameduri%2C+Bruno+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlson, D. Peter and Schmiegel, Walter (2000) "Fluoropolymers, Organic" in <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a11_393">10.1002/14356007.a11_393</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Manufacturing Polytetrafluoroethylene". <i>Introduction to Fluoropolymers</i>. 2013. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4557-7442-5.00007-3">10.1016/B978-1-4557-7442-5.00007-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-7442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-7442-5"><bdi>978-1-4557-7442-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manufacturing+Polytetrafluoroethylene&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Fluoropolymers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-1-4557-7442-5.00007-3&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-7442-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPierozanCattaniKarlsson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pierozan, Paula; Cattani, Daiane; Karlsson, Oskar (February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.151945">"Tumorigenic activity of alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Mechanistic in vitro studies"</a>. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>808</b>: 151945. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ScTEn.80851945P">2022ScTEn.80851945P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.151945">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151945</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34843762">34843762</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244730906">244730906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Tumorigenic+activity+of+alternative+per-+and+polyfluoroalkyl+substances+%28PFAS%29%3A+Mechanistic+in+vitro+studies&rft.volume=808&rft.pages=151945&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.151945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244730906%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34843762&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ScTEn.80851945P&rft.aulast=Pierozan&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Cattani%2C+Daiane&rft.au=Karlsson%2C+Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2021.151945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chemours-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chemours_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemours_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203093128/https://www.chemours.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/tech_info/techinfo_compare.html">"Fluoroplastic Comparison - Typical Properties"</a>. <i>Chemours</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemours.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/tech_info/techinfo_compare.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemours&rft.atitle=Fluoroplastic+Comparison+-+Typical+Properties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemours.com%2FTeflon_Industrial%2Fen_US%2Ftech_info%2Ftechinfo_compare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ptfe_handbook-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ptfe_handbook_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjchase.com/ptfe_handbook.pdf">Teflon PTFE Properties Handbook</a>. Retrieved 11 October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plastechcoatings.com/chemours-teflon/">"Chemours Teflon™ Coating Applications"</a>. <i>plastechcoatings.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plastechcoatings.com&rft.atitle=Chemours+Teflon%E2%84%A2+Coating+Applications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplastechcoatings.com%2Fchemours-teflon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._J._HunadiK._Baum1982" class="citation journal cs1">R. J. Hunadi; K. Baum (1982). "Tetrafluoroethylene: A Convenient Laboratory Preparation". <i>Synthesis</i>. <b>39</b> (6): 454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-1982-29830">10.1055/s-1982-29830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96276938">96276938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthesis&rft.atitle=Tetrafluoroethylene%3A+A+Convenient+Laboratory+Preparation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=454&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-1982-29830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96276938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=R.+J.+Hunadi&rft.au=K.+Baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSajidIlyas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sajid, Muhammad; Ilyas, Muhammad (October 2017). "PTFE-coated non-stick cookware and toxicity concerns: a perspective". <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>. <b>24</b> (30): <span class="nowrap">23436–</span>23440. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESPR...2423436S">2017ESPR...2423436S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-017-0095-y">10.1007/s11356-017-0095-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28913736">28913736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=PTFE-coated+non-stick+cookware+and+toxicity+concerns%3A+a+perspective&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23436-%3C%2Fspan%3E23440&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28913736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-017-0095-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ESPR...2423436S&rft.aulast=Sajid&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Ilyas%2C+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2012" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, John W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XFsT69cX_YC&pg=PA50"><i>The Chemistry of Polymers</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84973-391-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84973-391-5"><bdi>978-1-84973-391-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Polymers&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84973-391-5&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XFsT69cX_YC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103183144/http://engineershandbook.com/Tables/plasticthermalexp.htm">"Reference Tables – Thermal Expansion Coefficients – Plastics"</a>. <i>engineershandbook.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineershandbook.com/Tables/plasticthermalexp.htm">the original</a> on 3 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engineershandbook.com&rft.atitle=Reference+Tables+%E2%80%93+Thermal+Expansion+Coefficients+%E2%80%93+Plastics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineershandbook.com%2FTables%2Fplasticthermalexp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlumm,_J.Lindemann,_A.Meyer,_M.Strasser,_C.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Blumm, J.; Lindemann, A.; Meyer, M.; Strasser, C. (2011). "Characterization of PTFE Using Advanced Thermal Analysis Technique". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Thermophysics" title="International Journal of Thermophysics">International Journal of Thermophysics</a></i>. <b>40</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 311. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJT....31.1919B">2010IJT....31.1919B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10765-008-0512-z">10.1007/s10765-008-0512-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122020437">122020437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Thermophysics&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+PTFE+Using+Advanced+Thermal+Analysis+Technique&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=311&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122020437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10765-008-0512-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010IJT....31.1919B&rft.au=Blumm%2C+J.&rft.au=Lindemann%2C+A.