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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>The Buyid dynasty<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> or Buyid Empire was a <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'a</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Daylamites" title="Daylamites">Daylamite</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> they mainly ruled over central and southern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> from 934 to 1062. Coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, the approximate century of Buyid rule represents the period in Iranian history sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1992103-12">[9]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Buyid dynasty</div><div class="ib-country-names"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>آل بویه‎, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Âl-i Būya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">934–1062<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Buyids_970.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buyid dynasty in 970"><img alt="The Buyid dynasty in 970" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Buyids_970.png/250px-Buyids_970.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Buyids_970.png/375px-Buyids_970.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Buyids_970.png/500px-Buyids_970.png 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="841"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Buyid dynasty in 970</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_(AD).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buyid realm at the time of Adud al-Dawla's death (Yemen not shown)"><img alt="The Buyid realm at the time of Adud al-Dawla's death (Yemen not shown)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG/250px-Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG/375px-Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG/500px-Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="428"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Buyid realm at the time of <a href="/wiki/Adud_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Adud al-Dawla">Adud al-Dawla</a>'s death (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> not shown)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> (Buyids of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>, 934–1062)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a> (Buyids of <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a>, 943–1029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (Buyids of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, 945–1055)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (official and court language; <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (secondary court language)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">New Persian</a> (popular, literature)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a> (ruling dynasty)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> (dynasty)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (majority) <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahanshah</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 934–949 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1048–1062 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">934</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a> proclaimed himself Emir </div></th><td class="infobox-data">934</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Adud_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Adud al-Dawla">Adud al-Dawla</a> becomes the supreme ruler of the Buyid dynasty </div></th><td class="infobox-data">979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1062<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">980 est.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,600,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ziyarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarids">Ziyarids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Banu Ilyas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Baridi" title="Abu Abdallah al-Baridi">Abu Abdallah al-Baridi</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylid dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Banu_Mazyad" title="Banu Mazyad">Banu Mazyad</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> The Buyid dynasty was founded by <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Ali ibn Buya</a>, who in 934 conquered <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> his capital. He received the <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">laqab</a> or honorific title of Imad al-Dawla (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Fortifier of the State'). His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Hasan ibn Buya</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 935–976) conquered parts of <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a> in the late 930s, and by 943 managed to capture <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a>, which he made his capital. Hasan was given the laqab of Rukn al-Dawla (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Pillar of the State'). In 945, the youngest brother, Ahmad ibn Buya, conquered <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> his capital. He was given the laqab <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a>. As Iranians of Daylamite provenance, the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> Beginning with Imad al-Dawla, some of the Buyid rulers used the ancient Sasanian title of <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahanshah</a>, literally "king of kings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a> The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> ruins of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201136-14">[11]</a> The Buyid dynasty reached its zenith under <a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">Fannā Khusraw</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 949–983), whose laqab was Adud al-Dawla. who is remembered for his open-mindedness and building projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Band-e_Amir_(dam)" title="Band-e Amir (dam)">Band-e Amir</a> dam near Shiraz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014-15">[12]</a> Under him, the Buyid realm stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> border in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> in the west to the borders of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%BCrgelMottahedeh1988265%E2%80%93269-16">[13]</a> Although the Buyids were initially <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shia</a>, they became <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shia</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Major_Occultation" title="Major Occultation">Major Occultation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a> after the death of his fourth agent in 941. Regardless, the Buyids were known for supporting the Sunni Abbasid caliphs and being tolerant of the Sunni population, who formed the majority of their realm. They were, by contrast, unfriendly towards the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> centered in Egypt, who were <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014-15">[12]</a> Contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a>, who ruled over a mostly Sunni Muslim population in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the Buyid realm was populated by many <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a> and