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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fall of Zhao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Zhao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Zhao_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Zhao_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of Zhao rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Zhao_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Zhao rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Zhao_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_partition_of_Jin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_partition_of_Jin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Before the partition of Jin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_partition_of_Jin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_partition_of_Jin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_partition_of_Jin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>After the partition of Jin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_partition_of_Jin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zhao_in_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zhao_in_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zhao in astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zhao_in_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhao (state)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87jao_(%C3%A7arl%C4%B1q)" title="Çjao (çarlıq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çjao (çarlıq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88_(%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82)" title="چژاو (چارلیق) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چژاو (چارلیق)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8D_(Chiu)" title="Tiō (Chiu) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiō (Chiu)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_Zhao" title="Estat de Zhao – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat de Zhao" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(Staat)" title="Zhao (Staat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zhao (Staat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Zhao" title="Estado Zhao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado Zhao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao" title="Zhao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zhao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0_(%EC%A0%84%EA%B5%AD)" title="조 (전국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조 (전국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(negara)" title="Zhao (negara) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zhao (negara)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(stato)" title="Zhao (stato) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zhao (stato)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Жао ванлиг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жао ванлиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(staat)" title="Zhao (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zhao (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%99_(%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD)" title="趙 (戦国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="趙 (戦国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(stat)" title="Zhao (stat) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zhao (stat)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(okres_Zhou)" title="Zhao (okres Zhou) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zhao (okres Zhou)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Chao" title="Reino de Chao – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Chao" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BE_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Чжао (царство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чжао (царство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEao_(dr%C5%BEava)" title="Džao (država) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džao (država)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%86" title="ویلایەتی ژاوۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلایەتی ژاوۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(dr%C5%BEava)" title="Zhao (država) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zhao (država)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(stat)" title="Zhao (stat) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zhao (stat)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="รัฐจ้าว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐจ้าว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_(devlet)" title="Zhao (devlet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zhao (devlet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BE_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Чжао (царство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чжао (царство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88_(%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="ژاو (ریاست) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ژاو (ریاست)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%87u_(n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc)" title="Triệu (nước) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triệu (nước)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%99" title="趙 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="趙" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%99_(%E5%91%A8)" title="趙 (周) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="趙 (周)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E5%9B%BD" title="赵国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赵国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q197430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Chinese kingdom (403-222 BCE) during the Warring States period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chao_(state)" title="Chao (state)">Chao (state)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Zhao</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">403–222 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EN-ZHAO260BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Zhao (state)"><img alt="Location of Zhao (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/EN-ZHAO260BCE.jpg/250px-EN-ZHAO260BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/EN-ZHAO260BCE.jpg/375px-EN-ZHAO260BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/EN-ZHAO260BCE.jpg/500px-EN-ZHAO260BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="4348" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">March → Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Jinyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 423–409 BCE (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Xian_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Xian of Zhao">Marquess Xian of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 403–400 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Lie_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Lie of Zhao">Marquess Lie of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 386–375 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Jing_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Jing of Zhao">Marquess Jing of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 374–350 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Cheng_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Cheng of Zhao">Marquess Cheng of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 349–326 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Su_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Su of Zhao">Marquess Su of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 325–299 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao" title="King Wuling of Zhao">King Wuling of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 298–266 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Zhao" title="King Huiwen of Zhao">King Huiwen