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&rft.au=Strasser%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaplerLeupoldDragonuvon_Elverfeldt2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wapler, M. C.; Leupold, J.; Dragonu, I.; von Elverfeldt, D.; Zaitsev, M.; Wallrabe, U. (2014). "Magnetic properties of materials for MR engineering, micro-MR and beyond". <i>JMR</i>. <b>242</b>: <span class="nowrap">233–</span>242. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.4760">1403.4760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JMagR.242..233W">2014JMagR.242..233W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmr.2014.02.005">10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705364">24705364</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11545416">11545416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JMR&rft.atitle=Magnetic+properties+of+materials+for+MR+engineering%2C+micro-MR+and+beyond&rft.volume=242&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11545416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JMagR.242..233W&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1403.4760&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24705364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmr.2014.02.005&rft.aulast=Wapler&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Leupold%2C+J.&rft.au=Dragonu%2C+I.&rft.au=von+Elverfeldt%2C+D.&rft.au=Zaitsev%2C+M.&rft.au=Wallrabe%2C+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matweb.com/reference/coefficient-of-friction.asp">Coefficient of Friction (COF) Testing of Plastics</a>. MatWeb Material Property Data. Retrieved 1 January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gecko-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gecko_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014063923/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~peattiea/research_main.html">Research into Gecko Adhesion</a>",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (October 2024)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></i>, 2007-10-14. Retrieved 8 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gasketresources.com/ptfe-gaskets">"PTFE Sheet"</a>. <i>Gasket Resources Inc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gasket+Resources+Inc.&rft.atitle=PTFE+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gasketresources.com%2Fptfe-gaskets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavet" class="citation web cs1">Davet, George P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.solonmfg.com/l/152611/2016-06-22/mlzyt/152611/15210/Using_Belleville_Springs_to_Maintain_Bolt_Preload.pdf">"Using Belleville Springs To Maintain Bolt Preload"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Solon Manufacturing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+Belleville+Springs+To+Maintain+Bolt+Preload&rft.pub=Solon+Manufacturing+Company&rft.aulast=Davet&rft.aufirst=George+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.solonmfg.com%2Fl%2F152611%2F2016-06-22%2Fmlzyt%2F152611%2F15210%2FUsing_Belleville_Springs_to_Maintain_Bolt_Preload.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerryVigierBessede1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ferry, Laurent; Vigier, Gérard; Bessede, Jean Luc (May 1996). "Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Polytetrafluoroethylene: Morphology Influence". <i>Polymers for Advanced Technologies</i>. <b>7</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">493–</span>500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1581%28199605%297%3A5%2F6%3C493%3A%3AAID-PAT536%3E3.0.CO%3B2-D">10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199605)7:5/6<493::AID-PAT536>3.0.CO;2-D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymers+for+Advanced+Technologies&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Ultraviolet+Radiation+on+Polytetrafluoroethylene%3A+Morphology+Influence&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E493-%3C%2Fspan%3E500&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1581%28199605%297%3A5%2F6%3C493%3A%3AAID-PAT536%3E3.0.CO%3B2-D&rft.aulast=Ferry&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Vigier%2C+G%C3%A9rard&rft.au=Bessede%2C+Jean+Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cowie.com/thermal.htm">"Cowie Technology – PTFE: High Thermal Stability"</a>. <i>Cowie.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cowie.com&rft.atitle=Cowie+Technology+%E2%80%93+PTFE%3A+High+Thermal+Stability&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cowie.com%2Fthermal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inoflon.com/pdf/PG_Free%20flow%20granular%20PTFE.pdf">"Free Flow Granular PTFE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Inoflon Fluoropolymers</i>. 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inoflon+Fluoropolymers&rft.atitle=Free+Flow+Granular+PTFE&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inoflon.com%2Fpdf%2FPG_Free%2520flow%2520granular%2520PTFE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebnesajjad2016-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ebnesajjad2016_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbnesajjad2017" class="citation book cs1">Ebnesajjad, Sina (2017). <i>Expanded PTFE Applications Handbook</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2009-0-61247-2">10.1016/C2009-0-61247-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-7855-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-7855-7"><bdi>978-1-4377-7855-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanded+PTFE+Applications+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FC2009-0-61247-2&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-7855-7&rft.aulast=Ebnesajjad&rft.aufirst=Sina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daikinchem.de/downloads/PTFE-M.pdf">"Polyflon PTFE Molding Powder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Daikin Chemical</i>. 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daikin+Chemical&rft.atitle=Polyflon+PTFE+Molding+Powder&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daikinchem.de%2Fdownloads%2FPTFE-M.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polyfluoroltd.blogspot.com/2011/04/ptfe-myths-busted.html">"Unraveling Polymers: PTFE"</a>. Poly Fouoro Ltd. 26 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unraveling+Polymers%3A+PTFE&rft.pub=Poly+Fouoro+Ltd.&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolyfluoroltd.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F04%2Fptfe-myths-busted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vedantu2024-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vedantu2024_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vedantu2024_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/polytetrafluoroethylene">"Polytetrafluoroethylene - Introduction, Production, Applications, and FAQs"</a>. <i>VEDANTU</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VEDANTU&rft.atitle=Polytetrafluoroethylene+-+Introduction%2C+Production%2C+Applications%2C+and+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedantu.com%2Fchemistry%2Fpolytetrafluoroethylene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSack2022" class="citation web cs1">Sack, Harald (26 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scihi.org/roy-j-plunkett-teflon/">"Roy J. Plunkett and the Discovery of Teflon | SciHi Blog"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roy+J.