Christians (primarily of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>). Because of this, many records written under the Buyids were composed in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014-15">[12]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins">1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Rise_(934%E2%80%93945)">2.1 Rise (934–945)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Height_of_power_and_Golden_age_(945%E2%80%93983)">2.2 Height of power and Golden age (945–983)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Decline_and_fall_(983%E2%80%931062)">2.3 Decline and fall (983–1062)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Government">3 Government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Military">3.1 Military</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Culture">4 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Language">4.1 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Naming_traditions,_celebrations_and_identity">4.2 Naming traditions, celebrations and identity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Religion">5 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Architecture">6 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Buyid_rulers">7 Buyid rulers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Major_rulers">7.1 Major rulers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Minor_rulers">7.2 Minor rulers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Family_tree">8 Family tree</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sources">12 Sources</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The word Būya (Buwayh in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> name ending in the <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:ویه">ـویه</a> (Middle Persian -ōē, modern Persian -ūyeh, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> -uwayh). The Buyids were descendants of Panah-Khusrow, a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Daylam" title="Daylam">Daylam</a>. He had a son named Buya, who was a fisherman from Lahijan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelixMadelung1995342%E2%80%93347-17">[14]</a> and later left Zoroastrianism and converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975274-18">[15]</a> Buya later had three sons, named <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">'Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Hasan</a>, who would later carve out the Buyid kingdom together. The Buyids claimed royal lineage from <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 420–438), the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shahanshah</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010157-19">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_(934–945)">Rise (934–945)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise (934–945)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The founder of the dynasty, '<a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Buya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Buya">Ali ibn Buya</a>, was originally a soldier in the service of the Daylamite warlord <a href="/wiki/Makan_ibn_Kaki" title="Makan ibn Kaki">Makan ibn Kaki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1990578%E2%80%93586-20">[17]</a> but later changed his adherence to the Iranian ruler <a href="/wiki/Mardavij" title="Mardavij">Mardavij</a>, who had established the <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a>, and was himself related to the ruling dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Gilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan">Gilan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004211-21">[18]</a> a region bordering Daylam. 'Ali was later joined by his two younger brothers, Hasan ibn Buya and Ahmad ibn Buya. In 932, 'Ali was given <a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a> as his fief, and thus was able to enlist other Daylamites into his army. However, 'Ali's initiative proved too much for Mardavij, who planned to have him killed, but 'Ali was informed of Mardavij's plan by the latter's own <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>. The brothers, with 400 of their Daylamite supporters, then fled to <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004212-22">[19]</a> where they managed to take control of <a href="/wiki/Arrajan" title="Arrajan">Arrajan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975255-23">[20]</a> However, the Buyids and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> general Yaqut shortly fought for control of Fars, with the Buyids eventually emerging victorious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1990578%E2%80%93586-20">[17]</a> This victory opened the way for the conquest of the capital of Fars, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004213-24">[21]</a> 'Ali also allied with the landowners of Fars, which included the <a href="/wiki/Fasanjas_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasanjas family">Fasanjas family</a>, which would later produce many prominent statesmen for the Buyids. 'Ali also enlisted more soldiers—including <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, who were made part of the cavalry. 'Ali then sent his brother Ahmad on an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kerman</a>, but was forced to withdraw after opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a> and the Qafs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975257-25">[22]</a> However, Mardavij, who sought to depose the Abbasid caliph of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and recreate a Zoroastrian Iranian Empire, shortly wrested <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan</a> from the Abbasids and forced 'Ali to recognize him as his suzerain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975256-26">[23]</a> Luckily for the Buyids, Mardavij was assassinated shortly thereafter in 935, which caused chaos in the Ziyarid territories, a perfect situation for the Buyid brothers; Ali and Ahmad conquered Khuzistan, while Hasan captured the Ziyarid capital of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, and, in 943, captured <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Rey</a>, which became his capital, thus conquering all of <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a>. In 945, Ahmad entered <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and made the Abbasid Caliph his vassal, at the same time receiving the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name#Laqab" title="Arabic name">laqab</a> Mu'izz ad-Dawla ("Fortifier of the State"), while 'Ali was given the laqab Imād al-Dawla ("Support of the State"), and Hasan was given the laqab Rukn al-Dawla ("Pillar of the State"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height_of_power_and_Golden_age_(945–983)">Height of power and Golden age (945–983)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Height of power and Golden age (945–983)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_(cleaned_up).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/220px-Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 311px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/220px-Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/330px-Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg/440px-Gold_Ewer_Iran_Buyid_Period_Third_quarter_of_10th_century_CE_%28cleaned_up%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gold ewer of the Buyid Period, mentioning Buyid ruler <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla_Bakhtiyar_ibn_Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar ibn Mu'izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar ibn Mu'izz al-Dawla</a>, 966-977 CE, Iran.