Philosophy – Google Research

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="As an organization, we maintain a portfolio of research projects driven by fundamental research, new product innovation, product engagement and infrastructure goals, whi…"><link rel="canonical" href="http://research.google/philosophy/" /><meta property="og:title" content="Philosophy – Google Research"><meta property="og:url" content="http://research.google/philosophy/"><meta property="og:description" content="As an organization, we maintain a portfolio of research projects driven by fundamental research, new product innovation, product engagement and infrastructure goals, whi…"><meta property="og:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Open_Graph.width-800.format-jpeg.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Open_Graph.width-800.format-jpeg.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="Website"> <title>Philosophy – Google Research</title> <meta name="description" content="As an organization, we maintain a portfolio of research projects driven by fundamental research, new product innovation, product engagement and infrastructure goals, while providing individuals and teams the freedom to emphasize specific types of work. We strive to create an environment conducive to many different types of research across many different time scales and levels of risk." /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1 viewport-fit=cover"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/gr/static/assets/favicon.ico"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans&family=Google+Sans+Display:ital@0;1&family=Google+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&family=Google+Sans+Text:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap" as="style"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans&family=Google+Sans+Display:ital@0;1&family=Google+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&family=Google+Sans+Text:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto+Mono:wght@400;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/cookienotificationbar/cookienotificationbar.min.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/v27_1/glue-material.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gr/static/css/googleresearch.css?id=0c26ea1fed8bdd0324f9f4fad1f6a470">  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K8QBZ7Q'); </script>  </head> <body class=" js-google-tag-wrapper" data-gt-page-path="http://research.google/philosophy/" data-env="production">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K8QBZ7Q" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header class="global-header glue-header glue-header--single not-glue"> <a href="#page-content" class="glue-header__skip-content">Jump to Content</a> <div class="glue-header__bar glue-header__bar--mobile not-glue"> <div class="glue-header__tier not-glue">  <div class="glue-header__container"> <div class="glue-header__lock-up">  <div class="glue-header__hamburger"> <button class="glue-header__drawer-toggle-btn" aria-label="Open the navigation drawer"> <svg class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#menu"></use> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="glue-header__logo"> <a class="glue-header__logo-link" href="/" title="Google Research">  <div class="glue-header__logo-container"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" alt='Google' class="glue-icon glue-icon glue-header__logo-svg"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-color-logo"></use> </svg> </div> <span class="glue-header__logo--product">Research</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glue-header__bar glue-header__bar--desktop glue-header__drawer"> <div class="glue-header__tier">  <div class="glue-header__container"> <div class="glue-header__lock-up"> <div class="glue-header__logo"> <a class="glue-header__logo-link" href="/" title="Google Research">  <div class="glue-header__logo-container"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" alt='Google' class="glue-icon glue-icon glue-header__logo-svg not-glue --dark-logo"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-solid-logo"></use> </svg> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" alt='Google' class="glue-icon glue-icon glue-header__logo-svg --light-logo"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-color-logo"></use> </svg> </div> <span class="glue-header__logo--product">Research</span> </a> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="glue-header__container glue-header__container--linkbar"> <nav class="glue-header__link-bar navigation js-gt-global-nav-wrapper"> <ul class="glue-header__list"> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Who we are" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Who we are <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Who we are <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary="Defining the technology of today and tomorrow."> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <div class="navigation__sub__heading"> <h2 class="headline-3">Defining the technology of today and tomorrow.</h2> </div> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Philosophy"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Philosophy </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We strive to create an environment conducive to many different types of research across many different time scales and levels of risk.</p> <a href="http://research.google/philosophy/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Philosophy</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/philosophy/" > Philosophy </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="People"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> People </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Our researchers drive advancements in computer science through both fundamental and applied research.</p> <a href="http://research.google/people/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our People</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/people/" > People </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Research areas" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Research areas <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Research areas <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_link_list"> <div class="navigation__sub--list"> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Research areas"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Research areas</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/" > Explore all research areas </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Research areas <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Research areas <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Explore all research areas <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Foundational ML & Algorithms"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Foundational ML & Algorithms</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/algorithms-and-theory/" > Algorithms & Theory </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-management/" > Data Management </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-mining-and-modeling/" > Data Mining & Modeling </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/information-retrieval-and-the-web/" > Information Retrieval & the Web </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-intelligence/" > Machine Intelligence </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-perception/" > Machine Perception </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-translation/" > Machine Translation </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/natural-language-processing/" > Natural Language Processing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/speech-processing/" > Speech Processing </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Foundational ML & Algorithms <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Foundational ML & Algorithms <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/algorithms-and-theory/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Algorithms & Theory <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-management/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Data Management <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-mining-and-modeling/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Data Mining & Modeling <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/information-retrieval-and-the-web/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Information Retrieval & the Web <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-intelligence/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Intelligence <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-perception/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Perception <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-translation/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Translation <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/natural-language-processing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Natural Language Processing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/speech-processing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Speech Processing <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Computing Systems & Quantum AI"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Computing Systems & Quantum AI</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing/" > Distributed Systems & Parallel Computing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/hardware-and-architecture/" > Hardware & Architecture </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" > Mobile Systems </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/networking/" > Networking </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/quantum-computing/" > Quantum Computing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/robotics/" > Robotics </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/security-privacy-and-abuse-prevention/" > Security, Privacy, & Abuse Prevention </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-engineering/" > Software Engineering </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-systems/" > Software Systems </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Computing Systems & Quantum AI <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Computing Systems & Quantum AI <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Distributed Systems & Parallel Computing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/hardware-and-architecture/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Hardware & Architecture <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Mobile Systems <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/networking/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Networking <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/quantum-computing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Quantum Computing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/robotics/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Robotics <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/security-privacy-and-abuse-prevention/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Security, Privacy, & Abuse Prevention <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-engineering/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Software Engineering <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-systems/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Software Systems <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Science, AI & Society"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Science, AI & Society</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/climate-and-sustainability/" > Climate & Sustainability </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/economics-and-electronic-commerce/" > Economics & Electronic Commerce </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/education-innovation/" > Education Innovation </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/general-science/" > General Science </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/health-bioscience/" > Health & Bioscience </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/" > Human-Computer Interaction and Visualization </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Science, AI & Society <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Science, AI & Society <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/climate-and-sustainability/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Climate & Sustainability <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/economics-and-electronic-commerce/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Economics & Electronic Commerce <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/education-innovation/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Education Innovation <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/general-science/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > General Science <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/health-bioscience/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Health & Bioscience <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Human-Computer Interaction and Visualization <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Our work" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Our work <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Our work <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary=""> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Projects"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Projects </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We regularly open-source projects with the broader research community and apply our developments to Google products.