CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cross-country skiing - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2e150111-a3fd-4c80-8f62-b659c5d46499","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cross-country_skiing","wgTitle":"Cross-country skiing","wgCurRevisionId":1267290729,"wgRevisionId":1267290729,"wgArticleId":6721,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from October 2020","Articles containing Old Norse-language text","Articles containing Norwegian-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Cross-country skiing","Nordic skiing"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cross-country_skiing","wgRelevantArticleId":6721,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q18544844","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="691"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg/800px-Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="461"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg/640px-Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="369"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cross-country skiing - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cross-country_skiing rootpage-Cross-country_skiing skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cross-country+skiing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cross-country+skiing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cross-country+skiing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cross-country+skiing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recreation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recreation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ski_touring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ski_touring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ski touring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ski_touring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groomed-trail_skiing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groomed-trail_skiing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Groomed-trail skiing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groomed-trail_skiing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Competition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FIS-sanctioned_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FIS-sanctioned_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>FIS-sanctioned competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FIS-sanctioned_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sanctioned_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sanctioned_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other sanctioned competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sanctioned_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skate_skiing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skate_skiing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Skate skiing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skate_skiing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Turns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Skis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gliding_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gliding_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Gliding surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gliding_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traction_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traction_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Traction surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traction_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boots_and_bindings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boots_and_bindings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Boots and bindings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boots_and_bindings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Poles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cross-country skiing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AC_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A" title="تزلج ريفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تزلج ريفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Χιονοδρομία αντοχής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιονοδρομία αντοχής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_de_randonn%C3%A9e_nordique" title="Ski de randonnée nordique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ski de randonnée nordique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastohiihto" title="Maastohiihto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maastohiihto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r_kaya%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kır kayağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kır kayağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E4%B8%8A%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE" title="雪上马拉松 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雪上马拉松" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18544844#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cross-country_skiing" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cross-country_skiing" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cross-country_skiing" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&oldid=1267290729" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cross-country_skiing&id=1267290729&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCross-country_skiing"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCross-country_skiing"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cross-country_skiing&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cross-country_skiing" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18544844" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of snow skiing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about cross-country skiing in general. For the competitive aspects, see <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Cross-country skiing (sport)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Cross-country skiing</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg/275px-Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg/413px-Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg/550px-Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="590" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cross-country skiers in western Norway.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Cross-country, XC skiing, Nordic skiing</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Outdoor winter sport</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">Skis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski poles">poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski boots">boots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_bindings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski bindings">bindings</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cross-country skiing</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> whereby skiers traverse snow-covered terrain without use of <a href="/wiki/Ski_lift" title="Ski lift">ski lifts</a> or other assistance. Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity; however, some still use it as a means of travel. Variants of cross-country skiing are adapted to a range of terrain which spans unimproved, sometimes mountainous terrain to groomed courses that are specifically designed for the sport. </p><p>Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing, from which all skiing disciplines evolved, including <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski jumping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telemark_skiing" title="Telemark skiing">Telemark skiing</a>. Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward (classic style) or side-to-side in a skating motion (skate skiing), aided by arms pushing on <a href="/wiki/Ski_poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski poles">ski poles</a> against the snow. It is practised in regions with snow-covered landscapes, including <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Competitive cross-country skiing</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_skiing" title="Nordic skiing">Nordic skiing</a> sports. Cross-country skiing and <a href="/wiki/Marksmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmanship">rifle marksmanship</a> are the two components of <a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">biathlon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a> is a form of cross-country skiing, which includes map navigation along snow trails and tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-Idrettsleksikon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Idrettsleksikon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mountaineers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountaineers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_skiing" title="History of skiing">History of skiing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SapmianSkier1673.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/SapmianSkier1673.png/220px-SapmianSkier1673.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/SapmianSkier1673.png/330px-SapmianSkier1673.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/SapmianSkier1673.png/440px-SapmianSkier1673.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> hunter using skis of unequal length—short for traction, long for gliding—and a single pole. Both were employed until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>. (1673 woodcut)</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">ski</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> word <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">skíð</i></span> which means stick of wood.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">Skiing</a> started as a technique for traveling cross-country over snow on skis, starting almost five millennia ago with beginnings in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. It may have been practised as early as 600 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Daxing'anling</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early historical evidence includes <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>'s (around CE 550) description of <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> as <i>skrithiphinoi</i> translated as "ski running samis".<sup id="cite_ref-Saur_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saur-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birkely argues that the Sami people have practiced skiing for more than 6000 years, evidenced by the very old Sami word <i>čuoigat</i> for skiing.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Egil_Skallagrimsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Egil Skallagrimsson">Egil Skallagrimsson</a>'s 950 CE saga describes King <a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a>'s practice of sending his tax collectors out on skis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gulating" title="Gulating">Gulating law</a> (1274) stated that "No moose shall be disturbed by skiers on private land."