of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 265–245 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Xiaocheng_of_Zhao" title="King Xiaocheng of Zhao">King Xiaocheng of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 244–236 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Daoxiang_of_Zhao" title="King Daoxiang of Zhao">King Daoxiang of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 235–228 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Youmiu" title="King Youmiu">King Youmiu of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 227–223 BCE (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jia_of_Zhao" title="Jia of Zhao">King Jia of Zhao</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Jin" title="Partition of Jin">Partition of Jin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">403 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered by <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">222 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spade_money" title="Spade money">Spade money</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">ancient Chinese coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin state</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Warring_States_period)" title="Dai (Warring States period)">Dai state</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin state</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Zhao</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhao_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zhao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/60px-Zhao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zhao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Zhao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zhao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/120px-Zhao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Zhao" in <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">趙</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">赵</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhào</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jaw</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chao<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂâʊ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jiuh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Ziu<sup>6</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsiw˨]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tiō</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]rewʔ</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg/220px-%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg/330px-%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg/440px-%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E5%A2%99_%E8%A1%8C%E6%91%84%E6%A2%93%E5%9C%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the city of Dai, Zhao's last capital</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zhao</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:趙">趙</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">赵</span>) was one of the seven major <a href="/wiki/State_(Ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (Ancient China)">states</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> of ancient China. It emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Jin" title="Partition of Jin">tripartite division of Jin</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a>, in the 5th century BC. Zhao gained considerable strength from the military reforms initiated during the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao" title="King Wuling of Zhao">King Wuling</a>, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changping" title="Battle of Changping">Battle of Changping</a>. Its territory included areas in the modern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. It bordered the states of Qin, Wei, and <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>, as well as various nomadic peoples including the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Hu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a>, in modern Hebei province. </p><p>Zhao was home to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Legalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Legalism">administrative philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Shen_Dao" title="Shen Dao">Shen Dao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> <a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Kuang">Xun Kuang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a>, who is affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/School_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="School of names">school of names</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_ascendancy">Origins and ascendancy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_(state)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and ascendancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(surname)" title="Zhao (surname)">Zhao clan</a> within <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> had been accumulating power for centuries, including annexing the <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Baidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dai_(Spring_and_Autumn_period)" title="Dai (Spring and Autumn period)">Dai</a> in the mid-5th <span class="nowrap">century BC.</span> </p><p>At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, Jin was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Jin" title="Partition of Jin">divided</a> between three powerful ministers, one of whom was <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Xiangzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Xiangzi">Zhao Xiangzi</a>, patriarch of the Zhao family. In 403 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Zhou</a> king formally recognised the existence of the Zhao state along with two other states, Han and Wei. Some historians, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>, take this recognition to mark the beginning of the Warring States period. </p><p>At the beginning of the Warring States period, Zhao was one of the weaker states. Despite its extensive territory, its northern border was frequently harassed by the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Eastern Hu</a>, Forest Hu, <a href="/wiki/Loufan_County" title="Loufan County">Loufan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, and other northern nomadic peoples. Zhao lacked the military might of Wei or the wealth of Qi, and became a pawn in the struggle between them. This struggle came to a head in 354 BC when Wei invaded Zhao, forcing Zhao to seek help from Qi. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guiling" title="Battle of Guiling">Battle of Guiling</a> was a major victory for Qi, reducing the threat to Zhao's southern border. </p><p>Zhao remained relatively weak until the military reforms of <a href="/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao" title="King Wuling of Zhao">King Wuling of Zhao</a> (325–299 BC). Zhao soldiers were ordered to dress like their <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Hu</a> neighbours and to replace <a href="/wiki/Chariots_in_ancient_China" title="Chariots in ancient China">war chariots</a> with cavalry archers (<span lang="zh-Hans">胡服骑射</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">胡服騎射</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">húfúqíshè</span></i>). This reform proved to be a brilliant and pragmatic strategy. With the advanced technology of the Chinese states and tactics of the steppe nomads, Zhao's cavalry became a powerful force. As a result, the newly empowered Zhao were more evenly matched with their greatest threat, Qi. </p><p>Zhao demonstrated its increased military prowess by conquering the state of <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a> in 295 BC after a protracted war and annexing territory from the neighbouring states of Wei, Yan, and Qin. During this time, Zhao cavalry also occasionally intruded into <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> during latter campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>. </p><p>Several brilliant military commanders of the period served Zhao contemporaneously, including <a href="/wiki/Lian_Po" title="Lian Po">Lian Po</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_She" title="Zhao She">Zhao She</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Li_Mu" title="Li Mu">Li Mu</a>. Lian Po was instrumental in defending Zhao against Qin. Zhao She was most active in the east, leading the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>. Li Mu defended Zhao against the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Zhao%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" title="Zhao–Xiongnu War">Zhao–Xiongnu War</a> and later against Qin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_Zhao">Fall of Zhao</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_(state)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fall of Zhao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification#Conquest_of_Zhao" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin's wars of unification § Conquest of Zhao</a></div> <p>By the end of the Warring States period, Zhao was the only state strong enough to oppose the mighty <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a>. An alliance with Wei against Qin began in 287 BC, but ended in defeat at Huayang in 273 BC. The struggle then culminated in the bloodiest battle of the entire period, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changping" title="Battle of Changping">Battle of Changping</a> in 260 BC. Zhao's forces were utterly defeated by Qin. Although the forces of Wei and Chu saved Handan from a subsequent siege by the victorious Qin, Zhao would never recover from the enormous loss of troops in the battle. </p><p>In 229 BC, invasions led by the Qin general <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Qin)" title="Wang Jian (Qin)">Wang Jian</a> were resisted by <a href="/wiki/Li_Mu" title="Li Mu">Li Mu</a> and his subordinate officer Sima Shang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">司馬尚</span></span>) until 228 BC. Li Mu was one of the finest generals of the Warring States period, and although he was unable to defeat Wang Jian (also one of the best generals of the period), Wang Jian was unable to make any headway. The invasion ended in a stalemate. The Qin emperor, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shihuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shihuang">Qin Shihuang</a>, realised that he needed to get rid of Li Mu in order to conquer Zhao, and tried to sow discord among the Zhao leadership. The Zhao king <a href="/wiki/King_Youmiu" title="King Youmiu">Youmiu</a> fell for the plot: on the false advice of disloyal court officials and Qin infiltrators, he ordered Li Mu's <a href="/wiki/Execution_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution (legal)">execution</a> and relieved Sima Shang of his duties. Li Mu's replacement, Zhao Cong, was promptly defeated by Wang Jian. Qin captured King Youmiu and defeated Zhao in 228 BC. Prince Jia, half-brother of King Qian, was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_Jia_of_Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="King Jia of Dai">King Jia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dai_(Warring_States_period)" title="Dai (Warring States period)">Dai</a> and led the last Zhao forces against the Qin. This regime lasted until 222 BC, when the Qin army captured him and defeated his forces at Dai. </p><p>A rebel named <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chen_(Qin_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Chen (Qin dynasty)">Wu Chen</a>, following the example of <a href="/wiki/Chen_Sheng" title="Chen Sheng">Chen Sheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Guang" title="Wu Guang">Wu Guang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>, proclaimed himself King of Zhao. Wu was later killed by his subordinate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Liang (page does not exist)">Li Liang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李良</span></span>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Er (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Er</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張耳</span></span>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yu_(Qin_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yu (Qin dynasty) (page does not exist)">Chen Yu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳餘</span></span>), former officials of Zhao, created the Zhao royal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Xie (page does not exist)">Zhao Xie</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙歇</span></span>) as King of Zhao. In 206 BC, the rebel lord <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a> of Chu defeated the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> and made himself and seventeen other lords <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">kings</a>, appointing Zhao Xie the king of Dai. Chen Yu helped Zhao Xie reclaim the land of Zhao from Zhang Er, so Zhao Xie created Chen Yu as Prince of Dai. In 205 BC, Chen Yu's subordinate in Dai, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xia Yue (page does not exist)">Xia Yue</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夏說</span></span>), was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a>'s generals <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a> and Zhang Er. Chen Yu was defeated by Han Xin in 204 BC, and later Zhao Xie was killed by Han forces. Liu Bang gave the state of Zhao to Zhang Er. </p><p>In 154 BC, an unrelated <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Han_dynasty_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao (Han dynasty kingdom)">Zhao</a>, led by Prince of Zhao Liu Sui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">劉遂</span></span>), participated in the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Seven_States" title="Rebellion of the Seven States">Rebellion of the Seven States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">七國之亂</span>) against the newly installed sixth emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_(state)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg/220px-Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg/330px-Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg/440px-Zhao_Handan_Gucheng_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Massive tombs of the kings of Zhao near <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> unified China in 221 BC, each region had its own customs and culture, although elite culture was identical throughout. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Yu_Gong" title="Yu Gong">Yu Gong</a></i> (Tribute of Yu) chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> – probably written in the 4th century BC – China is described as divided into nine regions, each with its own distinctive peoples and products. The central theme of this section is that these nine regions are unified into one state through the travels of the eponymous sage, <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>, and the sending of each region's unique goods to the capital as tribute. Other texts also discussed these regional differences in culture and physical environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One such text was <i><a href="/wiki/Wuzi" title="Wuzi">Wuzi</a></i> (The Book of Master Wu), a military treatise of the Warring States, written in response to a request from Marquis Wu of <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a> for advice on how to deal with the other states. <a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a>, to whom work is attributed, explained that the government and nature of the people are linked to the physical environment and territory in which they live.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of Zhao, he said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The two states of Han and Zhao train their troops rigorously but have difficulty in applying their skills to the battlefield.