CINXE.COM

Mobile Systems

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" /><meta property="og:title" content="Mobile Systems"><meta property="og:url" content="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/"><meta property="og:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Open_Graph.width-800.format-jpeg.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Open_Graph.width-800.format-jpeg.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="Website"> <title>Mobile Systems</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1 viewport-fit=cover"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/gr/static/assets/favicon.ico"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans&family=Google+Sans+Display:ital@0;1&family=Google+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&family=Google+Sans+Text:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap" as="style"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans&family=Google+Sans+Display:ital@0;1&family=Google+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&family=Google+Sans+Text:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto+Mono:wght@400;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/cookienotificationbar/cookienotificationbar.min.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/v27_1/glue-material.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gr/static/css/googleresearch.css?id=0c26ea1fed8bdd0324f9f4fad1f6a470"> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K8QBZ7Q'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> </head> <body class=" js-google-tag-wrapper" data-gt-page-path="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" data-env="production"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K8QBZ7Q" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <header class="global-header glue-header glue-header--single not-glue"> <a href="#page-content" class="glue-header__skip-content">Jump to Content</a> <div class="glue-header__bar glue-header__bar--mobile not-glue"> <div class="glue-header__tier not-glue"> <!-- mobile lockup component --> <div class="glue-header__container"> <div class="glue-header__lock-up"> <!-- Hamburger button component --> <div class="glue-header__hamburger"> <button class="glue-header__drawer-toggle-btn" aria-label="Open the navigation drawer"> <svg class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#menu"></use> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="glue-header__logo"> <a class="glue-header__logo-link" href="/" title="Google Research"> <!-- Logo component --> <div class="glue-header__logo-container"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" alt='Google' class="glue-icon glue-icon glue-header__logo-svg"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-color-logo"></use> </svg> </div> <span class="glue-header__logo--product">Research</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glue-header__bar glue-header__bar--desktop glue-header__drawer"> <div class="glue-header__tier"> <!-- desktop lockup component --> <div class="glue-header__container"> <div class="glue-header__lock-up"> <div class="glue-header__logo"> <a class="glue-header__logo-link" href="/" title="Google Research"> <!-- Logo component --> <div class="glue-header__logo-container"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" alt='Google' class="glue-icon glue-icon glue-header__logo-svg not-glue --dark-logo"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-solid-logo"></use> </svg> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" alt='Google' class="glue-icon glue-icon glue-header__logo-svg --light-logo"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-color-logo"></use> </svg> </div> <span class="glue-header__logo--product">Research</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <!-- linkbar component --> <div class="glue-header__container glue-header__container--linkbar"> <nav class="glue-header__link-bar navigation js-gt-global-nav-wrapper"> <ul class="glue-header__list"> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Who we are" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Who we are <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Who we are <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary="Defining the technology of today and tomorrow."> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <div class="navigation__sub__heading"> <h2 class="headline-3">Defining the technology of today and tomorrow.</h2> </div> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Philosophy"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Philosophy </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We strive to create an environment conducive to many different types of research across many different time scales and levels of risk.</p> <a href="http://research.google/philosophy/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Philosophy</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/philosophy/" > Philosophy </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="People"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> People </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Our researchers drive advancements in computer science through both fundamental and applied research.</p> <a href="http://research.google/people/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our People</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/people/" > People </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Research areas" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Research areas <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Research areas <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_link_list"> <div class="navigation__sub--list"> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Research areas"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Research areas</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/" > Explore all research areas </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Research areas <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Research areas <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Explore all research areas <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Foundational ML &amp; Algorithms"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Foundational ML &amp; Algorithms</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/algorithms-and-theory/" > Algorithms &amp; Theory </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-management/" > Data Management </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-mining-and-modeling/" > Data Mining &amp; Modeling </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/information-retrieval-and-the-web/" > Information Retrieval &amp; the Web </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-intelligence/" > Machine Intelligence </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-perception/" > Machine