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to the other territories the Buyids had conquered, Kerman was conquered in 967, followed by <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (967), the <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a> (979), Tabaristan (980), and <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a> (981). After this, however, the Buyids went into a slow decline, with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming de facto independent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_fall_(983–1062)">Decline and fall (983–1062)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline and fall (983–1062)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The death of <a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">Adud al-Dawla</a> is considered the start of the decline of the Buyid dynasty;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004234-28">[25]</a> his son <a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Abu Kalijar Marzuban</a>, who was in Baghdad when he died, at first kept his death secret to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he eventually made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud's other son, <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris</a>, challenged his authority, and the feared civil war occurred anyway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975289-29">[26]</a> Meanwhile, a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanid</a> chieftain named <a href="/wiki/Badh_ibn_Dustak" title="Badh ibn Dustak">Badh ibn Dustak</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyabakr</a> and forced Samsam al-Dawla to recognize him as the vassal ruler of the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975289-29">[26]</a> Furthermore, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, son of and successor to Rukn al-Dawla, also died during this period. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla was succeeded by his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who, with the aid of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's vizier <a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_%27Abbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahib ibn 'Abbad">Sahib ibn 'Abbad</a>, became the ruler of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's possessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975290-30">[27]</a> Another son of Adud al-Dawla, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_Firuzshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Tahir Firuzshah">Abu Tahir Firuzshah</a>, established himself as the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and took the title of "Diya' al-Dawla", while another son, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Husain_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Husain Ahmad">Abu'l-Husain Ahmad</a>, established himself as the ruler of Khuzistan, taking the title of "Taj al-Dawla". <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/260px-AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/260px-AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/390px-AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/520px-AbuKalijarBuyidCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coinage of Buyid amir <a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a> (r.1024-1048)</figcaption></figure> Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris (known by his title of "Sharaf al-Dawla") quickly seized Oman from Samsam al-Dawla, and, in 983, the Turkic troops of Samsam al-Dawla mutinied against him and some left Iraq for Fars, but most of them were persuaded by his relative <a href="/wiki/Ziyar_ibn_Shahrakawayh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh">Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh</a> to stay in Iraq. However, Iraq was in a grim state, and several rebellions occurred, which he managed to suppress, the most dangerous being that of <a href="/wiki/Asfar_ibn_Kurdawayh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asfar ibn Kurdawayh">Asfar ibn Kurdawayh</a>, who tried to make <a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-Dawla">Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh</a> (known by his title of "Baha' al-Dawla") the ruler of Iraq. During the same period, Samsam al-Dawla also managed to seize Basra and Khuzistan, forcing his two brothers to flee to Fakhr al-Dawla's territory. During the mid-11th century, the Buyid amirates gradually fell to the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a>. In 1029, Majd al-Dawla, who was facing an uprising by his Daylami troops in <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Ray</a>, requested assistance from <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud of Ghazna">Mahmud of Ghazna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196353,_59,_234-31">[28]</a> When Sultan Mahmud arrived, he deposed Majd al-Dawla, replaced him with a <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a> governor and ended the Buyid dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Ray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196353,_59,_234-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth196837-32">[29]</a> In 1055, <a href="/wiki/Tughril" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril">Tughril</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the seat of the caliphate, and ousted the last of the Buyid rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a> Like the Buyids, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> kept the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphs</a> as figureheads.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-33">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The Buyids established a confederation in Iraq and western Iran. This confederation formed three principalities: one in Fars, with Shiraz as its capital, the second one in Jibal, with Ray as its capital, and the last one in Iraq, with Baghdad as its capital. However, during their late period, more principalities formed in the Buyid confederation. Succession was <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">hereditary</a>, with rulers dividing their land among their sons. The title used by the Buyid rulers was <a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amir</a>, meaning "governor" or "prince". Generally, one of the amirs would be recognized as having seniority over the others; this individual would use the title of <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">amir al-umara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabir1964-34">[31]</a> or senior amir. Although the senior amīr was the formal head of the Būyids, he did not usually have any significant control outside of his amirate; each amir enjoyed a high degree of autonomy within his territories. As mentioned above, some stronger amirs used the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> title of <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a>. Furthermore, several other titles such as <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">malik</a> ("king"), and malik al-muluk ("king of kings"), were also used by the Buyids. On a smaller scale, the Buyid territory was also ruled by princes from other families, such as the Hasanwayhids. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buyid_silk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Buyid_silk.jpg/330px-Buyid_silk.