<sup id="cite_ref-Saur_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saur-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-country skiing evolved from a utilitarian means of transportation to being a worldwide recreational activity and sport, which branched out into other forms of skiing starting in the mid-1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early skiers used one long pole or spear in addition to the skis. The first depiction of a skier with two <a href="/wiki/Ski_pole" title="Ski pole">ski poles</a> dates to 1741.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional skis, used for snow travel in Norway and elsewhere into the 1800s, often comprised one short ski with a natural fur <a href="/wiki/Ski_skins" title="Ski skins">traction surface</a>, the <i>andor</i>, and one long for gliding, the <i>langski</i>—one being up to 100 cm (39 in) longer than the other—allowing skiers to propel themselves with a scooter motion. This combination has a long history among the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>. Skis up to 280 cm have been produced in Finland, and the longest recorded ski in Norway is 373 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12927,_Riesengebirge,_Reichswehr%C3%BCbung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12927%2C_Riesengebirge%2C_Reichswehr%C3%BCbung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12927%2C_Riesengebirge%2C_Reichswehr%C3%BCbung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12927%2C_Riesengebirge%2C_Reichswehr%C3%BCbung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12927%2C_Riesengebirge%2C_Reichswehr%C3%BCbung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12927%2C_Riesengebirge%2C_Reichswehr%C3%BCbung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12927%2C_Riesengebirge%2C_Reichswehr%C3%BCbung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>German <i><a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i> military patrol on skis training in the <a href="/wiki/Karkonosze" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkonosze">Giant Mountains</a>, January 1932.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ski_warfare" title="Ski warfare">Ski warfare</a>, the use of ski-equipped troops in <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, is first recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a> in the 13th century. These troops were reportedly able to cover distances comparable to that of light <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The garrison in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> used skis at least from 1675, and the Danish-Norwegian army included specialized skiing battalions from 1747—details of military ski exercises from 1767 are on record.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergsland_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergsland-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skis were used in military exercises in 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1799 French traveller Jacques de la Tocnaye recorded his visit to Norway in his travel diary:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegian immigrants used skis ("Norwegian snowshoes") in the US midwest from around 1836. Norwegian immigrant "<a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_Thompson" title="Snowshoe Thompson">Snowshoe Thompson</a>" transported mail by skiing across the Sierra Nevada between California and Nevada from 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-Saur_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saur-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888 Norwegian explorer <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> and his team crossed the Greenland icecap on skis. Norwegian workers on the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway">Buenos Aires - Valparaiso railway line</a> introduced skiing in South America around 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Saur_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saur-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910 <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> used skis on his <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">South Pole Expedition</a>. In 1902 the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a> in Kobe imported ski equipment and introduced skiing to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>, motivated by the death of Japanese soldiers during a snow storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Saur_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saur-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1919, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> helped popularize the activity in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michal_Malak_at_Tour_de_Ski_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Michal_Malak_at_Tour_de_Ski_retouched.jpg/220px-Michal_Malak_at_Tour_de_Ski_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Michal_Malak_at_Tour_de_Ski_retouched.jpg/330px-Michal_Malak_at_Tour_de_Ski_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Michal_Malak_at_Tour_de_Ski_retouched.jpg/440px-Michal_Malak_at_Tour_de_Ski_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3491" data-file-height="2327" /></a><figcaption>Michal Malák skate-skis at a qualifier for the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_Ski" title="Tour de Ski">Tour de Ski</a>, 2007.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Cross-country skiing (sport)</a></div> <p>Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided in four classes: shooting at a target while skiing at "top speed", downhill racing among trees, downhill racing on large slopes without falling, and "long racing" on "flat ground".<sup id="cite_ref-Bergsland_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergsland-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early record of a public ski competition occurred in <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a>, 1843. In Norwegian, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">langrenn</i></span> refers to "competitive skiing where the goal is to complete a specific distance in groomed tracks in the shortest possible time". In Norway, <i>ski touring competitions</i> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">turrenn</i>) are long-distance cross-country competitions open to the public, competition is usually within age intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-Idrettsleksikon_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Idrettsleksikon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new technique, <a href="/wiki/Skate_skiing" title="Skate skiing">skate skiing</a>, was experimented with early in the 20th Century, but was not widely adopted until the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gr%C3%B8ttumsbr%C3%A5ten" title="Johan Grøttumsbråten">Johan Grøttumsbråten</a> used the skating technique at the <a href="/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_1931" title="FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1931">1931 World Championship</a> in Oberhof, one of the earliest recorded use of skating in competitive cross-country skiing.<sup id="cite_ref-Olav_1993_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olav_1993-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique was later used in ski orienteering in the 1960s on roads and other firm surfaces. It became widespread during the 1980s after the success of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Koch_(skier)" title="Bill Koch (skier)">Bill Koch</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) in <a href="/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_1982" title="FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1982">1982 Cross-country Skiing Championships</a> drew more attention to the skating style. Norwegian skier <a href="/wiki/Ove_Aunli" title="Ove Aunli">Ove Aunli</a> started using the technique in 1984, when he found it to be much faster than classic style.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnish skier, <a href="/wiki/Pauli_Siitonen" title="Pauli Siitonen">Pauli Siitonen</a>, developed a one-sided variant of the style in the 1970s, leaving one ski in the track while skating to the side with the other one during endurance events;<sup id="cite_ref-marathonskate_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marathonskate-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this became known as the "marathon skate".<sup id="cite_ref-skixc1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skixc1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NansenJohansen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NansenJohansen.jpg/220px-NansenJohansen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NansenJohansen.jpg/330px-NansenJohansen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NansenJohansen.jpg/440px-NansenJohansen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Arctic travelers, <a href="/wiki/Fridtjov_Nansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fridtjov Nansen">Fridtjov Nansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Hjalmar Johansen</a> at the camp of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Jackson" title="Frederick George Jackson">Frederick Jackson</a> on <a href="/wiki/Northbrook_Island" title="Northbrook Island">Northbrook Island</a> in 1896.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>ski</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> word <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">skíð</i></span> which means "cleft wood", "stick of wood" or "ski".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegian language does not use a verb-form equivalent in idiomatic speech, unlike English "to ski".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Norwegian</a>, a variety of terms refer to cross-country skiing, including:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">gå på ski</i></span> (literally "walk on skis")—a general term for self-propelled skiing</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">turgåing på ski</i></span> (literally "hiking on skis")—refers to ski touring as recreation</li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">langrenn</i></span> (literally "long race")—refers to cross-country ski racing</li></ul> <p>In contrast, alpine skiing is referred to as <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">stå på ski</i></span> (literally "stand on skis"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>, describes the crossing of Greenland as <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">På ski over Grønland</i></span>, literally "On skis across Greenland",<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the English edition of the report was titled, <i>The first crossing of Greenland</i>. Nansen referred to the activity of traversing snow on skis as <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">skilöbning</i> (he used the term also in the English translation), which may be translated as <i>ski running</i>. Nansen used <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">skilöbning</i></span>, regarding all forms of skiing, but noted that ski jumping is purely a competitive sport and not for amateurs. He further noted that in some competitions the skier "is also required to show his skill in turning his ski to one side or the other within given marks" at full speed on a steep hill. Nansen regarded these forms (i.e., jumping and slalom) as "special arts", and believed that the most important branch of skiing was travel "in an ordinary way across the country".