Perception </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-translation/" > Machine Translation </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/natural-language-processing/" > Natural Language Processing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/speech-processing/" > Speech Processing </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Foundational ML &amp; Algorithms <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Foundational ML &amp; Algorithms <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/algorithms-and-theory/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Algorithms &amp; Theory <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-management/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Data Management <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/data-mining-and-modeling/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Data Mining &amp; Modeling <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/information-retrieval-and-the-web/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Information Retrieval &amp; the Web <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-intelligence/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Intelligence <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-perception/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Perception <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/machine-translation/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Machine Translation <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/natural-language-processing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Natural Language Processing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/speech-processing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Speech Processing <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Computing Systems &amp; Quantum AI"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Computing Systems &amp; Quantum AI</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing/" > Distributed Systems &amp; Parallel鈥–omputing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/hardware-and-architecture/" > Hardware &amp; Architecture </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" > Mobile Systems </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/networking/" > Networking </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/quantum-computing/" > Quantum Computing </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/robotics/" > Robotics </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/security-privacy-and-abuse-prevention/" > Security, Privacy, &amp; Abuse鈥≒revention </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-engineering/" > Software Engineering </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-systems/" > Software Systems </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Computing Systems &amp; Quantum AI <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Computing Systems &amp; Quantum AI <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/distributed-systems-and-parallel-computing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Distributed Systems &amp; Parallel鈥–omputing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/hardware-and-architecture/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Hardware &amp; Architecture <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/mobile-systems/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Mobile Systems <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/networking/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Networking <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/quantum-computing/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Quantum Computing <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/robotics/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Robotics <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/security-privacy-and-abuse-prevention/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Security, Privacy, &amp; Abuse鈥≒revention <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-engineering/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Software Engineering <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/software-systems/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Software Systems <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Science, AI &amp; Society"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading">Science, AI &amp; Society</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/climate-and-sustainability/" > Climate &amp; Sustainability </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/economics-and-electronic-commerce/" > Economics &amp; Electronic Commerce </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/education-innovation/" > Education Innovation </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/general-science/" > General Science </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/health-bioscience/" > Health &amp; Bioscience </a> </li> <li> <a class="navigation__sub__columns__list-link caption js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/" > Human-Computer Interaction and Visualization </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" data-panel="nested" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> Science, AI &amp; Society <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </button> <div class="navigation__nested-sub js-sub-nav-parent"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Science, AI &amp; Society <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <ul> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/climate-and-sustainability/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Climate &amp; Sustainability <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/economics-and-electronic-commerce/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Economics &amp; Electronic Commerce <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/education-innovation/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Education Innovation <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/general-science/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > General Science <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/health-bioscience/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Health &amp; Bioscience <span> </span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="http://research.google/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/" class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile__link" > Human-Computer Interaction and Visualization <span> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Our work" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Our work <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Our work <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary=""> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Projects"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Projects </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We regularly open-source projects with the broader research community and apply our developments to Google products.