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narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midrash_Rabba_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midrash_Rabba_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Midrash Rabba version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midrash_Rabba_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Idiom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idiom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Idiom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idiom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9D%E1%88%A9%E1%8B%B5" title="ናምሩድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናምሩድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebrond" title="Nebrond – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nebrond" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نمرود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نمرود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nemrod" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99mrud" title="Nəmrud – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəmrud" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6" title="নমরুদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নমরুদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_(personatge_del_G%C3%A8nesi)" title="Nimrod (personatge del Gènesi) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nimrod (personatge del Gènesi)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_(biblick%C3%A1_postava)" title="Nimrod (biblická postava) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nimrod (biblická postava)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nemrod" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نمرود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمرود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%AF%80%EB%A1%AF" title="니므롯 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니므롯" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A9" title="Նեբրովթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեբրովթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nimrud" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namrud" title="Namrud – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Namrud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_(Bibbia)" title="Nimrod (Bibbia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nimrod (Bibbia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93" title="נמרוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נמרוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ნებროთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნებროთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimroda" title="Nimroda – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Nimroda" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemr%C3%BBd_(qeral%C3%AA_sumer%C3%AE)" title="Nemrûd (qeralê sumerî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nemrûd (qeralê sumerî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrodas" title="Nimrodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nimrodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimr%C3%B3d_(kir%C3%A1ly)" title="Nimród (király) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nimród (király)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нимрод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нимрод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نمرود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نمرود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Namrud" title="Raja Namrud – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Raja Namrud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_(Bijbels_figuur)" title="Nimrod (Bijbels figuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nimrod (Bijbels figuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89" title="ニムロド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニムロド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Намруд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Намруд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nembroth" title="Nembroth – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Nembroth" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamrud" title="Naamrud – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Naamrud" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6" title="ਨਮਰੂਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਮਰੂਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نمرود – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نمرود" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninrode" title="Ninrode – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ninrode" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нимрод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нимрод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نمرود – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نمرود" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نەمروود – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەمروود" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Нимрод (Библија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нимрод (Библија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nemrod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94" title="นิมโรด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิมโรด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Намруд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Намруд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrud" title="Nemrud – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nemrud" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Німрод – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німрод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نمرود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نمرود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim-r%E1%BB%91t" title="Nim-rốt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nim-rốt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nimrod" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93" title="נמרוד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נמרוד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E5%BD%95" title="宁录 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宁录" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biblical king. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nimrod (disambiguation)">Nimrod (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimrod_(painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nimrod_%28painting%29.jpg/267px-Nimrod_%28painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nimrod_%28painting%29.jpg/401px-Nimrod_%28painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nimrod_%28painting%29.jpg/534px-Nimrod_%28painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><i>Nimrod</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(painter)" title="David Scott (painter)">David Scott</a>, 1832</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nimrod</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נִמְרוֹד</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Nīmrōd</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Nīmrōḏ</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܢܡܪܘܕ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نُمْرُود</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Numrūd</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">biblical</a> figure mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a>. The son of <a href="/wiki/Cush_(Bible)" title="Cush (Bible)">Cush</a> and therefore the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, Nimrod was described as a king in the land of <a href="/wiki/Shinar" title="Shinar">Shinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> states that he was "a mighty hunter before the Lord [and] ... began to be mighty in the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some later (non-biblical) traditions, interpreting the story of Jacob's dream in the Bible (Genesis 28:11–19), identified Nimrod as the ruler who had commissioned the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> or of <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a>, and that identification led to his reputation as a king who had been rebellious against <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. </p><p>There is no evidence that Nimrod was an actual historical person in any of the non-biblical <a href="/wiki/Historic" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic">historic</a> records, registers, or king lists (including any of the Mesopotamian ones, which are considerably older and more comprehensive than the biblical texts). Historians have failed to match Nimrod with any historically attested figure, or to find any historical, linguistic or genetic link between Mesopotamia and the kingdom of Cush, although in 2002 one scholar suggested that there might be a connection between the biblical Nimrod and one of the exclusively Mesopotamian historical figures, <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a> of Akkad, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent times (during the Islamic era), several sites of ruins in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> have been named after Nimrod.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_account">Biblical account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Brueghel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tower of Babel (Brueghel)">The Tower of Babel</a></i> depicts a traditional Nimrod inspecting <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasons</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first biblical mention of Nimrod is in the <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is described as the son of <a href="/wiki/Cush_(Bible)" title="Cush (Bible)">Cush</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ham,_son_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham, son of Noah">Ham</a>, and great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>; and as "a mighty one in the earth" and "a mighty hunter before the Lord". This is repeated in the <a href="/wiki/1_Chronicles_1" title="1 Chronicles 1">1 Chronicles 1</a>:10, and the "Land of Nimrod" used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Micah_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Micah 5">Micah 5</a>:6: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Who will shepherd Assyria’s land with swords,<br /> </p><p>The land of Nimrod in its gates. <br /> Thus he will deliver [us]<br /> From Assyria, should it invade our land,<br /> </p><p> And should it trample our country.