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, Nansen's Greenland report was published as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grönland</i></span> (literally "On snowshoes through Greenland").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German term, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schneeschuh</i></span>, was supplanted by the borrowed Norwegian word, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ski</i></span>, in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaage_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaage-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norwegian encyclopedia of sports also uses the term, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">skiløping</i></span>, (literally "ski running") for all forms of skiing.<sup id="cite_ref-Idrettsleksikon_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Idrettsleksikon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1900 the word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Skilaufen</i></span> was used in German in the same sense as <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">skiløping</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaage_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaage-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A5ske.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/P%C3%A5ske.jpg/220px-P%C3%A5ske.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/P%C3%A5ske.jpg/330px-P%C3%A5ske.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/P%C3%A5ske.jpg/440px-P%C3%A5ske.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ski touring in untracked terrain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Recreational cross-country skiing includes <a href="/wiki/Ski_touring" title="Ski touring">ski touring</a> and groomed-trail skiing, typically at resorts or in parklands. It is an accessible form of recreation for persons with <a href="/wiki/Ski_for_Light" title="Ski for Light">vision and mobility impairments</a>. A related form of recreation is <a href="/wiki/Skijoring#Dog_skijoring" title="Skijoring">dog skijoring</a>—a winter sport where a cross-country skier is assisted by one or more dogs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ski_touring">Ski touring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ski touring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ski_touring" title="Ski touring">Ski touring</a> takes place off-<a href="/wiki/Piste" title="Piste">piste</a> and outside of <a href="/wiki/Ski_resorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski resorts">ski resorts</a>. Tours may extend over multiple days. Typically, <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">skis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_bindings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski bindings">bindings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ski_boot" title="Ski boot">boots</a> allow for free movement of the heel to enable a walking pace, as with <a href="/wiki/Nordic_skiing" title="Nordic skiing">Nordic disciplines</a> and unlike <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">Alpine skiing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-branigan_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-branigan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ski touring's subgenre <a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">ski mountaineering</a> involves independently navigating and route finding through potential <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanche</a> terrain and often requires familiarity with <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> along with skiing skills. Ski touring can be faster and easier than summer <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a> in some terrain, allowing for traverses and ascents that would be harder in the summer. Skis can also be used to access backcountry alpine climbing routes when snow is off the technical route, but still covers the hiking trail. In some countries, organizations maintain a network of huts for use by cross-country skiers in wintertime. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Trekking_Association" title="Norwegian Trekking Association">Norwegian Trekking Association</a> maintains over 400 huts stretching across thousands of kilometres of trails which hikers can use in the summer and skiers in the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-volken_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volken-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groomed-trail_skiing">Groomed-trail skiing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Groomed-trail skiing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_trail" title="Cross-country skiing trail">Cross-country skiing trail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loipe_am_Mordfleck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Loipe_am_Mordfleck.jpg/220px-Loipe_am_Mordfleck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Loipe_am_Mordfleck.jpg/330px-Loipe_am_Mordfleck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Loipe_am_Mordfleck.jpg/440px-Loipe_am_Mordfleck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Groomed ski trails for cross-country in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, track-set for classic skiing at the sides and groomed for skate skiing in the center.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Snow_grooming" title="Snow grooming">Groomed</a> trail skiing occurs at facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Nordmarka" title="Nordmarka">Nordmarka</a> (Oslo), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gorge_Cross_Country_Ski_Resort" title="Royal Gorge Cross Country Ski Resort">Royal Gorge Cross Country Ski Resort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatineau_Park" title="Gatineau Park">Gatineau Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, where trails are laid out and groomed for both classic and skate-skiing. Such grooming and track setting (for classic technique) requires specialized equipment and techniques that adapt to the condition of the snow. Trail preparation employs snow machines which tow snow-compaction, texturing and track-setting devices. Groomers must adapt such equipment to the condition of the snow—crystal structure, temperature, degree of compaction, moisture content, etc. Depending on the initial condition of the snow, grooming may achieve an increase in density for new-fallen snow or a decrease in density for icy or compacted snow. Cross-country ski facilities may incorporate a course design that meets <a href="/wiki/Homologation" title="Homologation">homologation</a> standards for such organizations as the International Olympic Committee, the International Ski Federation, or national standards. Standards address course distances, <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_difficulty" title="Degree of difficulty">degree of difficulty</a> with maximums in elevation difference and steepness—both up and downhill, plus other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-CanadianManual_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadianManual-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some facilities have night-time lighting on select trails—called <i><a href="/wiki/Elljussp%C3%A5r" class="mw-redirect" title="Elljusspår">lysløype</a></i> (light trails) in Norwegian and <i><a href="/wiki/Elljussp%C3%A5r" class="mw-redirect" title="Elljusspår">elljusspår</a></i> (electric-light trails) in Swedish. The first <i>lysløype</i> opened in 1946 in Nordmarka and at Byåsen (<a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition">Competition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Cross-country skiing (sport)</a></div> <p>Cross-country ski competition encompasses a variety of formats for races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/International_Ski_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ski Federation">International Ski Federation</a> (FIS) and by national organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ski_and_Snowboard_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association">U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cross Country Ski Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also encompasses cross-country <a href="/wiki/Ski_marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski marathon">ski marathon</a> events, sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Worldloppet_Ski_Federation" title="Worldloppet Ski Federation">Worldloppet Ski Federation</a>, cross-country <a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">ski orienteering</a> events, sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/International_Orienteering_Federation" title="International Orienteering Federation">International Orienteering Federation</a>, and Paralympic cross-country skiing, sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FIS-sanctioned_competition">FIS-sanctioned competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: FIS-sanctioned competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Haag_2011-02-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anna_Haag_2011-02-28.jpg/220px-Anna_Haag_2011-02-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anna_Haag_2011-02-28.jpg/330px-Anna_Haag_2011-02-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anna_Haag_2011-02-28.jpg/440px-Anna_Haag_2011-02-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5308" data-file-height="3539" /></a><figcaption>Swede <a href="/wiki/Anna_Haag" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Haag">Anna Haag</a> with classic technique in the women's 10 km classic race at the <a href="/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011" title="FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011">2011 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships</a> in Oslo, Norway.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships" title="FIS Nordic World Ski Championships">FIS Nordic World Ski Championships</a> have been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. From 1924 to 1939, the World Championships were held every year, including the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a>. After World War II, the World Championships were held every four years from 1950 to 1982. Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years.