</p> <a href="http://research.google/resources/our-projects/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Projects</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/resources/our-projects/" > Projects </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Publications"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Publications </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Publishing our work allows us to share ideas and work collaboratively to advance the field of computer science.</p> <a href="http://research.google/pubs/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Publications</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/pubs/" > Publications </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Resources"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Resources </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">We make products, tools, and datasets available to everyone with the goal of building a more collaborative ecosystem.</p> <a href="http://research.google/resources/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Resources</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/resources/" > Resources </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item js-sub-nav-parent --parent" data-gt-primary="Programs &amp; events" > <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-target" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > <span class=""> Programs &amp; events <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> </span> </button> <div class="navigation__sub js-sub-nav" role="menu"> <div class="navigation__sub__container"> <div class="navigation__sub__mobile-heading"> <button class="glue-header__link js-sub-nav-close-mobile"> <span class="sr-text">Back to</span> <span class="icon icon--caret"></span> Programs &amp; events <span class="sr-text">menu</span> </button> <hr/> </div> <div class="block-nav_drawer_columns_content"> <div class="navigation__sub--content" data-gt-secondary="Shaping the future, together."> <div class="navigation__sub__wrapper"> <div class="navigation__sub__heading"> <h2 class="headline-3">Shaping the future, together.</h2> <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/" class="js-drawer-link" > Collaborate with us </a> </div> <ul class="navigation__sub__columns"> <li data-gt-secondary="Student programs"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Student programs </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Supporting the next generation of researchers through a wide range of programming.</p> <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/student-engagement/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Student programs</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/student-engagement/" > Student programs </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Faculty programs"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Faculty programs </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Participating in the academic research community through meaningful engagement with university faculty.</p> <a href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/faculty-engagement/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Faculty programs</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/faculty-engagement/" > Faculty programs </a> </div> </li> <li data-gt-secondary="Conferences &amp; events"> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__desktop"> <h2 class="headline-6 navigation__sub__columns__heading"> Conferences &amp; events </h2> <p class="navigation__sub__columns__description caption">Connecting with the broader research community through events is essential for creating progress in every aspect of our work.</p> <a href="http://research.google/conferences-and-events/" class="glue-inline-link js-drawer-link" > <span class="sr-text">Learn more about our Conferences &amp; events</span> <span aria-hidden="true">Learn more</span> </a> </div> <div class="navigation__sub__columns__mobile"> <a class="glue-header__link" href="http://research.google/conferences-and-events/" > Conferences &amp; events </a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="navigation__sub__cta"> <a class="glue-button glue-button--high-emphasis js-drawer-link" href="http://research.google/programs-and-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" > Collaborate with us </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="glue-header__item " data-gt-primary="Careers" > <a class="glue-header__link " href="http://research.google/careers/" > <span class=""> Careers </span> </a> </li> <li class="glue-header__item " data-gt-primary="Blog" > <a class="glue-header__link " href="http://research.google/blog/" > <span class=""> Blog </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <!-- search (hide on search page) --> <div class="glue-header__search js-header-search"> <div class="glue-header__search__input"> <div class="search-input " data-type="header"> <input type="search" class="caption --empty-search js-search-bar js-gt-search-input" placeholder="Search"> <button class="search-input__button --search js-gt-search-btn"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#search"></use> </svg> </button> <button class="search-input__button --clear"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <button class="glue-header__search__btn js-header-search-btn"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px search"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#search"></use> </svg> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px close"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> <span class="sr-text js-header-search-sr-text">Search</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glue-header__drawer-backdrop"> <div class="glue-header__mobile_close"> <button class="glue-header__drawer-toggle-btn js-mobile-nav-close" aria-label="Close the navigation drawer"> <svg class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </header> <main id="page-content"> <div class="research-area-detail"> <section class="basic-hero bhoig --theme-dark " data-gt-id="basic_hero" data-gt-component-name=""> <div class="glue-page"> <div class="glue-grid"> <div class="bhoig__image-wrapper glue-grid__col--span-2 glue-grid__col--span-3-md glue-grid__col--span-2-lg"> <div class="bhoig__image-bg" style="background-color: var(--glue-grey-900); "> <span class="icon icon--mobile-systems" style="" ></span> </div> </div> <div class="bhoig__breadcrumb-wrapper glue-grid__col--span-10 glue-grid__col--span-9-md glue-grid__col--span-10-lg"> <nav class="glue-breadcrumbs" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"> <ol