</p></blockquote> <p>Genesis 10:10 says that the "mainstays of his kingdom" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רֵאשִׁית מַמְלַכְתּוֹ</span></span> <i>rēšit̲ mamlak̲to</i>) were <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calneh" title="Calneh">Calneh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shinar" title="Shinar">Shinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>)—understood variously to imply that he either founded these cities, ruled over them, or both. Owing to an ambiguity in the original Hebrew text, it is unclear whether it is he or <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(Bible)" title="Ashur (Bible)">Ashur</a> who additionally built <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resen_(Bible)" title="Resen (Bible)">Resen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth-Ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehoboth-Ir">Rehoboth-Ir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud (Kalaḥ)</a>; both interpretations are reflected in various <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English versions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> devoted several pages in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_World_(Raleigh)" title="The History of the World (Raleigh)">History of the World</a></i> (1614) to reciting past scholarship regarding the question of whether it had been Nimrod or Ashur who built the cities in Assyria.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions_and_legends">Traditions and legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditions and legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a>, Nimrod is considered the leader of those who built the Tower of Babel in the land of Shinar,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the Bible never states this. Nimrod's kingdom included the cities of Babel, Uruk, Akkad, and perhaps Calneh, in Shinar (Gen 10:10).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> believed that it was likely under his direction that the building of Babel and its tower began; in addition to Josephus, this is also the view found in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hullin" title="Hullin">Hullin</a></i> 89a, <i><a href="/wiki/Pesahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesahim">Pesahim</a></i> 94b, <i><a href="/wiki/Erubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Erubin">Erubin</a></i> 53a, <i><a href="/wiki/Avodah_Zarah" title="Avodah Zarah">Avodah Zarah</a></i> 53b), and later <i><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a></i> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis Rabba">Genesis Rabba</a></i>. Several of these early Judaic sources also assert that the king <a href="/wiki/Amraphel" title="Amraphel">Amraphel</a>, who wars with Abraham later in Genesis, is none other than Nimrod himself. </p><p>Josephus wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah, a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God, as if it were through his means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into tyranny, seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence on his power. He also said he would be revenged on God, if He should have a mind to drown the world again; for that he would build a tower too high for the waters to reach. And that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their forefathers. Now the multitude were very ready to follow the determination of Nimrod, and to esteem it a piece of cowardice to submit to God; and they built a tower, neither sparing any pains, nor being in any degree negligent about the work: and, by reason of the multitude of hands employed in it, it grew very high, sooner than any one could expect; but the thickness of it was so great, and it was so strongly built, that thereby its great height seemed, upon the view, to be less than it really was. It was built of burnt brick, cemented together with mortar, made of bitumen, that it might not be liable to admit water. When God saw that they acted so madly, He did not resolve to destroy them utterly, since they were not grown wiser by the destruction of the former sinners; but He caused a tumult among them, by producing in them diverse languages, and causing that, through the multitude of those languages, they should not be able to understand one another. The place wherein they built the tower is now called Babylon, because of the confusion of that language which they readily understood before; for the Hebrews mean by the word Babel, confusion ...</p></blockquote> <p>Since Akkad was destroyed and lost with the <a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">collapse of the Akkadian Empire</a> in the period 2200–2154 BC (<a href="/wiki/Long_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Long chronology">long chronology</a>), the stories mentioning Nimrod seem to recall the late <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>. The association with Erech (Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>), a city that lost its prime importance around <a href="/wiki/2000_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 BCE">2000 BCE</a> as a result of struggles between <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, also attests the early provenance of the stories of Nimrod. According to some modern-day theorists, their placement in the Bible suggests a Babylonian origin—possibly inserted during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vans_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judaic interpreters as early as <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st century</a> interpreted "a mighty hunter <i>before</i> the Lord" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גבר ציד לפני יהוה</span></span> <i>gibbor-ṣayiḏ lip̄nē Yahweh</i>, lit. "in the face of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>") as signifying "<i>in opposition to</i> the Lord"; a similar interpretation is found in <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo">Pseudo-Philo</a>, as well as later in <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_(translator)" title="Symmachus (translator)">Symmachus</a>. Some rabbinic commentators have also connected the name <i>Nimrod</i> with a Hebrew word meaning 'rebel'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo">Pseudo-Philo</a> (dated c. 70 CE), Nimrod is made leader of the Hamites, while <a href="/wiki/Joktan" title="Joktan">Joktan</a> as leader of the Semites, and Fenech as leader of the Japhethites, are also associated with the building of the Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versions of this story are again picked up in later works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius</a></i> (7th century). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> mentions the name of "Nebrod" (the Greek form of Nimrod) only as being the father of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azurad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azurad (page does not exist)">Azurad</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a> and mother of <a href="/wiki/Peleg" title="Peleg">Peleg</a> (8:7). This account would thus make Nimrod an ancestor of Abraham, and hence of all <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danziger,_Itzhak,_Nimrod,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Danziger%2C_Itzhak%2C_Nimrod%2C_1939.jpg/220px-Danziger%2C_Itzhak%2C_Nimrod%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Danziger%2C_Itzhak%2C_Nimrod%2C_1939.jpg/330px-Danziger%2C_Itzhak%2C_Nimrod%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Danziger%2C_Itzhak%2C_Nimrod%2C_1939.jpg/440px-Danziger%2C_Itzhak%2C_Nimrod%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption><i>Nimrod</i> by <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Danziger" title="Yitzhak Danziger">Yitzhak Danziger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gittin" title="Gittin">Gittin</a> 56b) attributes <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>'s death to an insect that flew into his nose and picked at his brain for seven years in a repetition of another legend referring to the biblical King Nimrod.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> work known as <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Arabic Apocalypse of Peter"><i>Kitab al-Magall</i> or the <i>Book of Rolls</i></a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a>) states that Nimrod built the towns of Hadāniūn, <a href="/wiki/Ellasar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellasar">Ellasar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, Rūhīn, <a href="/wiki/Atrapatene" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrapatene">Atrapatene</a>, Telalān, and others, that he began his reign as king over earth when <a href="/wiki/Reu" title="Reu">Reu</a> was 163, and that he reigned for 69 years, building <a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a>, Raha (<a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> when <a href="/wiki/Peleg" title="Peleg">Peleg</a> was 50. It further adds that Nimrod "saw in the sky a piece of black cloth and a crown". He called upon Sasan the weaver and commanded him to make him a crown like it, which he set jewels on and wore. He was allegedly the first king to wear a crown. "For this reason people who knew nothing about it, said that a crown came down to him from <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>." Later, the book describes how Nimrod established fire worship and idolatry, then received instruction in divination for three years from Bouniter, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_son_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth son of Noah">fourth son of Noah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Recognitions</i> (R 4.29), one version of the Clementines, Nimrod is equated with the legendary Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Ninus" title="Ninus">Ninus</a>, who first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> as the founder of Nineveh. However, in another version, the <i>Homilies</i> (H 9:4–6), Nimrod is made to be the same as <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a></i> (c. 350) contains an account of Nimrod very similar to that in the <i>Kitab al-Magall</i>, except that Nisibis, Edessa and Harran are said to be built by Nimrod when Reu was 50, and that he began his reign as the first king when Reu was 130. In this version, the weaver is called <i>Sisan</i>, and the fourth son of Noah is called <i>Yonton</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, writing c. 390, explains in <i>Hebrew Questions on Genesis</i> that after Nimrod reigned in Babel, "he also reigned in Arach [Erech], that is, in Edissa; and in Achad [Accad], which is now called Nisibis; and in Chalanne [Calneh], which was later called Seleucia after King Seleucus when its name had been changed, and which is now in actual fact called Ctesiphon." However, this traditional identification of the cities built by Nimrod in Genesis is no longer accepted by modern scholars, who consider them to be located in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan" title="Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan">Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan</a></i> (c. 5th century) also contains a version similar to that in the <i>Cave of Treasures</i>, but the crown maker is called <i>Santal</i>, and the name of Noah's fourth son who instructs Nimrod is <i>Barvin</i>. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a> (306–373) relates a contradictory view, that Nimrod was righteous and opposed the builders of the Tower. Similarly, <i><a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></i> (date uncertain) mentions a Jewish tradition that Nimrod left Shinar in southern Mesopotamia and fled to Assyria in northern Mesopotamia, because he refused to take part in building the Tower—for which God rewarded him with the four cities in Assyria, to substitute for the ones in Babel. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Pirke_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer</a></i> (c. 833) relates the Jewish traditions that Nimrod inherited the garments of Adam and Eve from his father Cush, and that these made him invincible. Nimrod's party then defeated the Japhethites to assume universal rulership. Later, <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> (grandson of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>), ambushed, beheaded, and robbed Nimrod. These stories later reappear in other sources including the 16th century <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer haYashar</a></i>, which adds that Nimrod had a son named <i>Mardon</i> who was even more wicked.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Prophets and Kings (book)">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i> by the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, Nimrod has the tower built in Babil, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> destroys it, and the language of mankind, formerly <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, is then confused into 72 languages. Another Muslim historian of the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Fida">Abu al-Fida</a>, relates the same story, adding that the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a> (an ancestor of Abraham) was allowed to keep the original tongue, Hebrew in this case, because he would not partake in the building. The 10th-century Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Masudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masudi">Masudi</a> recounts a legend making the Nimrod who built the tower to be the son of Mash, the son of <a href="/wiki/Aram,_son_of_Shem" title="Aram, son of Shem">Aram, son of Shem</a>, adding that he reigned 500 years over the <a href="/wiki/Nabateans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabateans">Nabateans</a>. Later, Masudi lists Nimrod as the first king of Babylon, and states that he dug great canals and reigned 60 years. Still elsewhere, he mentions another king Nimrod, son of <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaan (biblical figure)">Canaan</a>, as the one who introduced astrology and attempted to kill Abraham. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> legend, the ancestor of the Armenian people, <a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a>, defeated Nimrod (sometimes equated with <a href="/wiki/Bel_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (god)">Bel</a>) in a battle near Lake Van. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> legend of the Enchanted Stag (more commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Csodaszarvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Csodaszarvas">White Stag</a> [<i>Fehér Szarvas</i>] or Silver Stag), King Nimród (<i>Ménrót</i>), often described as "Nimród the Giant" or "the giant Nimród", descendant of Noah, is the first person referred to as forefather of the Hungarians. He, along with his entire nation, is also the giant responsible for the building of the Tower of Babel—construction of which was supposedly started by him 201 years after the biblical event of the <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Great Flood</a>. After the catastrophic failure of that most ambitious endeavour and in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Confusion_of_tongues" class="mw-redirect" title="Confusion of tongues">confusion of tongues</a>, Nimród the giant moved to the land of <i>Evilát</i>, where his wife, <i>Enéh</i> gave birth to twin brothers <i>Hunor</i> and <i>Magyar</i> (aka <i>Magor</i>). Father and sons were, all three of them, prodigious hunters, but Nimród especially is the archetypal, consummate, legendary hunter and archer. Hungarian legends held that twin sons of King Nimród, <a href="/wiki/Hunor_and_Magor" title="Hunor and Magor">Hunor and Magor</a> were the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> (Hungarians) respectively, siring their children through the two daughters of King Dul of the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, whom they kidnapped after losing track of the silver stag whilst hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Huns' and Magyars' historically attested skill with the recurve bow and arrow are attributed to Nimród. (<a href="/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9za" title="Simon of Kéza">Simon Kézai</a>, personal "court priest" of King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus the Cuman</a>, in his <i>Gesta Hungarorum</i>, 1282–1285. This tradition can also be found in over twenty other medieval Hungarian chronicles, as well as a German one, according to Dr Antal Endrey in an article published in 1979). The 16th-century Hungarian prelate <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Olahus" title="Nicolaus Olahus">Nicolaus Olahus</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> took for himself the title of <i>Descendant of the Great Nimrod</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hunter god or spirit <a href="/wiki/Nyyrikki" title="Nyyrikki">Nyyrikki</a>, figuring in the Finnish <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i> as a helper of <a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen" title="Lemminkäinen">Lemminkäinen</a>, is associated with Nimrod by some researchers and linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimrod Fortress">Nimrod Fortress</a> (Qal'at Namrud in Arabic) on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - actually built during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman" title="Al-Aziz Uthman">Al-Aziz Uthman</a>, the younger son of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> - was anachronistically attributed to Nimrod by later inhabitants of the area. </p><p>There is a very brief mention of Nimrod in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>: "(and the name of the valley was Nimrod, being called after the mighty hunter)".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nimrod_vs._Abraham">Nimrod vs. Abraham</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nimrod vs. Abraham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ninus" title="Ninus">Ninus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_ready_to_sacrifice_his_son,_Ishmael_(top);_Abraham_cast_into_fire_by_Nimrod_(bottom).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abraham_ready_to_sacrifice_his_son%2C_Ishmael_%28top%29%3B_Abraham_cast_into_fire_by_Nimrod_%28bottom%29.jpg/170px-Abraham_ready_to_sacrifice_his_son%2C_Ishmael_%28top%29%3B_Abraham_cast_into_fire_by_Nimrod_%28bottom%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Abraham_ready_to_sacrifice_his_son%2C_Ishmael_%28top%29%3B_Abraham_cast_into_fire_by_Nimrod_%28bottom%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Abraham sacrificing his son, <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ishmael</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> cast into fire by Nimrod. From <i>Zubdat-al Tawarikh</i>, a 1583 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> manuscript.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Jewish and Islamic traditions, a confrontation between Nimrod and <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> is said to have taken place. Some stories bring them both together in a cataclysmic collision, seen as a symbol of the confrontation between Good and Evil, or as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> against <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>. Some Jewish traditions say only that the two men met and had a discussion. According to K. van der Toorn and P. W. van der Horst, this tradition is first attested in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo">Pseudo-Philo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, and in rabbinical writings in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some versions, such as <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, Nimrod is a man who sets his will against that of God. In others, he proclaims himself a god and is worshipped as such by his subjects, sometimes with his consort <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a> worshipped as a goddess at his side.