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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emigration_restrictions,_the_Inner_German_border_and_Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_restrictions,_the_Inner_German_border_and_Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emigration restrictions, the Inner German border and Berlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_restrictions,_the_Inner_German_border_and_Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlin_Wall_constructed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin_Wall_constructed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Berlin Wall constructed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin_Wall_constructed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checkpoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checkpoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Checkpoint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checkpoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related incidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related incidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stand-off_between_Soviet_and_U.S._tanks_in_October_1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stand-off_between_Soviet_and_U.S._tanks_in_October_1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Stand-off between Soviet and U.S. tanks in October 1961</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stand-off_between_Soviet_and_U.S._tanks_in_October_1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_escapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_escapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early escapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_escapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Peter_Fechter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Peter_Fechter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Death of Peter Fechter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Peter_Fechter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today:_Tourist_and_memorial_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today:_Tourist_and_memorial_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Today: Tourist and memorial site</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Today:_Tourist_and_memorial_site-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Today: Tourist and memorial site subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Today:_Tourist_and_memorial_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BlackBox_Cold_War_Exhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BlackBox_Cold_War_Exhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>BlackBox Cold War Exhibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BlackBox_Cold_War_Exhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Checkpoint Charlie Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Checkpoint Charlie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A" title="نقطة تفتيش تشارلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقطة تفتيش تشارلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekpoynt_%C3%87arli" title="Çekpoynt Çarli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çekpoynt Çarli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Чэкпойнт Чарлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэкпойнт Чарлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Чекпойнт Чарли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чекпойнт Чарли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Σημείο ελέγχου Τσάρλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημείο ελέγχου Τσάρλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_de_control_Charlie" title="Punto de control Charlie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punto de control Charlie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایست‌بازرسی چارلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایست‌بازرسی چارلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%ED%81%AC%ED%8F%AC%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%B0%B0%EB%A6%AC" title="체크포인트 찰리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체크포인트 찰리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99" title="צ'ק פוינט צ'ארלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ק פוינט צ'ארלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="ചെക്പോയ്ന്റ് ചാർളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെക്പോയ്ന്റ് ചാർളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%89" title="نقطة تفتيش تشارلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نقطة تفتيش تشارلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="チェックポイント・チャーリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェックポイント・チャーリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Чекпойнт Чарли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чекпойнт Чарли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Чекпоинт Чарли – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чекпоинт Чарли" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsekpoint_Charlie" title="Tsekpoint Charlie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsekpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Checkpoint Charlie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Чекпойнт Чарлі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чекпойнт Чарлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%B9_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چیک پوائنٹ چارلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیک پوائنٹ چارلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5%E5%93%A8" title="查理檢查哨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查理檢查哨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q68689#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Checkpoint_Charlie&params=52_30_27_N_13_23_25_E_type:landmark_scale:10000_region:DE-BE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°30′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°23′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.50750°N 13.39028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.50750; 13.39028</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Well-known crossing point in the Berlin Wall; now a museum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Special:EditPage/Checkpoint Charlie">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Checkpoint+Charlie%22">"Checkpoint Charlie"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Checkpoint+Charlie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Checkpoint+Charlie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Checkpoint+Charlie%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Checkpoint+Charlie%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Checkpoint+Charlie%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:284px;max-width:284px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_-_Checkpoint_Charlie_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Berlin_-_Checkpoint_Charlie_1963.jpg/280px-Berlin_-_Checkpoint_Charlie_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Berlin_-_Checkpoint_Charlie_1963.jpg/420px-Berlin_-_Checkpoint_Charlie_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Berlin_-_Checkpoint_Charlie_1963.jpg/560px-Berlin_-_Checkpoint_Charlie_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A view of Checkpoint Charlie in 1963, from the American sector</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin-wall-map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Berlin-wall-map_en.svg/280px-Berlin-wall-map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Berlin-wall-map_en.svg/420px-Berlin-wall-map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Berlin-wall-map_en.svg/560px-Berlin-wall-map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2701" data-file-height="2114" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of Berlin Wall with location of Checkpoint Charlie</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Checkpoint Charlie</b> (or "<b>Checkpoint C</b>") was the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Allies'</a> name for the best-known <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> crossing point between <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1947–1991),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>becoming a symbol of the Cold War, representing the separation of East and West. </p><p><a href="/wiki/East_German" class="mw-redirect" title="East German">East German</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a> agitated and manoeuvred to get the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s permission to construct the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">emigration and defection</a> westward through the Border system, preventing escape across the city sector border from East Berlin into West Berlin. </p><p>Soviet and American tanks briefly faced each other at the location during the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a>. On 26 June 1963, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> visited Checkpoint Charlie and looked from a platform onto the Berlin Wall and into East Berlin, the same day he gave his famous <a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a> speech.