class="glue-breadcrumbs__list"> <li class="glue-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="glue-breadcrumbs__link attribution" href="/">Home</a> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#chevron-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="glue-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="glue-breadcrumbs__link attribution" href="/research-areas/">Research areas</a> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#chevron-right"></use> </svg> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <h1 class="headline-1 bhoig__headline glue-grid__col--span-10 glue-grid__col--span-9-md glue-grid__col--span-10-lg">Mobile Systems</h1> <div class="basic-hero__description bhoig__description glue-grid__col--span-10 glue-grid__col--span-9-md glue-grid__col--span-10-lg"> <p data-block-key="2xk8q">Mobile devices are the prevalent computing device in many parts of the world, and over the coming years it is expected that mobile Internet usage will outpace desktop usage worldwide. Google is committed to realizing the potential of the mobile web to transform how people interact with computing technology. Google engineers and researchers work on a wide range of problems in mobile computing and networking, including new operating systems and programming platforms (such as Android and ChromeOS); new interaction paradigms between people and devices; advanced wireless communications; and optimizing the web for mobile settings. In addition, many of Google鈥檚 core product teams, such as Search, Gmail, and Maps, have groups focused on optimizing the mobile experience, making it faster and more seamless. We take a cross-layer approach to research in mobile systems and networking, cutting across applications, networks, operating systems, and hardware. The tremendous scale of Google鈥檚 products and the Android and Chrome platforms make this a very exciting place to work on these problems.</p><p data-block-key="8v93q">Some representative projects include mobile web performance optimization, new features in Android to greatly reduce network data usage and energy consumption; new platforms for developing high performance web applications on mobile devices; wireless communication protocols that will yield vastly greater performance over today鈥檚 standards; and multi-device interaction based on Android, which is now available on a wide variety of consumer electronics.</p> </div> <div class="bhoig__cta glue-grid__col--span-10 glue-grid__col--span-9-md glue-grid__col--span-10-lg"> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up"> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h3 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">Recent Publications</h3> <div class="offset-two-up__cta-below-description"> <a class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/?category=mobile-systems" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">See More</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> <div class="publications-list --theme- row-card-list" data-hot-swap="pub-list" data-gt-id="publications_list" data-gt-component-name=""> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/intent-driven-input-device-arbitration-for-xr/ > Intent-driven input device arbitration for XR </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/ericgonzalez/"> Eric Gonzalez </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/ishanchatterjee/"> Ishan Chatterjee </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/108218/"> Mar Gonzalez Franco </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Andrea Colaco </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Karan Ahuja </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> ACM CHI (2024) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentinteractions-with-extended-reality tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentinteractions-with-extended-reality" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Interactions with Extended Reality Head Mounted Devices (XR HMDs) applications require precise, intuitive and efficient input methods. Current approaches either rely on power-intensive sensors, such as cameras for hand-tracking, or specialized hardware in the form of handheld controllers. As an alternative, past works have explored the use of devices already present with the user, in the form of smartphones and smartwatches as practical input solutions. However, this approach risks interaction overload---how can one determine whether the user鈥檚 interaction gestures on the watch-face or phone screen are directed toward control of the mobile device itself or the XR device? To this effect, we propose a novel framework for cross-device input routing and device arbitration by employing Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) within these devices. We validate our approach in a user study with six participants. By making use of the relative orientation between the headset and the target input device, we can estimate the intended device of interaction with 93.7% accuracy. Our method offers a seamless, energy-efficient alternative for input management in XR, enhancing user experience through natural and ergonomic interactions.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/intent-driven-input-device-arbitration-for-xr/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/xdtk-a-cross-device-toolkit-for-input-interaction-in-xr/ > XDTK: A Cross-Device Toolkit for Input &amp; Interaction in XR </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/ericgonzalez/"> Eric Gonzalez </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Karan Ahuja </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Khushman Patel </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/108218/"> Mar Gonzalez Franco </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> IEEE VR, IEEE (2024) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentwe-present-xdtk-an-open-source-un tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentwe-present-xdtk-an-open-source-un" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">We present XDTK, an open-source Unity/Android toolkit for prototyping multi-device interactions in extended reality (XR). With the Unity package and Android app provided in XDTK, data from any number of devices (phones, tablets, or wearables) can be streamed to and surfaced within a Unity-based XR application. ARCore-supported device also provide self-tracked pose data. Devices on the same local network are automatically discovered by the Unity server and their inputs are routed using a custom event framework. We designed XDTK to be modular and easily extendable to enable fast, simple, and effective prototyping of multi-device experiences by both researchers and developers.