<sup id="cite_ref-FIS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable cross-country ski competitions include the Winter Olympics, the <a href="/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships" title="FIS Nordic World Ski Championships">FIS Nordic World Ski Championships</a>, and the FIS World Cup events (including the <a href="/wiki/Holmenkollen_ski_jump" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmenkollen ski jump">Holmenkollen</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sanctioned_competition">Other sanctioned competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other sanctioned competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ski_marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski marathon">Cross-country ski marathons</a>—races with distances greater than 40 kilometers—have two cup series, the <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)#Ski_Classics_series" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Ski Classics</a>, which started in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)#Worldloppet_series" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Worldloppet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Worldloppet_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worldloppet-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skiers race in classic or free-style (skating) events, depending on the rules of the race. Notable <a href="/wiki/Worldloppet_Ski_Federation" title="Worldloppet Ski Federation">ski marathons</a>, include the <i><a href="/wiki/Vasaloppet" title="Vasaloppet">Vasaloppet</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Birkebeinerrennet" title="Birkebeinerrennet">Birkebeineren</a></i> in Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Maraton" title="Tartu Maraton">Tartu Maraton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Engadin_Skimarathon" title="Engadin Skimarathon">Engadin Skimarathon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Birkebeiner" title="American Birkebeiner">American Birkebeiner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Anchorage" title="Tour of Anchorage">Tour of Anchorage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Loppet" title="Boreal Loppet">Boreal Loppet</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Forestville,_Quebec" title="Forestville, Quebec">Forestville, Quebec</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Worldloppet_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worldloppet-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">Biathlon</a> combines cross-country skiing and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">rifle shooting</a>. Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant's total running distance/time. For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets; the skier receives a penalty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a> is a form of cross-country skiing competition that requires navigation in a landscape, making optimal route choices at racing speeds. Standard <a href="/wiki/Orienteering_map" title="Orienteering map">orienteering maps</a> are used, but with special green overprinting of trails and tracks to indicate their <a href="/wiki/Navigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigate">navigability</a> in <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>; other symbols indicate whether any roads are snow-covered or clear. Standard skate-skiing equipment is used, along with a map holder attached to the chest. It is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">orienteering</a> disciplines <a href="/wiki/Sport_governing_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport governing body">recognized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Orienteering_Federation" title="International Orienteering Federation">International Orienteering Federation</a>. Upper body strength is especially important because of frequent double poling along narrow snow trails.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_cross-country_skiing" title="Paralympic cross-country skiing">Paralympic cross-country ski competition</a> is an adaptation of cross-country skiing for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a>. These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs, have amputations, are blind, or have any other physical disability, to continue their sport.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordic_Skiing_Classification_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordic_Skiing_Classification-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotchev-veerpalu-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rotchev-veerpalu-2006.jpg/220px-Rotchev-veerpalu-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rotchev-veerpalu-2006.jpg/330px-Rotchev-veerpalu-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rotchev-veerpalu-2006.jpg/440px-Rotchev-veerpalu-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Skiers employing step turns, while descending during a 2006 FIS World Cup Cross Country competition in Otepää, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm/220px--Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="141" data-mwtitle="Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm/Skiing_In_The_Kauppi.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of skiers demonstrating a variety of techniques.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cross-country skiing has two basic propulsion techniques, which apply to different surfaces: classic (undisturbed snow and tracked snow) and skate skiing (firm, smooth snow surfaces). The classic technique relies on a <a href="/wiki/Ski_wax" title="Ski wax">wax</a> or texture on the ski bottom under the foot for <a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">traction</a> on the snow to allow the skier to slide the other ski forward in virgin or tracked snow. With the skate skiing technique a skier slides on alternating skis on a firm snow surface at an angle from each other in a manner similar to ice skating. Both techniques employ poles with baskets that allow the arms to participate in the propulsion. Specialized equipment is adapted to each technique and each type of terrain. A variety of turns are used, when descending.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poles contribute to forward propulsion, either simultaneously (usual for the skate technique) or in alternating sequence (common for the classical technique as the "diagonal stride"). Double poling is also used with the classical technique when higher speed can be achieved on flats and slight downhills than is available in the diagonal stride, which is favored to achieve higher power going uphill.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pole_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pole-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic">Classic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classic style is often used on prepared trails (pistes) that have pairs of parallel grooves (tracks) cut into the snow. It is also the most usual technique where no tracks have been prepared. With this technique, each ski is pushed forward from the other stationary ski in a striding and gliding motion, alternating foot to foot. With the "diagonal stride" variant the poles are planted alternately on the opposite side of the forward-striding foot; with the "kick-double-pole" variant the poles are planted simultaneously with every other stride. At times, especially with gentle descents, double poling is the sole means of propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On uphill terrain, techniques include the "side step" for steep slopes, moving the skis perpendicular to the fall line, the "herringbone" for moderate slopes, where the skier takes alternating steps with the skis splayed outwards, and, for gentle slopes, the skier uses the diagonal technique with shorter strides and greater arm force on the poles.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skate_skiing">Skate skiing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Skate skiing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skate_skiing" title="Skate skiing">Skate skiing</a></div> <p>With skate skiing, the skier provides propulsion on a smooth, firm snow surface by pushing alternating skis away from one another at an angle, in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>. Skate-skiing usually involves a coordinated use of poles and the upper body to add impetus. Three common techniques are "V1", "V2" and "V2 alternate". In "V1" the skier pushes with a double pole plant each time the ski is extended on a temporarily "dominant" side, this technique is optimal for climbing. In "V2 alternate" the skier performs the double pole plant before the "dominant" ski is extended, this technique allows for maintaining a higher speed and is often used on slightly downhill terrain. In "V2" the skier performs the double pole plant each time the ski is extended on either side, on flat ground and in slight inclines this technique is often the fastest and most efficient of the 3. Skiers climb hills with these techniques by widening the angle of the "V" and by making more frequent, shorter strides and more forceful use of poles.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant of the technique is the "marathon skate" or "Siitonen step", where the skier leaves one ski in the track while skating outwards to the side with the other ski.<sup id="cite_ref-skixc1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skixc1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turns">Turns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Turns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turns, used while descending or for braking, include the <a href="/wiki/Snowplough_turn" title="Snowplough turn">snowplough</a> (or "wedge turn"),<sup id="cite_ref-PSIA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSIA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Stem_christie" title="Stem christie">stem christie</a> (or "wedge christie"),<sup id="cite_ref-PSIA_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSIA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_turn" title="Parallel turn">parallel turn</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Telemark_turn" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemark turn">Telemark turn</a>. The step turn is used for maintaining speed during descents or out of track on flats.<sup id="cite_ref-Telemark_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telemark-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turns_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turns-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:108_Frogners%C3%A6teren_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150914_00046_bldsa_PK02744.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/108_Frogners%C3%A6teren_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150914_00046_bldsa_PK02744.jpg/220px-108_Frogners%C3%A6teren_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150914_00046_bldsa_PK02744.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/108_Frogners%C3%A6teren_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150914_00046_bldsa_PK02744.jpg/330px-108_Frogners%C3%A6teren_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150914_00046_bldsa_PK02744.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/108_Frogners%C3%A6teren_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150914_00046_bldsa_PK02744.jpg/440px-108_Frogners%C3%A6teren_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150914_00046_bldsa_PK02744.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5566" data-file-height="3376" /></a><figcaption>Pre-1940 ski gear in Oslo: bamboo poles, wooden skis, and <a href="/wiki/Cable_binding" title="Cable binding">cable bindings</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Equipment comprises skis, poles, boots and bindings; these vary according to: </p> <ul><li>Technique, classic vs skate</li> <li>Terrain, which may vary from groomed trails to wilderness</li> <li>Performance level, from recreational use to competition at the elite level<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skis">Skis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Skis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">Ski</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-country_equipment--Skate_and_Classic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cross-country_equipment--Skate_and_Classic.jpg/220px-Cross-country_equipment--Skate_and_Classic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cross-country_equipment--Skate_and_Classic.jpg/330px-Cross-country_equipment--Skate_and_Classic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cross-country_equipment--Skate_and_Classic.jpg/440px-Cross-country_equipment--Skate_and_Classic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Cross-country ski equipment for skate-skiing (left) and classic-style skiing (right). Ski and pole lengths are different for each. Classic skis have a "grip zone" in the area under the binding.