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification of Germany</a>, the American guard house at Checkpoint Charlie became a tourist attraction. It is now located in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Museum" title="Allied Museum">Allied Museum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Dahlem</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Checkpoint_Charlie&params=52_30_27_N_13_23_25_E_type:landmark_scale:10000_region:DE-BE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°30′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°23′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.50750°N 13.39028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.50750; 13.39028</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CheckpointCharlieSign1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CheckpointCharlieSign1981.jpg/170px-CheckpointCharlieSign1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CheckpointCharlieSign1981.jpg/255px-CheckpointCharlieSign1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CheckpointCharlieSign1981.jpg/340px-CheckpointCharlieSign1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Sign at Checkpoint Charlie on the way into West Berlin, as it appeared in 1981</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration_restrictions,_the_Inner_German_border_and_Berlin"><span id="Emigration_restrictions.2C_the_Inner_German_border_and_Berlin"></span>Emigration restrictions, the Inner German border and Berlin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emigration restrictions, the Inner German border and Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">Inner German border</a></div> <p>Between 1949 and 1961, over 2½ million East Germans fled to the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Gedmin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gedmin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbers increased during the three years before the Berlin Wall was erected,<sup id="cite_ref-Gedmin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gedmin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 144,000 in 1959, 199,000 in 1960 and 207,000 in the first seven months of 1961 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Gedmin_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gedmin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dowty123_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty123-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3.5 million East Germans who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20% of the entire East German population.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty122_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emigrants tended to be young and well educated,<sup id="cite_ref-thackeray188_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thackeray188-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including many professionals — engineers, technicians, physicians, teachers, lawyers and skilled workers.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty122_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> became damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany. <sup id="cite_ref-pearson75_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearson75-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> method of restricting <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection">emigration</a> was emulated by most of the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, including <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty114_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty114-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Germany">occupied Germany</a>, until 1952, the lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones remained easily crossed in most places.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty121_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty121-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">inner German border</a> between the two German states was closed and a barbed-wire fence erected. </p><p>Even after closing of the inner German border officially in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-harrison99_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison99-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city sector border in between <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers,<sup id="cite_ref-dowty121_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty121-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so Berlin became the main route by which East Germans left for the West.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berlin_Wall_constructed">Berlin Wall constructed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Berlin Wall constructed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></div> <p>On 13 August 1961, a barbed-wire barrier that would become the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> separating East and West Berlin was erected by the East Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-pearson75_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearson75-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, police and army engineers began to construct a more permanent concrete wall.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty124_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty124-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the wall, the 830-mile (1336 km) zonal border became 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide on its East German side in some parts of Germany with a tall steel-mesh fence running along a "death strip" bordered by mines, as well as channels of ploughed earth, to slow escapees and more easily reveal their footprints.<sup id="cite_ref-black141_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black141-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Checkpoint">Checkpoint</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Checkpoint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Checkpoint_Charlie2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Checkpoint_Charlie2.jpg/220px-Checkpoint_Charlie2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Checkpoint_Charlie2.jpg/330px-Checkpoint_Charlie2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Checkpoint_Charlie2.jpg/440px-Checkpoint_Charlie2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Zone from Checkpoint Charlie observation post, 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>Checkpoint Charlie was a crossing point in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> located at the junction of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe" title="Friedrichstraße">Friedrichstraße</a></i></span> with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zimmerstraße</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mauerstraße</i></span> (which for older historical reasons coincidentally means "Wall Street"). It is in the <a href="/wiki/Friedrichstadt_(Berlin)" title="Friedrichstadt (Berlin)">Friedrichstadt</a> neighborhood. Checkpoint Charlie was designated as the single foot or car crossing point for foreigners and members of the Allied forces, who were not allowed to use the other sector crossing point designated for use by foreigners, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe_station" title="Berlin Friedrichstraße station">Friedrichstraße</a> railway station.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The name "Charlie" came from the letter C in the <a href="/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">NATO phonetic alphabet</a>; similarly for other Allied checkpoints on the <i><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a></i> from the West: <a href="/wiki/Helmstedt%E2%80%93Marienborn_border_crossing" title="Helmstedt–Marienborn border crossing">Checkpoint Alpha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Helmstedt" title="Helmstedt">Helmstedt</a> and its counterpart <a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Bravo" title="Checkpoint Bravo">Checkpoint Bravo</a> at Dreilinden, <a href="/wiki/Wannsee" title="Wannsee">Wannsee</a> in the south-west corner of Berlin. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a> simply called it the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Friedrichstraße</i></span> Crossing Point</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">КПП Фридрихштрассе</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">KPP Fridrikhshtrasse</i></span>). The <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germans</a> referred officially to Checkpoint Charlie as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grenzübergangsstelle</i></span> ("Border Crossing Point") <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Friedrich-/Zimmerstraße</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the most visible Berlin Wall checkpoint, Checkpoint Charlie was featured in movies<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and books. A famous cafe and viewing place for Allied officials, armed forces and visitors alike, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Cafe Adler</i></span> ("Eagle Café"), was situated right on the checkpoint. </p><p>The development of the infrastructure around the checkpoint was largely asymmetrical, reflecting the contrary priorities of East German and Western border authorities. During its 28-year active life, the infrastructure on the Eastern side was expanded to include not only the wall, watchtower and zig-zag barriers, but a multi-lane shed where cars and their occupants were checked. However, the Allied authority never erected any permanent buildings. A wooden shed used as the guard house was replaced during the 1980s by a larger metal structure, now displayed at the Allied Museum in western Berlin. Their reasoning was that they did not consider the inner Berlin sector boundary an international border and did not treat it as such.