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Portent_(divination)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portent (divination)">portent</a> in the stars tells Nimrod and his astrologers of the impending birth of Abraham, who would put an end to <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>. Nimrod therefore orders the killing of all newborn babies. However, Abraham's mother escapes into the fields and gives birth secretly. At a young age, Abraham recognizes God and starts worshipping him. He confronts Nimrod and tells him face-to-face to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_the_Idol_Shop" title="Abraham and the Idol Shop">cease his idolatry</a>, whereupon Nimrod orders him burned at the stake. In some versions, Nimrod has his subjects gather wood for four whole years, so as to burn Abraham in the biggest bonfire the world had ever seen. Yet when the fire is lit, Abraham walks out unscathed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some versions, Nimrod then challenges Abraham to battle. When Nimrod appears at the head of enormous armies, Abraham produces an army of <a href="/wiki/Gnat" title="Gnat">gnats</a> which destroys Nimrod's army. Some accounts have a gnat or mosquito enter Nimrod's brain and drive him out of his mind (a divine retribution which Jewish tradition also assigned to the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, destroyer of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some versions, Nimrod repents and accepts God, offering numerous sacrifices that God rejects (as with <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>). Other versions have Nimrod give to Abraham, as a conciliatory gift, the giant slave <a href="/wiki/Eliezer" title="Eliezer">Eliezer</a>, whom some accounts describe as Nimrod's own son (the Bible also mentions Eliezer as Abraham's <a href="/wiki/Majordomo" title="Majordomo">majordomo</a>, though not making any connection between him and Nimrod; Genesis 15:2). </p><p>Still other versions have Nimrod persisting in his rebellion against God, or resuming it. Indeed, Abraham's crucial act of leaving <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and settling in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> is sometimes interpreted as an escape from Nimrod's revenge. Accounts considered canonical place the building of the Tower many generations before Abraham's birth (as in the Bible, also <i><a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a></i>); however in others, it is a later rebellion after Nimrod failed in his confrontation with Abraham. In still other versions, Nimrod does not give up after the Tower fails, but goes on to try storming Heaven in person, in a chariot driven by birds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The story attributes to Abraham elements from the story of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>' birth (the cruel king killing innocent babies, with the midwives ordered to kill them) and from the careers of <a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego</a> who emerged unscathed from the fire. Nimrod is thus given attributes of two archetypal cruel and persecuting kings – <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaoh of the Exodus">Pharaoh</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some Jewish traditions also identified him with <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a>, whose birth according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> was accompanied by portents, which made his grandfather try to kill him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A confrontation is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, between a king, not mentioned by name, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a> (Arabic for "Abraham"). Some Muslim commentators assign Nimrod as the king. In the quranic narrative Ibrahim has a discussion with the king, the former argues that God is the one who gives life and causes death, whereas the unnamed king replies that he gives life and causes death.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim refutes him by stating that God brings the Sun up from the East, and so he asks the king to bring it from the West. The king is then perplexed and angered. The commentaries on this <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">surah</a> offer a wide variety of embellishments of this narrative, one of which by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>, a 14th-century scholar, adding that Nimrod showed his rule over life and death by killing a prisoner and freeing another.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether or not conceived as having ultimately repented, Nimrod remained in Jewish and Islamic tradition an emblematic evil person, an archetype of an idolater and a tyrannical king. In rabbinical writings up to the present, he is almost invariably referred to as "Nimrod the Evil" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">נמרוד הרשע</span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nimrod is mentioned by name in several places in the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">Baháʼí scriptures</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n" title="Kitáb-i-Íqán">Kitáb-i-Íqán</a>, the primary theological work of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. There it is said that Nimrod "dreamed a dream" which his soothsayers interpreted as signifying the birth of a new star in heaven. A herald is then said to have appeared in the land announcing "the coming of Abraham".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nimrod is also mentioned in one of the earliest writings of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a> (the herald of the Baháʼí Faith). Citing examples of God's power, he asks: "Has He not, in past days, caused Abraham, in spite of His seeming helplessness, to triumph over the forces of Nimrod?"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story of Abraham's confrontation with Nimrod did not remain within the confines of learned writings and religious treatises, but also conspicuously influenced popular culture. A notable example is "<i><a href="/wiki/Quando_el_Rey_Nimrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Quando el Rey Nimrod">Quando el Rey Nimrod</a></i>" ("When King Nimrod"), one of the most well-known folksongs in <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a> (the Judeo-Spanish language), apparently written during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso X">Alfonso X</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>. Beginning with the words: "When King Nimrod went out to the fields/ Looked at the heavens and at the stars/He saw a holy light in the Jewish quarter/A sign that Abraham, our father, was about to be born", the song gives a poetic account of the persecutions perpetrated by the cruel Nimrod and the miraculous birth and deeds of the savior Abraham.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_narrative">Islamic narrative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamic narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> states, "Have you not considered him who had an argument with Abraham about his Lord, because God had given him the kingdom (i.e. he was prideful)?"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abraham says, "My Lord is He Who gives life and causes death." The king answers, "I give life and cause death".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point some commentaries add new narratives like Nimrod bringing forth two men, who were sentenced to death previously. He orders the execution of one while freeing the other one.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then Abraham says, "Indeed, God brings up the sun from the east, so bring it up from the west."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This causes the king to exile him, and he leaves for the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Nimrod's name is not specifically stated in the Quran, Islamic scholars hold that the "king" mentioned was him. Other traditional stories also exist around Nimrod, which have resulted in him being referenced as a tyrant in Muslim cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Mujahid_ibn_Jabr" title="Mujahid ibn Jabr">Mujahid ibn Jabr</a>, "Four people gained control over the Earth, east and west, two believers and two disbelievers. The two believers were <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulayman</a> in Islamic texts) and <a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul Qarnayn</a>, and the two disbelievers were <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> and Nimrod. No one but they gained power over it."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midrash_Rabba_version">Midrash Rabba version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Midrash Rabba version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following version of the confrontation between Abraham and Nimrod appears in the <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabba" title="Midrash Rabba">Midrash Rabba</a>, a major compilation of Jewish Scriptural <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>. The part in which this appears, the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a> (Chapter 38, 13), is considered to date from the sixth century. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: right; direction: rtl;"> <p>נטלו ומסרו לנמרוד. אמר לו: עבוד לאש. אמר לו אברהם: ואעבוד למים, שמכבים את האש? אמר לו נמרוד: עבוד למים! אמר לו: אם כך, אעבוד לענן, שנושא את המים? אמר לו: עבוד לענן! אמר לו: אם כך, אעבוד לרוח, שמפזרת עננים? אמר לו: עבוד לרוח! אמר לו: ונעבוד לבן אדם, שסובל הרוחות? אמר לו: מילים אתה מכביר, אני איני משתחוה אלא לאוּר - הרי אני משליכך בתוכו, ויבא אלוה שאתה משתחוה לו ויצילך הימנו! היה שם הרן עומד. אמר: מה נפשך, אם ינצח אברהם - אומַר 'משל אברהם אני', ואם ינצח נמרוד - אומַר 'משל נמרוד אני'. כיון שירד אברהם לכבשן האש וניצול, אמרו לו: משל מי אתה? אמר להם: משל אברהם אני! נטלוהו והשליכוהו לאור, ונחמרו בני מעיו ויצא ומת על פני תרח אביו. וכך נאמר: וימת הרן על פני תרח אביו. (בראשית רבה ל"ח, יג) </p> </td> <td> <p>(...) He [Abraham] was given over to Nimrod. [Nimrod] told him: Worship the Fire! Abraham said to him: Shall I then worship the water, which puts off the fire! Nimrod told him: Worship the water! [Abraham] said to him: If so, shall I worship the cloud, which carries the water? [Nimrod] told him: Worship the cloud! [Abraham] said to him: If so, shall I worship the wind, which scatters the clouds? [Nimrod] said to him: Worship the wind! [Abraham] said to him: And shall we worship the human, who withstands the wind? Said [Nimrod] to him: You pile words upon words, I bow to none but the fire—in it shall I throw you, and let the God to whom you bow come and save you from it!<br /> Haran [Abraham's brother] was standing there. He said [to himself]: what shall I do? If Abraham wins, I shall say: "I am of Abraham's [followers]", if Nimrod wins I shall say "I am of Nimrod's [followers]". When Abraham went into the furnace and survived, Haran was asked: "Whose [follower] are you?" and he answered: "I am Abraham's!". [Then] they took him and threw him into the furnace, and his belly opened and he died and predeceased Terach, his father.<br /> [The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 11:28, mentions Haran predeceasing Terach, but gives no details.]|— </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_interpretations">Historical interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naram-Sin_inscription_AO6782_stitched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Naram-Sin_inscription_AO6782_stitched.jpg/200px-Naram-Sin_inscription_AO6782_stitched.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Naram-Sin_inscription_AO6782_stitched.jpg/300px-Naram-Sin_inscription_AO6782_stitched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Naram-Sin_inscription_AO6782_stitched.jpg/400px-Naram-Sin_inscription_AO6782_stitched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5159" data-file-height="2637" /></a><figcaption>Inscription of Naram Sin found at the city of <a href="/wiki/Marad" title="Marad">Marad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historians, <a href="/wiki/Orientalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Orientalists">Orientalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyriologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythographers">mythographers</a> have long tried to find links between the Nimrod of biblical texts and real historically attested figures in Mesopotamia. No king named Nimrod or with a similar name appears anywhere on any pre-biblical, extra-biblical or historic <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> king list, nor does the name Nimrod appear in any other writings from Mesopotamia itself or its neighbours in any context whatsoever during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> or pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Classical_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Age">Classical Age</a>. </p><p>Since the city of <a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a> was destroyed and lost with the destruction of its Empire in the period 2200–2154 BC (<a href="/wiki/Long_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Long chronology">long chronology</a>), the much later biblical stories mentioning Nimrod seem to recall the late Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The association with <a href="/wiki/Erech" class="mw-redirect" title="Erech">Erech</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumero-Akkadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumero-Akkadian">Sumero-Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>), a city that lost its prime importance around 2000 BC as a result of struggles between <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, also attests the early provenance of the stories of Nimrod.<sup id="cite_ref-vans_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</a> ruins were given Nimrod's name by invading 8th-century AD Muslim <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, including the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a> (the biblical <a href="/wiki/Calah" class="mw-redirect" title="Calah">Calah</a>), which contrary to biblical claims was in reality built by <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> (1274–1244 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of attempts to connect him with historical figures have been made without any success. </p><p>The Christian Bishop <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> as early as the early 4th century, noting that the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a> in the 3rd century BC had stated that the first king after the flood was <i>Euechoios</i> of Chaldea (in reality Chaldea was a small state historically not founded until the late 9th century BC), identified him with Nimrod. <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a> (c. 800) also had access to Berossus, and he too identified the also historically unattested <i>Euechoios</i> with the biblical Nimrod. </p><p>More recently, Sumerologists have suggested additionally connecting both this <i>Euechoios</i>, and the king of Babylon and grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> who appears in the oldest copies of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (c. 200 AD) as <i>Euechoros</i>, with the name of the founder of Uruk known from cuneiform sources as <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._D._Prince&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. D. Prince (page does not exist)">J. D. Prince</a> also suggested a possible link between the Lord (Ni) of <a href="/wiki/Marad" title="Marad">Marad</a> and Nimrod. He mentioned how Dr. Kraeling was now inclined to connect Nimrod historically with <a href="/wiki/Lugal-Banda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugal-Banda">Lugal-Banda</a>, a mythological Sumerian king mentioned in Poebel, <i>Historical Texts</i>, 1914, whose seat was at the city Marad.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Hendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Hendel (page does not exist)">Ronald Hendel</a> the name Nimrod is probably a much later polemical distortion of the Semitic Assyrian god <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a>, a prominent god in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian religion</a> who had cult centers in a number of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> cities such as <a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a>, and also in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and was a patron god of a number of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> kings, and that 'Cush' is a mistranslation of Kish, a Mesopotamian city.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger_&_Coogan_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger_&_Coogan-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nimrod's imperial ventures described in Genesis may be based on the conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Assyria">Assyrian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julian_Jaynes" title="Julian Jaynes">Julian Jaynes</a> also indicates <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> (a powerful king of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>) as the inspiration for Nimrod.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hislop" title="Alexander Hislop">Alexander Hislop</a>, in his tract <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Babylons" title="The Two Babylons">The Two Babylons</a></i> (1853), identified Nimrod with <a href="/wiki/Ninus" title="Ninus">Ninus</a> (also unattested anywhere in Mesopotamian king lists), who according to <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> king and husband of Queen <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AE2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AE2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a whole host of deities throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> world, and with the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>. The identification with <a href="/wiki/Ninus" title="Ninus">Ninus</a> follows that of the <i>Clementine Recognitions</i>; the one with Zoroaster, that of the <i>Clementine Homilies</i>, both works part of <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hislop attributed to Semiramis and Nimrod the invention of <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> and, with it, <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">goddess worship</a>, and that their incestuous male offering was <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (mythology)">Tammuz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was a millennia-old secret <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy)">conspiracy</a>, founded by Semiramis and Nimrod to propagate the <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> religion of ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grabbe and others have rejected the book's arguments as based on a flawed understanding of the texts,<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mcllhenny_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcllhenny-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but variations of them are accepted among some groups of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mcllhenny_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcllhenny-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a historical Assyrian queen <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a> in the 9th century BC, in reality the wife of <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a>, whom Assyriologists have identified with Semiramis, while others make her a later namesake of a much earlier (again, historically unattested) Semiramis. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/David_Rohl" class="mw-redirect" title="David Rohl">David Rohl</a>'s theory, <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> founder of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, was the original inspiration for Nimrod, because the story of <i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bears a few similarities to the legend of Nimrod and the Tower of Babel, and because the -KAR in Enmerkar means "hunter". Additionally, Enmerkar is said to have had <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurats</a> built in both <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, which Rohl postulates was the site of the original Babel. </p><p>Others have attempted to conflate Nimrod with <a href="/wiki/Amraphel" title="Amraphel">Amraphel</a>, a supposed king in Mesopotamia, but yet again, one who is himself historically unattested in Mesopotamian records. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">George Rawlinson</a> believed Nimrod was <a href="/wiki/Belus_(Babylonian)" title="Belus (Babylonian)">Belus</a>, based on the fact Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions bear the names <i>Bel-Nibru</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>Nibru</i> in the East Semitic <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a> of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia comes from a root meaning to 'pursue' or to make 'one flee', and as Rawlinson pointed out not only does this closely resemble Nimrod's name but it also perfectly fits the description of Nimrod in Genesis 10:9 as a great hunter. The Belus-Nimrod equation or link is also found in many old works such as <a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Chorene" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses of Chorene">Moses of Chorene</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Bee" title="Book of the Bee">Book of the Bee</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nibru" class="mw-redirect" title="Nibru">Nibru</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a>, was the original name of the city of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Poplicha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Poplicha (page does not exist)">Joseph Poplicha</a> wrote in 1929 about the identification of Nimrod in the first dynasty or Uruk.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yigal_Levin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yigal Levin (page does not exist)">Yigal Levin</a> (2002) suggests that the fictional Nimrod was a recollection of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> and also of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>, with the name "Nimrod" derived from the latter. He argues that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The biblical Nimrod, then, is not a total counterpart of any one historical character. He is rather the later composite <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>: the first, mighty king to rule after the flood. Later influence modified the legend in the Mesopotamian tradition, adding such details as the hero's name, his territory and some of his deeds, and most important his title, "King of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>". The much later editors of the Book of Genesis dropped much of the original story and mistakenly misidentified and mistranslated the Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Bible)" title="Kish (Bible)">Kish</a> with the "Hamitic" Cush, there being no ancient geographical, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, genetic or historical connection between Cush (in modern northern Sudan) and Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idiom">Idiom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Idiom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern North American English, the term "nimrod" is often used to mean a dimwitted or a stupid person, a usage perhaps first recorded in an 1836 letter from <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> to a female friend. Lee describes a "young nimrod from the West", who in declining an appointment to West Point expressed the concern that "I hope my country will not be endangered by my doing so."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Lee may have been sarcastically referring to the student as a "tyrant or skillful hunter", the modern usage more closely fits his message. </p><p>The nickname 'Nimrod' was used mockingly in the 1914 novel by Robert Tressell in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Trousered_Philanthropists" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists">The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists</a></i>. The sarcastic moniker was used towards the foreman (named Hunter) of a gang of workmen as a play both on his surname and on his supposed religious beliefs and sense of self-importance. Other than the Lee letter and the Tressell novel, the first recorded use of "nimrod" in this meaning was in 1932. </p><p>The usage is often said to have been popularized by the <i><a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a></i> cartoon character <a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny" title="Bugs Bunny">Bugs Bunny</a> sarcastically referring to the hunter <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Fudd" title="Elmer Fudd">Elmer Fudd</a> as "nimrod"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to highlight the difference between "mighty hunter" and "poor little Nimrod", i.e. Fudd.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is in fact <a href="/wiki/Daffy_Duck" title="Daffy Duck">Daffy Duck</a> who refers to Fudd as "my little Nimrod" in the 1948 short "<a href="/wiki/What_Makes_Daffy_Duck" title="What Makes Daffy Duck">What Makes Daffy Duck</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Bugs Bunny does refer to <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Sam" title="Yosemite Sam">Yosemite Sam</a> as "the little Nimrod" in the 1951 short "<a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Every_Monday" title="Rabbit Every Monday">Rabbit Every Monday</a>". Both episodes were voiced by <a href="/wiki/Mel_Blanc" title="Mel Blanc">Mel Blanc</a> and produced by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Selzer" title="Edward Selzer">Edward Selzer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> (written 1308–1321), Nimrod is portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giant</a> (which was common in the Medieval period). With the giants <a href="/wiki/Aloadae" title="Aloadae">Ephialtes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antaeus" title="Antaeus">Antaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hecatoncheires" title="Hecatoncheires">Briareus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tityos" title="Tityos">Tityos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a>, he stands in chains on the outer edge of Hell's Circle of Treachery. His only line is "<a href="/wiki/Raph%C3%A8l_mai_am%C3%A8cche_zab%C3%AC_almi" title="Raphèl mai amècche zabì almi">Raphèl mai amècche zabì almi</a>", words whose unintelligibility emphasizes his guilt for the confusion of languages after the tower of Babel.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim (programming language)</a> – Programming language was named after Nimrod, later shortened to Nim</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod">Hawker Siddeley Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nimrod">Operation Nimrod</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(album)" title="Nimrod (album)">Nimrod</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/1997_in_music" title="1997 in music">1997</a> album by <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(comics)" title="Nimrod (comics)">Nimrod</a> - A villainous character featured in <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>' <a href="/wiki/X-Men" title="X-Men">X-Men</a> series.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British English pronunciation given at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Nimrod" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Nimrod">"Nimrod"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nimrod&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DNimrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=nimrod&qs_version=GNV">"BibleGateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BibleGateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fquicksearch%2F%3Fquicksearch%3Dnimrod%26qs_version%3DGNV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Levin, Yigal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/vt/52/3/article-p350_5.xml">"Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad"</a>. <i>Vetus Testamentum</i>. <b>52</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">350–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853302760197494">10.1163/156853302760197494</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-4935">0042-4935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Nimrod+the+Mighty%2C+King+of+Kish%2C+King+of+Sumer+and+Akkad&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853302760197494&rft.issn=0042-4935&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Yigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fvt%2F52%2F3%2Farticle-p350_5.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Christopher W. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1414.2022.1">"The Literary-Historical Memory of Sargon of Akkad in Assyria as the Background for Nimrod in Genesis 10:8–12"</a>. <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>141</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">595–</span>615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15699%2Fjbl.1414.2022.1">10.15699/jbl.1414.2022.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255905070">255905070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Literary-Historical+Memory+of+Sargon+of+Akkad+in+Assyria+as+the+Background+for+Nimrod+in+Genesis+10%3A8%E2%80%9312&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E595-%3C%2Fspan%3E615&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255905070%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1414.2022.1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15699%2Fjbl.1414.2022.