+Plunkett+and+the+Discovery+of+Teflon+%7C+SciHi+Blog&rft.date=2022-06-26&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscihi.org%2Froy-j-plunkett-teflon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MishraYagci-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MishraYagci_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MishraYagci_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMishraYagci2008" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Munmaya; Yagci, Yusuf, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoFE-itPBPgC&pg=PA574"><i>Handbook of Vinyl Polymers: Radical Polymerization, Process, and Technology, Second Edition</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2595-2"><bdi>978-0-8247-2595-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Vinyl+Polymers%3A+Radical+Polymerization%2C+Process%2C+and+Technology%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=574&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2595-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCoFE-itPBPgC%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espemfg.com/teflon-machining-fabrication.html">"Teflon Machining & Fabrication"</a>. <i>Espemfg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Espemfg.com&rft.atitle=Teflon+Machining+%26+Fabrication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espemfg.com%2Fteflon-machining-fabrication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMishraYagci2008" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Munmaya; Yagci, Yusuf, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoFE-itPBPgC&pg=PA573"><i>Handbook of Vinyl Polymers: Radical Polymerization, Process, and Technology, Second Edition</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2595-2"><bdi>978-0-8247-2595-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Vinyl+Polymers%3A+Radical+Polymerization%2C+Process%2C+and+Technology%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2595-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCoFE-itPBPgC%26pg%3DPA573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makmax.com.au/fabrics/ptfe/">"PTFE"</a>. <i>MakMax Australia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MakMax+Australia&rft.atitle=PTFE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makmax.com.au%2Ffabrics%2Fptfe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makmax.com.au/project/sydney-football-stadium-roof/">"Sydney Football Stadium Roof"</a>. <i>MakMax Australia</i>. 16 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MakMax+Australia&rft.atitle=Sydney+Football+Stadium+Roof&rft.date=2022-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makmax.com.au%2Fproject%2Fsydney-football-stadium-roof%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003141443/https://interflonusa.com/what-is-micpol/#assembly">"What is MicPol?"</a>. <i>Interflonusa.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interflonusa.com/what-is-micpol/#assembly">the original</a> on 3 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interflonusa.com&rft.atitle=What+is+MicPol%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterflonusa.com%2Fwhat-is-micpol%2F%23assembly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baysidemarine.co.uk/gt85-general-lubricant-with-ptfe---400ml-6284-p.asp">"GT85 General Lubricant with PTFE - 400ml"</a>. <i>Baysidemarine.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baysidemarine.co.uk&rft.atitle=GT85+General+Lubricant+with+PTFE+-+400ml&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baysidemarine.co.uk%2Fgt85-general-lubricant-with-ptfe---400ml-6284-p.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.triflowlubricants.com/product/tri-flow-superior-lubricant-aerosol/">"Tri-Flow Superior Lubricant Aerosol – Triflow Lubricants"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tri-Flow+Superior+Lubricant+Aerosol+%E2%80%93+Triflow+Lubricants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.triflowlubricants.com%2Fproduct%2Ftri-flow-superior-lubricant-aerosol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wd40.com/products/dry-lube/">"Dry Lube PTFE Spray - Dirt & Dust Resistant Dry Lube | WD-40"</a>. <i>www.wd40.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wd40.com&rft.atitle=Dry+Lube+PTFE+Spray+-+Dirt+%26+Dust+Resistant+Dry+Lube+%7C+WD-40&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wd40.com%2Fproducts%2Fdry-lube%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pratique.leparisien.fr/fiches-pratiques/electromenager/repassage/fers-a-repasser-semelle-teflon-1600004600043011#xtref=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.fr%252F">Fers à repasser semelle teflon - Fiche pratique - Le Parisien</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816072735/http://pratique.leparisien.fr/fiches-pratiques/electromenager/repassage/fers-a-repasser-semelle-teflon-1600004600043011#xtref=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.fr%252F">Archived</a> 16 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pratique.leparisien.fr. Retrieved on 2016-11-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gore-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gore_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705134857/https://www.infinitymotorcycles.com/news/a-motorcyclists-guide-to-gore-tex/119">"A Motorcyclist's Guide To Gore-Tex"</a>. Infinity Motorcycles. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infinitymotorcycles.com/news/a-motorcyclists-guide-to-gore-tex/119">the original</a> on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Motorcyclist%27s+Guide+To+Gore-Tex&rft.pub=Infinity+Motorcycles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infinitymotorcycles.com%2Fnews%2Fa-motorcyclists-guide-to-gore-tex%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CutterAndTailor-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CutterAndTailor_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703221827/http://www.cutterandtailor.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=852">"Advantages and Disadvantages of Teflon-coated Covert Cloth"</a>. <i>The Cutter and Tailor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cutterandtailor.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=852">the original</a> on 3 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cutter+and+Tailor&rft.atitle=Advantages+and+Disadvantages+of+Teflon-coated+Covert+Cloth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cutterandtailor.com%2Fforum%2Findex.php%3Fshowtopic%3D852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeltaCoatingsandLinings-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeltaCoatingsandLinings_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deltacoatingsandliningsbr.com/ptfe">"PTFE & Industrial Non-Stick Fluoropolymer Coating Services | Delta Coatings & Linings, Inc"</a>. <i>Deltacoatingsandliningsbr.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deltacoatingsandliningsbr.com&rft.atitle=PTFE+%26+Industrial+Non-Stick+Fluoropolymer+Coating+Services+%26%23124%3B+Delta+Coatings+%26+Linings%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deltacoatingsandliningsbr.com%2Fptfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FilmInterfacePatch-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FilmInterfacePatch_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oandp.org/jpo/library/popup.asp?xmlpage=2006_04_093&type=image&id=f11">"Film Interface Patch"</a>. American Academy of Orthotists & Prosthetists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film+Interface+Patch&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Orthotists+%26+Prosthetists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oandp.org%2Fjpo%2Flibrary%2Fpopup.asp%3Fxmlpage%3D2006_04_093%26type%3Dimage%26id%3Df11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkRittiphairojWangE2023" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Junghyun; Rittiphairoj, Thanitsara; Wang, Xue; E, Jian-Yu; Bicket, Amanda K (13 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10010250">"Device-modified trabeculectomy for glaucoma"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2023</b> (3): CD010472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010472.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD010472.