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Wuzi" title="Wuzi">Wuzi</a>, <i>Master Wu</i></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Han and Zhao are states of the Central Plain. Theirs are a gentle people, weary from war and experienced in arms, but have little regard for their generals. The soldiers' salaries are meager and their officers have no strong commitment to their countries. Although their troops are experienced, they cannot be expected to fight to the death. To defeat them, we must concentrate large numbers of troops in our attacks to present them with certain peril. When they counterattack, we must be prepared to defend our positions vigorously and make them pay dearly. When they retreat, we must pursue and give them no rest. This will grind them down.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Wuzi" title="Wuzi">Wuzi</a>, <i>Master Wu</i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Zhao_rulers">List of Zhao rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_(state)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of Zhao rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_ancient_Chinese_emperors#Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors">Rulers family tree</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_partition_of_Jin">Before the partition of Jin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_(state)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before the partition of Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Cui" title="Zhao Cui">Chengzi of Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Dun_(Spring_and_Autumn)" title="Zhao Dun (Spring and Autumn)">Xuanzi of Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Shuo" title="Zhao Shuo">Zhuangzi of Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Wu" title="Zhao Wu">Wenzi of Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jingzi_of_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jingzi of Zhao (page does not exist)">Jingzi of Zhao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙景子</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jianzi_of_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jianzi of Zhao (page does not exist)">Jianzi of Zhao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙簡子</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangzi_of_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangzi of Zhao">Xiangzi of Zhao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙襄子</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huanzi_of_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huanzi of Zhao (page does not exist)">Huanzi of Zhao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙桓子</span></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_partition_of_Jin">After the partition of Jin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_(state)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the partition of Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Xian_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Xian of Zhao">Marquess Xian</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">獻侯</span></span>), personal name Huan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">浣</span></span>), ruled 424 BC–409 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Lie_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Lie of Zhao">Marquess Lie</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">烈侯</span></span>), personal name Ji (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">籍</span></span>), son of previous, ruled 409 BC–387 BC, noted for several reforms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Jing_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Jing of Zhao">Marquess Jing</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敬侯</span></span>), personal name Zhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">章</span></span>), son of previous, ruled 387 BC–375 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Cheng_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Cheng of Zhao">Marquess Cheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">成侯</span></span>), personal name Zhong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">種</span></span>), son of previous, ruled 375 BC–350 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_Su_of_Zhao" title="Marquess Su of Zhao">Marquess Su</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">肅侯</span></span>), personal name Yu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">語</span></span>), son of previous, ruled 350 BC–326 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao" title="King Wuling of Zhao">King Wuling</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">武靈王</span></span>), personal name Yong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雍</span></span>), son of previous, ruled 326 BC–Spring 299 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Zhao" title="King Huiwen of Zhao">King Huiwen</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">惠文王</span></span>), personal name He (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">何</span></span>), son of previous, ruled Spring 299 BC–266 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Xiaocheng_of_Zhao" title="King Xiaocheng of Zhao">King Xiaocheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孝成王</span></span>), personal name Dan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丹</span></span>), son of previous, ruled 266 BC–245 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Daoxiang_of_Zhao" title="King Daoxiang of Zhao">King Daoxiang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">悼襄王</span></span>), personal name Yan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">偃</span></span>), son of previous, ruled 245 BC–236 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Youmiu" title="King Youmiu">King Youmiu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">幽繆王</span></span>), personal name Qian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">遷</span></span>), son of previous, ruled 236 BC–228 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia,_King_of_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Jia, King of Zhao">Jia, King of Zhao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">代王</span></span>), personal name Jia (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">嘉</span></span>), half-brother of previous, ruled 228 BC–222 BC</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xie,_King_of_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xie, King of Zhao (page does not exist)">Xie, King of Zhao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙王歇</span></span>), ruled 209 BC–205 BC. Also known as Zhao Xie. A reinstalled king of Zhao by rioting peasants during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Qin_Er_Shi" title="Qin Er Shi">Qin Er Shi</a>. Defeated and killed by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zhao_in_astronomy">Zhao in astronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_(state)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zhao in astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two opinions about the representing star of Zhao in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a>. The opinions are : </p> <ul><li>Zhao is represented with the star <b><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Herculis" title="Lambda Herculis">Lambda Herculis</a></b> in asterism <i>Left Wall</i>, <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure" title="Heavenly Market enclosure">Heavenly Market enclosure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also represented with two stars <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=26_Capricorni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="26 Capricorni (page does not exist)">26 Capricorni</a></b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙一</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhao yī</i></span>, English: <span lang="en">the First Star of Zhao</span>) and <b><a href="/wiki/27_Capricorni" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Capricorni">27 Capricorni</a></b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙二</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhao èr</i></span>, English: <span lang="en">the Second Star of Zhao</span>) in asterism <i>Twelve States</i>, <a href="/wiki/Girl_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Girl (Chinese constellation)">Girl</a> mansion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Chinese_constellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese constellation">Chinese constellation</a>).