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen L. (1985). <i>Understanding the Bible</i>. Palo Alto: Mayfield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.pub=Palo+Alto%3A+Mayfield&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (1985). <i>Understanding the Bible</i>. Palo Alto: Mayfield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pub=Mayfield&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaleigh1820" class="citation book cs1">Raleigh, Walter (1820) [1614]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofworldin02raleuoft/page/124/mode/2up"><i>History of the World, Vol. II</i></a>. Edinburgh: A. Constable. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=A.+Constable&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Raleigh&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofworldin02raleuoft%2Fpage%2F124%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenner1938" class="citation magazine cs1">Menner, Robert J. (1938). "Nimrod and the Wolf in the Old English 'Solomon and Saturn'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_English_and_Germanic_Philology" title="Journal of English and Germanic Philology">Journal of English and Germanic Philology</a></i>. Vol. 37, no. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27704407">27704407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=Nimrod+and+the+Wolf+in+the+Old+English+%27Solomon+and+Saturn%27&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27704407%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Menner&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depending on how the text is read, "Calneh" may be the fourth city name in this enumeration, or it may be part of an expression meaning "all of them in Shinar". (<a href="#CITEREFVan_der_ToornVan_der_Horst1990">Van der Toorn & Van der Horst 1990</a>, p. 1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation web cs1">Josephus, Flavius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-1.html">"Antiquities of the Jews — Book I"</a>. <i>Penelope | James Eason</i>. University of Chicago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penelope+%7C+James+Eason&rft.atitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews+%E2%80%94+Book+I&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2Fjosephus%2Fant-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vans-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vans_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vans_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_ToornVan_der_Horst1990">Van der Toorn & Van der Horst (1990)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Jeff A. Benner, "Nimrod" <i>Ancient Hebrew Research Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ancient-hebrew.org/names/Nimrod.htm">https://www.ancient-hebrew.org/names/Nimrod.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugel1998" class="citation book cs1">Kugel, James (1998). <i>Traditions of the Bible</i>. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=230&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kugel&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Gittin.56b.13?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Tractate Gittin 56b"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org.il</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org.il&rft.atitle=Tractate+Gittin+56b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org.il%2FGittin.56b.13%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosner, Fred. <i>Medicine in the Bible and Talmud</i>. p.76. Pub. 1995, KTAV Publishing House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-506-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-506-8">0-88125-506-8</a>. Extract viewable at (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SL34EWxAJfYC&pg=PA76">[1]</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Legends_of_Old_Testament_Characters.djvu/178" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Legends of Old Testament Characters.djvu/178">Wikisource:Page:Legends of Old Testament Characters.djvu/178</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/aa/aa2.htm">"the <i>Kitab al-Magall</i>"</a>. Sacred-texts.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+Kitab+al-Magall&rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fchr%2Faa%2Faa2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Louis Ginsberg <i>Legends of the Jews</i> Vol I, and the footnotes volume.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians</i> (ch. 1.4–5), pp. 13–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1838" class="citation web cs1">Herbert, William (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ44AAAAMAAJ&q=nicolas+olaus+attila+engaddi&pg=PA49">"Attila, King of the Huns"</a>. <i>Google Books</i>. p. 49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=Attila%2C+King+of+the+Huns&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXJ44AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dnicolas%2Bolaus%2Battila%2Bengaddi%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kalevala</i>. Das finnische Epos des Elias Lönnroth. Mit einem Kommentar von Hans Fromm, Stuttgart: Reclam 1985. (Commentary of Hans Fromm to Elias Lönnroth's <i>Kalevala</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon, Moshe</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA59"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae: B v. 1 (Handbook of Oriental Studies)</i></a> (Hardcover ed.). Brill Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11083-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11083-6"><bdi>90-04-11083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Arabicarum+Palaestinae%3A+B+v.+1+%28Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies%29&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11083-6&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPFDU8POrXIC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/scriptures/bofm/ether/2">"Ether 2"</a>. <i>www.churchofjesuschrist.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Ether+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Feng%2Fscriptures%2Fbofm%2Fether%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_ToornVan_der_Horst1990">Van der Toorn & Van der Horst (1990)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daat.ac.il/encyclopedia/value.asp?id1=1058"><bdi lang="he">נמרוד</bdi></a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia Daat</i> (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Herzog_College" title="Herzog College">Herzog College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia+Daat&rft.pub=Herzog+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daat.ac.il%2Fencyclopedia%2Fvalue.asp%3Fid1%3D1058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=2&verse=258">"The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Translation"</a>. <i>corpus.quran.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corpus.quran.com&rft.atitle=The+Quranic+Arabic+Corpus+-+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Ftranslation.jsp%3Fchapter%3D2%26verse%3D258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quranx.com/tafsirs/2.258">"QuranX.com The most complete Quran / Hadith / Tafsir collection available!"</a>. <i>quranx.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quranx.com&rft.atitle=QuranX.com+The+most+complete+Quran+%2F+Hadith+%2F+Tafsir+collection+available%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquranx.com%2Ftafsirs%2F2.258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-2.html">"The Kitáb-i-Íqán"</a> <i>Baháʼí Reference Library</i>. pp 41–80. Retrieved 10 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffendi" class="citation web cs1">Effendi, Shoghi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/books/dawnbreakers/chapters/3.html#94">"The Dawn-Breakers"</a>. <i>bahai-library.com</i>. Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 94<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bahai-library.com&rft.atitle=The+Dawn-Breakers&rft.pages=94&rft.aulast=Effendi&rft.aufirst=Shoghi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fbooks%2Fdawnbreakers%2Fchapters%2F3.html%2394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrewsongs.com/song-hamelechnimrod.htm">"CUANDO ELREY NIMROD"</a>. <i>hebrewsongs.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hebrewsongs.com&rft.atitle=CUANDO+ELREY+NIMROD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewsongs.com%2Fsong-hamelechnimrod.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106094702/http://zemerl.com/cgi-bin/show.pl?title=Cuando+El+Rey+Nimrod+(When+King+Nimrod)">"Cuando El Rey Nimrod"</a> [When King Nimrod]. <i>zemerl.com</i>. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zemerl.com&rft.atitle=Cuando+El+Rey+Nimrod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzemerl.com%2Fcgi-bin%2F%2Fshow.pl%3Ftitle%3DCuando%2BEl%2BRey%2BNimrod%2B%28When%2BKing%2BNimrod%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.quran.com/2/258">"Surat Al-Baqarah [2:258] - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم"</a>. <i>legacy.quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legacy.quran.com&rft.atitle=Surat+Al-Baqarah+%5B2%3A258%5D+-+The+Noble+Qur%27an+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.quran.com%2F2%2F258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ibrahim.htm">"Mosque: Prophet Ibrahim"</a>. <i>www.islamicity.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.islamicity.com&rft.atitle=Mosque%3A+Prophet+Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicity.com%2Fmosque%2Fibrahim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamawareness.net/Prophets/ibrahim.html">"Ibn Kathir: Story of Prophet Ibrahim/Abraham (pbuh)"</a>. <i>www.islamawareness.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"A Possible Sumerian Original of the Name Nimrod". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=A+Possible+Sumerian+Original+of+the+Name+Nimrod&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger_&_Coogan-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_&_Coogan_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oxford Guide to the Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. 