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_incidents">Related incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Related incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stand-off_between_Soviet_and_U.S._tanks_in_October_1961">Stand-off between Soviet and U.S. tanks in October 1961</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stand-off between Soviet and U.S. tanks in October 1961"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks,_Berlin_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/220px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/330px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg/440px-US_Army_tanks_face_off_against_Soviet_tanks%2C_Berlin_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>US <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48 Patton</a> tanks facing Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> tanks at Checkpoint Charlie in October 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in August 1961, a stand-off occurred between US and Soviet tanks on either side of Checkpoint Charlie. It began on 22 October as a dispute over whether East German border guards were authorized to examine the travel documents of a US diplomat based in West Berlin named Allan Lightner heading to East Berlin to watch an opera show. </p><p>According to the agreement between all four Allied powers occupying Germany, there was to be free movement for Allied forces in all of Berlin, and no German military forces from either West Germany or East Germany were to be based in the city. The Western Allies also did not initially recognise the East German state and its right to remain in its self-declared capital of East Berlin, and only recognised the authority of the Soviets over East Berlin. </p><p>By 27 October, ten Soviet and an equal number of American tanks stood 100 yards apart on either side of the checkpoint. This stand-off ended peacefully on 28 October following a US-Soviet understanding to withdraw tanks and reduce tensions. Discussions between US Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> and Soviet intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Bolshakov" title="Georgi Bolshakov">Georgi Bolshakov</a> played a vital role in realizing this tacit agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_escapes">Early escapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early escapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berlin Wall was erected with great speed by the East German government in 1961, but there were initially many means of escape that had not been anticipated. For example, Checkpoint Charlie was initially blocked only by a gate, and a citizen of the GDR (<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>) smashed a car through it to escape, so a strong pole was erected. Another escapee approached the barrier in a convertible, the windscreen removed prior to the event, and slipped under the barrier. This was repeated two weeks later, so the East Germans duly lowered the barrier and added uprights.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Peter_Fechter">Death of Peter Fechter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death of Peter Fechter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Body_of_Peter_Fechter_lying_next_to_Berlin_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Body_of_Peter_Fechter_lying_next_to_Berlin_Wall.jpg/220px-Body_of_Peter_Fechter_lying_next_to_Berlin_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/Body_of_Peter_Fechter_lying_next_to_Berlin_Wall.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Fechter's body lying next to the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> after being shot in 1962 while trying to escape to the West</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 August 1962, a teenaged East German, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fechter" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Fechter">Peter Fechter</a>, was shot in the pelvis by East German guards while trying to escape from East Berlin. His body lay tangled in a barbed wire fence as he bled to death in full view of the world's media. He could not be rescued from West Berlin because he was a few metres inside the Soviet sector. East German border guards were reluctant to approach him for fear of provoking Western soldiers, one of whom had shot an East German border guard just days earlier. More than an hour later, Fechter's body was removed by the East German guards. A spontaneous demonstration formed on the American side of the checkpoint, protesting against the action of the East and the inaction of the West.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days later, a crowd threw stones at Soviet buses driving towards the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_Memorial_(Tiergarten)" title="Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten)">Soviet War Memorial</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Tiergarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Großer Tiergarten">Tiergarten</a> in the British sector; the Soviets tried to escort the buses with <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> (APCs). Thereafter, the Soviets were only allowed to cross via the Sandkrug Bridge crossing (which was the nearest to Tiergarten) and were prohibited from bringing APCs. Western units were deployed in the middle of the night in early September with live armaments and vehicles, in order to enforce the ban.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today:_Tourist_and_memorial_site">Today: Tourist and memorial site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Today: Tourist and memorial site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1110-018,_Berlin,_Checkpoint_Charlie,_Nacht_des_Mauerfalls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1110-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Checkpoint_Charlie%2C_Nacht_des_Mauerfalls.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1110-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Checkpoint_Charlie%2C_Nacht_des_Mauerfalls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1110-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Checkpoint_Charlie%2C_Nacht_des_Mauerfalls.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1110-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Checkpoint_Charlie%2C_Nacht_des_Mauerfalls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1110-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Checkpoint_Charlie%2C_Nacht_des_Mauerfalls.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1110-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Checkpoint_Charlie%2C_Nacht_des_Mauerfalls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>On the night of 9 November 1989 when a part of the Wall was opened</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the wall was opened in November 1989 and the checkpoint booth removed on 22 June 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the checkpoint remained an official crossing for foreigners and diplomats until <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in October 1990. </p><p>Checkpoint Charlie has since become one of Berlin's primary <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a>, where some original remnants of the border crossing blend with reconstructed parts, memorial and tourist facilities. </p><p>The guard house on the American side was removed in 1990; it is now on display in the open-air museum of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Museum" title="Allied Museum">Allied Museum</a> in Berlin-<a href="/wiki/Zehlendorf_(Berlin)" title="Zehlendorf (Berlin)">Zehlendorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copy of the guard house and the sign that once marked the border crossing was reconstructed later on roughly the same site. It resembles the first guard house erected during 1961, behind a sandbag barrier toward the border. Over the years this was replaced several times by guard houses of different sizes and layouts. The one removed in 1990 was considerably larger than the first one and did not have sandbags. </p><p>Tourists used to be able to have their photographs taken for a fee with actors dressed somewhat as Allied <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a> standing in front of the guard house but Berlin authorities banned the practice in November 2019 stating the actors had been exploiting tourists by demanding money for photos at the attraction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Wall_Location_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Berlin_Wall_Location_plaque.jpg/220px-Berlin_Wall_Location_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Berlin_Wall_Location_plaque.jpg/330px-Berlin_Wall_Location_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Berlin_Wall_Location_plaque.jpg/440px-Berlin_Wall_Location_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Former Berlin Wall marker</figcaption></figure> <p>The