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<li id="toc-The_1970s_and_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1970s_and_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 The 1970s and 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1970s_and_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s_and_since" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s_and_since"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 2000s and since </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s_and_since-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runway_modelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runway_modelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Runway modelling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runway_modelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazine_modelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazine_modelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Magazine modelling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazine_modelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plus-size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plus-size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Plus-size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plus-size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normal-size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal-size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Normal-size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal-size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Black models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fitting_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitting_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Fitting models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitting_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parts_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Parts models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petite_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petite_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Petite models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petite_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podium_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podium_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Podium models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podium_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earnings_and_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earnings_and_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Earnings and demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earnings_and_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glamour_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glamour_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Glamour models </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Glamour_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Glamour models subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Glamour_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gravure_idols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravure_idols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Gravure idols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravure_idols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Alternative models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fitness_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitness_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Fitness models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitness_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Commercial models </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commercial models subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Promotional_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotional_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Promotional models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotional_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spokesmodels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spokesmodels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Spokesmodels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spokesmodels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_show_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_show_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Trade show models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_show_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Atmosphere models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instagram_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instagram_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Instagram models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instagram_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Model (person)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(persoon)" title="Model (persoon) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Model (persoon)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model" title="Model – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Model" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6_(%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5)" title="عارض (شخص) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عارض (شخص)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelu_(moda)" title="Modelu (moda) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Modelu (moda)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A9lo" title="Modélo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Modélo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84" title="مودل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مودل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF)" title="মডেল (ব্যক্তি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মডেল (ব্যক্তি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model" title="Model – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Model" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Мадэль (прафесія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мадэль (прафесія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA)" title="Мадэль (чалавек) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мадэль (чалавек)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97)" title="मॉडल (लोग) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मॉडल (लोग)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo" title="Modelo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Modelo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Фотомодел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотомодел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(moda)" title="Model (moda) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model (moda)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling" title="Modeling – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modeling" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model" title="Model – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Model" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(profession)" title="Model (profession) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Model (profession)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model" title="Model – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Model" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81)" title="मोडल (मान्सु) – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मोडल (मान्सु)" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modell" title="Modell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Modell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF_(%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Μοντέλο (επάγγελμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοντέλο (επάγγελμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_(moda)" title="Modelo (moda) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo (moda)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_(homo)" title="Modelo (homo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Modelo (homo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_(lanbidea)" title="Modelo (lanbidea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Modelo (lanbidea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_(%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5)" title="مدل (شخص) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل (شخص)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannequinat" title="Mannequinat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mannequinat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(berop)" title="Model (berop) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Model (berop)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainic%C3%ADn_faisin" title="Mainicín faisin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mainicín faisin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craishteyder" title="Craishteyder – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Craishteyder" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modail" title="Modail – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Modail" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_(moda)" title="Modelo (moda) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modelo (moda)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E7%89%B9" title="模特 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="模特" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8_(%EC%A7%81%EC%97%85)" title="모델 (직업) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모델 (직업)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Մոդել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF)" title="मॉडल (व्यक्ति) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मॉडल (व्यक्ति)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneken" title="Maneken – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maneken" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peragawan" title="Peragawan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peragawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_(moda)" title="Modello (moda) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modello (moda)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="דוגמנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוגמנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="მოდელი (პროფესია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოდელი (პროფესია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanamitindo" title="Mwanamitindo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwanamitindo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model" title="Model – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Model" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modele" title="Modele – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Modele" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model" title="Model – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Model" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudel" title="Mudel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mudel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modell_(foglalkoz%C3%A1s)" title="Modell (foglalkozás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Modell (foglalkozás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95)" title="मोडल (लोक) – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मोडल (लोक)" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Модел (личност) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Модел (личност)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80)" title="मॉडेल (व्यक्ती) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॉडेल (व्यक्ती)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="მოდელი (პროფესია) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოდელი (პროფესია)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84" title="موديل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موديل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(profesion)" title="Model (profesion) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Model (profesion)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(persoon)" title="Model (persoon) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Model (persoon)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8)" title="मोडल (मानिस) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोडल (मानिस)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB_(%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD)" title="モデル (職業) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モデル (職業)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%86-%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Куц-аьзни – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Куц-аьзни" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modell_(yrke)" title="Modell (yrke) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Modell (yrke)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(shaxs)" title="Model (shaxs) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Model (shaxs)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80)" title="ਮਾਡਲ (ਵਿਅਕਤੀ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਡਲ (ਵਿਅਕਤੀ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(zaw%C3%B3d)" title="Model (zawód) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Model (zawód)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_(profiss%C3%A3o)" title="Modelo (profissão) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo (profissão)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model" title="Model – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Model" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomodel" title="Fotomodel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotomodel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Модель (профессия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модель (профессия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelja" title="Modelja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Modelja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80_(%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F)" title="නිරූපිකාව (පුද්ගලයා) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිරූපිකාව (පුද්ගලයා)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)" title="Model (person) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Model (person)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelka" title="Modelka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modelka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneken" title="Maneken – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maneken" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Манекен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манекен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malli_(ammatti)" title="Malli (ammatti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malli (ammatti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotomodell" title="Fotomodell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotomodell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo" title="Modelo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Modelo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வடிவழகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வடிவழகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A" title="นักเดินแบบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักเดินแบบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81)" title="Мудел (шахс) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мудел (шахс)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manken" title="Manken – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manken" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Модель (професія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Модель (професія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%84_(%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF)" title="ماڈل (فرد) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماڈل (فرد)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_m%E1%BA%ABu" title="Người mẫu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người mẫu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E7%89%B9" title="模特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="模特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%85%92" title="模特兒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="模特兒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%85%92" title="模特兒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="模特兒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukang_p%C3%A8j%C3%A8ng" title="Tukang pèjèng – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tukang pèjèng" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the role a person may take as a <a href="/wiki/Model" title="Model">model</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Model_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Model (disambiguation)">Model (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fashion Model" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Model_(film)" title="Fashion Model (film)">Fashion Model (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_Posing_On_Typical_Studio_Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman standing in front of a monochrome background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Model_Posing_On_Typical_Studio_Set.jpg/220px-Model_Posing_On_Typical_Studio_Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Model_Posing_On_Typical_Studio_Set.jpg/330px-Model_Posing_On_Typical_Studio_Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Model_Posing_On_Typical_Studio_Set.jpg/440px-Model_Posing_On_Typical_Studio_Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2719" data-file-height="4079" /></a><figcaption>A female model posing on a typical studio shooting set</figcaption></figure> A model is a person with a <a href="/wiki/Role" title="Role">role</a> either to display commercial <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> clothing in <a href="/wiki/Fashion_show" title="Fashion show">fashion shows</a>) or to serve as an <a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">artist's model</a> or to pose for <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>. Modelling ("modeling" in <a href="/wiki/British_and_American_English_spelling_differences#Doubled_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="British and American English spelling differences">American English</a>) is considered to be different from other types of public <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dancing</a>; thus, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be "modelling". Personal opinions are normally not expressed, and a model's reputation and image are considered critical. Types of modelling include: fine art, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion modeling">fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glamour_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Glamour modeling">glamour</a>, fitness, and body-part <a href="/wiki/Promotional_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Promotional modeling">promotional</a> modelling. Models are featured in various media formats, including books, magazines, films, newspapers, the Internet, and television. Fashion modelling is sometimes featured in <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality TV</a> shows (<a href="/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model" title="America's Next Top Model">America's Next Top Model</a>). <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">Celebrities</a>, including actors, singers, <a href="/wiki/Athlete" title="Athlete">sports personalities</a> and reality TV stars, frequently participate in modelling contests, assignments, and contracts in addition to their regular work. Modelling often is a part-time activity. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artist's_models">Artist's models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Artist's models">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model (art)</a></div> Artist's models pose for any <a href="/wiki/Visual_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual artist">visual artist</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative process">creative process</a>. Artist's models are often paid <a href="/wiki/Professionals" class="mw-redirect" title="Professionals">professionals</a> who provide a reference or inspiration for a <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">work of art</a> that includes the human figure. The most common types of art created using models are <a href="/wiki/Figure_drawing" title="Figure drawing">figure drawing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figure_painting" title="Figure painting">figure painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, but almost any medium may be used. Although commercial motives dominate over aesthetics in <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustration</a>, its artwork commonly employs models. Models are most frequently employed for <a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">art classes</a> or by informal groups of experienced artists who gather to share the expense of a model. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion_modelling">Fashion modelling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fashion modelling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fashion model" redirects here. For the 1945 film, see <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Model_(film)" title="Fashion Model (film)">Fashion Model (film)</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_fashion_modelling">History of fashion modelling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of fashion modelling">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_years">Early years</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">14th-century Europe</a>, fashion had been displayed in miniature form to (often royal) clients by <a href="/wiki/Fashion_doll" title="Fashion doll">fashion dolls</a>, before the clothes were made in human size.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worth" title="Charles Frederick Worth">Charles Frederick Worth</a>, the "father of <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a>", when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the potential clients for the clothes he designed.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The term "house model" was coined to describe this type of work. Eventually, this became common practice for <a href="/wiki/French_fashion#Final_19th,_the_Belle_époque_and_early_20th_century" title="French fashion">Parisian fashion houses</a>. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, and most designers would use women of varying sizes to demonstrate variety in their <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">designs</a>. The modelling profession expanded to photo modelling with the development of <a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">fashion photography</a>. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1940s, when the world's first three supermodels, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Goalen" title="Barbara Goalen">Barbara Goalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bettina_Graziani" title="Bettina Graziani">Bettina Graziani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Fonssagrives" title="Lisa Fonssagrives">Lisa Fonssagrives</a> began commanding very large sums. During the 1940s and 1950s, Graziani was the most photographed woman in France and the undisputed queen of couture, while Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a> covers; her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. One of the most popular models during the 1940s was <a href="/wiki/Jinx_Falkenburg" title="Jinx Falkenburg">Jinx Falkenburg</a>, who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> through the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Cooper" title="Wilhelmina Cooper">Wilhelmina Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Patchett" title="Jean Patchett">Jean Patchett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dovima" title="Dovima">Dovima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorian_Leigh" title="Dorian Leigh">Dorian Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzy_Parker" title="Suzy Parker">Suzy Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Tripp" title="Evelyn Tripp">Evelyn Tripp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Dell%27Orefice" title="Carmen Dell'Orefice">Carmen Dell'Orefice</a> also dominated fashion.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Church" title="Dorothea Church">Dorothea Church</a> was among the first black models in the industry to gain recognition in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Cooper" title="Wilhelmina Cooper">Wilhelmina Cooper</a>'s measurements were 38"-24"-36" whereas <a href="/wiki/Chanel_Iman" title="Chanel Iman">Chanel Iman</a>'s measurements are 32"-23"-33".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Models" title="Ford Models">Ford Models</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Ford" title="Eileen Ford">Eileen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_W._Ford" title="Gerard W. Ford">Gerard Ford</a> in New York, making it one of the oldest model agencies in the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_1960s_and_the_beginning_of_the_industry">The 1960s and the beginning of the industry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The 1960s and the beginning of the industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrid_Andersen_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Models walking single file" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Astrid_Andersen_01.jpg/220px-Astrid_Andersen_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Astrid_Andersen_01.jpg/330px-Astrid_Andersen_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Astrid_Andersen_01.jpg/440px-Astrid_Andersen_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Models on <a href="/wiki/Runway_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runway (fashion)">runway</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Fashion_show" title="Fashion show">fashion show</a> </figcaption></figure> In the 1960s, the modelling world established <a href="/wiki/Modeling_agency" title="Modeling agency">modelling agencies</a>. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models' agents charging them weekly rates for their messages and bookings. For the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a person's earnings, so they referred to themselves as secretaries. Except for a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labour laws governing modelling in various countries. In the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion magazines">fashion magazines</a> but desperately needed models. Italian agencies often coerced models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay.<a href="#cite_note-history-7">[7]</a> They would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in hotels such as La Louisiana in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> or the Arena in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas. It was rumoured that competing agencies were behind the raids. This led many agencies to form worldwide chains; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Agency" title="Marilyn Agency">Marilyn Agency</a> has branches in Paris and New York.