1993. p. 557. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534095-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534095-2"><bdi>978-0-19-534095-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Guide+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=557&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534095-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalley et al., 1998, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaynes2000" class="citation book cs1">Jaynes, Julian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3eQd-x-cxPwC&pg=PP1"><i>The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Consciousness+in+the+Breakdown+of+the+Bicameral+Mind&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780547527543&rft.aulast=Jaynes&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3eQd-x-cxPwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AE2014-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AE2014_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/743/">"Sammu-Ramat and Semiramis: The Inspiration and the Myth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philologos.org/__eb-ttb/default.htm">the original</a> on 28 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Two+Babylons&rft.pub=Philologos.org&rft.aulast=Hislop&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilologos.org%2F__eb-ttb%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (1997). Mein, Andrew; Camp, Claudia V. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2hIY_E_ngYC&pg=PA28"><i>Can a 'History of Israel' Be Written?</i></a>. London, England: Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567043207" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567043207"><bdi>978-0567043207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+a+%27History+of+Israel%27+Be+Written%3F&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0567043207&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2hIY_E_ngYC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcllhenny-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mcllhenny_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcllhenny_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcllhenny2011" class="citation book cs1">Mcllhenny, Albert M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KymmAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>This Is the Sun?: Zeitgeist and Religion (Volume I: Comparative Religion)</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-105-33967-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-105-33967-7"><bdi>978-1-105-33967-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+the+Sun%3F%3A+Zeitgeist+and+Religion+%28Volume+I%3A+Comparative+Religion%29&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-105-33967-7&rft.aulast=Mcllhenny&rft.aufirst=Albert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKymmAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1823.htm">"Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: translation"</a>. Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enmerkar+and+the+lord+of+Aratta%3A+translation&rft.pub=Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fsection1%2Ftr1823.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World</i>. Vol. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">347–</span>350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Great+Monarchies+of+the+Ancient+Eastern+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mos. Choren. 1. 6; 9; <i>Book of the Bee</i>, 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoplicha1929" class="citation journal cs1">Poplicha, Joseph (1929). "The Biblical Nimrod and the Kingdom of Eanna". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">303–</span>317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F593008">10.2307/593008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/593008">593008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Biblical+Nimrod+and+the+Kingdom+of+Eanna&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F593008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F593008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Poplicha&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Levin, Yigal (2002). "Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad". <i>Vetus Testamentum</i>. Vol. 52, no. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">350–</span>356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853302760197494">10.1163/156853302760197494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Nimrod+the+Mighty%2C+King+of+Kish%2C+King+of+Sumer+and+Akkad&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853302760197494&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Yigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Connelly" title="Thomas L. Connelly">Connelly, Thomas L.</a> (1977) <i>The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p.174. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0474-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0474-4">0-8071-0474-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmetz2005" class="citation book cs1">Steinmetz, Sol (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nk_RFL9LYg0C&pg=PA126"><i>Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4387-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4387-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-4387-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Jewish+Usage%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Use+of+Jewish+Terms&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4387-4&rft.aulast=Steinmetz&rft.aufirst=Sol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNk_RFL9LYg0C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2009" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan A. (27 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVcJqKs1isUC&pg=PR53"><i>Garner's Modern American Usage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538275-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538275-4"><bdi>978-0-19-538275-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garner%27s+Modern+American+Usage&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538275-4&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVcJqKs1isUC%26pg%3DPR53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wise_Bauer" title="Susan Wise Bauer">Bauer, S. Wise</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmShg3dnLSMC&pg=PA270"><i>The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome</i></a>. Norton. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8"><bdi>978-0-393-05974-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05974-8&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=S.+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmShg3dnLSMC%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Arthur Davis (director) (14 February 1948). <i>What Makes Daffy Duck</i> (Animated short). Event occurs at 5:34. <q>Precisely what I was wondering, my little Nimrod.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Makes+Daffy+Duck&rft.date=1948-02-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Fritz Freleng (director) (10 February 1951). <i>Rabbit Every Monday</i> (Animated short). Event occurs at 6:50. <q>Nah, I couldn't do that to the little Nimrod.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbit+Every+Monday&rft.date=1951-02-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dante, <i>Inferno</i>, XXXI.67 and 76.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a>; et al. (1998). <i>The Legacy of Mesopotamia</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Mesopotamia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2002" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Stephen R. (2002). <i>Noah's Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Curse%3A+The+Biblical+Justification+of+American+Slavery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_ToornVan_der_Horst1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Van der Toorn, K. & Van der Horst, P. W. (January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525135856/http://www.michaelsheiser.com/PaleoBabble/NimrodHTR.pdf">"Nimrod Before and After the Bible"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. Vol. 83, no. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelsheiser.com/PaleoBabble/NimrodHTR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Nimrod+Before+and+After+the+Bible&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1990-01&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Van+der+Horst%2C+P.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelsheiser.com%2FPaleoBabble%2FNimrodHTR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANimrod" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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and King - Who Was He? - TheTorah.com</a>—This article summarizes Yigal Levin's view on the legends of Nimrod.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_in_Islam" title="Pharaoh in Islam">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201861#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1360" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201861#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1360" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201861#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000091143170">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/80993326">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159162664393955001964">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133275220">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/422469/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjtTMmkbbjPky6PgW87dV3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/136691099">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98079425">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/47949">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007310000105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nemrud">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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