</li> <li>Zhao is represented with the star <b><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Herculis" title="Lambda Herculis">Lambda Herculis</a></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also represented with star "m Capricorni".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_(state)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhao Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Zhao Kingdom (Han dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_(state)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuang_Kejian2016" class="citation book cs1">Huang Kejian (2016) [2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bATIDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA185"><i>From Destiny to Dao: A Survey of Pre-Qin Philosophy in China</i></a>. 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Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo/page/11">11 - 16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674024779" title="Special:BookSources/9780674024779"><bdi>9780674024779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Chinese+Empires+%3A+Qin+and+Han&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pages=11+-+16&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674024779&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofimperia00broo%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhao+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen_Huihua_(陳輝樺)2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chen Huihua (陳輝樺), ed. 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Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hercules&rft.series=Star+Names+%E2%80%93+Their+Lore+and+Meaning&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Richard+Hinckley+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FTopics%2Fastronomy%2F_Texts%2Fsecondary%2FALLSTA%2FHercules%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhao+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hinckley_Allen2021" class="citation web cs1">Richard Hinckley Allen (2021) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Capricornus*.html">"Capricornus"</a>. 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Chinese_states110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Chinese_states110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">Ancient Chinese states</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zhou_dynasty_states" title="List of Zhou dynasty states">Zhou dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_(state)" title="Cao (state)">Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei_(state)" title="Bei (state)">Bei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chao_(state)" title="Chao (state)">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_(state)" title="Dao (state)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Spring_and_Autumn_period)" title="Dai (Spring and Autumn period)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_(state)" title="Deng (state)">Deng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_(state)" title="E (state)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Guo" title="Eastern Guo">Eastern Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Guo" title="Western Guo">Western Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumie" title="Gumie">Gumie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzhu" title="Guzhu">Guzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(NW_Zhou_state)" title="Han (NW Zhou state)">Han (NW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(SE_Zhou_state)" title="Han (SE Zhou state)">Han (SE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_(state)" title="Hua (state)">Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_(state)" title="Huang (state)">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_(state)" title="Huo (state)">Huo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_(state_in_modern_Beijing)" title="Ji (state in modern Beijing)">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_(state_in_modern_Shandong)" title="Ji (state in modern Shandong)"> Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jia (state) (page does not exist)">Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_(state)" title="Ju (state)">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(state)" title="Lai (state)">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_(state)" title="Liang (state)">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_(Zhou_dynasty_state)" title="Liao (Zhou dynasty state)">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_(state)" title="Lü (state)">Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_(state)" title="Luo (state)">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_(Chinese_state)" title="Na (Chinese state)">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_(Western_Zhou_state)" title="Peng (Western Zhou state)">Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_(state)" title="Pi (state)">Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(Henan)" title="Qi (Henan)">Qǐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_(state)" title="Quan (state)">Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui_(state)" title="Rui (state)">Rui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruo_(state)" title="Ruo (state)">Ruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(state)" title="Shen (state)">Shēn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%9Bn_(state)" title="Shěn (state)">Shěn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_(state)" title="Sui (state)">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_(state)" title="Tan (state)">Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(state)" title="Teng (state)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(state)" title="Xi (state)">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_(state)" title="Xian (state)">Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xing_(state)" title="Xing (state)">Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_(state)" title="Xu (state)">Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C7%94_(state)" title="Xǔ (state)">Xǔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_(state)" title="Yang (state)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_(state)" title="Ying (state)"> Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiqu" title="Yiqu">Yiqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Jin#Conquests_of_Yu_and_Guo" title="Duke Xian of Jin">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_(state)" title="Zeng (state)">Zeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongli_(state)" title="Zhongli (state)">Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoulai" title="Zhoulai">Zhoulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">Seven states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Warring_States_period)" title="Dai (Warring States period)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou_(state)" title="Eastern Zhou (state)">Eastern Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(state)" title="Teng (state)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou_(state)" title="Western Zhou (state)">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiqu" title="Yiqu">Yiqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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