<a href="#cite_note-history-7">[7]</a> By the late 1960s, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> was considered the best market in Europe due to its more organised and innovative approach to modelling. It was during this period that models began to become household names. Models such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Shrimpton" title="Jean Shrimpton">Jean Shrimpton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tania_Mallet" title="Tania Mallet">Tania Mallet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Hammond" title="Celia Hammond">Celia Hammond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twiggy" title="Twiggy">Twiggy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Tree" title="Penelope Tree">Penelope Tree</a> dominated the London fashion scene and were well paid, unlike their predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Twiggy became The Face of '66 at the age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> At this time, model agencies were not as restrictive about the models they represented, although it was uncommon for them to sign shorter models. Twiggy, who stood at 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) with a 32" bust and had a boy's haircut, is credited with changing model ideals. At that time, she earned <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>80 (equivalent to £1,639.1 or <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a>2,037.32 in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-10">[10]</a> an hour, while the average wage was <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>15 (equivalent to £307.33 or <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a>382 in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-10">[10]</a> a week. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Shrimpton_(1965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jean_Shrimpton_%281965%29.jpg/170px-Jean_Shrimpton_%281965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jean_Shrimpton_%281965%29.jpg/255px-Jean_Shrimpton_%281965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jean_Shrimpton_%281965%29.jpg/340px-Jean_Shrimpton_%281965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Shrimpton" title="Jean Shrimpton">Jean Shrimpton</a> in 1965</figcaption></figure> In 1967, seven of the top model agents in London formed the Association of London Model Agents. The formation of this association helped legitimise modelling and changed the fashion industry. Even with a more professional attitude towards modelling, models were still expected to have their hair and makeup done before they arrived at a shoot. Meanwhile, agencies took responsibility for a model's promotional materials and branding. That same year, former top fashion model <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Cooper" title="Wilhelmina Cooper">Wilhelmina Cooper</a> opened up her own fashion agency with her husband called <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models" title="Wilhelmina Models">Wilhelmina Models</a>. By 1968, FM Agency and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Models_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Models 1 (page does not exist)">Models 1</a> were established and represented models in a similar way that agencies do today.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By the late 1960s, models were treated better and were making better wages. One of the innovators, Ford Models, was the first agency to advance models money they were owed and would often allow teen models, who did not live locally, to reside in their house, a precursor to model housing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_1970s_and_1980s">The 1970s and 1980s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The 1970s and 1980s">edit</a>]</div> The innovations of the 1960s flowed into the 1970s fashion scene. As a result of model industry associations and standards,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> model agencies became more business minded, and more thought went into a model's promotional materials. By this time, agencies were starting to pay for a model's publicity.<a href="#cite_note-history-7">[7]</a> In the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> had many tall, leggy, <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blonde</a>-haired, blue-eyed models and not enough clients. It was during this time that Ford Models pioneered scouting.<a href="#cite_note-history-7">[7]</a> They would spend time working with agencies holding modeling contests. This was the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Models_Supermodel_of_the_World" title="Ford Models Supermodel of the World">Ford Models Supermodel of the World</a> competition, established in 1980. Ford also focused its attention on Brazil, which had a wide array of seemingly "exotic" models, which eventually led to the establishment of Ford Models Brazil. During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue" title="Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue">Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue</a> debuted. The magazine set the trend by photographing "bigger and healthier" California models,<a href="#cite_note-Slate-14">[14]</a> and printing their names by their photos, thus turning many of them into household names and establishing the issue as a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Supermodel" title="Supermodel">supermodel</a> status.<a href="#cite_note-Slate-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_Beverly_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2007_Beverly_Johnson.jpg/170px-2007_Beverly_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2007_Beverly_Johnson.jpg/255px-2007_Beverly_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2007_Beverly_Johnson.jpg/340px-2007_Beverly_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Johnson" title="Beverly Johnson">Beverly Johnson</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> The 1970s marked numerous milestones in fashion. <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Johnson" title="Beverly Johnson">Beverly Johnson</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a> woman to appear on the cover of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Models, including <a href="/wiki/Iman_(model)" title="Iman (model)">Iman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Jones" title="Grace Jones">Grace Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cleveland" title="Pat Cleveland">Pat Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alva_Chinn" title="Alva Chinn">Alva Chinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donyale_Luna" title="Donyale Luna">Donyale Luna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minah_Bird" title="Minah Bird">Minah Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Sims" title="Naomi Sims">Naomi Sims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toukie_Smith" title="Toukie Smith">Toukie Smith</a> were some of the top black fashion models who paved the way for black women in fashion.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Margaux_Hemingway" title="Margaux Hemingway">Margaux Hemingway</a> landed a then-unprecedented million-dollar contract as the face of <a href="/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_(cosmetics)" title="Fabergé (cosmetics)">Fabergé</a>'s Babe perfume and the same year appeared on the cover of Time magazine, labeled one of the "New Beauties", giving further name recognition to fashion models.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Many of the world's most prominent modeling agencies were established in the 1970s and early 1980s. These agencies created the standard by which agencies now run. In 1974, Nevs Models was established in London with only a men's board, the first of its kind. Elite Models was founded in Paris in 1975, as well as Friday's Models in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The next year Cal-Carries was established in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the first of a chain of agencies in Asia. In 1977, Select Model Management and Why Not Models in Milan opened its doors. By the 1980s, agencies such as Premier Model Management, Storm Models, Mikas, Marilyn, and Metropolitan Models had been established. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaomiCampbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NaomiCampbell.jpg/170px-NaomiCampbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NaomiCampbell.jpg/255px-NaomiCampbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NaomiCampbell.jpg/340px-NaomiCampbell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a>, one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Supermodel" title="Supermodel">supermodels</a></figcaption></figure> In October 1981, <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> cited <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Hack" title="Shelley Hack">Shelley Hack</a>, Lauren Hutton and Iman for <a href="/wiki/Revlon" title="Revlon">Revlon</a>, Margaux Hemingway for <a href="/wiki/Faberge_(cosmetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faberge (cosmetics)">Fabergé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Graham" title="Karen Graham">Karen Graham</a> for <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Estée Lauder Companies">Estée Lauder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Ferrare" title="Cristina Ferrare">Cristina Ferrare</a> for <a href="/wiki/Max_Factor" title="Max Factor">Max Factor</a>, and Cheryl Tiegs for <a href="/wiki/CoverGirl" title="CoverGirl">CoverGirl</a> by proclaiming them the "million dollar faces" of the beauty industry. These models negotiated previously unheard-of lucrative and exclusive deals with giant cosmetics companies, were instantly recognizable, and their names became well known to the public.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> By the 1980s, most models could make modeling a full-time career. <a href="/wiki/Patti_Hansen" title="Patti Hansen">Patti Hansen</a>, one of the top earning models in 1980, earned $200 an hour for print and $2,000 for television plus <a href="/wiki/Residual_(entertainment_industry)" title="Residual (entertainment industry)">residuals</a>; it was estimated that she earned about $300,000 a year in 1980 (equivalent to $931,463 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It was common for models to travel abroad and work throughout Europe. As modeling became global, numerous agencies began to think globally. In 1980, Ford Models, the innovator of scouting, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Models_Supermodel_of_the_World" title="Ford Models Supermodel of the World">Ford Models Supermodel of the World</a> contest.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> That same year, John Casablancas opened <a href="/wiki/Elite_Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Elite Models">Elite Models</a> in New York. In 1981, cosmetics companies began contracting top models to lucrative <a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">endorsement deals</a>. By 1983, Elite had developed its own contest, the Elite Model Look competition. In New York, during the 1980s there were so-called "model wars" in which the Ford and Elite agencies fought over models and campaigns. Models were jumping back and forth between agencies such Elite, Wilhelmina, and Ford.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In New York, the late 1980s trend was the boyish look in which models had short cropped hair and looked <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a>. In Europe, the trend was the exact opposite. During this time, many American models who were considered more feminine-looking moved abroad.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> By the mid-1980s, big hair was made popular by some musical groups, and the boyish look was out. The <a href="/wiki/Hourglass_figure" title="Hourglass figure">hourglass figure</a>, a fashionable trend from the late 1940s to the early 1960s, has made a comeback. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s">1990s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kate_moss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kate Moss wearing sunglasses & a black jacket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kate_moss.jpg/170px-Kate_moss.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kate_moss.jpg/255px-Kate_moss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kate_moss.jpg/340px-Kate_moss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kate_Moss" title="Kate Moss">Kate Moss</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Heroin_chic" title="Heroin chic">heroin chic</a> trend</figcaption></figure> The high fashion models of the late 1980s dominated the early 1990s. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Evangelista" title="Linda Evangelista">Linda Evangelista</a> famously said to Vogue, "we don't wake up for less than $10,000 a day". Evangelista and her contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Crawford" title="Cindy Crawford">Cindy Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christy_Turlington" title="Christy Turlington">Christy Turlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz" title="Tatjana Patitz">Tatjana Patitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour" title="Stephanie Seymour">Stephanie Seymour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yasmeen_Ghauri" title="Yasmeen Ghauri">Yasmeen Ghauri</a> became arguably the most recognisable models in the world, earning the moniker of "<a href="/wiki/Supermodel" title="Supermodel">supermodel</a>", and were boosted to global recognition and new heights of wealth for the industry.