</p> <a href="http://research.google/resources/our-projects/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Projects</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/resources/our-projects/" > Projects </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Publications"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Publications </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Publishing our work allows us to share ideas and work collaboratively to advance the field of computer science.</p> <a href="http://research.google/pubs/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Publications</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/pubs/" > Publications </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Resources"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Resources </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We make products, tools, and datasets available to everyone with the goal of building a more collaborative ecosystem.</p> <a href="http://research.google/resources/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Resources</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/resources/" > Resources </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Programs & events" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Programs & events <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Programs & events <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary="Shaping the future, together."> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <div class="navigation__sub__heading"> <h2 class="headline-3">Shaping the future, together.</h2> <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/" class="js-drawer-link" > Collaborate with us </a> </div> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Student programs"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Student programs </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Supporting the next generation of researchers through a wide range of programming.</p> <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/student-engagement/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Student programs</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/student-engagement/" > Student programs </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Faculty programs"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Faculty programs </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Participating in the academic research community through meaningful engagement with university faculty.</p> <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/faculty-engagement/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Faculty programs</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/faculty-engagement/" > Faculty programs </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Conferences & events"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Conferences & events </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Connecting with the broader research community through events is essential for creating progress in every aspect of our work.</p> <a href="http://research.google/conferences-and-events/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Conferences & events</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/conferences-and-events/" > Conferences & events </a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="navigation__sub__cta"> <a class="glue-button glue-button--high-emphasis js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" > Collaborate with us </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item " data-gt-primary="Careers" > <a class="glue-header__link " href="http://research.google/careers/" > <span class=""> Careers </span> </a> </li> <li class="glue-header__item " data-gt-primary="Blog" > <a class="glue-header__link " href="http://research.google/blog/" > <span class=""> Blog </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div>  <div class="glue-header__search js-header-search"> <div class="glue-header__search__input"> <div class="search-input " data-type="header"> <input type="search" class="caption --empty-search js-search-bar js-gt-search-input" placeholder="Search"> <button class="search-input__button --search js-gt-search-btn"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#search"></use> </svg> </button> <button class="search-input__button --clear"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <button class="glue-header__search__btn js-header-search-btn"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px search"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#search"></use> </svg> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px close"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> <span class="sr-text js-header-search-sr-text">Search</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glue-header__drawer-backdrop"> <div class="glue-header__mobile_close"> <button class="glue-header__drawer-toggle-btn js-mobile-nav-close" aria-label="Close the navigation drawer"> <svg class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </header> <main id="page-content"> <section class="primary-hero --theme-dark" data-gt-id="primary_hero" data-gt-component-name="None"> <div class="glue-page"> <div class="glue-grid primary-hero__grid-wrapper"> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6 glue-grid__col--span-7-md glue-grid__col--span-12-sm primary-hero__text"> <h1 class="primary-hero__heading primary-hero__heading--small headline-1">We’re driven by unrelenting curiosities</h1> <div class="primary-hero__body --desktop"> <p class="body"><p data-block-key="4teoj">As an organization, we maintain a portfolio of research projects driven by fundamental research, new product innovation, product contribution and infrastructure goals, while providing individuals and teams the freedom to emphasize specific types of work.</p></p> <div class="primary-hero__ctas"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6 glue-grid__col--span-5-md glue-grid__col--span-12-sm"> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/hero-philosophy.jpg" alt="People looking at computer and a big machine" > <div class="primary-hero__body --mobile"> <p class="body"><p data-block-key="4teoj">As an organization, we maintain a portfolio of research projects driven by fundamental research, new product innovation, product contribution and infrastructure goals, while providing individuals and teams the freedom to emphasize specific types of work.</p></p> <div class="primary-hero__ctas"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up --theme-light both" data-gt-id="offset_two_up" data-gt-component-name="None"> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h2 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">A flexible research environment</h2> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> <section class="component-as-block --no-padding-top"> <div class="rich-text --theme- --mode-subcomponent" data-gt-id="rich_text" data-gt-component-name="None"> <h4 data-block-key="u2j8i">We strive to create an environment conducive to many different types of research across many different time scales and levels of risk.