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10010250">10010250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36912740">36912740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Device-modified+trabeculectomy+for+glaucoma&rft.volume=2023&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD010472&rft.date=2023-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10010250%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36912740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010472.pub3&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Junghyun&rft.au=Rittiphairoj%2C+Thanitsara&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xue&rft.au=E%2C+Jian-Yu&rft.au=Bicket%2C+Amanda+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10010250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koch-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koch_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoch2002" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Ernst-Christian (November 2002). "Metal-Fluorocarbon-Pyrolants: III. Development and Application of Magnesium/Teflon/Viton (MTV)". <i>Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics</i>. <b>27</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">262–</span>266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-4087%28200211%2927%3A5%3C262%3A%3AAID-PREP262%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8">10.1002/1521-4087(200211)27:5<262::AID-PREP262>3.0.CO;2-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Propellants%2C+Explosives%2C+Pyrotechnics&rft.atitle=Metal-Fluorocarbon-Pyrolants%3A+III.+Development+and+Application+of+Magnesium%2FTeflon%2FViton+%28MTV%29&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1521-4087%28200211%2927%3A5%3C262%3A%3AAID-PREP262%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Ernst-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecubicle.us/lubicle-p-9146.html">"Lubicle 1"</a>. <i>TheCubicle.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheCubicle.us&rft.atitle=Lubicle+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecubicle.us%2Flubicle-p-9146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guncite.com/ktwint.html">"Interview with an inventor of the KTW bullet"</a>. <i>NRAction Newsletter</i>. <b>4</b> (5). May 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NRAction+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Interview+with+an+inventor+of+the+KTW+bullet&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1990-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guncite.com%2Fktwint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy2013" class="citation web cs1">Pomeroy, Ross (24 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2013/08/the-worlds-strongest-acids.html">"The World's Strongest Acids: Like Fire and Ice"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Strongest+Acids%3A+Like+Fire+and+Ice&rft.date=2013-08-24&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearscience.com%2Fblog%2F2013%2F08%2Fthe-worlds-strongest-acids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baghouse.com/2012/05/28/industrial-air-permits-new-clean-air-regulations-and-baghouses/">"Industrial Air Permits - New Clean Air Regulations And Baghouses"</a>. Baghouse.com. 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+Air+Permits+-+New+Clean+Air+Regulations+And+Baghouses&rft.pub=Baghouse.com&rft.date=2012-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baghouse.com%2F2012%2F05%2F28%2Findustrial-air-permits-new-clean-air-regulations-and-baghouses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_DDS2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, DDS, Dennis E. (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dentistrytoday.com/restorative-134/1864--sp-1460991174">"Using Plumber's Teflon Tape to Enhance Bonding Procedures"</a>. <i>Dentistry Today</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>8, <span class="nowrap">80–</span>1. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11824121">11824121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dentistry+Today&rft.atitle=Using+Plumber%27s+Teflon+Tape+to+Enhance+Bonding+Procedures&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E8%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E1&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11824121&rft.aulast=Brown%2C+DDS&rft.aufirst=Dennis+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dentistrytoday.com%2Frestorative-134%2F1864--sp-1460991174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunn2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, WJ; et al. (2004). "Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape as a matrix in operative dentistry". <i>Operative Dentistry</i>. <b>29</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">470–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15279489">15279489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Operative+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Polytetrafluoroethylene+%28PTFE%29+tape+as+a+matrix+in+operative+dentistry.&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E470-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15279489&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=WJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2014" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Ed (21 October 2014). <i>Beyond Buds</i> (Revised ed.). Quick American Archives. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1936807239" title="Special:BookSources/978-1936807239"><bdi>978-1936807239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Buds&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Quick+American+Archives&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.isbn=978-1936807239&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-surface-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-surface_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-surface_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surfacetechnology.co.uk/surface-coatings/fluoropolymer-coating/">"Fluoropolymer PTFE coating services from Surface Technology UK"</a>. <i>Surface Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surface+Technology&rft.atitle=Fluoropolymer+PTFE+coating+services+from+Surface+Technology+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surfacetechnology.co.uk%2Fsurface-coatings%2Ffluoropolymer-coating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zapp-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zapp_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZappLimperosBrinker1955" class="citation journal cs1">Zapp JA, Limperos G, Brinker KC (26 April 1955). "Toxicity of pyrolysis products of 'Teflon' tetrafluoroethylene resin". <i>Proceedings of the American Industrial Hygiene Association Annual Meeting</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Industrial+Hygiene+Association+Annual+Meeting&rft.atitle=Toxicity+of+pyrolysis+products+of+%27Teflon%27+tetrafluoroethylene+resin&rft.date=1955-04-26&rft.aulast=Zapp&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Limperos%2C+G&rft.au=Brinker%2C+KC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502210638/http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon/en_US/products/safety/key_questions.html#q6">"Key Safety Questions About Teflon Nonstick Coatings"</a>. DuPont. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon/en_US/products/safety/key_questions.html#q6">the original</a> on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Key+Safety+Questions+About+Teflon+Nonstick+Coatings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.dupont.com%2FTeflon%2Fen_US%2Fproducts%2Fsafety%2Fkey_questions.html%23q6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502210638/http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon/en_US/products/safety/key_questions.html#q5">"Key Safety Questions about the Safety of Nonstick Cookware"</a>. DuPont. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon/en_US/products/safety/key_questions.html#q5">the original</a> on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Safety+Questions+about+the+Safety+of+Nonstick+Cookware&rft.pub=DuPont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.dupont.com%2FTeflon%2Fen_US%2Fproducts%2Fsafety%2Fkey_questions.html%23q5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hsdb-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hsdb_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsdb_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsdb_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsdb_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsdb_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/833">"Teflon"</a>. <i>Hazardous Substances Data Bank</i>. National Center for Biotechnology Information National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hazardous+Substances+Data+Bank&rft.atitle=Teflon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsource%2Fhsdb%2F833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffithStephensTayfun1973" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith, Franklin D.; Stephens, Susan S.; Tayfun, Figen O. (April 1973). "Exposure of Japanese Quail and Parakeets to the Pyrolysis Products of Fry Pans Coated with Teflon® and Common Cooking Oils". <i>American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal</i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">176–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0002889738506828">10.1080/0002889738506828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4723395">4723395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Industrial+Hygiene+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Exposure+of+Japanese+Quail+and+Parakeets+to+the+Pyrolysis+Products+of+Fry+Pans+Coated+with+Teflon%C2%AE+and+Common+Cooking+Oils&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0002889738506828&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4723395&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Susan+S.&rft.au=Tayfun%2C+Figen+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancer-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cancer_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/teflon-and-perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa.html">"Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), Teflon, and Related Chemicals"</a>. <i>www.cancer.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cancer.org&rft.atitle=Perfluorooctanoic+Acid+%28PFOA%29%2C+Teflon%2C+and+Related+Chemicals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fcancer-causes%2Fteflon-and-perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhg.com.au/the-truth-about-teflon-are-non-stick-pans-safe">"The truth about teflon: are non-stick pans safe?"</a>. <i>Better Homes and Gardens</i>. 2 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Better+Homes+and+Gardens&rft.atitle=The+truth+about+teflon%3A+are+non-stick+pans+safe%3F&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhg.com.au%2Fthe-truth-about-teflon-are-non-stick-pans-safe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://living-future.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/LBC-Red-List-CASRN-Guide-2024.xlsx">"LBC Red List CASRN Guide 2024"</a>. International Living Future Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LBC+Red+List+CASRN+Guide+2024&rft.pub=International+Living+Future+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliving-future.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F04%2FLBC-Red-List-CASRN-Guide-2024.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100LTG6.txt">Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)</a>. <i>National Service Center for Environmental Publications</i> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>. March 2014. p. 1. 505-F-14-001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Emerging+Contaminants+Fact+Sheet+%26ndash%3B+Perfluorooctane+Sulfonate+%28PFOS%29+and+Perfluorooctanoic+Acid+%28PFOA%29&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepis.epa.gov%2FExe%2FZyPURL.cgi%3FDockey%3DP100LTG6.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casaweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/National-PFAS-Receivers-Factsheet.pdf">"PFAs Factsheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Casaweb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Casaweb.org&rft.atitle=PFAs+Factsheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasaweb.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F01%2FNational-PFAS-Receivers-Factsheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTmagazine-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTmagazine_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRich2016" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Nathaniel (6 January 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html">"The Lawyer Who Became Dupont's Worst Nightmare"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Lawyer+Who+Became+Dupont%27s+Worst+Nightmare&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F10%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blake_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlake" class="citation web cs1">Blake, Mariah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/welcome-to-beautiful-parkersburg/">"Welcome to Beautiful Parkersburg, West Virginia Home to one of the most brazen, deadly corporate gambits in U.S. history"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Beautiful+Parkersburg%2C+West+Virginia+Home+to+one+of+the+most+brazen%2C+deadly+corporate+gambits+in+U.S.+history.&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Mariah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighline.huffingtonpost.com%2Farticles%2Fen%2Fwelcome-to-beautiful-parkersburg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fellner-16June2018-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fellner-16June2018_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFellner2018" class="citation news cs1">Fellner, Carrie (16 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/health-and-wellness/toxic-secrets-professor-bragged-about-burying-bad-science-on-3m-chemicals-20180615-p4zlsc.html">"Toxic Secrets: Professor 'bragged about burying bad science' on 3M chemicals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Toxic+Secrets%3A+Professor+%27bragged+about+burying+bad+science%27+on+3M+chemicals&rft.date=2018-06-16&rft.aulast=Fellner&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Flifestyle%2Fhealth-and-wellness%2Ftoxic-secrets-professor-bragged-about-burying-bad-science-on-3m-chemicals-20180615-p4zlsc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicole2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nicole, W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3855507">"PFOA and Cancer in a Highly Exposed Community: New Findings from the C8 Science Panel"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>121</b> (<span class="nowrap">11–</span>12): A340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.121-A340">10.1289/ehp.121-A340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3855507">3855507</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24284021">24284021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=PFOA+and+Cancer+in+a+Highly+Exposed+Community%3A+New+Findings+from+the+C8+Science+Panel&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pages=A340&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3855507%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24284021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.121-A340&rft.aulast=Nicole&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3855507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrudelHorowitzWormuthScheringer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Trudel D, Horowitz L, Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, Hungerbühler K (April 2008). "Estimating consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA". <i>Risk Anal</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">251–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RiskA..28..251T">2008RiskA..28..251T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1539-6924.2008.01017.x">10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18419647">18419647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10777081">10777081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Risk+Anal.