</figcaption></figure> <p>Skis used in cross-country are lighter and narrower than those used in <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine skiing</a>. Ski bottoms are designed to provide a gliding surface and, for classic skis, a traction zone under foot. The base of the gliding surface is a plastic material that is designed both to minimize friction and, in many cases, to accept waxes.<sup id="cite_ref-oly_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oly-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glide wax may be used on the tails and tips of classic skis and across the length of skate skis.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mec_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mec-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types">Types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each type of ski is sized and designed differently. Length affects maneuverability; camber affects pressure on the snow beneath the feet of the skier; side-cut affects the ease of turning; width affects forward friction; overall area on the snow affects bearing capacity; and tip geometry affects the ability to penetrate new snow or to stay in a track.<sup id="cite_ref-SnowCountry_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SnowCountry-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the following ski types has a different combination of these attributes: </p> <ul><li><b>Classic skis</b>: Designed for skiing in tracks. For adult skiers (between 155 cm/50 kg and 185 cm/75 kg), recommended lengths are between 180 and 210 centimetres (approximately 115% of the skier's height). Traction comes from a "grip zone" underfoot that when bearing the skier's weight engages either a textured gripping surface or a grip wax. Accordingly, these skis are classified as "waxable" or "waxless". Recreational waxless skis generally require little attention and are adapted for casual use. Waxable skis, if prepared correctly, provide better grip and glide.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REIAdvice_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REIAdvice-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>When the skier's weight is distributed on both skis, the ski's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camber" class="extiw" title="wikt:camber">camber</a> diminishes the pressure of the grip zone on the snow and promotes bearing on the remaining area of the ski—the "glide zone". A test for stiffness of camber is made with a piece of paper under the skier's foot, standing on skis on a flat, hard surface—the paper should be pinned throughout the grip zone of the ski on which all the skier's weight is placed, but slide freely when the skier's weight is bearing equally on both skis.<sup id="cite_ref-Mountaineers_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountaineers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Skate skis</b>: Designed for skiing on groomed surfaces. The usual recommended length is skier length +5-15cm. The entire bottom of each skate ski is a glide zone—prepared for maximum glide. Traction comes from the skier pushing away from the edge of the previous ski onto the next ski.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Back country skis</b>: Designed for <a href="/wiki/Ski_touring" title="Ski touring">ski touring</a> on natural snow conditions. Recommended lengths are between 150 and 195 centimeters for adult skiers, depending on height and weight of the user. Back country skis are typically heavier and wider than classic and skate skis; they often have metal edges for better grip on hard snow; and their greater <a href="/wiki/Sidecut" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidecut">sidecut</a> helps to carve turns.<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melbye_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melbye-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>The geometry of a back country ski depends on its purpose—skis suited for forested areas where loose powder can predominate may be shorter and wider than those selected for open, exposed areas where compacted snow may prevail. Sidecut on Telemark skis promotes turning in forest and rugged terrain. Width and short length aid turning in loose and deep snow. Longer, narrower and more rigid skis with sharp edges are suited for snow that has been compacted by wind or freeze-thaw. Touring ski design may represent a general-purpose compromise among these different ski conditions, plus being acceptable for use in groomed tracks. Traction may come from a textured or waxed grip zone, as with classic skis, or from <a href="/wiki/Ski_skins" title="Ski skins">ski skins</a>, which are applied to the ski bottom for long, steep ascents and have hairs or mechanical texture that prevents sliding backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melbye_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melbye-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gliding_surface">Gliding surface</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gliding surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ski_wax#Glide_wax" title="Ski wax">Ski wax § Glide wax</a></div> <p>Glide waxes enhance the speed of the gliding surface. The wax is either melted on the base using an iron or applied in a liquid form. The excess wax is first scraped off and then finished by brushing. Most glide waxes are based on <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin</a> that is combined with additive materials. The paraffin hardness and additives are varied based on snow type, humidity and temperature. Since the 2021-2022 race season, fluorinated products are banned in FIS sanctioned competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the ban, most race waxes combined fluorinated hydrocarbon waxes with <a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">fluorocarbon</a> overlays.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluorocarbons decrease surface tension and surface area of the water between the ski and the snow, increasing speed and glide of the ski under specific conditions. Either combined with the wax or applied after in a spray, powder, or block form, fluorocarbons significantly improve the glide of the ski.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traction_surface">Traction surface</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Traction surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ski_wax#Grip_wax" title="Ski wax">Ski wax § Grip wax</a></div> <p>Skis designed for classic technique, both in track and in virgin snow, rely on a traction zone, called the "grip zone" or "kick zone", underfoot. This comes either from a) <i>texture</i>, such as "<a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">fish scales</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">mohair</a> skins,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed to slide forward but not backwards, that is built into the grip zone of waxless skis, or from applied devices, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ski_skins" title="Ski skins">climbing skins</a>, or b) from <i>grip waxes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ski_wax#Grip_wax" title="Ski wax">Grip waxes</a> are classified according to their hardness: harder waxes are for colder and newer snow. An incorrect choice of grip wax for the snow conditions encountered may cause ski slippage (wax too hard for the conditions) or snow sticking to the grip zone (wax too soft for the conditions).<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grip waxes generate grip by interacting with snow crystals, which vary with temperature, age and compaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard grip waxes do not work well for snow which has metamorphosed to having coarse grains, whether icy or wet. In these conditions, skiers opt for a stickier substance, called <i>klister</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_45-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boots_and_bindings">Boots and bindings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Boots and bindings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-country_ski_boot_and_binding_system--Classic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cross-country_ski_boot_and_binding_system--Classic.jpg/220px-Cross-country_ski_boot_and_binding_system--Classic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cross-country_ski_boot_and_binding_system--Classic.jpg/330px-Cross-country_ski_boot_and_binding_system--Classic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cross-country_ski_boot_and_binding_system--Classic.jpg/440px-Cross-country_ski_boot_and_binding_system--Classic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Cross-country ski boot and <i>standardized</i> binding system for classic skiing. The skier clicks the toe of the boot into the binding and releases with the button in front of the boot.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ski_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski boots">Ski boots</a> are attached to the ski only at the toe, leaving the heel free. Depending on application, boots may be lightweight (performance skiing) or heavier and more supportive (back-country skiing).<sup id="cite_ref-Boot-binding_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boot-binding-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ski_binding" title="Ski binding">Bindings</a> connect the boot to the ski. There are three primary groups of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Integrated_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Integrated System">binding systems</a> used in cross-country skiing (in descending order of importance):<sup id="cite_ref-Boot-binding_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boot-binding-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Standardized system</b>: Boots and bindings have an integrated connection, typically a bar across the front end of the sole of the boot, and platform on which the boot rests. Two families of standards prevail: NNN (New Nordic Norm) and SNS (Salomon Nordic System) Profil. Both systems have variants for skiing on groomed surfaces and in back country. These systems are the most common type of binding.</li> <li><b>Three-pin</b>: The boot-gripping system comprises three pins that correspond to three holes in the sole of the boot's toe, used primarily for back-country skiing.</li> <li><b>Cable</b>: A <a href="/wiki/Cable_binding" title="Cable binding">cable</a> secures the free-moving heel and keeps the toe of the boot pushed into a boot-gripping section, used primarily for back-country and telemark skiing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poles">Poles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Poles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ski_pole" title="Ski pole">Ski pole</a></div> <p>Ski poles are used for balance and propulsion. Modern cross-country ski poles are made from <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass-reinforced plastic">fibreglass-reinforced plastic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fibre">carbon fibre</a>, depending on weight, cost and performance parameters. Formerly they were made of wood or <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>. They feature a foot (called a basket) near the end of the shaft that provides a pushing platform, as it makes contact with the snow. Baskets vary in size, according to the expected softness/firmness of the snow. Racing poles feature smaller, lighter baskets than recreational poles. Poles designed for skating are longer than those designed for classic skiing.