</h4><p data-block-key="ebe59"></p><p data-block-key="784s4">In recent years, computing has both expanded as a field and grown in its importance to society. Similarly, the research conducted at Google has broadened dramatically, becoming more important than ever to <a href="https://www.google.com/about/our-company/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">our mission</a>. As such, our research philosophy has become more expansive than the hybrid approach to research we described in our <a href="https://storage.googleapis.com/pub-tools-public-publication-data/pdf/38149.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CACM article</a> six years ago and now incorporates a substantial amount of open-ended, long-term research driven more by scientific curiosity than current product needs.<br/></p><p data-block-key="9ljgj">We believe successful industry research requires managing a portfolio of projects with time horizons, levels of risk and goals appropriate for the organization. Our approach to research has always been flexible, but there are two reasons that our research philosophy today adds more fundamental, or "pure basic," research than it has previously.<br/></p><p data-block-key="ercc9">First, Google's increasingly diverse businesses, longer-term outlook and greater scale let us pursue ambitious projects that involve more technical risk than ever before.<br/></p><p data-block-key="8iu1n">Our hybrid research model was explicitly designed to achieve success in this kind of environment, but we have learned we need to extend it further. Second, machine learning (ML) is a transformative technology that touches everything we do as a company. Therefore, fundamental advances in machine learning technology are likely to produce value across the organization, even when developed without a close connection to a specific application or product.<br/></p><p data-block-key="dj8nb">ML is not unique in this regard; the same argument applies to other technologies outside of ML that are critical to the company.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up --theme-dark --no-padding-bottom" data-gt-id="offset_two_up" data-gt-component-name="None"> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h2 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">Our research spans four main dimensions</h2> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> <section class="component-as-block --no-padding-top"> <div class="rich-text --theme- --mode-subcomponent" data-gt-id="rich_text" data-gt-component-name="None"> <p data-block-key="u2j8i">Our goal is to create a research environment rich in opportunities for product impact, to build a product environment that actively benefits from research, and to provide our staff the freedom to work on important research problems that are not tied to immediate product needs. Some of the most exciting research enables new products, or even new businesses, that we cannot imagine today.</p><p data-block-key="2ffnm">Given the diversity of research projects that we pursue, we have found it useful to define four types of work to help crystalize the goals of projects and allow us to measure progress. Although the organization as a whole needs to include all four types of work, teams or individuals typically emphasize a subset of them.</p> </div> </section> <section class="component-as-block --no-padding-top"> <div class="card-stack--basic" data-gt-id="basic_card_stack" data-gt-component-name="None"> <ul class="nested-glue-grid-override"> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm"> <div class="glue-card not-glue --no-hover"> <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div data-gt-id="media" data-gt-component-name="None">   <picture class="glue-card__asset play-pause-size-override media__image"> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Dimension_1.width-800.jpg" alt="Basic Research" /> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Dimension_1.width-800.jpg" alt="Basic Research" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="glue-card__content "> <span class="headline-5 js-gt-item-id"> Basic research and fundamental applied research </span> <div class="glue-card__description glue-spacer-1-top"> <p data-block-key="eh75d">Such projects address key scientific or engineering questions or develop fundamentally new capabilities. Successful outcomes might be better technology, useful theories or new discoveries. We use established scientific benchmarks or develop new ones for measuring progress. Although these projects can tackle scientific problems motivated by user/product needs, they often move faster when conducted independently of existing products.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm"> <div class="glue-card not-glue --no-hover"> <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div data-gt-id="media" data-gt-component-name="None">   <picture class="glue-card__asset play-pause-size-override media__image"> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Dimension_2.width-800.jpg" alt="New product innovation" /> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Dimension_2.width-800.jpg" alt="New product innovation" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="glue-card__content "> <span class="headline-5 js-gt-item-id"> New product innovation </span> <div class="glue-card__description glue-spacer-1-top"> <p data-block-key="ly7pb">These projects explore and develop new products or even new businesses that require substantial research. The necessary research typically has either significant depth and enables new capabilities or significant breadth and combines a variety of technologies in novel ways. Near-term measures of success include demos, prototypes or pilots that prove user / customer utility and analyses that meaningfully inform research or business priorities. Long-term, these efforts will ultimately be measured by business or human impact (e.g. profit, usage scale, strategic positioning).</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm"> <div class="glue-card not-glue --no-hover"> <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div data-gt-id="media" data-gt-component-name="None">   <picture class="glue-card__asset play-pause-size-override media__image"> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Dimension_3.width-800.jpg" alt="Critical product contributions" /> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Dimension_3.width-800.jpg" alt="Critical product contributions" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="glue-card__content "> <span class="headline-5 js-gt-item-id"> Critical product contributions </span> <div class="glue-card__description glue-spacer-1-top"> <p data-block-key="tjs4j">Most of our products stretch the boundaries of what is technically possible and benefit from active development of what would be characterized as research in other environments. Individuals operating in this domain may call themselves researchers or engineers and may or may not report into the product team, but in all cases their work is characterized by deep, essential contributions to products. Progress is measured against product metrics, although research publications are often a side effect. These efforts often motivate additional research questions that can be studied either directly in the context of the product or abstracted into standalone fundamental research projects.