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1991, Turlington signed a contract with <a href="/wiki/Maybelline" title="Maybelline">Maybelline</a> that paid her $800,000 for twelve days' work each year. By the mid‑1990s, the new "<a href="/wiki/Heroin_chic" title="Heroin chic">heroin chic</a>" trend became popular amongst New York and London editorial clients. <a href="/wiki/Kate_Moss" title="Kate Moss">Kate Moss</a> became its poster child through her ads for <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Klein" title="Calvin Klein">Calvin Klein</a>. With the popularity of lingerie retailer <a href="/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret" title="Victoria's Secret">Victoria's Secret</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue" title="Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue">Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue</a>, there was a need for healthier-looking[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] supermodels such as <a href="/wiki/Tyra_Banks" title="Tyra Banks">Tyra Banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidi_Klum" title="Heidi Klum">Heidi Klum</a> to meet commercial modelling demand. The mid‑1990s also saw many Asian countries establishing modelling agencies. By the late 1990s, the heroin chic era had run its course. Teen-inspired clothing infiltrated mainstream fashion, teen <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> was on the rise, and artists such as <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaliyah" title="Aaliyah">Aaliyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a> popularised <a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">pleather</a> and bare midriffs. As fashion changed to a more youthful <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a>, the models who rose to fame had to be sexier for the digital age. Following <a href="/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen" title="Gisele Bündchen">Gisele Bündchen</a>'s breakthrough, a wave of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> models including <a href="/wiki/Adriana_Lima" title="Adriana Lima">Adriana Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio" title="Alessandra Ambrosio">Alessandra Ambrosio</a> rose to fame on runways and became popular in commercial modelling throughout the 2000s. Some have tied this increase in Brazilian models to the trend of magazines featuring celebrities instead of models on their covers.<a href="#cite_note-um-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s_and_since">2000s and since</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2000s and since">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Size_zero" title="Size zero">Size zero</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlson_Twins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two muscular men wearing unbuttoned shirts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Carlson_Twins.jpg/170px-Carlson_Twins.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Carlson_Twins.jpg/255px-Carlson_Twins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Carlson_Twins.jpg/340px-Carlson_Twins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>The identical <a href="/wiki/Carlson_Twins" title="Carlson Twins">Carlson Twins</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> In the late 2000s, the Brazilians fell out of favour on the runways. Editorial clients were favouring models with a china-doll or alien look to them, such as <a href="/wiki/Gemma_Ward" title="Gemma Ward">Gemma Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lily_Cole" title="Lily Cole">Lily Cole</a>. During the 2000s, Ford Models and <a href="/wiki/NEXT_Model_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="NEXT Model Management">NEXT Model Management</a> were engaged in a legal battle, with each agency alleging that the other was stealing its models.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemma_Ward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Genna Ward wearing a red hat and dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gemma_Ward.jpg/170px-Gemma_Ward.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gemma_Ward.jpg/255px-Gemma_Ward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gemma_Ward.jpg/340px-Gemma_Ward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Ward" title="Gemma Ward">Gemma Ward</a>, an Australian model</figcaption></figure> However, the most significant controversy of the 2000s was the health of high-fashion models participating in fashion week. While the health of models had been a concern since the 1970s, there were several high-profile news stories surrounding the deaths of young fashion models due to <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Fashion_Council" title="British Fashion Council">British Fashion Council</a> subsequently asked designers to sign a contract stating they would not use models under the age of sixteen.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> On March 3, 2012, Vogue banned models under the age of sixteen as well as models who appeared to have an eating disorder.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Similarly, other countries placed bans on unhealthy, and underage models, including <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, which all enacted a minimum <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI) requirement. The French law also requires digitally altered pictures of models to be identified as such.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2013, New York toughened its child labour law protections for models under the age of eighteen by passing New York Senate Bill No. 5486, which gives underage models the same labour protections afforded to child actors. Key new protections included the following: underage models are not to work before 5:00 pm or after 10:00 pm on school nights, nor were they to work later than 12:30 am on non-school nights; the models may not return to work less than twelve hours after they leave; a pediatric nurse must be on-site; an adult chaperone must accompany models under sixteen; parents or guardians of underage models must create a trust fund account into which employers will transfer a minimum of 15% of the <a href="/wiki/Child_model" title="Child model">child model</a>'s gross earnings; and employers must set aside time and a dedicated space for educational instruction.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runway_modelling">Runway modelling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Runway modelling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_show#Catwalk" title="Fashion show">Fashion show § Catwalk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_week" title="Fashion week">Fashion week</a></div> Catwalk or runway models display clothes from fashion designers, fashion media, and consumers. They are also called "live models" and are self-employed. Their height is generally over 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) for men and over 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) for women. Runway models work in different locations, constantly travelling between those cities where fashion is well known—<a href="/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week" title="New York Fashion Week">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Fashion_Week" title="London Fashion Week">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week" title="Milan Fashion Week">Milan</a>. Second-tier international fashion centre cities include <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. The criteria for runway models include certain height and weight requirements. During runway shows, models have to constantly change clothes and makeup. Models walk, turn, and stand to demonstrate a garment's key features. Models also go to interviews (called "go and sees") to present their portfolios.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The more experience a model has, the more likely she/he is to be hired for a fashion show. A runway model can also work in other areas, such as department store fashion shows, and the most successful models sometimes create their own product lines or go into acting.<a href="#cite_note-modelingbook1-33">[33]</a>: 191–192 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_Hardy_Runway_Models.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Models wearing colourful clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ed_Hardy_Runway_Models.jpg/170px-Ed_Hardy_Runway_Models.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ed_Hardy_Runway_Models.jpg/255px-Ed_Hardy_Runway_Models.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ed_Hardy_Runway_Models.jpg/340px-Ed_Hardy_Runway_Models.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>Fashion models on the runway during <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week" title="Los Angeles Fashion Week">Los Angeles Fashion Week</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> The British Association of Model Agents (AMA) says that female models should be around 34"-24"-34" and between 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) and 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) tall.<a href="#cite_note-AMA-34">[34]</a> The average model is very slender. Those not meeting the size requirement may try to become a <a href="/wiki/Plus-size_model" title="Plus-size model">plus-size model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> According to the New York Better Business Career Services website, the preferred dimensions for a male model are a height of 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) to 6 ft 2 in (188 cm), a waist of 26–32 in (66–81 cm) and a chest measurement of 39–40 in (99–102 cm).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Male runway models are notably skinny and well toned.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Male and female models must also possess clear skin, healthy hair, and attractive facial features. Stringent weight and body proportion guidelines form the selection criteria by which established, and would‑be, models are judged for their placement suitability, on an ongoing basis. There can be some variation regionally, and by market tier, subject to current prevailing trends at any point, in any era, by agents, agencies and end-clients. Formerly, the required measurements for models were 35"-23.5"-35" in (90-60-90 cm), the alleged measurements of <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today's fashion models tend to have measurements closer to the AMA-recommended shape, but some – such as <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a> model <a href="/wiki/Zohre_Esmaeli" title="Zohre Esmaeli">Zohre Esmaeli</a> – still have 35"-23.5"-35" measurements. Although in some fashion centres, a size 00 is more desirable than a size 0. The often thin shape of many fashion models has been criticised for warping girls' <a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">body image</a> and encouraging <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Organisers of a fashion show in <a href="/wiki/Cibeles_Madrid_Fashion_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week">Madrid</a> in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be <a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">underweight</a> by medical personnel who were on hand.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In February 2007 a <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> model, <a href="/wiki/Luisel_Ramos" title="Luisel Ramos">Luisel Ramos</a>, died from heart problems secondary to malnutrition. Her sister <a href="/wiki/Eliana_Ramos" title="Eliana Ramos">Eliana Ramos</a> also was a model and had died immediately after a runway show several months prior. They were amongst the three fashion models to die of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> in a six-month span. The other victim was <a href="/wiki/Ana_Carolina_Reston" title="Ana Carolina Reston">Ana Carolina Reston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luisel_Ramos" title="Luisel Ramos">Luisel Ramos</a> died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> just after stepping off the <a href="/wiki/Catwalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Catwalk">catwalk</a>. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> passed a law requiring models to be declared healthy by a doctor to participate in fashion shows. The law also requires re-touched images to be marked as such in magazines.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazine_modelling">Magazine modelling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Magazine modelling">edit</a>]</div> Fashion modelling also includes modelling clothing in fashion magazines. In Japan, there are different types of fashion magazine models. Exclusive models (専属モデル, senzoku moderu) are models who regularly appear in a fashion magazine and model exclusively for it.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_2010-09-16-42">[42]</a> On the other hand, street models, or "reader models" (読者モデル, dokusha moderu, abbreviated as "dokumo" for short), are amateur models who model part-time for fashion magazines in conjunction to school work and their main jobs.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_2010-09-16-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-tgu_2015-12-07-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider_2019-01-14-44">[44]</a> Unlike professional models, street models are meant to represent the average person in appearance and do not appear on runways.<a href="#cite_note-tgu_2015-12-07-43">[43]</a> Street models are not exclusively contracted to fashion magazines.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_2010-09-16-42">[42]</a> If a street model is popular enough, some become exclusive models.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_2010-09-16-42">[42]</a> Many fashion icons and musicians in Japan began their careers as street models, including <a href="/wiki/Kaela_Kimura" title="Kaela Kimura">Kaela Kimura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyary_Pamyu_Pamyu" title="Kyary Pamyu Pamyu">Kyary Pamyu Pamyu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tgu_2015-12-07-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plus-size">Plus-size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plus-size">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plus-size_model" title="Plus-size model">Plus-size model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miss_Surrey_2008_Chloe_Marshall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Miss_Surrey_2008_Chloe_Marshall.jpg/170px-Miss_Surrey_2008_Chloe_Marshall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Miss_Surrey_2008_Chloe_Marshall.jpg/255px-Miss_Surrey_2008_Chloe_Marshall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Miss_Surrey_2008_Chloe_Marshall.jpg/340px-Miss_Surrey_2008_Chloe_Marshall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Marshall" title="Chloe Marshall">Chloe Marshall</a>, a size 16, is considered a plus-size model.