&rft.atitle=Estimating+consumer+exposure+to+PFOS+and+PFOA&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1539-6924.2008.01017.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10777081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18419647&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008RiskA..28..251T&rft.aulast=Trudel&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+L&rft.au=Wormuth%2C+M&rft.au=Scheringer%2C+M&rft.au=Cousins%2C+IT&rft.au=Hungerb%C3%BChler%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeekmanZweers2016" class="citation web cs1">Beekman, M.; et al. (12 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rivm.nl/dsresource?objectid=3186e480-7d66-4ded-ac59-acd2e804d3b5">"Evaluation of substances used in the GenX technology by Chemours, Dordrecht"</a>. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (<a href="/wiki/RIVM" class="mw-redirect" title="RIVM">RIVM</a>, The Netherlands)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+substances+used+in+the+GenX+technology+by+Chemours%2C+Dordrecht&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Public+Health+and+the+Environment+%28RIVM%2C+The+Netherlands%29&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft.aulast=Beekman&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Zweers%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rivm.nl%2Fdsresource%3Fobjectid%3D3186e480-7d66-4ded-ac59-acd2e804d3b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/pfas/basic-information-pfas#difference">"What is the difference between PFOA, PFOS and GenX and other replacement PFAS?"</a>. <i>PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs</i>. EPA. 18 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PFOA%2C+PFOS+and+Other+PFASs&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+PFOA%2C+PFOS+and+GenX+and+other+replacement+PFAS%3F&rft.date=2018-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fpfas%2Fbasic-information-pfas%23difference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genx-regret-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genx-regret_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-genx-regret_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhearn2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ahearn, Ashley (24 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2FEHP5134">"A Regrettable Substitute: The Story of GenX"</a>. <i>Podcasts: The Researcher's Perspective</i>. <b>2019</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2FEHP5134">10.1289/EHP5134</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Podcasts%3A+The+Researcher%27s+Perspective&rft.atitle=A+Regrettable+Substitute%3A+The+Story+of+GenX&rft.volume=2019&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019-03-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2FEHP5134&rft.aulast=Ahearn&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1289%252FEHP5134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/GenX/SAB/FAQ_updated_021518.pdf">"GenX Frequently Asked Questions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GenX Investigation</i>. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ). 15 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GenX+Investigation&rft.atitle=GenX+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.nc.gov%2Fncdeq%2FGenX%2FSAB%2FFAQ_updated_021518.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/news/environment/2017/06/07/toxin-taints-cfpua-drinking-water/20684831007/">"Toxin taints CFPUA drinking water"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toxin+taints+CFPUA+drinking+water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.starnewsonline.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2F2017%2F06%2F07%2Ftoxin-taints-cfpua-drinking-water%2F20684831007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deq.nc.gov/genx/fact-sheet-chemours-proposed-consent-order/download">"FACT SHEET: Proposed Chemours Consent Order"</a>. 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FACT+SHEET%3A+Proposed+Chemours+Consent+Order&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deq.nc.gov%2Fgenx%2Ffact-sheet-chemours-proposed-consent-order%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deq.nc.gov/news/key-issues/genx-investigation/chemours-consent-order">"Chemours Consent Order | NC DEQ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemours+Consent+Order+%26%23124%3B+NC+DEQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deq.nc.gov%2Fnews%2Fkey-issues%2Fgenx-investigation%2Fchemours-consent-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capefearriverwatch.org/genx/">"PFAS | Cape Fear River Watch"</a>. 20 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PFAS+%26%23124%3B+Cape+Fear+River+Watch&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapefearriverwatch.org%2Fgenx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemours.com/en/about-chemours/global-reach/fayetteville-works/compliance-testing">"Consent Order Compliance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consent+Order+Compliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemours.com%2Fen%2Fabout-chemours%2Fglobal-reach%2Ffayetteville-works%2Fcompliance-testing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724195156/http://www.texloc.com/closet/cl_fep_properties.htm">FEP Detailed Properties</a>, Parker-TexLoc, 13 April 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2006.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllisMaburyMartinMuir2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, D.A.; Mabury, S.A.; Martin, J.W.; Muir, D.C.G.; Mabury, S.A.; Martin, J.W.; Muir, D.C.G. (2001). "Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment". <i>Nature</i>. <b>412</b> (6844): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>324. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..321E">2001Natur.412..321E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35085548">10.1038/35085548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11460160">11460160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4405763">4405763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Thermolysis+of+fluoropolymers+as+a+potential+source+of+halogenated+organic+acids+in+the+environment&rft.volume=412&rft.issue=6844&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35085548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4405763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11460160&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.412..321E&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft.au=Mabury%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Martin%2C+J.W.&rft.au=Muir%2C+D.C.G.&rft.au=Mabury%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Martin%2C+J.W.&rft.au=Muir%2C+D.C.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolytetrafluoroethylene" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227022541/http://www.plasmatechsystems.com/about/pubs/Plasma%20Processes%20Polytetrafluoroethylene.pdf">Plasma Processes and Adhesive Bonding of Polytetrafluoroethylene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305090149/http://fluorotherm.com/Properties-PTFE.asp">PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) (Properties) | Fluorotherm.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="DuPont401" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DuPont" title="Template:DuPont"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DuPont" title="Template talk:DuPont"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DuPont" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DuPont"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DuPont401" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <br /><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Breen" title="Edward D. Breen">Edward D. Breen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_M._Cutler" title="Alexander M. Cutler">Alexander M. Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_L._Gupta" title="Rajiv L. Gupta">Rajiv L. Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DuPont_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DuPont_logo.svg/120px-DuPont_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DuPont_logo.svg/180px-DuPont_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DuPont_logo.svg/240px-DuPont_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="37" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corian" title="Corian">Corian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroform" title="Fluoroform">FE-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypalon" title="Hypalon">Hypalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFKM" title="FFKM">Kalrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">Mylar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">Neoprene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorona" title="Sorona">Sorona</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Teflon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyvek" title="Tyvek">Tyvek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespel" title="Vespel">Vespel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viton">Viton</a></li> <li>Zodiaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zytel" title="Zytel">Zytel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antec" title="Antec">Antec International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and <br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Central_Research" title="DuPont Central Research">DuPont Central Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Experimental_Station" title="DuPont Experimental Station">DuPont Experimental Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Building" title="DuPont Building">DuPont Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont" title="Éleuthère Irénée du Pont">Éleuthère Irénée du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I._du_Pont" title="Alfred I. du Pont">Alfred I. du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_du_Pont" title="Eugene du Pont">Eugene du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Gurney_du_Pont" title="Francis Gurney du Pont">Francis Gurney du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_du_Pont" title="Francis Irénée du Pont">Francis Irénée du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_du_Pont" title="Henry du Pont">Henry du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammot_du_Pont" class="mw-redirect" title="Lammot du Pont">Lammot du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_S._du_Pont" title="Pierre S. du Pont">Pierre S. du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Coleman_du_Pont" title="T. Coleman du Pont">T. Coleman du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Agate" title="Jeffery Agate">Jeffery Stanford Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Arduengo_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Joseph Arduengo III">Anthony Joseph Arduengo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Antoine_Bidermann" title="Jacques Antoine Bidermann">Jacques Antoine Bidermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaldson_Brown" title="Donaldson Brown">Donaldson Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Brown" title="Richard H. Brown">Richard H. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Carothers" title="Wallace Carothers">Wallace Carothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Chowdhry" title="Uma Chowdhry">Uma Chowdhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Connelly" title="Thomas M. Connelly">Thomas M. Connelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_J._Crawford" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtis J. Crawford">Curtis J. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Dillon_(businessman)" title="John T. Dillon (businessman)">John T. Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fisher" title="Linda Fisher">Linda Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodmanson" title="Richard Goodmanson">Richard Goodmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gordon" title="Jeff Gordon">Jeff Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Holliday" title="Charles O. Holliday">Charles O. Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ittel" title="Steven Ittel">Steven Ittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Jefferson" title="Edward G. Jefferson">Edward G. Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_J._Kullman" title="Ellen J. Kullman">Ellen J. Kullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lynah" title="James Lynah">James Lynah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Pariser" title="Rudolph Pariser">Rudolph Pariser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Parshall" title="George Parshall">George Parshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dale_Phillips" title="William Dale Phillips">William Dale Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Plunkett" title="Roy J. Plunkett">Roy J. Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">John J. Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_K._Reilly" title="William K. Reilly">William K. Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_S._Shapiro" title="Irving S. Shapiro">Irving S. Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Shivers" title="Joseph Shivers">Joseph Shivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stine" title="Charles Stine">Charles Stine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_N._Tebbe" title="Frederick N. Tebbe">Frederick N. Tebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwick_A._Tolman" title="Chadwick A. Tolman">Chadwick A. Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Tupper" title="Earl Tupper">Earl Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Vest" title="Charles M. Vest">Charles M. Vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Woolard_Jr." title="Edgar S. Woolard Jr.">Edgar S. Woolard Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Wyeth_(inventor)" title="Nathaniel Wyeth (inventor)">Nathaniel C. Wyeth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">DuPont (1802–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_family" title="Du Pont family">Du Pont family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca#History" title="AstraZeneca">Atlas Chemical Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_Reactor" title="B Reactor">B Reactor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherian_Mills" title="Eleutherian Mills">Eleutherian Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagley_Museum_and_Library" title="Hagley Museum and Library">Hagley Museum and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules Inc">Hercules Powder Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic Chemicals">Kinetic Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemours_Estate" title="Nemours Estate">Nemours Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remington_Arms" title="Remington Arms">Remington Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_Site" title="Savannah River Site">Savannah River Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Trust" title="Wilmington Trust">Wilmington Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterthur_Museum,_Garden_and_Library" title="Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library">Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conoco" title="Conoco">Conoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consol_Energy" title="Consol Energy">Consolidation