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="968"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Buyid_silk.jpg/330px-Buyid_silk.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Buyid_silk.jpg/495px-Buyid_silk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Buyid_silk.jpg/660px-Buyid_silk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Silk with depiction of horsemen, produced under the Buyids</figcaption></figure> During the beginning of the Buyid dynasty, their army consisted mainly of their fellow Daylamites, a warlike and brave people of mostly peasant origin, who served as foot soldiers. The Daylamites had a long history of military activity dating back to the Sasanian period, and had been mercenaries in various places in Iran and Iraq, and even as far as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The Daylamites, during a battle, normally bore a sword, a shield, and three spears. Furthermore, they were also known for their formidable shield formation, which was hard to break through.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975251-35">[32]</a> However, when the Buyid territories increased, they began recruiting Turks into their cavalry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004213-24">[21]</a> who had played a prominent role in the Abbasid military.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> The Buyid army also consisted of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, who, along with the Turks, were <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>, while the Daylamites were <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'i Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975287-37">[34]</a> However, the army of the Buyids of Jibal was mainly composed of Daylamites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004244-38">[35]</a> The Daylamites and Turks often quarrelled with each other for dominance within the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975265,_298-39">[36]</a> To compensate their soldiers, the Buyid amīrs often distributed <a href="/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta'">iqtāʾs</a>, or the rights to a percentage of tax revenues from a province (<a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">tax farming</a>), although the practice of <a href="/wiki/In_kind" title="In kind">payment in kind</a> was also frequently used.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> While the Turks were favoured in Buyid Iraq, the Daylamites were favoured in Buyid Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975252-41">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Contrary to the Samanids, the Buyids did not adopt Dari (also known as <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>) as their official language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010154%E2%80%93156-42">[39]</a> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> served as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of their realm, while <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> was occasionally used as a secondary court language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2">[2]</a> Although the Buyids were of Iranian stock, they supported writing in Arabic, and also used the language in their correspondence, as well as poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adud_al-Dawla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adud_al-Dawla.jpg/220px-Adud_al-Dawla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1425"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adud_al-Dawla.jpg/220px-Adud_al-Dawla.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adud_al-Dawla.jpg/330px-Adud_al-Dawla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adud_al-Dawla.jpg/440px-Adud_al-Dawla.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Silver medallion of Adud al-Dawla with Middle Persian legends</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg/220px-Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="513"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg/220px-Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg/330px-Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg/440px-Inscription_of_Adud_al-Dawla_in_Persepolis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of the two Arabic inscriptions of Adud al-Dawla in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></figcaption></figure> It is uncertain why the Buyids did not promote the use of New Persian. According to the historians Edmund Herzig and Sarah Stewart in their book Early Islamic Iran (2011), it may have been due to three factors; the Buyids had been influenced during their stay in Baghdad and thus aspired to be important supporters of Arabic writing; New Persian may have been discouraged by the Zoroastrian priests, who still wrote in Middle Persian in regions such as Fars; New Persian may have been very different/at odds with the dialects of western Iran, and was only mostly welcomed in eastern Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157-43">[40]</a> However, New Persian was still used as language of poetry at the Buyid courts. Many prominent poets in the Buyid realm wrote in New Persian, such as Abu Muhammad Mansur ibn Ali al-Mantiqi al-Razi, Khusrawi Sarakhsi and Abu Zayd Muhammad ibn Ali al-Ghada'iri al-Razi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a> The Persian vizier <a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a> (died 995), who was the leading figure at the Buyid court at Ray for a lengthy period, wrote only in Arabic, which he preferred instead of his native tongue. However, he also accepted New Persian <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyrics</a> that were dedicated to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155-44">[41]</a> The Buyids also promoted the use of <a href="/wiki/Fahlav%C4%ABy%C4%81t" title="Fahlavīyāt">fahlaviyat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157-43">[40]</a> a designation for poetry composed in the local <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">northwestern Iranian dialects and languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1999158%E2%80%93162-46">[43]</a> Due to having a large Zoroastrian and Christian population, many records written under the Buyids were composed in Middle Persian, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryeKeshk2014-15">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_traditions,_celebrations_and_identity">Naming traditions, celebrations and identity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Naming traditions, celebrations and identity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While the brothers that established the Buyid kingdom had the Arabic names of Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad, the second Buyid generation notably had Iranian names, such as Kamrava, Marzuban, Bahram and Khusraw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2">[2]</a> The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> ruins of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201136-14">[11]</a> Adud al-Dawla celebrated the ancient Iranian festivals of <a href="/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh">Sadeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehregan</a>, and like many previous Islamic rulers—including the caliphs—he most likely celebrated <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> as well. He used Nowruz as a model for two newly created festivals, which were celebrated annually in the town of Fana Khusraw-gird.