</figcaption></figure> Plus-size models are models who generally have larger measurements than editorial fashion models, and are not necessarily overweight. The primary use of plus-size models is to appear in advertising and runway shows for plus-size labels. Plus-size models are also engaged in work not strictly related to selling large-sized clothing, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">stock photography</a> and advertising photography for cosmetics, household and pharmaceutical products and sunglasses, footwear and watches. Therefore, plus-size models do not exclusively wear garments marketed as plus-size clothing. This is especially true when participating in fashion editorials for mainstream fashion magazines. Some plus-size models have appeared in runway shows and campaigns for mainstream retailers and designers such as Gucci, Guess, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Levi's and Versace Jeans.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Serpe,_Gina-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal-size">Normal-size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Normal-size">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camille_Kostek_in_California,_September_2017_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Camille_Kostek_in_California%2C_September_2017_3.png/170px-Camille_Kostek_in_California%2C_September_2017_3.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Camille_Kostek_in_California%2C_September_2017_3.png/255px-Camille_Kostek_in_California%2C_September_2017_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Camille_Kostek_in_California%2C_September_2017_3.png/340px-Camille_Kostek_in_California%2C_September_2017_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camille_Kostek" title="Camille Kostek">Camille Kostek</a> is a normal-size or "middle model" at size 4/6.</figcaption></figure> Also known as the "in-between" and "middle models",<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> they are neither considered catalogue size (0–2) nor plus-size (10 up).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> There is criticism that these models have been left out of the conversation because fashion companies and brands opt to employ the extremes of the spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Model <a href="/wiki/Camille_Kostek" title="Camille Kostek">Camille Kostek</a> who was on a solo cover of <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue" title="Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue">Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue</a> in 2019 has stated that she was told by a well-known international modelling agency "...that it was too bad that I wasn't a size 10. That plus size is a big market right now and it's too bad I wasn't measuring bigger. My size (4/6) is considered an "in-between size", meaning I'm not a straight model nor plus model, I'm right in the middle.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Actress <a href="/wiki/Mindy_Kaling" title="Mindy Kaling">Mindy Kaling</a> has described this body type in her 2011 book Is Everybody Hanging Out Without Me? writing, "Since I am not model-skinny, but also not super-fat... I fall into that nebulous, 'Normal American Woman Size' that legions of fashion stylists detest... Many stylists hate that size because, I think, to them, I lack the self-discipline to be an aesthetic, or the sassy confidence to be a total fatty hedonist. They're like, 'Pick a lane.'"<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_models">Black models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Black models">edit</a>]</div> The arrival of black women modelling as a profession began in early postwar America. It started most notably from the need of advertisers and a rise of black photography magazines. The women who advanced in such careers were those in a middle-class system emphasising the conservative value of marriage, motherhood, and domesticity. Originally titled the "Brownskin" model, black women refined the social, sexual, and racial realities confined in the gender expectations of the modelling world. There was a profound need for black women to partake in the advertising process for the new "Negro Market".<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[56]</a> With the help of Branford Models, the first black agency, 1946 was the beginning of the black modelling era. Branford Models' was able to "overturn the barriers facing African Americans in the early postwar period," especially by lifting at least one economic freedom.<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[56]</a> In this postwar America, the demand for such presence in magazines advanced "as a stage for models to display consumer goods" while assisting "in constructing a new visual discourse of urban middle-class African America".<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[56]</a> In March 1966, <a href="/wiki/Donyale_Luna" title="Donyale Luna">Donyale Luna</a> became the <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> model to appear on the cover of the British edition of <a href="/wiki/British_Vogue" title="British Vogue">Vogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> While they represented diversity, a major gap in the fashion industry, it was only until the 1970s that black models had a substantial presence in the modelling world. Known as the "Black is Beautiful" movement, the 1970s became the era of the black model. With growing disenfranchisement and racial inequality, the United States recognised the urgency of opening the "doors of social access and visibility to black Americans".<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> The world of fashion was the gateway for social change. "The world of fashion was similarly looked to as a place where the culture could find signs of racial progress. Expressions of beauty and glamour mattered. Good race relations required taking note of who was selling women lipsticks and mini skirts, which meant that advertisers began looking for black models"<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> Black models were looked to as the vehicle of social change. They were given the opportunity to balance out the lack of presence of black individuals in the mainstream culture. Agencies were beginning to scout black models and focus on the social change they were contributing to. <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine in October 1969, covered their issue with <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Sims" title="Naomi Sims">Naomi Sims</a>, one of the most influential black models in the industry. Her rise to fame led to her being hired by international magazines and working on individual projects with designers across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[60]</a> In the Life Magazine issue, Black Beauty, a new agency that represented black models, had a spread in the magazine that showcased 39 black models. Each one of the models had unique features, allowing black expression to progress through this historic magazine spread.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> With the movement's presence both in magazines and on the runway, designers began to realise the need to include black models on their runways and advertisements. The Battle of Versailles was one of the most notable moments in fashion history that put black models on the map. <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Lambert" title="Eleanor Lambert">Eleanor Lambert</a>, creator of Fashion Week and a major "[controller] of the narrative of American fashion", set up a dinner and a fundraiser to both increase American fashion visibility and restore the palace of Versailles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> Five French designers and five American designers battled it out on the runway, showing off the fashion, and for the Americans, black models as well. <a href="/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta" title="Oscar de la Renta">Oscar de la Renta</a> stated "it was the black models that had made the difference." <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cleveland" title="Pat Cleveland">Pat Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bethann_Hardison" title="Bethann Hardison">Bethann Hardiason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billie_Blair" title="Billie Blair">Billie Blair</a>, Jennifer Brice, <a href="/wiki/Alva_Chinn" title="Alva Chinn">Alva Chinn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Versailles_Fashion_Show" title="The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show">Ramona Saunders</a>, were among the many black models that helped Team America win and stun the French competition. This competition made the black model a worldwide phenomenon. The French were beginning to welcome diversity on the runway and in their advertising. With the recognition Versailles had given, black presence in the modelling world carried out into the 1980s and the 1990s. The models were now known by name and the publicity that came with the designers they were modelling for. With the rise of the supermodel, models like <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyra_Banks" title="Tyra Banks">Tyra Banks</a> paved the way for black success.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Campbell" title="Naomi Campbell">Naomi Campbell</a>, born in London, was the first black model to cover <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">American Vogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME magazine</a>, Russian Vogue, and the first British black model to cover British vogue. Brands like <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton" title="Louis Vuitton">Louis Vitton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)" title="Balmain (fashion house)">Balmain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a>, and more have all featured Campbell in their campaigns. She used her remarkable success to achieve more than fashion excellence. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyra_Banks_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tyra_Banks_1995.jpg/220px-Tyra_Banks_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tyra_Banks_1995.jpg/330px-Tyra_Banks_1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tyra_Banks_1995.jpg/440px-Tyra_Banks_1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>Tyra Banks (1995)</figcaption></figure> By the mid-1990s, black presence in the modelling world had dramatically decreased. Designers began to favour a consistent aesthetic and elected for skinnier white models. This reality was paved by models such as <a href="/wiki/Kate_Moss" title="Kate Moss">Kate Moss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stella_Tennant" title="Stella Tennant">Stella Tennant</a>, who provided a more consistent look for the runway. At this time, "the number of working black models in high-profile runway presentation... became so dire that stories began appearing in the mainstream media about the whitewashing of the runway".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In response, models like Campbell, Iman, and Bethann Hardison, joined forces throughout the"Diversity Coalition" in an attempt to "call out and accuse prominent fashion houses for snubbing Black and Asian models on the catwalk, editorial spreads, and campaigns".<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> The lack of representation was, in part, due to the belief that "black girls don't push products", which "encouraged people who work directly and indirectly in the industry to speak out on the injustices that go on within it".<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> In the 1990s, it was quite clear that the top designers simply preferred a new aesthetic that excluded models of colour, which resulted in only 6% of runway models to be women of colour.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> Campbell's Diversity Coalition's primary mission was to "expedite inclusion on the runway by deliberately calling out designers who have executed acts of racism on the runway".<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a> According to Campbell, it was their choice to not include black models on the runway and desire a uniformed runway that resulted in a racist act. Although such a dramatic effort to exclude black presence from the fashion world, models like <a href="/wiki/Tyra_Banks" title="Tyra Banks">Tyra Banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Webb" title="Veronica Webb">Veronica Webb</a> persisted. Banks not only dominated the runway as a teen, she took over countless pop culture platforms. Being the first black model to cover <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a>, Banks was one of the most prominent models in the early 2000s. Covering <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a>, Elle, <a href="/wiki/Essence_(magazine)" title="Essence (magazine)">Essence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a>, and walking for <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior_(fashion_house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Dior (fashion house)">Chrisitan Dior</a>, and Claude Monanta, Banks was truly dominating the fashion world. In addition, she acted in Fresh Prince of Bel Air and created her own reality competition show called <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model" title="America's Next Top Model">America's Next Top Model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[60]</a> In conversation with Trebay of Los the New York Times, Banks stated that her first cover on Sports Illustrated "changed [her] life overnight. You have to think back to remember what that did for an appreciation of black beauty to have a black girl, a girl next door type, on the cover of one of the most mass mainstream magazines of our lives. It was a societal statement, a political statement, and an economic one".