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm"> <div class="glue-card not-glue --no-hover"> <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div data-gt-id="media" data-gt-component-name="None">   <picture class="glue-card__asset play-pause-size-override media__image"> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Dimension_4.width-800.jpg" alt="Infrastructure" /> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Dimension_4.width-800.jpg" alt="Infrastructure" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="glue-card__content "> <span class="headline-5 js-gt-item-id"> Infrastructure </span> <div class="glue-card__description glue-spacer-1-top"> <p data-block-key="vev2w">Such projects create reusable components that enhance the work of (product and research) teams that adopt them, multiplying everyone’s impact. The success of these projects is measured by adoption. Sometimes infrastructure projects arise out of repeated product contributions that crystalize how such contributions can be better addressed through a common solution. In other cases the infrastructure co-evolves with its initial uses or even anticipates future needs.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="component-as-block --no-padding-bottom --theme-light --dbl-padding"> <div class="glue-page"> <div class="glue-grid dynamic-basic-card-stack" data-gt-id="dynamic_basic_card_stack" data-gt-component-name="None"> <div class="card glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm">  <a class="glue-card not-glue " href="https://translate.google.com/" aria-label="" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" > <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div data-gt-id="media" data-gt-component-name="">   <picture class="glue-card__asset play-pause-size-override media__image"> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/1.width-800.png" alt="Machine Translation" /> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/1.width-800.png" alt="Machine Translation" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="glue-card__content "> <span class="headline-5 js-gt-item-id"> Machine Translation </span> <div class="glue-card__description glue-spacer-1-top"> <p data-block-key="4lw58">Machine Translation started as a fundamental research exploration and became a product when the translation quality reached a sufficiently high quality bar.</p> </div> </div> <div class="glue-card__cta"> <span class="glue-button glue-spacer-1-top glue-button--low-emphasis"> Learn more </span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm">  <a class="glue-card not-glue " href="https://cloud.google.com/spanner/" aria-label="" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" > <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div data-gt-id="media" data-gt-component-name="">   <picture class="glue-card__asset play-pause-size-override media__image"> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/spanner-1.width-800.png" alt="spanner-1" /> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/spanner-1.width-800.png" alt="spanner-1" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="glue-card__content "> <span class="headline-5 js-gt-item-id"> Spanner </span> <div class="glue-card__description glue-spacer-1-top"> <p data-block-key="4lw58">Spanner is a global scale-out database based on new research motivated by product needs and delivered as an internal- and external-facing product.</p> </div> </div> <div class="glue-card__cta"> <span class="glue-button glue-spacer-1-top glue-button--low-emphasis"> Learn more </span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm">  <a class="glue-card not-glue " href="http://research.google/research-areas/robotics/" aria-label="" > <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div data-gt-id="media" data-gt-component-name="">   <picture class="glue-card__asset play-pause-size-override media__image"> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/robotics-1.width-800.png" alt="robotics-1" /> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/robotics-1.width-800.png" alt="robotics-1" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <div class="glue-card__content "> <span class="headline-5 js-gt-item-id"> Robotics </span> <div class="glue-card__description glue-spacer-1-top"> <p data-block-key="4lw58">Robotics is a new research effort to understand how machine learning can help robots become more useful in the world.</p> </div> </div> <div class="glue-card__cta"> <span class="glue-button glue-spacer-1-top glue-button--low-emphasis"> Learn more </span> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up --theme-light --no-padding-bottom" data-gt-id="offset_two_up" data-gt-component-name="None"> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h2 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">This work is not mutually exclusive</h2> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> <section class="component-as-block --no-padding-top"> <div class="rich-text --theme- --mode-subcomponent" data-gt-id="rich_text" data-gt-component-name="None"> <p data-block-key="obngf">There can be projects that pursue multiple goals at once: for example, there are cases where scientific metrics correlate well with product metrics and optimizing for both fundamental research and new product innovation or critical product contributions is possible: machine translation research and the Google Translate product are examples of this combination.<br/></p><p data-block-key="mj">Similarly, the goals of projects can change during their lifetime: many projects that start as fundamental research projects produce artifacts that can shift the objectives of the entire project or can lead to new projects that apply the technology. Importantly, we try to not force such transitions or (even worse) specific timelines, but we make sure to measure progress and milestones for all projects, using metrics appropriate for the project and the dimension(s) it currently focuses on.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up --theme-dark both" data-gt-id="offset_two_up" data-gt-component-name="None"> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h2 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">We work closely with the broader scientific community</h2> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> <section class="component-as-block --no-padding-top"> <div class="rich-text --theme- --mode-subcomponent" data-gt-id="rich_text" data-gt-component-name="None"> <p data-block-key="9hsf0">A final essential component of our philosophy is supporting the free exchange of ideas and maintaining close contact with the broader scientific community, in academia and industry.