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/xdtk-a-cross-device-toolkit-for-input-interaction-in-xr/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/the-impact-of-open-source-on-cellular-network-security/ > The impact of open-source on cellular network security </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Roger Piqueras Jover </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> (2023) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentkeynote-at-the-srsran-project-work tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentkeynote-at-the-srsran-project-work" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Keynote at the srsRAN Project Workshop in October 2023: https://srs.io/srsran-project-workshop-october-23-24/ The talk is a summary of the impact that open-source tools and SW radio have had on cellular security research in academia over the last 15 years. It summarizes 2G security research in ~2008-2012 and how the first OSS tools for LTE (openLTE and srsLTE) were a game changer for the field, enabling a tremendous spike in excellent cellular security research work.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/the-impact-of-open-source-on-cellular-network-security/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/design-earable-sensing-systems-perspectives-and-lessons-learned-from-industry/ > Design Earable Sensing Systems: Perspectives and Lessons Learned from Industry </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/108336/"> Xiaoran Fan </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Trausti Thormundsson </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Adjunct Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and the 2023 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, ACM (to appear) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentearables-computing-is-an-emerging tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentearables-computing-is-an-emerging" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Earables computing is an emerging research community as the industry witnesses the soaring of True Wireless Stereo (TWS) Active Noise Canceling (ANC) earbuds in the past ten years. There is an increasing trend of newly initiated earable research spanning across mobile health, user-interfaces, speech processing, and context-awareness. Head-worn devices are anticipated to be the next generation Mobile Computing and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) platform. In this paper, we share our design experiences and lessons learned in building hearable sensing systems from the industry perspective. We also give our takes on future directions of the earable research. </span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/design-earable-sensing-systems-perspectives-and-lessons-learned-from-industry/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/apg-audioplethysmography-for-cardiac-monitoring-in-hearables/ > APG: Audioplethysmography for Cardiac Monitoring in Hearables </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> <a class="row-card__small-link" href="/people/108336/"> Xiaoran Fan </a> </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> David Pearl </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Rich Howard </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Longfei Shangguan </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Trausti Thormundsson </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> MobiCom 2023: The 29th Annual International Conference On Mobile Computing And Networking (MobiCom), Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (to appear) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentthis-paper-presents-audioplethysmo tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentthis-paper-presents-audioplethysmo" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">This paper presents Audioplethysmography (APG), a novel cardiac monitoring modality for active noise cancellation (ANC) headphones. APG sends a low intensity ultrasound probing signal using an ANC headphone's speakers and receives the echoes via the on-board feedback microphones. We observed that, as the volume of ear canals slightly changes with blood vessel deformations, the heartbeats will modulate these ultrasound echoes. We built mathematical models to analyze the underlying physics and propose a multi-tone APG signal processing pipeline to derive the heart rate and heart rate variability in both constrained and unconstrained settings. APG enables robust monitoring of cardiac activities using mass-market ANC headphones in the presence of music playback and body motion such as running. We conducted an eight-month field study with 153 participants to evaluate APG in various conditions. Our studies conform to the (Institutional Review Board) IRB policies from our company. The presented technology, experimental design, and results have been reviewed and further improved by feedback garnered from our internal Health Team, Product Team, User Experience (UX) Team and Legal team. Our results demonstrate that APG achieves consistently high HR (3.21% median error across 153 participants in all scenarios) and HRV (2.70% median error in interbeat interval, IBI) measurement accuracy. Our UX study further shows that APG is resilient to variation in: skin tone, sub-optimal seal conditions, and ear canal size.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/apg-audioplethysmography-for-cardiac-monitoring-in-hearables/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card"> <div class="row-card__container"> <div class="row-card__body"> <a class="row-card__heading headline-6 glue-link" href=http://research.google/pubs/ue-security-reloaded-developing-a-5g-standalone-user-side-security-testing-framework/ > UE Security Reloaded: Developing a 5G Standalone User-Side Security Testing Framework </a> <div class="row-card__subheading"> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Aanjhan Ranganathan </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Christina P枚pper </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Evangelos Bitsikas </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Roger Piqueras Jover </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> Syed Khandker </div> <div class="row-card__subheading__spacer"></div> <div class="row-card__subheading__item extra-small-text"> 16th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks (2023) </div> </div> </div> <div class="row-card__cta headline-6"> <div class="glue-tooltip" data-glue-tooltip-auto-position="false"> <button class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-tooltip__trigger" aria-describedby=tooltip-contentsecurity-flaws-and-vulnerabilities tabindex=0 > <span class="js-gt-item-id">Preview</span> </button> <span id="tooltip-contentsecurity-flaws-and-vulnerabilities" class="glue-tooltip__content" role="tooltip"> <span data-tooltip-type="simple"> Preview abstract </span> <span data-tooltip-type="rich"> <span class="glue-tooltip__body">Security flaws and vulnerabilities in cellular networks directly lead to severe security threats given the data-plane services, from calls to messaging and Internet access, that are involved. While the 5G Standalone (SA) system is currently being deployed worldwide, practical security testing of user equipment has only been conducted for 4G/LTE and earlier network generations. In this paper, we develop and present the first security testing framework for 5G SA user equipment. To that end, we modify the functionality of open-source suites (Open5GS and srsRAN) and develop a broad set of test cases for 5G NAS and RRC layers. We apply our testing framework in a proof-of-concept manner to 5G SA mobile phones, report identified vulnerabilities, and provide detailed insights from our experiments.