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Now, models like <a href="/wiki/Joan_Smalls" title="Joan Smalls">Joan Smalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Harlow" title="Winnie Harlow">Winne Harlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slick_Woods" title="Slick Woods">Slick Woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Sanders" title="Jasmine Sanders">Jasmine Sanders</a> and more are continuing the fight for black presence in the modelling world and using their successors as inspiration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fitting_models">Fitting models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fitting models">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fit_model" title="Fit model">Fit model</a></div> A fit model (sometimes fitting model) is a person who is used by a <a href="/wiki/Fashion_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion designer">fashion designer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturer</a> to check the fit, drape and visual appearance of a design on a representative human being, effectively acting as a live <a href="/wiki/Mannequin" title="Mannequin">mannequin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fasa-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parts_models">Parts models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parts models">edit</a>]</div> Some models are employed for their body parts. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hand_model" title="Hand model">hand models</a> may be used to promote products held in the hand and <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nail</a>-related products. (e.g. rings, other jewelry or <a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">nail polish</a>). They are frequently part of television commercials.<a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-64">[64]</a> Many parts models have exceptionally attractive body parts, but there is also demand for unattractive or unusual looking body parts for particular campaigns. Hands are the most in-demand body parts. Feet models are also in high demand, particularly those that fit sample-size shoes.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Models are also successful modelling other specific parts including abs, arms, back, bust or chest, legs, and lips.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Some petite models (females who are under 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) and do not qualify as fashion models) have found success in women's body part modelling. Parts model divisions can be found at agencies worldwide. Several agencies solely represent parts models, including Hired Hands in London, Body Parts Models in Los Angeles, Carmen Hand Model Management in New York and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parts_Models&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parts Models (page does not exist)">Parts Models</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FN-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Parts Models is the largest parts agency, representing over 300 parts models.<a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FN-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-HJ-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-AB-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-BS-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petite_models">Petite models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Petite models">edit</a>]</div> Petite models are models that are under the typical height requirements that are expected of fashion models. Petite models typically work more often in commercial and print modelling (rather than runway modelling). The height of models is typically 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m) and above for women, and 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) and above for men.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Models who are shorter than these heights usually fall under the category of petite or commercial models.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podium_models">Podium models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Podium models">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podium_Model_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A model standing extremely still, almost like a statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Podium_Model_2016.jpg/170px-Podium_Model_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Podium_Model_2016.jpg/255px-Podium_Model_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Podium_Model_2016.jpg/340px-Podium_Model_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="4131" /></a><figcaption>Podium model modelling a dress by <a href="/wiki/Sue_Wong" title="Sue Wong">Sue Wong</a> </figcaption></figure> Podium models differ from runway models in that they do not walk down a runway, but rather just stand on an elevated platform. They resemble live mannequins placed in various places throughout an event. Attendees can walk up to the models and inspect and even feel the clothing. Podium Modelling is a practical alternative way of presenting a fashion show when space is too limited to have a full runway fashion show. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earnings_and_demographics">Earnings and demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Earnings and demographics">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> the median earnings for a model in the United States, as of 2021, is $34,000 annually. There are approximately 3,200 men and women who work as models full-time in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glamour_models">Glamour models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Glamour models">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour photography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glamour_Models_on_Red_Carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three glamour models, one of which is wearing a lingerie-like dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Glamour_Models_on_Red_Carpet.jpg/170px-Glamour_Models_on_Red_Carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Glamour_Models_on_Red_Carpet.jpg/255px-Glamour_Models_on_Red_Carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Glamour_Models_on_Red_Carpet.jpg/340px-Glamour_Models_on_Red_Carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Glamour models posing on the red carpet — Hollywood, California</figcaption></figure> Glamour modelling focuses on sexuality; thus, general requirements are often unclear, depending more on each case. Glamour models can be any size or shape. A study from 2014 that analysed glamour model profiles estimated that the mean values of female models were 1.68 m (height), 54 kg (weight) and 0.73 (waist-to-hip ratio).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> There is no industry standard for glamour modelling and it varies greatly by country. For the most part, glamour models are limited to modelling in <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's magazine">men's magazines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikini" title="Bikini">bikini</a> modelling, <a href="/wiki/Lingerie" title="Lingerie">lingerie</a> modelling, <a href="/wiki/Fetish_model" title="Fetish model">fetish modelling</a>, music videos, and extra work in films. However, some extremely popular glamour models transition into commercial print modelling, appearing in <a href="/wiki/Swimwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimwear">swimwear</a>, bikini and lingerie campaigns. In the UK, glamour modelling became a prominent feature of the newspaper industry when <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a> established <a href="/wiki/Page_Three" class="mw-redirect" title="Page Three">Page 3</a> in 1969,<a href="#cite_note-bbc3651850-75">[75]</a> a section in their newspaper which featured sexually suggestive images of Penthouse and Playboy models. From 1970 models appeared topless. In the 1980s, The Sun's competitors followed suit and produced their own Page 3 sections.<a href="#cite_note-bbc3651850-75">[75]</a> It was during this time that glamour models first came to prominence with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Fox" title="Samantha Fox">Samantha Fox</a>. As a result, the United Kingdom has a very large glamour market and numerous glamour modelling agencies. It was not until the 1990s that modern glamour modelling was established. During this time, the fashion industry was promoting models with waif bodies and androgynous-looking women, which left a void. Several fashion models, who were deemed too commercial, and too curvaceous, were frustrated with industry standards, and took a different approach. Models such as <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Silvstedt" title="Victoria Silvstedt">Victoria Silvstedt</a> left the fashion world and began modelling for men's magazines.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In the previous decades, posing nude for Playboy resulted in models losing their agencies and endorsements.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Playboy was a stepping stone which catapulted the careers of Victoria Silvstedt, <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Nicole_Smith" title="Anna Nicole Smith">Anna Nicole Smith</a>. Pamela Anderson became so popular from her Playboy spreads that she was able to land roles on <a href="/wiki/Home_Improvement_(TV_series)" title="Home Improvement (TV series)">Home Improvement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baywatch" title="Baywatch">Baywatch</a>. In the mid-1990s, a series of men's magazines were established such as <a href="/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)" title="Maxim (magazine)">Maxim</a>, <a href="/wiki/FHM" title="FHM">FHM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stuff_(magazine)" title="Stuff (magazine)">Stuff</a>. At the same time, magazines including Sweden's <a href="/wiki/Slitz" title="Slitz">Slitz</a> (formerly a music magazine) re-branded themselves as men's magazines. Pre-internet, these magazines were popular among men in their late teens and early twenties because they were considered more tasteful than their predecessors. With the glamour market growing, fashion moved away from the waifs and onto Brazilian bombshells. The glamour market, consisting mostly of commercial fashion and print models, became its own genre due to its popularity. Even in a large market like the United Kingdom, however, glamour models are not usually signed exclusively to one agency as they can not rely financially on one agency to provide them with enough work. It was, and still is, a common practice for glamour models to partake in kiss-and-tell interviews about their dalliances with famous men.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The notoriety of their alleged bed-hopping often propels their popularity and they are often promoted by their current or former fling.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> With Page 3 models becoming fixtures in the British tabloids, glamour models such as Jordan, now known as <a href="/wiki/Katie_Price" title="Katie Price">Katie Price</a>, became household names. By 2004, Page 3 regulars earned anywhere from £30,000 to 40,000,<a href="#cite_note-bbc3651850-75">[75]</a> where the average salary of a non-Page 3 model, as of 2011, was between £10,000 and 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In the early 2000s, glamour models, and aspiring glamour models, appeared on reality television shows such as <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Brother (UK)">Big Brother</a> to gain fame.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Several Big Brother alumni parlayed their fifteen minutes of fame into successful glamour modelling careers. However, partly because of competition from the upcoming internet -giving audiences access to large amounts of, often free, online content- and its own glamour stars, such as <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Capri" class="extiw" title="es:Jordan Capri">Jordan Capri</a>, the offline glamour market became saturated by the mid-2000s, and numerous men's magazines including <a href="/wiki/Arena_(magazine)" title="Arena (magazine)">Arena</a>, Stuff and FHM in the United States went under.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> During this time, there was a growing trend of glamour models, including Kellie Acreman and Lauren Pope, becoming DJs to supplement their income. In a 2012 interview, Keeley Hazell said that going topless is not the best way to achieve success and that "[she] was lucky to be in that 1% of people that get that, and become really successful."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravure_idols">Gravure idols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gravure idols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_gravure_idols" title="List of Japanese gravure idols">List of Japanese gravure idols</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_Teramoto.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gravure idol smiling whilst wearing a bikini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rio_Teramoto.png/220px-Rio_Teramoto.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rio_Teramoto.png/330px-Rio_Teramoto.