course of the former wall and border is now marked in the street with a line of cobblestones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An open-air exhibition was opened during the summer of 2006. Gallery walls along Friedrichstraße and Zimmerstraße give information about escape attempts, how the checkpoint was expanded, and its significance during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, including the confrontation of Soviet and American tanks in 1961, and an overview of other important memorial sites and museums about the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1945#The_division_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1945">division of Germany</a> and the wall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Developers demolished the last surviving major original Checkpoint Charlie structure, the East German watchtower, in 2000, to make way for offices and shops. The city tried to save the tower but failed, as it was not classified as a historic landmark,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but the development was never realised. </p><p>New plans since 2017 for a hotel on the site stirred a professional and political debate about appropriate development of the area. After the final listing of the site as a protected heritage area in 2018, plans were changed towards a more heritage-friendly approach,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the area between Zimmerstraße and Mauerstraße/Schützenstraße remains vacant, providing space for a number of temporary tourist and memorial uses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BlackBox_Cold_War_Exhibition">BlackBox Cold War Exhibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: BlackBox Cold War Exhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "BlackBox Cold War" exhibition has illuminated the division of Germany and Berlin since 2012. The free open-air exhibition offers original Berlin Wall segments and information about the historic site. However, the indoor exhibition (entrance fee required) illustrates Berlin's contemporary history with 16 media stations, a movie theatre and original objects and documents. It is run by the NGO <i>Berliner Forum fuer Geschichte und Gegenwart e.V..</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum">Checkpoint Charlie Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Checkpoint Charlie Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin-Mauermuseum_am_Checkpoint_Charlie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Berlin-Mauermuseum_am_Checkpoint_Charlie.jpg/220px-Berlin-Mauermuseum_am_Checkpoint_Charlie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Berlin-Mauermuseum_am_Checkpoint_Charlie.jpg/330px-Berlin-Mauermuseum_am_Checkpoint_Charlie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Berlin-Mauermuseum_am_Checkpoint_Charlie.jpg/440px-Berlin-Mauermuseum_am_Checkpoint_Charlie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum" title="Checkpoint Charlie Museum">Checkpoint Charlie Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Near the location of the guard house is the <i><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum" title="Checkpoint Charlie Museum">Haus am Checkpoint Charlie</a></i>. The "Mauermuseum - Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie" was opened on 14 June 1963<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the immediate vicinity of the Berlin Wall. It shows photographs and fragments related to the separation of Germany. The border fortifications and the "assistance of the protecting powers" are illustrated. In addition to photos and documentation of successful escape attempts, the exhibition also showcases escape devices including a hot-air balloon, escape cars, chair lifts, and a mini-submarine. </p><p>From October 2004 until July 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Memorial" title="Freedom Memorial">Freedom Memorial</a>, consisting of original wall segments and 1,067 commemorative crosses, stood on a leased site.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The museum is operated by the <i>Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August e. V.</i>, a registered association founded by Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt. The director is <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Hildebrandt" title="Alexandra Hildebrandt">Alexandra Hildebrandt</a>, the founder's widow. The museum is housed in part in the "House at Checkpoint Charlie" building by architect <a href="/wiki/Peter_Eisenman" title="Peter Eisenman">Peter Eisenman</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With 850,000 visitors in 2007, the Checkpoint Charlie Museum is one of the most visited museums in Berlin and in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Checkpoint Charlie figures in numerous Cold War-era espionage and political novels and films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Checkpoint Charlie is featured in the opening scene of the 1965 film <a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Came_in_from_the_Cold_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (film)"><i>The Spy Who Came in from the Cold</i></a> (starring <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Bloom" title="Claire Bloom">Claire Bloom</a>), based on the <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Came_in_from_the_Cold" title="The Spy Who Came in from the Cold">novel of the same name</a>, which does not use the checkpoint. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> (played by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a>) passed through Checkpoint Charlie in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Octopussy_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopussy (film)">Octopussy</a></i> (1983) from West to East.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1985 film <i><a href="/wiki/Gotcha!_(film)" title="Gotcha! (film)">Gotcha!</a></i> includes a scene where the protagonist (<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Edwards_(actor)" title="Anthony Edwards (actor)">Anthony Edwards</a>) transits through Checkpoint Charlie into West Berlin. </p><p>In the feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Spies_(film)" title="Bridge of Spies (film)">Bridge of Spies</a></i>, imprisoned American student <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Pryor" title="Frederic Pryor">Frederic Pryor</a> is released at Checkpoint Charlie as part of a deal to trade Pryor and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Francis_Gary_Powers" title="Francis Gary Powers">Francis Gary Powers</a> for convicted Soviet spy <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Abel" title="Rudolf Abel">Rudolf Abel</a>. Pryor's release happens offscreen while the trade of Powers for Abel takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Glienicke_Bridge" title="Glienicke Bridge">Glienicke Bridge</a>. </p><p>It was depicted in the opening scene of the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E._(film)" title="The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (film)">The Man from U.N.C.L.E</a></i> (2015). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</a> mentions Checkpoint Charlie in his hit song "<a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_Army" title="Oliver's Army">Oliver's Army</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_69_Eyes" title="The 69 Eyes">The 69 Eyes</a> mentions Checkpoint Charlie in their song <i>Feel Berlin</i>, from the album <i><a href="/wiki/Devils_(The_69_Eyes_album)" title="Devils (The 69 Eyes album)">Devils</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trivia">Trivia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the border crossing from <a href="/wiki/Hyder,_Alaska" title="Hyder, Alaska">Hyder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stewart,_British_Columbia" title="Stewart, British Columbia">Stewart</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, there is a humorous imitation of the Checkpoint Charlie sign with the inscription "You are leaving the American Sector" in English, French, and German, as well as a sign reading "Eastern Sektor",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Stewart is located east of Hyder. Hyder is the only place in the USA that can be legally entered without any border control. The sign was erected in 2015 as a protest after the Canadian administration announced plans to close the border control at night.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Berlin" title="List of tourist attractions in Berlin">List of tourist attractions in Berlin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/checkpoint-charlie-berlin-history-facts-when-built-escape-visit/">"A brief history of Checkpoint Charlie"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319140032/https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/checkpoint-charlie-berlin-history-facts-when-built-escape-visit/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Checkpoint+Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2F20th-century%2Fcheckpoint-charlie-berlin-history-facts-when-built-escape-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Andreas Daum</a>, Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 134‒35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gedmin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gedmin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gedmin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gedmin_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGedmin1992" class="citation book cs1">Gedmin, Jeffrey (1992). "The Dilemma of Legitimacy". <i>The hidden hand: Gorbachev and the collapse of East Germany</i>. AEI studies. Vol. 554. American Enterprise Institute. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8447-3794-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8447-3794-2"><bdi>978-0-8447-3794-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dilemma+of+Legitimacy&rft.btitle=The+hidden+hand%3A+Gorbachev+and+the+collapse+of+East+Germany&rft.series=AEI+studies&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=American+Enterprise+Institute&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8447-3794-2&rft.aulast=Gedmin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty123-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty123_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1989">Dowty 1989</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty122-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dowty122_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dowty122_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1989">Dowty 1989</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thackeray188-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thackeray188_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThackeray2004">Thackeray 2004</a>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearson75-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pearson75_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pearson75_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearson1998">Pearson 1998</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty114-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty114_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1989">Dowty 1989</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty121-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dowty121_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dowty121_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1989">Dowty 1989</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrison99-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harrison99_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison2003">Harrison 2003</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddrell2006" class="citation book cs1">Maddrell, Paul (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spyingonsciencew00madd_920"><i>Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spyingonsciencew00madd_920/page/n70">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926750-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926750-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926750-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spying+on+Science%3A+Western+Intelligence+in+Divided+Germany+1945%E2%80%931961&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926750-7&rft.aulast=Maddrell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspyingonsciencew00madd_920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty124-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty124_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1989">Dowty 1989</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-black141-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-black141_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackEnglishHelmreichMcAdams2000">Black et al. 2000</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlau2014" class="citation web cs1">Blau, Christine (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020005044/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/insiders-guide-to-cold-war-berlin">"Insider's Guide to Cold War Berlin"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/intelligent-travel/2014/11/06/insiders-guide-to-cold-war-berlin/">the original</a> on 20 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Insider%27s+Guide+to+Cold+War+Berlin&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Fintelligent-travel%2F2014%2F11%2F06%2Finsiders-guide-to-cold-war-berlin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempe2011" class="citation book cs1">Kempe, Frederick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/478"><i>Berlin 1961</i></a>. Penguin Group (USA). pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/478">478–479</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5"><bdi>978-0-399-15729-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+1961&rft.pages=478-479&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28USA%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-399-15729-5&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlin1961kenned0000kemp%2Fpage%2F478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearden2014" class="citation news cs1">Dearden, Lizzie (7 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/berlin-wall-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-barrier-that-divided-east-and-west-9847347.html">"Berlin Wall: What You Need To Know About the Barrier That Divided East and West"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404010323/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/berlin-wall-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-barrier-that-divided-east-and-west-9847347.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Berlin+Wall%3A+What+You+Need+To+Know+About+the+Barrier+That+Divided+East+and+West&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.aulast=Dearden&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fhistory%2Fberlin-wall-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-barrier-that-divided-east-and-west-9847347.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axelspringer.com/en/inside/media-battle-ensues-following-the-death-of-peter-fechter">"Media battle ensues following the death of Peter Fechter"</a>. <i>www.axelspringer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.axelspringer.com&rft.atitle=Media+battle+ensues+following+the+death+of+Peter+Fechter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axelspringer.com%2Fen%2Finside%2Fmedia-battle-ensues-following-the-death-of-peter-fechter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/june-22-1990-checkpoint-charlie-closes-13828673">"June 22, 1990: Checkpoint Charlie Closes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202142335/http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/june-22-1990-checkpoint-charlie-closes-13828673">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=June+22%2C+1990%3A+Checkpoint+Charlie+Closes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FArchives%2Fvideo%2Fjune-22-1990-checkpoint-charlie-closes-13828673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621035305/http://www.alliiertenmuseum.de/en/3_1_2.php">"Allied Museum Berlin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alliiertenmuseum.de/en/3_1_2.php">the original</a> on 21 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allied+Museum+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alliiertenmuseum.de%2Fen%2F3_1_2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2019" class="citation news cs1">Eddy, Melissa (5 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/world/europe/checkpoint-charlie-berlin-cold-war.html">"At Checkpoint Charlie, Cold War History Confronts Crass Commercialism"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190211020448/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/04/world/europe/checkpoint-charlie-berlin-cold-war.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+Checkpoint+Charlie%2C+Cold+War+History+Confronts+Crass+Commercialism&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F02%2F04%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcheckpoint-charlie-berlin-cold-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlin.de/mauer/en/sites/museums-and-exhibitions/black-box-exhibition-on-the-cold-war/">"Black Box Cold War"</a>. <i>www.berlin.de</i>. 25 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015213130/https://www.berlin.de/mauer/en/sites/museums-and-exhibitions/black-box-exhibition-on-the-cold-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.berlin.de&rft.atitle=Black+Box+Cold+War&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlin.de%2Fmauer%2Fen%2Fsites%2Fmuseums-and-exhibitions%2Fblack-box-exhibition-on-the-cold-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4730106">"Berlin Council Targets 'Checkpoint Charlie' Memorial"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185235/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4730106">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Berlin+Council+Targets+%27Checkpoint+Charlie%27+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4730106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orte-der-einheit.de/en/checkpoint-charlie"><i>Checkpoint Charlie: Between Memorials and Snack Bars</i>.</a> In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orte-der-einheit.de/en/">Sites of Unity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haus_der_Geschichte" title="Haus der Geschichte">Haus der Geschichte</a>), 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlin.de/tourismus/fotos/sehenswuerdigkeiten-fotos/3331172-1355138.gallery.html?page=4">"Museen in Berlin: Die Top Ten – 4. Platz 4: Mauermuseum - Haus am Checkpoint Charly"</a>. <i>www.berlin.de</i>. 