<br/></p><p data-block-key="dgdbo">First and foremost, sharing knowledge accelerates progress for everyone. We have always seen <a href="http://research.google/pubs/">scientific publications</a> as an important component for much of our research work, but for fundamental research projects, <a href="https://opensource.google/projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">open-source code releases</a> and <a href="http://research.google/resources/datasets/">new datasets</a> can be particularly valuable.   </p><p data-block-key="d7ohb"></p><p data-block-key="esv9t">They help us evaluate and contextualize the research we do in addition to stimulating new collaborations. A variety of <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/">outreach programs</a> that continue to grow in their scope and flexibility facilitate further engagements with academia or help train the next generation of researchers: e.g. <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/visiting-researcher-program/">visiting faculty</a> and <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/past-programs/faculty-research-awards/">faculty award</a> programs or <a href="https://www.google.com/about/careers/applications/students/engineering-and-technical-internships/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">internships</a>.   </p><p data-block-key="q4qa"></p><p data-block-key="3sto1">Ultimately, disseminating our work and being good members of the scientific community is not just the right thing to do, it also provides many important benefits to Google.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="full-bleed-media glue-fullbleed overlay " data-gt-id="full_bleed_media" data-gt-component-name="None"> <div class="glue-grid"> <div class="full-bleed-media__details"> <h2 class="full-bleed-media__heading headline-3">We believe in sharing our work</h2> <p data-block-key="lwixl">Ultimately, disseminating our work and being good members of the scientific community is not just the right thing to do, it also provides many important benefits to Google.</p> <a class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis glue-button--reversed" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">See our collaborations</span> </a> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12"> <div data-gt-id="media" data-gt-component-name="None">   <picture class=" media__image"> <source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Collaborations.width-1920.jpg" alt="Collaborations Full bleed media" /> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Collaborations.width-1920.jpg" alt="Collaborations Full bleed media" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="full-bleed-media__scrim"></div> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="glue-footer"> <div class="glue-page"> <section class="glue-social"> <div class="glue-social__group glue-social--monochrome"> <p class="glue-social__title glue-social__title--inline"> Follow us </p> <nav class="js-gt-follow-us-wrapper" aria-label="Social media links"> <ul class="glue-social__list" role="list"> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://twitter.com/GoogleAI" title="Follow us on x" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="x"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/twitter-x.svg#twitter-x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/googleresearch/" title="Follow us on linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="linkedin"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#post-linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/GoogleResearch" title="Follow us on youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="youtube"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#video-youtube"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://github.com/google-research" title="Follow us on github" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="github"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/github.svg#github"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </section> </div> <div class="glue-fullbleed"></div> <section class="glue-page"> <nav class="glue-footer__global" aria-label="Footer resource links"> <div class="glue-footer__logo"> <a href="https://www.google.com" title="Google" class="glue-footer__link"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-footer__logo-img"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-solid-logo"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <ul class="glue-footer__global-links glue-no-bullet js-gt-global-nav-wrapper" role="list"> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="About Google"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://about.google/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> About Google </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="Google Products"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://about.google/intl/en/products/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Google Products </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="Privacy"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Privacy </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="Terms"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://policies.google.com/terms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Terms </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="glue-footer__global-links glue-footer__global-links--extra glue-no-bullet" role="list"> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item glue-footer__global-links-list-item--extra"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://support.google.com/?hl=en"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px glue-icon--footer-help"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#help"></use> </svg> Help </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item glue-footer__global-links-list-item--extra"> <button class="glue-footer__link google-feedback js-feedback-button" href="" data-product-id="5137383" > Submit feedback </button> </li> </ul> </nav> </section> </footer> <script src="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/v27_1/material-components-web.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.youtube.com/player_api"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/gr/static/js/googleresearch.js?id=b70549917812130af912601ad763f13e"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://support.google.com/inapp/api.js"></script> <script src="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/cookienotificationbar/cookienotificationbar.min.js" data-glue-cookie-notification-bar-category="2B"> </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Philosophy – Google Research