<sup id="cite_ref-pole_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pole-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional skiing in the 1800s used a single pole for both cross-country and downhill. The single pole was longer and stronger than the poles that are used in pairs. In competitive cross-country poles in pairs were introduced around 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Aftenposten_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftenposten-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skigudinne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An early depiction of a skier—a Sami woman or goddess hunting on skis by Olaus Magnus (1553)."><img alt="An early depiction of a skier—a Sami woman or goddess hunting on skis by Olaus Magnus (1553)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Skigudinne.jpg/298px-Skigudinne.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Skigudinne.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An early depiction of a skier—a <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> woman or goddess hunting on skis by <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> (1553).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birkebeinerne_ski01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Loyal retainers transporting Prince Haakon IV of Norway to safety on skis during the winter of 1206—1869 depiction by Knud Bergslien."><img alt="Loyal retainers transporting Prince Haakon IV of Norway to safety on skis during the winter of 1206—1869 depiction by Knud Bergslien." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Birkebeinerne_ski01.jpg/296px-Birkebeinerne_ski01.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Birkebeinerne_ski01.jpg/444px-Birkebeinerne_ski01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Birkebeinerne_ski01.jpg/591px-Birkebeinerne_ski01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3949" data-file-height="3006" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Loyal retainers transporting <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Prince Haakon IV</a> of Norway to safety on skis during the winter of 1206—1869 depiction by <a href="/wiki/Knud_Bergslien" title="Knud Bergslien">Knud Bergslien</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:138._Kronprins_Olav_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150710_00006_bldsa_pk_kgl0061.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olav V of Norway as crown-prince in 1939"><img alt="Olav V of Norway as crown-prince in 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/138._Kronprins_Olav_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150710_00006_bldsa_pk_kgl0061.jpg/145px-138._Kronprins_Olav_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150710_00006_bldsa_pk_kgl0061.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/138._Kronprins_Olav_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150710_00006_bldsa_pk_kgl0061.jpg/218px-138._Kronprins_Olav_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150710_00006_bldsa_pk_kgl0061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/138._Kronprins_Olav_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150710_00006_bldsa_pk_kgl0061.jpg/291px-138._Kronprins_Olav_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150710_00006_bldsa_pk_kgl0061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5505" data-file-height="8516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav V of Norway">Olav V of Norway</a> as crown-prince in 1939</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_skier_in_ice_storm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A skate-skier in Gatineau Park, Quebec, a North American groomed-trail ski venue."><img alt="A skate-skier in Gatineau Park, Quebec, a North American groomed-trail ski venue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Olympic_skier_in_ice_storm.jpg/338px-Olympic_skier_in_ice_storm.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Olympic_skier_in_ice_storm.jpg/508px-Olympic_skier_in_ice_storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Olympic_skier_in_ice_storm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A skate-skier in <a href="/wiki/Gatineau_Park" title="Gatineau Park">Gatineau Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, a North American groomed-trail ski venue.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AchenseeWinter01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A recreational cross-country trail, groomed for classic skiing only, in Tyrol."><img alt="A recreational cross-country trail, groomed for classic skiing only, in Tyrol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AchenseeWinter01.JPG/149px-AchenseeWinter01.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AchenseeWinter01.JPG/225px-AchenseeWinter01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AchenseeWinter01.JPG/299px-AchenseeWinter01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A recreational cross-country trail, groomed for classic skiing only, in <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blind_skier_and_guide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A blind cross-country skier with guide at a regional Ski for Light event."><img alt="A blind cross-country skier with guide at a regional Ski for Light event." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blind_skier_and_guide.jpg/292px-Blind_skier_and_guide.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blind_skier_and_guide.jpg/438px-Blind_skier_and_guide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blind_skier_and_guide.jpg/583px-Blind_skier_and_guide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="2247" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A blind cross-country skier with guide at a regional <a href="/wiki/Ski_for_Light" title="Ski for Light">Ski for Light</a> event.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skijor_worlds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dog skijoring—dogs provide added propulsion to the cross-country skier."><img alt="Dog skijoring—dogs provide added propulsion to the cross-country skier." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Skijor_worlds.jpg/270px-Skijor_worlds.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Skijor_worlds.jpg/406px-Skijor_worlds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Skijor_worlds.jpg/540px-Skijor_worlds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dog skijoring—dogs provide added propulsion to the cross-country skier.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHampel1988" class="citation book cs1">Hampel, Ian (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRrwAAAAMAAJ&q=cross-country+skiing+australia"><i>Australian Cross Country Skiing</i></a>. Kangaroo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780864171993" title="Special:BookSources/9780864171993"><bdi>9780864171993</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228041011/https://books.google.com/books?id=jRrwAAAAMAAJ&q=cross-country+skiing+australia&dq=cross-country+skiing+australia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAir6_lc3hAhWOmeAKHTZ9DPYQ6AEIKjAA">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Cross+Country+Skiing&rft.pub=Kangaroo+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780864171993&rft.aulast=Hampel&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjRrwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcross-country%2Bskiing%2Baustralia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadbent2004" class="citation book cs1">Broadbent, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExVLAAAACAAJ&q=new+zealand+cross+country+skiing+books"><i>New Zealand Backcountry Skiing</i></a>. New Zealand Alpine Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958242134" title="Special:BookSources/9780958242134"><bdi>9780958242134</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228094644/https://books.google.com/books?id=ExVLAAAACAAJ&dq=new+zealand+cross+country+skiing+books&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7ztf0ls3hAhVFdt8KHQVnDkoQ6AEIKjAA">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Backcountry+Skiing&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Alpine+Club&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780958242134&rft.aulast=Broadbent&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExVLAAAACAAJ%26q%3Dnew%2Bzealand%2Bcross%2Bcountry%2Bskiing%2Bbooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Idrettsleksikon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Idrettsleksikon_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Idrettsleksikon_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Idrettsleksikon_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon</i> [<i>Encyclopedia of Sports</i>] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-573-0408-5" title="Special:BookSources/82-573-0408-5"><bdi>82-573-0408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kunnskapsforlagets+idrettsleksikon&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=82-573-0408-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mountaineers-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mountaineers_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mountaineers_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindman2005" class="citation book cs1">Hindman, Steve (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crosscountryskii0000hind"><i>Cross-Country Skiing: Building Skills for Fun and Fitness</i></a></span>. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crosscountryskii0000hind/page/264">264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-862-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-862-3"><bdi>978-0-89886-862-3</bdi></a>. <q>Cross country ski paper test.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Country+Skiing%3A+Building+Skills+for+Fun+and+Fitness&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-862-3&rft.aulast=Hindman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrosscountryskii0000hind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ski">"Ski"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster's Dictionary</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812002218/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ski">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Ski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522053805/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/142Kaleidoscope1348.html">"Ancient Ice Sports"</a>. Shanghai News and Press Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/142Kaleidoscope1348.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ice+Sports&rft.pub=Shanghai+News+and+Press+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaleidoscope.cultural-china.com%2Fen%2F142Kaleidoscope1348.