4 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010959/https://www.berlin.de/tourismus/fotos/sehenswuerdigkeiten-fotos/3331172-1355138.gallery.html?page=4">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.berlin.de&rft.atitle=Museen+in+Berlin%3A+Die+Top+Ten+%E2%80%93+4.+Platz+4%3A+Mauermuseum+-+Haus+am+Checkpoint+Charly&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlin.de%2Ftourismus%2Ffotos%2Fsehenswuerdigkeiten-fotos%2F3331172-1355138.gallery.html%3Fpage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516035533/http://www.jamesbondmm.co.uk/locations/checkpoint-charlie">"Bond's Border Crossing (Checkpoint Charlie) – James Bond Locations"</a>. <i>www.jamesbondmm.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesbondmm.co.uk/locations/checkpoint-charlie">the original</a> on 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jamesbondmm.co.uk&rft.atitle=Bond%27s+Border+Crossing+%28Checkpoint+Charlie%29+%E2%80%93+James+Bond+Locations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesbondmm.co.uk%2Flocations%2Fcheckpoint-charlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Elvis-costello-olivers-army-lyrics"><i>Elvis Costello – Oliver's Army</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elvis+Costello+%E2%80%93+Oliver%27s+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FElvis-costello-olivers-army-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire2016" class="citation cs2">McGuire, Richard (2 June 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/richardmcguire/27682725001/"><i>Checkpoint Charlie</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Checkpoint+Charlie&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Frichardmcguire%2F27682725001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2016" class="citation web cs1">Levin, Dan (4 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2016/07/03/in-hyder-roaming-grizzlies-no-police-and-large-doses-of-canada/">"In Hyder, roaming grizzlies, no police and large doses of Canada"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Hyder%2C+roaming+grizzlies%2C+no+police+and+large+doses+of+Canada&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Falaska-news%2F2016%2F07%2F03%2Fin-hyder-roaming-grizzlies-no-police-and-large-doses-of-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackEnglishHelmreichMcAdams2000" class="citation cs2">Black, Cyril E.; English, Robert D.; Helmreich, Jonathan E.; McAdams, James A. (2000), <i>Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II</i>, Westview Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3664-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3664-3"><bdi>0-8133-3664-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebirth%3A+A+Political+History+of+Europe+since+World+War+II&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8133-3664-3&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Cyril+E.&rft.au=English%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Helmreich%2C+Jonathan+E.&rft.au=McAdams%2C+James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Daum, Andreas</a>, <i>Kennedy in Berlin</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3">978-0-521-85824-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowty1989" class="citation cs2">Dowty, Alan (1989), <i>Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04498-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04498-4"><bdi>0-300-04498-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closed+Borders%3A+The+Contemporary+Assault+on+Freedom+of+Movement&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-300-04498-4&rft.aulast=Dowty&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowty1988" class="citation cs2">Dowty, Alan (1988), "The Assault on Freedom of Emigration", <i>World Affairs</i>, <b>151</b> (2)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Assault+on+Freedom+of+Emigration&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Dowty&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2003" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), <i>Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09678-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09678-3"><bdi>0-691-09678-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Driving+the+Soviets+Up+the+Wall%3A+Soviet-East+German+Relations%2C+1953%E2%80%931961&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-09678-3&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Hope+Millard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1998" class="citation cs2">Pearson, Raymond (1998), <i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire</i>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-17407-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-17407-1"><bdi>0-312-17407-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-312-17407-1&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackeray2004" class="citation cs2">Thackeray, Frank W. (2004), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eventsthatchange00fran"><i>Events that changed Germany</i></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32814-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32814-5"><bdi>0-313-32814-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+that+changed+Germany&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-313-32814-5&rft.aulast=Thackeray&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feventsthatchange00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheckpoint+Charlie" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Checkpoint_Charlie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External media</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/berlin_crisis/bcp1.gif">Tanks at 1961 checkpoint</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.western-allies-berlin.com/installations/checkpoints/charlie/charlie">Western Allies Berlin website images</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Video</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704090813/http://www.e-cityvisit.com/berlin/checkpointcharlie/index.html">Virtual e-Tour</a> (Shockwave Player required)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.68514"><i>"Berlin Documentary (1961)"</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.30140"><i>"U.S. Army In Berlin: Checkpoint Charlie (1962)"</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" class="extiw" title="commons:Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauermuseum.de/">Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berlin_Wall" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berlin_Wall" title="Template:Berlin Wall"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berlin_Wall" title="Template talk:Berlin Wall"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berlin_Wall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berlin Wall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berlin_Wall" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">Inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Shame" title="Wall of Shame">Wall of Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikflucht" title="Republikflucht">Republikflucht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schie%C3%9Fbefehl" title="Schießbefehl">Schießbefehl</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/120px-Berlinermauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/180px-Berlinermauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/240px-Berlinermauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="913" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Memorials, museums<br />and galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Berliner_Mauer" title="Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer">Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Crosses" title="White Crosses">White Crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Side_Gallery" title="East Side Gallery">East Side Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum" title="Checkpoint Charlie Museum">Checkpoint Charlie Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauerpark" title="Mauerpark">Mauerpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Reconciliation" title="Chapel of Reconciliation">Chapel of Reconciliation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_border_crossings" title="Berlin border crossings">Border crossings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe_border_crossing" title="Bornholmer Straße border crossing">Bornholmer Straße</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Checkpoint Charlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Bravo" title="Checkpoint Bravo">Checkpoint Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe_station" title="Berlin Friedrichstraße station">Berlin Friedrichstraße station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glienicke_Bridge" title="Glienicke Bridge">Glienicke Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invalidenstra%C3%9Fe" title="Invalidenstraße">Invalidenstraße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberbaum_Bridge" title="Oberbaum Bridge">Oberbaum Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnenallee_(Berlin)" title="Sonnenallee (Berlin)">Sonnenallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4nenpalast" title="Tränenpalast">Tränenpalast, Friedrichstraße station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_at_the_Berlin_Wall" title="List