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rio_Teramoto.png/440px-Rio_Teramoto.png 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption>The gravure idol <a href="/wiki/Rio_Teramoto" title="Rio Teramoto">Rio Teramoto</a></figcaption></figure> In Japan, a gravure idol (グラビアアイドル, gurabia aidoru), often abbreviated to gradol (グラドル, guradoru), is a female model who primarily models for magazines, especially men's magazines, photobooks or DVDs. It is considered part of the overall <a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">idol industry in Japan</a>. "Gurabia" (グラビア) is a <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">wasei-eigo</a> term derived from "<a href="/wiki/Rotogravure" title="Rotogravure">rotogravure</a>", which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">intaglio</a> <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> process that was once a staple of newspaper photo features. The rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of magazines, <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardboard_(paper_product)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardboard (paper product)">cardboard</a> product packaging.<a href="#cite_note-kelana-83">[83]</a> Gravure idols appear in a wide range of photographic styles and genres. Their photos are largely aimed at male audiences with poses or activities intended to be provocative or suggestive, generally accentuated by an air of playfulness and innocence rather than aggressive sexuality. Although gravure idols may sometimes wear clothing that exposes most of their body, they seldom appear fully nude. Gravure idols may be as young as pre-teen age up to their early thirties. In addition to appearing in mainstream magazines, gravure idols often release their own professional photobooks and DVDs for their fans. Many popular <a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">female idols in Japan</a> started their careers as gravure idols.<a href="#cite_note-kelana-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Springer-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_models">Alternative models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alternative models">edit</a>]</div> An <a href="/wiki/Alternative_model" title="Alternative model">alternative model</a> is any model who does not fit into the conventional model types and may include <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fetish_model" title="Fetish model">fetish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattooed</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> models or models with distinctive attributes. This type of modelling is usually a cross between glamour modelling and art modelling. Publishers such as <a href="/wiki/Goliath_Books" title="Goliath Books">Goliath Books</a> in Germany introduced alternative models and punk photography to larger audiences. <a href="/wiki/Billi_Gordon" title="Billi Gordon">Billi Gordon</a>, then known as Wilbert Anthony Gordon, was[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] the top greeting card model in the world and inspired a cottage industry, including greeting cards, T-shirts, fans, stationery, gift bags, etc.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fitness_models">Fitness models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fitness models">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fitness_and_figure_competition" title="Fitness and figure competition">Fitness and figure competition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fitness_Model_Britt_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sweating fitness model concentrated on her dumbbell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fitness_Model_Britt_2007.JPG/170px-Fitness_Model_Britt_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fitness_Model_Britt_2007.JPG/255px-Fitness_Model_Britt_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fitness_Model_Britt_2007.JPG/340px-Fitness_Model_Britt_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2505" data-file-height="3757" /></a><figcaption>Fitness model posing with <a href="/wiki/Dumbbell" title="Dumbbell">dumbbell</a> </figcaption></figure> Fitness modelling focuses on displaying a healthy, toned physique. Fitness models usually have defined muscle groups. The model's body weight is greater due to muscle being denser than fat; however, they have a lower body fat percentage and a higher degree of muscle definition. Fitness models are often used in magazine advertising; they can also in some cases be certified personal fitness trainers. However, other fitness models are also athletes and compete as professionals in <a href="/wiki/Fitness_and_figure_competition" title="Fitness and figure competition">fitness and figure competitions</a>. There are several agencies in large markets such as New York, London, and Germany that have fitness modelling agencies. While there is a large market for these models, most of these agencies are secondary agencies promoting models who typically earn their primary income as commercial models. There are also magazines that are geared towards specifically fitness modelling or getting fit and in shape. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_models">Commercial models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Commercial models">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotional_models">Promotional models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Promotional models">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Promotional model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IZIBA2004_056_(1924606).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/IZIBA2004_056_%281924606%29.jpg/220px-IZIBA2004_056_%281924606%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/IZIBA2004_056_%281924606%29.jpg/330px-IZIBA2004_056_%281924606%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/IZIBA2004_056_%281924606%29.jpg/440px-IZIBA2004_056_%281924606%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Two models with the logo of <a href="/wiki/Camel_(cigarette)" title="Camel (cigarette)">Camel</a>, a cigarette brand they are promoting, printed on the backside of their shorts in <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, 2004</figcaption></figure> A promotional model is a model hired to drive <a href="/wiki/Consumer_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer demand">consumer demand</a> for a product, service, brand, or concept by interacting in person with potential consumers. The vast majority of promotional models tend to be attractive in physical appearance. They serve to provide information about the product or service and make it appealing to consumers. While the interaction length may be short, the promotional model delivers a live experience that reflects on the product or service he or she represents. This form of marketing touches fewer consumers for the cost than traditional <a href="/wiki/Advertising_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising media">advertising media</a> (such as print, radio, and television); however, the consumer's perception of a brand, product, service, or company is often more profoundly affected by a live person-to-person experience. <a href="/wiki/Marketing_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketing campaign">Marketing campaigns</a> that make use of promotional models may take place in <a href="/wiki/Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">stores</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Tradeshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradeshow">tradeshows</a>, special promotional events, clubs, or even at outdoor public spaces. Promotional models may also be used as TV hosts/anchors for interviewing celebrities at film awards, sports events, etc. They are often held at high-traffic locations to reach as many consumers as possible or at venues where a particular type of target consumer is expected to be present. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spokesmodels">Spokesmodels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Spokesmodels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spokesmodel" class="mw-redirect" title="Spokesmodel">Spokesmodel</a></div> "Spokesmodel" is a term used for a model who is employed to be associated with a specific <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">advertisements</a>. A spokesmodel may be a celebrity used only in advertisements (in contrast to a brand ambassador who is also expected to represent the company at various events), but more often the term refers to a model who is not a celebrity in their own right. A classic example of the spokesmodel is the models hired to be the <a href="/wiki/Marlboro_Man" title="Marlboro Man">Marlboro Man</a> between 1954 and 1999. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_show_models">Trade show models</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Trade show models">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Trade_show" title="Trade show">Trade show</a> models work a trade show floorspace or booth and represent a company to attendees. Trade show models are typically not regular employees of the company, but are <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a> hired by the company renting the booth space. They are hired for several reasons: trade show models can make a company's booth more visible from the hundreds of other booths competing for attendee attention. They are articulate and quickly learn and explain or disseminate information on the company and its product(s) and service(s). And they can assist a company in handling a large number of attendees, which the company might otherwise not have enough employees to accommodate, possibly increasing the number of sales or leads resulting from participation in the show. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atmosphere_models">Atmosphere models</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Atmosphere models">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmosphere_Models_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to adjacent text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atmosphere_Models_2014.jpg/170px-Atmosphere_Models_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atmosphere_Models_2014.jpg/255px-Atmosphere_Models_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atmosphere_Models_2014.jpg/340px-Atmosphere_Models_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="3956" /></a><figcaption>Atmosphere models at a costume party</figcaption></figure> Atmosphere models are hired by the producers of themed events to enhance the atmosphere or ambience of their event. They are usually dressed in costumes exemplifying the event's theme and are often placed strategically in various locations around the venue. It is common for event guests to have their picture taken with atmosphere models. For example, if someone is throwing a "Brazilian Day" celebration, they would hire models dressed in samba costumes and headdresses to stand or walk around the party.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instagram_models">Instagram models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Instagram models">edit</a>]</div> Instagram models are people who have accumulated a large number of followers on <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> by posting engaging photos of themselves and their lifestyles, and are consequently hired by a company to advertise products as their influence and popularity can increase sales. <a href="#cite_note-pixlee-instagram-88">[88]</a> They should not be confused with established models such as <a href="/wiki/Cara_Delevingne" title="Cara Delevingne">Cara Delevingne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gigi_Hadid" title="Gigi Hadid">Gigi Hadid</a>, who use Instagram to promote their traditional modelling careers,<a href="#cite_note-ABC-89">[89]</a> although some models, such as <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a> model <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Pelas" title="Lindsey Pelas">Lindsey Pelas</a>, begin their careers conventionally and subsequently become Instagram models. Some models use Instagram success to develop their careers, such as <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Roff" title="Rosie Roff">Rosie Roff</a>, who worked as a fashion model before being discovered via Instagram and gaining work as a <a href="/wiki/Ring_girl" title="Ring girl">ring girl</a> in American boxing. In some cases, Instagram gives unsigned models a platform to attract the attention of agencies and talent scouts.<a href="#cite_note-Saul-90">[90]</a> American model <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Noszka" title="Matthew Noszka">Matthew Noszka</a> entered the profession as a result of being discovered on Instagram by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models" title="Wilhelmina Models">Wilhelmina Models</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-89">[89]</a> The Instagram model concept originated in the late 2000s, when the boyfriends of fashion bloggers such as <a href="/wiki/Rumi_Neely" title="Rumi Neely">Rumi Neely</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiara_Ferragni" title="Chiara Ferragni">Chiara Ferragni</a> began photographing their girlfriends in various outfits.<a href="#cite_note-Spinks-91">[91]</a> Instagram models often attempt to become social media influencers and engage in <a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">influencer marketing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Saul-90">[90]</a> promoting products such as fashion brands and detox teas.<a href="#cite_note-Spinks-91">[91]</a> High-profile influencers can earn thousands of dollars for promoting commercial brands. When choosing whom to employ, brands have become less concerned with the number of followers an influencer has and more focused on their <a href="/wiki/Engagement_marketing" title="Engagement marketing">engagement marketing</a> strategy. Research indicates that 89% of influencers use Instagram to promote themselves, compared to 20% using Twitter and 16% using Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-Saul-90">[90]</a> Some Instagram models have gained high-profile modelling jobs and become celebrities.