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%BCrgelMottahedeh1988265%E2%80%93269-16">[13]</a> Under the Buyids, the idea of "Iranshahr" (Iran) appears in geographical works, which were all written in Arabic by mostly Iranian authors. The geographer <a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a>, who was active in the late 10th-century and wrote; "The best cultivated (ma‘mur), fairest and most fertile part of the world, and the most established in its political life is the kingdom of Iranshahr."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155-44">[41]</a> Herzig and Stewart adds that;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157-43">[40]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Considered together the preceding materials offer important clues to the question of Iranian identity under the Buyids. In the first instance we have rulers who are unashamedly Iranian and who sought by genealogy, title and homage to Persepolis to show their connection with the pre-Islamic Iranian past. At the same time, the inhabitants of the Buyid kingdoms and eastern Iranians showed a sometimes embarrassingly high level of self-esteem as the people of Iranshahr.</blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Like most Daylamites at the time, the Buyids were Shia and have been called <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelvers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2018-235-236-47">[44]</a> However, it is likely that they began as <a href="/wiki/Zaydiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydiyyah">Zaydis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Momen-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Moojen Momen explains this transition from Zaydism to Twelverism, by noting that, since the Buyids were not descendants of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the first Shi'i Imam, Zaydism would have required them to install an Imam from Ali's family. So, Buyids tended toward Twelverism, which has an <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">occulted Imam</a>, a more politically attractive option to them.<a href="#cite_note-Momen-48">[45]</a> The Buyids rarely attempted to enforce a particular religious view upon their subjects except in matters where it would be politically expedient. The Sunni Abbasids retained the caliphate but were deprived of all secular power.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> In addition, to prevent tensions between the Shia and the Sunnis from spreading to government agencies, the Buyid amirs occasionally appointed <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> to high offices instead of Muslims from either sect.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Under the supervision of the Buyids, large construction and engineering projects took place, such as irrigation systems and agricultural developments, all of which led to an increase in income. In comparison to other local rulers in Iraq, particularly the Baridis and <a href="/wiki/Hamdanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanids">Hamdanids</a>, it was clear that the Buyids had a liking to construction projects. When Mu'izz al-Dawla arrived in Iraq, the country had been ravaged as a result of local struggles over control of Baghdad. Under his instructions, the Baduriya dam on the Rufayl river was restored, subsequently resulting in lower prices of common foods, such as bread. This also inspired people to migrate to Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a> It was during the reign of Adud al-Dawla that most of the Buyid construction and restoration projects took place. Under him, Shiraz became so crowded that the garrison had no place to roam, which led Adud al-Dawla to have a special quarter created, Fana Khusraw-gird ("Fana Khusraw made it"), a name which deliberately reflected the name of towns established by the Sasanian kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%BCrgelMottahedeh1988265%E2%80%93269-16">[13]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Firuzabad,_Fars" title="Firuzabad, Fars">Firuzabad</a>, considered to be linked to the Sasanian king <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 224–242), was revamped by Adud al-Dawla, possibly done in order to stress his claim to Sasanian ancestry. One of Adud al-Dawla's lasting building projects was the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">mausoleum</a> erected on the burial place of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">[3]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Buyid_rulers">Buyid rulers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buyid rulers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_Buwayhid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plate_Buwayhid.JPG/220px-Plate_Buwayhid.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="766"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plate_Buwayhid.JPG/220px-Plate_Buwayhid.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plate_Buwayhid.JPG/330px-Plate_Buwayhid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plate_Buwayhid.JPG/440px-Plate_Buwayhid.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Buyid era art: Painted, incised, and glazed earthenware. Dated 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Metropolitan Museum of Art">New York Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_rulers">Major rulers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Major rulers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Generally, the three most powerful Buyid amirs at any given time were those controlling <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buyid rulers ever exercised direct control of all three regions. Buyids in Fars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a> (934–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a> (949–983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a> (983–989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a> (989–998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-Dawla">Baha' al-Dawla</a> (998–1012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a> (1012–1024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a> (1024–1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a> (1048–1051)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27d_Khusrau_Shah" title="Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah">Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah</a> (1051–1054)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a> (1051–1062)</li></ul> Buyids in Ray <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Rukn al-Dawla</a> (935–976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Dawla" title="Fakhr al-Dawla">Fakhr al-Dawla</a> (976–980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Dawla" title="Mu'ayyad al-Dawla">Mu'ayyad al-Dawla</a> (980–983)</li> <li>Fakhr al-Dawla (restored; 984–997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Dawla" title="Majd al-Dawla">Majd al-Dawla</a> (997–1029)</li></ul> Buyids in Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a> (945–967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Izz_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="'Izz al-Dawla">'Izz al-Dawla</a> (966–978)</li> <li>'Adud al-Dawla (978–983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a> (983–987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a> (987–989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-Dawla">Baha' al-Dawla</a> (989–1012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a> (1012–1021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharrif_al-Dawla" title="Musharrif al-Dawla">Musharrif