of deaths at the Berlin Wall">People who died<br />breaching the Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Brueske" title="Klaus Brueske">Klaus Brueske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Peter_Fechter" title="Killing of Peter Fechter">Peter Fechter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfried_Freudenberg" title="Winfried Freudenberg">Winfried Freudenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Peter_Friese" title="Christian-Peter Friese">Christian-Peter Friese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Gueffroy" title="Chris Gueffroy">Chris Gueffroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marienetta_Jirkowsky" title="Marienetta Jirkowsky">Marienetta Jirkowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cengaver_Katranc%C4%B1" title="Cengaver Katrancı">Cengaver Katrancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Kelm" title="Erna Kelm">Erna Kelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Kukuczka" title="Czesław Kukuczka">Czesław Kukuczka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Kutscher" title="Horst Kutscher">Horst Kutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Litfin" title="Günter Litfin">Günter Litfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorit_Schmiel" title="Dorit Schmiel">Dorit Schmiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schultz" title="Egon Schultz">Egon Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Segler" title="Olga Segler">Olga Segler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Siekmann" title="Ida Siekmann">Ida Siekmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Sokolowski" title="Heinz Sokolowski">Heinz Sokolowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Trabant" title="Hildegard Trabant">Hildegard Trabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Urban_(Berlin_Wall_victim)" title="Rudolf Urban (Berlin Wall victim)">Rudolf Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christel_and_Eckhard_Wehage" title="Christel and Eckhard Wehage">Christel and Eckhard Wehage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others associated<br />with the Wall</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schabowski" title="Günter Schabowski">Günter Schabowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Ehrman" title="Riccardo Ehrman">Riccardo Ehrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Schumann" title="Konrad Schumann">Konrad Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hasselhoff" title="David Hasselhoff">David Hasselhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutta_Fleck" title="Jutta Fleck">Jutta Fleck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">The Wall in speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">"Tear down this wall!"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films and<br />TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_East_Berlin" title="Escape from East Berlin">Escape from East Berlin</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_(1962_film)" title="The Wall (1962 film)">The Wall</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stop_Train_349" title="Stop Train 349">Stop Train 349</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Came_In_from_the_Cold_(film)" title="The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (film)">The Spy Who Came In from the Cold</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freiheit_(film)" title="Freiheit (film)">Freiheit</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funeral_in_Berlin_(film)" title="Funeral in Berlin (film)">Funeral in Berlin</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soldier_(1982_film)" title="The Soldier (1982 film)">The Soldier</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Octopussy" title="Octopussy">Octopussy</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotcha!_(film)" title="Gotcha! (film)">Gotcha!</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Desire" title="Wings of Desire">Wings of Desire</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judgment_in_Berlin_(film)" title="Judgment in Berlin (film)">Judgment in Berlin</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_(1995_film)" title="The Promise (1995 film)">Das Versprechen</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonnenallee" title="Sonnenallee">Sonnenallee</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tunnel_(2001_film)" title="The Tunnel (2001 film)">The Tunnel</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldiers_(2001_film)" title="Buffalo Soldiers (2001 film)">Buffalo Soldiers</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Bye,_Lenin!" title="Good Bye, Lenin!">Good Bye, Lenin!</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bornholmer_Stra%C3%9Fe_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bornholmer Straße (film) (page does not exist)">Bornholmer Straße</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Spies_(film)" title="Bridge of Spies (film)">Bridge of Spies</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Blonde" title="Atomic Blonde">Atomic Blonde</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_89" title="Deutschland 89">Deutschland 89</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_the_Wall" title="The Road to the Wall">The Road to the Wall</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tunnel_(1962_film)" title="The Tunnel (1962 film)">The Tunnel</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_%C3%A0_la_Berlin" title="Rabbit à la Berlin">Rabbit à la Berlin</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Came_in_from_the_Cold" title="The Spy Who Came in from the Cold">The Spy Who Came in from the Cold</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funeral_in_Berlin" title="Funeral in Berlin">Funeral in Berlin</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judgment_in_Berlin" title="Judgment in Berlin">Judgment in Berlin</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Am_k%C3%BCrzeren_Ende_der_Sonnenallee" title="Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee">Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Eternity_(novel)" title="Edge of Eternity (novel)">Edge of Eternity</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/West_of_the_Wall" title="West of the Wall">West of the Wall</a>" (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_the_Sun_(song)" title="Holidays in the Sun (song)">Holidays in the Sun</a>" (1977)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nikita_(song)" title="Nikita (song)">Nikita</a>" (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Berlin_Wall_(video_game)" title="The Berlin Wall (video game)"><i>The Berlin Wall</i> (1991 video game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Wall_Came_Down" title="The Day the Wall Came Down"><i>The Day the Wall Came Down</i> (1997 sculpture)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Berlin_Wall_segments" title="List of Berlin Wall segments">List of Berlin Wall segments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_station" title="Ghost station">Ghost station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinst%C3%BCcken" title="Steinstücken">Steinstücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_commuters_in_the_Berlin_area_1948%E2%80%931961" title="Cross border commuters in the Berlin area 1948–1961"><i>Grenzgänger</i> (Cross-border commuters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shame_(performance_art)" title="The Shame (performance art)">The Shame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin" title="Template:Visitor attractions in Berlin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin" title="Template talk:Visitor attractions in Berlin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visitor attractions in Berlin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visitor_attractions_in_Berlin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Visitor attractions in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitte" title="Mitte">Mitte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz" title="Alexanderplatz">Alexanderplatz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Clock_(Alexanderplatz)" title="World Clock (Alexanderplatz)">Weltzeituhr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Berliner_Mauer" title="Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer">Berlin Wall Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Cathedral" title="Berlin Cathedral">Berliner Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Palace" title="Berlin Palace">Berlin Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Forum" title="Humboldt Forum">Humboldt Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bode_Museum" title="Bode Museum">Bode Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Checkpoint Charlie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie_Museum" title="Checkpoint Charlie Museum">museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDR_Museum" title="DDR Museum">DDR Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Historisches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Historisches Museum">Deutsches Historisches Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernsehturm_Berlin" title="Fernsehturm