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Fitness model <a href="/wiki/Jen_Selter" title="Jen Selter">Jen Selter</a> had become an <a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">Internet celebrity</a> by 2014 and modelled for <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplayer</a> and model <a href="/wiki/Anna_Faith" title="Anna Faith">Anna Faith</a> acquired over 250,000 Instagram followers by 2014, gaining success from her ability to impersonate the <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> character <a href="/wiki/Elsa_(Disney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsa (Disney)">Elsa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> With Facebook's continuing decrease in post reach, Instagram has increasingly become cosplayers' favourite platform.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> American actress <a href="/wiki/Caitlin_O%27Connor" title="Caitlin O'Connor">Caitlin O'Connor</a> had almost 300,000 Instagram followers in 2016, earning most of her social media income from endorsing products on Instagram.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Australian personal trainer <a href="/wiki/Kayla_Itsines" title="Kayla Itsines">Kayla Itsines</a> acquired 5.5 million Instagram followers, allowing her to build a business in the fitness industry.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Brazilian model <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Alende" title="Claudia Alende">Claudia Alende</a> gained a following of 2.8 million people on Instagram by 2015 and developed a career as a lingerie model.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Plus-size models <a href="/wiki/Iskra_Lawrence" title="Iskra Lawrence">Iskra Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tess_Holliday" title="Tess Holliday">Tess Holliday</a> have used Instagram to demonstrate their potential as models.<a href="#cite_note-Saul-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yashika_Aannand" title="Yashika Aannand">Yashika Aannand</a>, an Indian teenage actress, rose to prominence in the Tamil film industry after gaining popularity as an Instagram model with over 145,000 followers on her account by 2017.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Iraqi cross-dressing model, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Noor_Alsaffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Noor Alsaffar">Noor Alsaffar</a>, was killed in September 2023 as part of an increase in violence against LGBTQ+ people.<a href="#cite_note-:02-102">[102]</a> Instagram model techniques and aesthetics have also been used in unconventional or parody profiles. Instagram model <a href="/wiki/Lil_Miquela" class="mw-redirect" title="Lil Miquela">Lil Miquela</a> has blurred the line between reality and social media, amassing more than 200,000 followers without revealing whether she is real or computer-generated.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Australian comedian <a href="/wiki/Celeste_Barber" title="Celeste Barber">Celeste Barber</a> had acquired 1.8 million Instagram followers by 2017, parodying celebrity fashion photographs with real-life reenactments.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 2016, French organisation Addict Aide ran a campaign to raise awareness for alcohol abuse among young people in which a model posed as Louise Delage, a fictitious 25-year-old Parisian whose Instagram photos nearly always featured alcohol. The account amassed 65,000 followers in a month, after which a reveal video posted to it had over 160,000 views.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Some reports<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> suggest that a number of Instagram models obtain extra income by covertly working as prostitutes. Websites accusing various models of this, often without reliable evidence, have increased in popularity recently, sometimes with the unintended effect of increasing their earnings.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> But false accusations on these sites can harm legitimate models' reputations, and some women in the industry consider them a way for men to exert power over women.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/32px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/48px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/64px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_vixen" title="Video vixen">Hip hop model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instagram#Impact_on_people" title="Instagram">Instagram's impact on people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_models_in_music_videos" title="List of models in music videos">List of models in music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_agency" title="Modeling agency">Modeling agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modeling_agencies" title="List of modeling agencies">List of modeling agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_girl" title="Ring girl">Ring girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_for_print" title="Time for print">Time for print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_body_shape" title="Female body shape">Female body shape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Size_zero" title="Size zero">Size zero</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Tom Tierney:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5HFtDQAAQBAJ&dq=Mme+Palmyre+%E2%80%8E&pg=PA17">Great Fashion Designs of the Victorian Era Paper Dolls in Full Color</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kitchen+Table+Conversation+with+Cindy+Morris+and+Roxan+Gould+on+Vimeo&rft.pub=Vimeo.com&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft.au=Like&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F13134831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+%28person%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Citations: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Koda2009" class="citation book cs1">Harold Koda, Kohle Yohannan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/the_model_as_muse_embodying_fashion">The Model As Muse: Embodying Fashion</a> (First ed.). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-312-8"><bdi>978-1-58839-312-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808204545/http://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Model_as_Muse_Embodying_Fashion">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2016. 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Deccan Chronicle. 23 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514224850/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230717/teen-temptations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2018. 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Retrieved 28 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GAY+TIMES&rft.atitle=Popular+Iraqi+TikToker+allegedly+shot+dead+in+Baghdad&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft.aulast=Morey&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaytimes.co.uk%2Flife%2Fpopular-iraqi-tiktoker-shot-dead-in-baghdad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+%28person%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaya_Oppenheim2016" class="citation news cs1">Maya Oppenheim (6 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/lil-miquela-the-instagram-model-whose-fans-cannot-decide-whether-she-is-real-or-fake-a7228271.html">"This Instagram model has thousands of followers and they're mostly people trying to work out if she's fake or not"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906145614/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/lil-miquela-the-instagram-model-whose-fans-cannot-decide-whether-she-is-real-or-fake-a7228271.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=This+Instagram+model+has+thousands+of+followers+and+they%27re+mostly+people+trying+to+work+out+if+she%27s+fake+or+not&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.au=Maya+Oppenheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Flil-miquela-the-instagram-model-whose-fans-cannot-decide-whether-she-is-real-or-fake-a7228271.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+%28person%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/jun/30/the-model-world-of-instagram-parody-star-celeste-barber-in-pictures">"The model world of Instagram parody star Celeste Barber – in pictures"</a>. The Guardian. 30 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706001814/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/jun/30/the-model-world-of-instagram-parody-star-celeste-barber-in-pictures">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+model+world+of+Instagram+parody+star+Celeste+Barber+%E2%80%93+in+pictures&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2017%2Fjun%2F30%2Fthe-model-world-of-instagram-parody-star-celeste-barber-in-pictures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+%28person%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2016" class="citation web cs1">Hunt, Elle (6 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/06/shell-drink-to-that-fake-instagram-louise-delage-profile-highlights-alcoholism">"Who is Louise Delage? New Instagram influencer not what she seems"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412211831/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/06/shell-drink-to-that-fake-instagram-louise-delage-profile-highlights-alcoholism">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+is+Louise+Delage%3F+New+Instagram+influencer+not+what+she+seems&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Elle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2016%2Foct%2F06%2Fshell-drink-to-that-fake-instagram-louise-delage-profile-highlights-alcoholism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+%28person%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2017" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Sophie (30 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/people/model-reveals-the-truth-about-prostitution-in-the-fashion-industry/news-story/338d89423052f4e0e1f07912b9ca0674">"Model reveals the truth about prostitution in the fashion industry"</a>. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 20 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+reveals+the+truth+about+prostitution+in+the+fashion+industry&rft.pub=News+Corp+Australia&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Flifestyle%2Ffashion%2Fpeople%2Fmodel-reveals-the-truth-about-prostitution-in-the-fashion-industry%2Fnews-story%2F338d89423052f4e0e1f07912b9ca0674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+%28person%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalzone2016" class="citation web cs1">Falzone, Diana (19 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/insta-hookers-sites-say-they-expose-instagram-models-who-are-really-prostitutes">"Insta-hookers? Sites say they expose 'Instagram models' who are really prostitutes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. Fox News. Retrieved 20 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Insta-hookers%3F+Sites+say+they+expose+%27Instagram+models%27+who+are+really+prostitutes&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Falzone&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fentertainment%2Finsta-hookers-sites-say-they-expose-instagram-models-who-are-really-prostitutes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+%28person%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel2017" class="citation web cs1">Rachel, Hosie (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/instagram-women-luxury-escorts-prostitutes-sexist-websites-men-misogyny-lifestyle-sponsors-sex-a7523421.html">"Sexist websites are 'ruining lives' of women on Instagram, exposing them as 'escorts and prostitutes'"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 20 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sexist+websites+are+%27ruining+lives%27+of+women+on+Instagram%2C+exposing+them+as+%27escorts+and+prostitutes%27&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Rachel&rft.aufirst=Hosie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Finstagram-women-luxury-escorts-prostitutes-sexist-websites-men-misogyny-lifestyle-sponsors-sex-a7523421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+%28person%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_(person)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Models_(people)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Models (people)">Models (people)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Gross, Michael. Model : the Ugly Business of Beautiful Women. New York: IT Books, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-062-06790-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-062-06790-7">0-062-06790-7</a></li> <li>Hix, Charles, and Michael Taylor. Male Model: the World Behind the Camera. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-50938-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-50938-3">0-312-50938-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMears2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Mears" title="Ashley Mears">Mears, Ashley</a> (2011). Pricing Beauty: The Making of a Fashion Model. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26033-7"><bdi>978-0-520-26033-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pricing+Beauty%3A+The+Making+of+a+Fashion+Model&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26033-7&rft.aulast=Mears&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+%28person%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Vogels, Josey, and Smee, Tracy. "Object of Desire: Idealized Male Bodies Sell Everything from Underwear to Appliances; Are We Creating a Male Beauty Myth?" Hour (Montréal), vol. 3, no. 46 (14-20 Dec. 1995), p. [1], 10–11. N.B.: The caption title (on p. 10) is "Male Attention".</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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