</span> <a class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis" href="http://research.google/pubs/ue-security-reloaded-developing-a-5g-standalone-user-side-security-testing-framework/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">View details</span> </a> </span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="offset-two-up --theme-dark both" data-gt-id="offset_two_up" data-gt-component-name=""> <div class="glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg"> <h2 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">Some of our teams</h2> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg"> <ul class="card-stack--small nested-glue-grid-override" data-gt-id="team_small_card_stack" data-gt-component-name="Team - Small Card Stack"> <li class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-6-md glue-grid__col--span-4-sm"> <a class="glue-card not-glue glue-card--small" href="/teams/perception/"> <div class="glue-card__inner"> <div class="glue-card__content"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <p class="glue-headline body js-gt-item-id"> Perception </p> </div> <div class="glue-card__cta glue-card__cta--arrow"> <span class="glue-button glue-button--low-emphasis glue-button--icon"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon "> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#arrow-forward"></use> </svg> </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="banner --theme-light" data-gt-id="banner" data-gt-component-name="None"> <div class="banner__wrapper glue-page glue-grid"> <div class="banner__copy glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-6-md"> <h2 class="banner__headline headline-3">Join us</h2> <p class="banner__body-copy body">We&#x27;re always looking for more talented, passionate people.</p> <a class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis" href="http://research.google/careers/" > <span class="js-gt-item-id">See opportunities</span> </a> </div> <div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-0-sm glue-grid__col--span-1"></div> <div class="banner__image glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-5-md"> <img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/Careers.original.jpg" alt="Careers" /> </div> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="glue-footer"> <div class="glue-page"> <section class="glue-social"> <div class="glue-social__group glue-social--monochrome"> <p class="glue-social__title glue-social__title--inline"> Follow us </p> <nav class="js-gt-follow-us-wrapper" aria-label="Social media links"> <ul class="glue-social__list" role="list"> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://twitter.com/GoogleAI" title="Follow us on x" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="x"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/twitter-x.svg#twitter-x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/googleresearch/" title="Follow us on linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="linkedin"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#post-linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/GoogleResearch" title="Follow us on youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="youtube"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#video-youtube"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="glue-social__item"> <a class="glue-social__link" href="https://github.com/google-research" title="Follow us on github" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-gt-method="github"" > <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/github.svg#github"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </section> </div> <div class="glue-fullbleed"></div> <section class="glue-page"> <nav class="glue-footer__global" aria-label="Footer resource links"> <div class="glue-footer__logo"> <a href="https://www.google.com" title="Google" class="glue-footer__link"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-footer__logo-img"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-solid-logo"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <ul class="glue-footer__global-links glue-no-bullet js-gt-global-nav-wrapper" role="list"> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="About Google"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://about.google/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> About Google </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="Google Products"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://about.google/intl/en/products/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Google Products </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="Privacy"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Privacy </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item" data-gt-primary="Terms"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://policies.google.com/terms" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Terms </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="glue-footer__global-links glue-footer__global-links--extra glue-no-bullet" role="list"> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item glue-footer__global-links-list-item--extra"> <a class="glue-footer__link" href="https://support.google.com/?hl=en"> <svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--24px glue-icon--footer-help"> <use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#help"></use> </svg> Help </a> </li> <li class="glue-footer__global-links-list-item glue-footer__global-links-list-item--extra"> <button class="glue-footer__link google-feedback js-feedback-button" href="" data-product-id="5137383" > Submit feedback </button> </li> </ul> </nav> </section> </footer> <script src="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/v27_1/material-components-web.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.youtube.com/player_api"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/gr/static/js/googleresearch.js?id=b70549917812130af912601ad763f13e"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://support.google.com/inapp/api.js"></script> <script src="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/cookienotificationbar/cookienotificationbar.min.js" data-glue-cookie-notification-bar-category="2B"> </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10