Berlin">Fernsehturm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe" title="Friedrichstraße">Friedrichstraße</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4nenpalast" title="Tränenpalast">Tränenpalast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmenmarkt" title="Gendarmenmarkt">Gendarmenmarkt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackescher_Markt" title="Hackescher Markt">Hackescher Markt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hackesche_H%C3%B6fe" title="Hackesche Höfe">Hackesche Höfe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Adlon" title="Hotel Adlon">Hotel Adlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronprinzenpalais" title="Kronprinzenpalais">Kronprinzenpalais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturforum" title="Kulturforum">Kulturforum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustgarten" title="Lustgarten">Lustgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe" title="Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe">Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Freedom_and_Unity" title="Monument to Freedom and Unity">Monument to Freedom and Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Island" title="Museum Island">Museum Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunbrunnen_(Berlin)" title="Neptunbrunnen (Berlin)">Neptunbrunnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Synagogue_(Berlin)" title="New Synagogue (Berlin)">Neue Synagoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Neues Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaiviertel" title="Nikolaiviertel">Nikolaiviertel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranienburger_Stra%C3%9Fe" title="Oranienburger Straße">Oranienburger Straße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariser_Platz" title="Pariser Platz">Pariser Platz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Museum of Islamic Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin" title="Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin">Vorderasiatisches Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platz_der_Republik_(Berlin)" title="Platz der Republik (Berlin)">Platz der Republik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz" title="Potsdamer Platz">Potsdamer Platz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Center" title="Sony Center">Sony Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotes_Rathaus" title="Rotes Rathaus">Rotes Rathaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Hedwig%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Hedwig's Cathedral">St. Hedwig's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Staatsoper Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unter_den_Linden" title="Unter den Linden">Unter den Linden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brandenburg Gate"><img alt="Brandenburg Gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg/180px-Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg/270px-Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg/360px-Brandenburger_Tor_nachts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5138" data-file-height="2584" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Berlin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Museum" title="Allied Museum">Allied Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarium Berlin">Aquarium Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Palace,_Germany" title="Bellevue Palace, Germany">Bellevue Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sidialamt" title="Bundespräsidialamt">Bundespräsidialamt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Zoological_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Zoological Garden">Berlin Zoological Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Botanical_Garden_and_Botanical_Museum" title="Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum">Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa-Center" title="Europa-Center">Europa-Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Freie Universität Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum_Berlin" title="Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin">Gas Lantern Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Hauptbahnhof" title="Berlin Hauptbahnhof">Hauptbahnhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haus_der_Kulturen_der_Welt" title="Haus der Kulturen der Welt">Haus der Kulturen der Welt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_Berlin" title="Jewish Museum Berlin">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Memorial_Church" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church">Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufhaus_des_Westens" title="Kaufhaus des Westens">Kaufhaus des Westens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurf%C3%BCrstendamm" title="Kurfürstendamm">Kurfürstendamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Europ%C3%A4ischer_Kulturen" title="Museum Europäischer Kulturen">Museum Europäischer Kulturen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_Berlin" title="Natural History Museum, Berlin">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiastadion_(Berlin)" title="Olympiastadion (Berlin)">Olympiastadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_National_Monument_for_the_Liberation_Wars" title="Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars">Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Charlottenburg" title="Schloss Charlottenburg">Schloss Charlottenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_Memorial_(Tiergarten)" title="Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten)">Soviet War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandau_Citadel" title="Spandau Citadel">Spandau Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauentzienstra%C3%9Fe" title="Tauentzienstraße">Tauentzienstraße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport" title="Berlin Tempelhof Airport">Tempelhof Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_(park)" title="Tiergarten (park)">Tiergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Victory_Column" title="Berlin Victory Column">Victory Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktoriapark" title="Viktoriapark">Viktoriapark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Wannsee" title="Großer Wannsee">Wannsee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Berlin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin-Hohensch%C3%B6nhausen_Memorial" title="Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial">Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Side_Gallery" title="East Side Gallery">East Side Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Russian Museum">German-Russian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Marx-Allee" title="Karl-Marx-Allee">Karl-Marx-Allee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6penick_Palace" title="Köpenick Palace">Köpenick Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uber_Arena" title="Uber Arena">Uber Arena</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molecule_Man_(sculpture)" title="Molecule Man (sculpture)">Molecule Man</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCggelberge" title="Müggelberge">Müggelberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberbaum_Bridge" title="Oberbaum Bridge">Oberbaum Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi_Museum" title="Stasi Museum">Stasi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Berlin" title="Tierpark Berlin">Tierpark Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treptower_Park" title="Treptower Park">Treptower Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_Memorial_(Treptower_Park)" title="Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)">Soviet War Memorial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin/Brandenburg_Metropolitan_Region" title="Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region">Metropolitan region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottenhof_Palace" title="Charlottenhof Palace">Charlottenhof Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Palace_(Potsdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palace (Potsdam)">New Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangery_Palace" title="Orangery Palace">Orangery Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Potsdam)" title="Roman Baths (Potsdam)">Potsdam Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanssouci" title="Sanssouci">Sanssouci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Berlin" title="Culture in Berlin">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sights_in_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sights in Berlin">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Spree River">Spree River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Berlin" title="Transport in Berlin">Transport in Berlin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn" title="Berlin U-Bahn">U-Bahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_S-Bahn" title="Berlin S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68689#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126280480">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131455-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98061497">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009002411">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Checkpoint Charlie (1961-1989 : Berlín, Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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