al-Dawla</a> (1021–1025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla" title="Jalal al-Dawla">Jalal al-Dawla</a> (1025–1044)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a> (1044–1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Rahim" title="Al-Malik al-Rahim">Al-Malik al-Rahim</a> (1048–1055)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_rulers">Minor rulers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Minor rulers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buyid members to take control of a province and begin ruling there. The following list is incomplete. Buyids in Basra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diya%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya' al-Dawla">Diya' al-Dawla</a> (980s)</li></ul> Buyids in Hamadan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Dawla" title="Mu'ayyad al-Dawla">Mu'ayyad al-Dawla</a> (976–983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Dawla" title="Shams al-Dawla">Shams al-Dawla</a> (997–1021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27_al-Dawla" title="Sama' al-Dawla">Sama' al-Dawla</a> (1021–1024)</li></ul> Buyids in Kerman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qawam_al-Dawla" title="Qawam al-Dawla">Qawam al-Dawla</a> (1012–1028)</li></ul> Buyids of Khuzistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Dawla" title="Taj al-Dawla">Taj al-Dawla</a> (980s)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Family tree" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Buya</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" 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style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Dawla" title="Imad al-Dawla">Imad al-Dawla</a> 934–949</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Rukn al-Dawla</a> 935–976</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a> 945–967</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Kama</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_Ibrahim_(Buyid)" title="Abu Ishaq Ibrahim (Buyid)">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla" title="Izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla</a> 967–978</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Sanad al-Dawla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Marzuban</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Zubayda</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Tahir</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Kama" title="Ali ibn Kama">Ali ibn Kama</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marzuban_ibn_Bakhtiyar" title="Marzuban ibn Bakhtiyar">Marzuban ibn Bakhtiyar</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Salar</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Unnamed princess</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Dawla" title="Fakhr al-Dawla">Fakhr al-Dawla</a> 976–997</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a> 949–983</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Dawla" title="Mu'ayyad al-Dawla">Mu'ayyad al-Dawla</a> 980–983</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Dawla" title="Shams al-Dawla">Shams al-Dawla</a> 997–1021</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Dawla" title="Majd al-Dawla">Majd al-Dawla</a> 997–1029</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a> 983–989</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a> 983–998</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-Dawla">Baha' al-Dawla</a> 998–1012</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Shahnaz</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sama%27_al-Dawla" title="Sama' al-Dawla">Sama' al-Dawla</a> 1021–1024</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Qawam_al-Dawla" title="Qawam al-Dawla">Qawam al-Dawla</a> 1012–1028</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a> 1012–1024</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Musharrif_al-Dawla" title="Musharrif al-Dawla">Musharrif al-Dawla</a> 1021–1025</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla" title="Jalal al-Dawla">Jalal al-Dawla</a> 1027–1044</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fana-Khusrau" title="Fana-Khusrau">Fana-Khusrau</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Dulaf</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a> 1024–1048</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Aziz" title="Al-Malik al-Aziz">Al-Malik al-Aziz</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Mansur Ali</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td 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solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Fana-Khusrau" title="Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau">Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Fulad_Sutun" title="Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun">Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun</a> 1048–1062</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Rahim" title="Al-Malik al-Rahim">Al-Malik al-Rahim</a> 1048–1055</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Kamrava</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu'l-Muzaffar Bahram</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27d_Khusrau_Shah" title="Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah">Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu'l-Ghana'im al-Marzuban</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Surkhab</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">List of kings of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shi%27a_Muslims_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties">List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">آل بویه‎, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Âl-i Būya </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Also spelled as Bowayhids, Buwaihids<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> or Buwayhids etc. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">البويهية‎, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Buwayhiyyah </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Historiography and scholarship agree that the Buyids were Daylamites.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996154_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBosworth1996">Bosworth 1996</a>, pp. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010156_2-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavaran2010">Davaran 2010</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjadiAsatryanMelvin-Koushki_3-7">h</a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>. 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"Buwayhids." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I. New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. p. 1353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusse1975252-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusse1975252_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBusse1975">Busse 1975</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010154–156-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010154%E2%80%93156_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavaran2010">Davaran 2010</a>, pp. 154–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011157_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerzigStewart2011">Herzig & Stewart 2011</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart2011155_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerzigStewart2011">Herzig & Stewart 2011</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2000-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul2000_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaul2000">Paul 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1999158–162-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1999158%E2%80%93162_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1999">Tafazzoli 1999</a>, pp. 158–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2018-235-236-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2018-235-236_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfsaruddin2018">Afsaruddin 2018</a>, p. -235-236. </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Momen_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momen_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation cs2">Momen, Moojan (1985), An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, pp. 75–76, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03531-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03531-5&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkey2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Berkey" title="Jonathan Berkey">Berkey, Jonathan</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk">The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3"><bdi>978-0-521-58813-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Islam%3A+Religion+and+Society+in+the+Near+East%2C+600-1800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58813-3&rft.aulast=Berkey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationofislam0000berk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988">, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Abbasids, Bernard Lewis, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H. A. R. Gibb, J. H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provençal, J. Schacht, (E.J. Brill, 1986), 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Heribert, pp. 287-8 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfsaruddin2018" class="citation book cs1">Afsaruddin, Asma (2018). "Alternative Patterns of Legitimacy: Sunni-Shi'i Debates on Political Leadership". In Salvatore, Armando (ed.). The Wiley Blackwell History of Islam. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alternative+Patterns+of+Legitimacy%3A+Sunni-Shi%27i+Debates+on+Political+Leadership&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Afsaruddin&rft.aufirst=Asma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1992" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Sheila (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4U0fCVfM8q8C">The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana</a>. Brill. pp. 1–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004093676" title="Special:BookSources/9789004093676"><bdi>9789004093676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monumental+Inscriptions+from+Early+Islamic+Iran+and+Transoxiana&rft.pages=1-307&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789004093676&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4U0fCVfM8q8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blair, Sheila S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_23319">"Būyid art and architecture"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C5%AByid+art+and+architecture&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_23319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1963). The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994 : 1040. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121505734" title="Special:BookSources/9788121505734"><bdi>9788121505734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghaznavids%3A+Their+Empire+in+Afghanistan+and+Eastern+Iran%2C+994+%3A+1040&rft.pages=1-331&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9788121505734&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1968" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1">"The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Boyle" title="John Andrew Boyle">Boyle, John Andrew</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC">The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X"><bdi>0-521-06936-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Dynastic+History+of+the+Iranian+World+%28A.D.+1000%E2%80%931217%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+5%3A+The+Saljuq+and+Mongol+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-06936-X&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16yHq5v3QZAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1996" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York City: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10714-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10714-5"><bdi>0-231-10714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Islamic+Dynasties%3A+A+Chronological+and+Genealogical+Manual&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-231-10714-5&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusse1975" class="citation book cs1">Busse, Heribert (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA250">"Iran Under the Buyids"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. Frye">Frye, Richard N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC">The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 250–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8"><bdi>0-521-20093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+Under+the+Buyids&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4%3A+From+the+Arab+Invasion+to+the+Saljuqs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=250-305&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20093-8&rft.aulast=Busse&rft.aufirst=Heribert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvx9jq_2L3EC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahen1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Cahen, Cl.</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/buwayhids-or-buyids-SIM_1569">"Buwayhids or Būyids"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1350–1357. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buwayhids+or+B%C5%AByids&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1350-1357&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469456&rft.aulast=Cahen&rft.aufirst=Cl.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fbuwayhids-or-buyids-SIM_1569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonohue2003" class="citation book cs1">Donohue, John J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arELc_R1orcC">The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future</a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12860-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12860-3"><bdi>90-04-12860-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buwayhid+Dynasty+in+Iraq+334+H.%2F945+to+403+H.%2F1012%3A+Shaping+Institutions+for+the+Future&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-12860-3&rft.aulast=Donohue&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarELc_R1orcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Edward Granville Browne</a>, Islamic Medicine, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9">81-87570-19-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBürgelMottahedeh1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bürgel, Ch.; Mottahedeh, R. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azod-al-dawla-abu-soja">"ʿAżod-al-dawla, Abū Šojāʿ Fannā Ḵosrow"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/3: Azerbaijan IV–Bačča(-ye) Saqqā. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 265–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-115-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-115-4"><bdi>978-0-71009-115-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFA%C5%BCod-al-dawla%2C+Ab%C5%AB+%C5%A0oj%C4%81%CA%BF+Fann%C4%81+%E1%B8%B4osrow&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+III%2F3%3A+Azerbaijan+IV%E2%80%93Ba%C4%8D%C4%8Da%28-ye%29+Saqq%C4%81&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=265-269&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-115-4&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCrgel&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rft.au=Mottahedeh%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazod-al-dawla-abu-soja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClawsonRubin2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clawson, Patrick; Rubin, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX_HAAAAQBAJ&q=Eternal+Iran:+continuity+and+chaos,+Middle+East+in+Focus">Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos</a>. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415966917" title="Special:BookSources/9780415966917"><bdi>9780415966917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Adud+al-Dawla&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+A-K%2C+index&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415966917&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMypbfKdMePIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuyid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&oldid=1258508068">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&oldid=1258508068</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Buyid_dynasty&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 03:30 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة البويهية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة البويهية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_b%C3%BAyida" title="Dinastía búyida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía búyida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buveyhil%C9%99r_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Buveyhilər sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buveyhilər sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آل بویه سولا‌له‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آل بویه سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Дзяржава Буідаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржава Буідаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Буиди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Буиди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buw%C3%A0yhides" title="Buwàyhides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buwàyhides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyiden" title="Buyiden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buyiden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μπουγίδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπουγίδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_b%C3%BAyida" title="Dinastía búyida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía búyida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujidoj" title="Bujidoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bujidoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="آل بویه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آل بویه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouyides" title="Bouyides – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouyides" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8A%D9%89%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A6%D9%86" title="بۊىه‌ئن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بۊىه‌ئن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%9D%90_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="부와이흐 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부와이흐 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Buyid" title="Daular Buyid – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Buyid" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բուվայհիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուվայհիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujidsko_Carstvo" title="Bujidsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bujidsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Buwaihi" title="Dinasti Buwaihi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Buwaihi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buwayhidi" title="Buwayhidi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buwayhidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השושלת הבוויהית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת הבוויהית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Буилер әулеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Буилер әулеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biweyh%C3%AE" title="Biweyhî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biweyhî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujid%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Bujidų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bujidų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buvajhid%C3%A1k" title="Buvajhidák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buvajhidák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiida" title="Boiida – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boiida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الدوله البويهيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الدوله البويهيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوئیون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوئیون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Buwaihi" title="Dinasti Buwaihi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Buwaihi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boejiden" title="Boejiden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boejiden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E6%9C%9D" title="ブワイフ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブワイフ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buwayhid" title="Buwayhid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buwayhid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buvayhiylar" title="Buvayhiylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buvayhiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بنی بویہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنی بویہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujidzi" title="Bujidzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bujidzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Bu%C3%ADda" title="Império Buída – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Buída" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Буиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بنی بویہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بنی بویہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAjovci" title="Bújovci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bújovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="دەوڵەتی بوەیھی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەتی بوەیھی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujidska_Monarhija" title="Bujidska Monarhija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bujidska Monarhija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buijidit" title="Buijidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buijidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyider" title="Buyider – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buyider" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCveyh%C3%AEler" title="Büveyhîler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büveyhîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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