Coal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_analysis" title="DuPont analysis">DuPont analysis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DuPont_v._Kolon_Industries" title="DuPont v. Kolon Industries">DuPont v. Kolon Industries</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_Motors" title="Du Pont Motors">Du Pont Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Building" title="DuPont Building">DuPont Building</a> (incl. The Playhouse on Rodney Square, formerly the DuPont Playhouse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemours" title="Chemours">Chemours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tour_DuPont" title="Tour DuPont">Tour DuPont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_250" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa 250">Pioneer 250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports_Car_No._24" title="Hendrick Motorsports Car No. 24">Hendrick Motorsports Car No. 24</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series_career_of_Jeff_Gordon" title="NASCAR Cup Series career of Jeff Gordon">NASCAR Cup Series career of Jeff Gordon</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_DuPont_Show_with_June_Allyson" title="The DuPont Show with June Allyson">The DuPont Show with June Allyson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Show_of_the_Month" title="DuPont Show of the Month">DuPont Show of the Month</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:DuPont" title="Category:DuPont">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DuPont" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:DuPont">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plastics171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plastics" title="Template:Plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plastics" title="Template talk:Plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plastics171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/250px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/330px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_objects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/250px-Plastic_objects.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/330px-Plastic_objects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1769" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics <br />processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_blowing_machine" title="Film blowing machine">Film blowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications" title="Category:Plastics applications">Category:Plastics applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&oldid=1280524390">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&oldid=1280524390</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biomaterials" title="Category:Biomaterials">Biomaterials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dielectrics" title="Category:Dielectrics">Dielectrics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dry_lubricants" title="Category:Dry lubricants">Dry lubricants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DuPont" title="Category:DuPont">DuPont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DuPont_products" title="Category:DuPont products">DuPont products</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fluorocarbons" title="Category:Fluorocarbons">Fluorocarbons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fluoropolymers" title="Category:Fluoropolymers">Fluoropolymers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thermoplastics" title="Category:Thermoplastics">Thermoplastics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pyrotechnic_oxidizers" title="Category:Pyrotechnic oxidizers">Pyrotechnic oxidizers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roofing_materials" title="Category:Roofing materials">Roofing materials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engineering_plastic" title="Category:Engineering plastic">Engineering plastic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1938_in_science" title="Category:1938 in science">1938 in science</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from October 2024">Articles with self-published sources from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemicals_that_do_not_have_a_ChemSpider_ID_assigned" title="Category:Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned">Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemicals_without_a_PubChem_CID" title="Category:Chemicals without a PubChem CID">Chemicals without a PubChem CID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_without_InChI_source" title="Category:Articles without InChI source">Articles without InChI source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_changed_EBI_identifier" title="Category:Articles with changed EBI identifier">Articles with changed EBI identifier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ECHA_InfoCard_ID_from_Wikidata" title="Category:ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata">ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_changed_KEGG_identifier" title="Category:Articles with changed KEGG identifier">Articles with changed KEGG identifier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_unverified_chemical_infoboxes" title="Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes">Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_image_size_set" title="Category:Chembox image size set">Chembox image size set</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_external_media_template_with_no_first_item" title="Category:Pages using the external media template with no first item">Pages using the external media template with no first item</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2017">Articles needing additional references from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_trivia_sections_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with trivia sections from August 2023">Articles with trivia sections from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_trivia_sections" title="Category:All articles with trivia sections">All articles with trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 March 2025, at 02:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polytetrafluoroethylene&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polytetrafluoroethylene</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>54 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-h56vm","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.157","walltime":"1.370","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12672,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":298306,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21698,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":353650,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1171.239 1 -total"," 38.91% 455.747 2 Template:Reflist"," 27.95% 327.397 1 Template:Chembox"," 16.90% 197.922 49 Template:Cite_web"," 14.91% 174.624 1 Template:Chembox_Identifiers"," 8.69% 101.806 4 Template:Chembox_headerbar"," 8.55% 100.139 13 Template:Trim"," 7.38% 86.488 19 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.07% 82.812 4 Template:Navbox"," 6.51% 76.205 24 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.601","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12008022,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-xr2tl","timestamp":"20250403031706","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Polytetrafluoroethylene","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polytetrafluoroethylene","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q143252","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q143252","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-28T19:02:41Z","dateModified":"2025-03-15T02:24:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e0\/Polytetrafluoroethylene.svg","headline":"polymer"}</script> </body> </html>