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saur-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saur_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saur_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saur_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saur_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saur_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaur1999" class="citation book cs1">Saur, Lasse (1999). <i>Norske ski: til glede og besvær</i> (Research report). Høgskolen i Finnmark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norske+ski%3A+til+glede+og+besv%C3%A6r&rft.pub=H%C3%B8gskolen+i+Finnmark&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Saur&rft.aufirst=Lasse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkely1994" class="citation book cs1">Birkely, Hartvig (1994). <i>I Norge har lapperne først indført skierne</i>. Idut.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Norge+har+lapperne+f%C3%B8rst+indf%C3%B8rt+skierne&rft.pub=Idut&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Birkely&rft.aufirst=Hartvig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaage1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vaage, Jakob (1955). <i>Milepeler og merkedager gjennom 4000 ar</i> (in Norwegian). Ranheim: Norske Skiloperer Ostlandet Nord Oslo. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milepeler+og+merkedager+gjennom+4000+ar&rft.place=Ranheim&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Norske+Skiloperer+Ostlandet+Nord+Oslo&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Vaage&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lund, Morten (Winter 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glgEAAAAMBAJ">"A Short History of Alpine Skiing"</a>. <i>Skiing Heritage</i>. <b>8</b> (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610213312/https://books.google.com/books?id=glgEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skiing+Heritage&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+Alpine+Skiing&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Morten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglgEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHergstrom1748" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hergstrom, P (1748). <i>Beschreibung von dem unter schwedischer Krone gehörigen Lappland</i> (in German). Leipzig: von Rother.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beschreibung+von+dem+unter+schwedischer+Krone+geh%C3%B6rigen+Lappland&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=von+Rother&rft.date=1748&rft.aulast=Hergstrom&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berg-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berg_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berg_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berg_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berg, Karin (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010053106003"><i>Ski i Norge</i></a> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aventura – Skiforeningen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-588-0951-2" title="Special:BookSources/82-588-0951-2"><bdi>82-588-0951-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917131629/https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010053106003">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ski+i+Norge&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Aventura+%E2%80%93+Skiforeningen&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=82-588-0951-2&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2010053106003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnus" class="citation web cs1">Magnus, Olaus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/eng/omagnus.htm">"Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130914071533/http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/eng/omagnus.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Gentibus+Septentrionalibus&rft.aulast=Magnus&rft.aufirst=Olaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.uit.no%2Fnorthernlights%2Feng%2Fomagnus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergsland-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergsland_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergsland_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergsland1946" class="citation book cs1">Bergsland, Einar (1946). <i>På ski</i>. Oslo: Aschehoug.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C3%A5+ski&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Bergsland&rft.aufirst=Einar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1979" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Richard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12VYAAAAYAAJ&q=ski+pole"><i>Ski Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing</i></a>. New York: Harper & Row. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014006-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014006-9"><bdi>978-0-06-014006-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228064123/https://books.google.com/books?id=12VYAAAAYAAJ&dq=SKI+Magazine%E2%80%99s+Encyclopedia+of+Skiing.+New+York%3A+Harper+%26+Row.+1979.&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=ski+pole">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ski+Magazine%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Skiing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-06-014006-9&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D12VYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dski%2Bpole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_La_Tocnaye1801" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de La Tocnaye, Jacques (1801). <i>Promenade d'un Français en Suède et en Norvège</i> (in French). Brunswick: P.F. Fauche et Cie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Promenade+d%27un+Fran%C3%A7ais+en+Su%C3%A8de+et+en+Norv%C3%A8ge&rft.place=Brunswick&rft.pub=P.F.+Fauche+et+Cie&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=de+La+Tocnaye&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2020" class="citation web cs1">Childs, Olga (2 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/331769-russians-cross-country-skiing">"Russia's love/hate relationship with cross-country skiing"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+love%2Fhate+relationship+with+cross-country+skiing&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Flifestyle%2F331769-russians-cross-country-skiing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olav_1993-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olav_1993_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBø1993" class="citation book cs1">Bø, Olav (1993). <i>Skiing throughout history</i>. W. Edson Richmond (trans.). Oslo: Samlaget.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skiing+throughout+history&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Samlaget&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=B%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Olav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengtsson" class="citation web cs1">Bengtsson, Bengt Erik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skiinghistory.org/history/cross-country-skating-how-it-started">"Cross-country skating: How it started"</a>. <i>Skiing History Magazine</i>. International Skiing History Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023051103/https://skiinghistory.org/history/cross-country-skating-how-it-started">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skiing+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cross-country+skating%3A+How+it+started&rft.aulast=Bengtsson&rft.aufirst=Bengt+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskiinghistory.org%2Fhistory%2Fcross-country-skating-how-it-started&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marathonskate-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marathonskate_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldCorradini2007" class="citation cs2">Field, Patrick; Corradini, Angelo (2007), Paal, Epp; Corradini, Angelo (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703001512/http://www.worldloppet.com/anniversary_book.php">"Wordloppet Anniversary Book—30 years of skiing around the world (Skating, Siitonen and Koch)"</a>, <i>Anniversary Book</i>, World Loppet Ski Foundation, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldloppet.com/anniversary_book.php">the original</a> on 3 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anniversary+Book&rft.atitle=Wordloppet+Anniversary+Book%E2%80%9430+years+of+skiing+around+the+world+%28Skating%2C+Siitonen+and+Koch%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Corradini%2C+Angelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldloppet.com%2Fanniversary_book.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skixc1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skixc1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skixc1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skixc.com/skate-marathon.html">"Marathon Skate"</a>. <i>Cross Country Ski Tips and Information</i>. XCSki.com. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104200809/http://www.skixc.com/skate-marathon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cross+Country+Ski+Tips+and+Information&rft.atitle=Marathon+Skate&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skixc.com%2Fskate-marathon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caprona, Yann de: <i>Norsk etymologisk ordbok</i>. Oslo: Kagge forlag, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788248910541" title="Special:BookSources/9788248910541">9788248910541</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/spraknytt-2013/Spraknytt-12013/Spraknytt-40-ar/">"Språknytt 40 år (1973–2013)"</a>. <i>Språkrådet</i> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229205338/https://www.sprakradet.no/Vi-og-vart/Publikasjoner/Spraaknytt/Arkivet/spraknytt-2013/Spraknytt-12013/Spraknytt-40-ar/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Spr%C3%A5knytt+40+%C3%A5r+%281973%E2%80%932013%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2FVi-og-vart%2FPublikasjoner%2FSpraaknytt%2FArkivet%2Fspraknytt-2013%2FSpraknytt-12013%2FSpraknytt-40-ar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleken, Brynjulv (1973). <i>Riksmål og moderat bokmål: en sammenlignende oversikt.</i> Oslo: Aschehoug. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8203053025" title="Special:BookSources/8203053025">8203053025</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921001329/http://www.nob-ordbok.uio.no/">"Nynorskordboka og Bokmålsordboka"</a> (database search). Språkrådet (Language Council of Norway) and University of Oslo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nob-ordbok.uio.no">the original</a> on 21 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nynorskordboka+og+Bokm%C3%A5lsordboka&rft.pub=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det+%28Language+Council+of+Norway%29+and+University+of+Oslo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nob-ordbok.uio.no&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollestad1993" class="citation book cs1">Follestad, Sverre (1993). <i>Engelske idiomer. Ord og vendinger fra norsk til engelsk</i>. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engelske+idiomer.+Ord+og+vendinger+fra+norsk+til+engelsk&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Follestad&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkeby1998" class="citation book cs1">Kirkeby, Willy A. (1998). <i>English-Norwegian Dictionary</i>. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Norwegian+Dictionary&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kirkeby&rft.aufirst=Willy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNansen" class="citation book cs1">Nansen, Fridtjof. <i>Paa ski over Grønland. En skildring af Den norske Grønlands-ekspedition 1888–89</i>. Kristiania: Aschehoug.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paa+ski+over+Gr%C3%B8nland.+En+skildring+af+Den+norske+Gr%C3%B8nlands-ekspedition+1888%E2%80%9389&rft.place=Kristiania&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.aulast=Nansen&rft.aufirst=Fridtjof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNansen1890" class="citation book cs1">Nansen, Fridtjof (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstcrossingofg02nans"><i>The first crossing of Greenland</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+crossing+of+Greenland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Nansen&rft.aufirst=Fridtjof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstcrossingofg02nans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNansen1891" class="citation book cs1">Nansen, Fridtjov (1891). <i>Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grönland</i>. Hamburg: autorisirte deutsche Uebersetzung von M. Mann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auf+Schneeschuhen+durch+Gr%C3%B6nland&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=autorisirte+deutsche+Uebersetzung+von+M.+Mann&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Nansen&rft.aufirst=Fridtjov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaage-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaage_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaage_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaage1952" class="citation book cs1">Vaage, Jacob (1952). <i>Norske ski erobrer verden</i>. Oslo: Gyldendal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norske+ski+erobrer+verden&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Vaage&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-branigan-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-branigan_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Complete Guide to Alpine Ski Touring Ski Mountaineering and Nordic Ski Touring Including Useful Information for Off Piste Skiers and Snow Boarders</i>. Authorhouse. 2014. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4918-8808-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4918-8808-7"><bdi>978-1-4918-8808-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Alpine+Ski+Touring+Ski+Mountaineering+and+Nordic+Ski+Touring+Including+Useful+Information+for+Off+Piste+Skiers+and+Snow+Boarders&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Authorhouse&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4918-8808-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-volken-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-volken_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkenSchnellWheeler2007" class="citation book cs1">Volken, Martin; Schnell, Scott; Wheeler, Margaret (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backcountryskiin00volk/page/12"><i>Backcountry Skiing: Skills for Ski Touring and Ski Mountaineering</i></a>. Mountaineers Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backcountryskiin00volk/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-038-7"><bdi>978-1-59485-038-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backcountry+Skiing%3A+Skills+for+Ski+Touring+and+Ski+Mountaineering&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59485-038-7&rft.aulast=Volken&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Schnell%2C+Scott&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbackcountryskiin00volk%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150901154948/http://english.turistforeningen.no/index.php?fo_id=3982">"DNT routes"</a>. <i>Routes and cabins</i>. The Norwegian Trekking Association. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.turistforeningen.no/index.php?fo_id=3982">the original</a> on 1 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routes+and+cabins&rft.atitle=DNT+routes&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.turistforeningen.no%2Findex.php%3Ffo_id%3D3982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadianManual-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CanadianManual_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2009" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Jim (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cccski.com/getmedia/79317bda-f719-4390-a8cd-a7636ef63ba9/CompetitionOfficialsHandbookv34.pdf.aspx">"A Technical Manual for the Organization of Cross Country Ski Events"</a>. <i>Officials' Manual Version 3.4</i>. Cross Country Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213025325/http://www.cccski.com/getmedia/79317bda-f719-4390-a8cd-a7636ef63ba9/CompetitionOfficialsHandbookv34.pdf.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Officials%27+Manual+Version+3.4&rft.atitle=A+Technical+Manual+for+the+Organization+of+Cross+Country+Ski+Events&rft.date=2009-11&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cccski.com%2Fgetmedia%2F79317bda-f719-4390-a8cd-a7636ef63ba9%2FCompetitionOfficialsHandbookv34.pdf.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon</i> [<i>Encyclopedia of Sports</i>] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. 1990. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-573-0408-5" title="Special:BookSources/82-573-0408-5"><bdi>82-573-0408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kunnskapsforlagets+idrettsleksikon&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=82-573-0408-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirectors2012" class="citation web cs1">Directors (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105103943/http://ussa.org/ussa/cross-country-sport-committee">"Cross Country Sport Committee"</a>. <i>USSA Programs</i>. U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ussa.org/ussa/cross-country-sport-committee">the original</a> on 5 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USSA+Programs&rft.atitle=Cross+Country+Sport+Committee&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Directors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fussa.org%2Fussa%2Fcross-country-sport-committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirectors2012" class="citation web cs1">Directors (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023142758/http://www.cccski.com/Events/Rules-and-Regulations.aspx">"Rules and Regulations"</a>. Cross Country Ski Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cccski.com/Events/Rules-and-Regulations.aspx">the original</a> on 23 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+and+Regulations&rft.pub=Cross+Country+Ski+Canada&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Directors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cccski.com%2FEvents%2FRules-and-Regulations.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIS-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIS_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807205119/http://www.fis-ski.com/inside-fis/about/fis-history/snowsports/">"FIS History"</a>. <i>About FIS</i>. International Ski Federation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fis-ski.com/inside-fis/about/fis-history/snowsports/">the original</a> on 7 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+FIS&rft.atitle=FIS+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fis-ski.com%2Finside-fis%2Fabout%2Ffis-history%2Fsnowsports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsson2015" class="citation web cs1">Nilsson, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vismaskiclassics.com">"Visma Ski Classics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513191140/https://vismaskiclassics.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visma+Ski+Classics&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vismaskiclassics.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worldloppet-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Worldloppet_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Worldloppet_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldloppet.com/what_is_worldloppet.php">"What is Worldloppet?"</a>. Worldloppet Ski Federation. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025111411/http://www.worldloppet.com/what_is_worldloppet.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Worldloppet%3F&rft.pub=Worldloppet+Ski+Federation&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldloppet.com%2Fwhat_is_worldloppet.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIBU_Congress2012" class="citation web cs1">IBU Congress (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184852/http://www.biathlonworld.com/media/download/Handbook_event_and_competition_rules.pdf">"IBU Event and Competition Rules"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rules adopted by the 2012 10th Regular IBU Congress</i>. International Biathlon Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biathlonworld.com/media/download/Handbook_event_and_competition_rules.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rules+adopted+by+the+2012+10th+Regular+IBU+Congress&rft.atitle=IBU+Event+and+Competition+Rules&rft.date=2012&rft.au=IBU+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biathlonworld.com%2Fmedia%2Fdownload%2FHandbook_event_and_competition_rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orienteering.org/ski-orienteering/">"Ski Orienteering"</a>. International Orienteering Federation. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717082430/http://orienteering.org/ski-orienteering/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ski+Orienteering&rft.pub=International+Orienteering+Federation&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forienteering.org%2Fski-orienteering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordic_Skiing_Classification-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nordic_Skiing_Classification_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPC2013" class="citation web cs1">IPC (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympic.org/nordic-skiing/rules-and-regulations/classification">"Nordic Skiing Classification"</a>. <i>IPC Cross-Country Skiing and Biathlon</i>. International Paralympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204023805/http://www.paralympic.org/nordic-skiing/rules-and-regulations/classification">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPC+Cross-Country+Skiing+and+Biathlon&rft.atitle=Nordic+Skiing+Classification&rft.date=2013&rft.au=IPC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fnordic-skiing%2Frules-and-regulations%2Fclassification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_45-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1981" class="citation book cs1">Rees, David (1981). <i>Cross-country skiing: touring and competition</i> (3d ed.). Toronto: Copp C. Pitman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7730-4045-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7730-4045-8"><bdi>978-0-7730-4045-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300405310">300405310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-country+skiing%3A+touring+and+competition&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=3d&rft.pub=Copp+C.+Pitman&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300405310&rft.isbn=978-0-7730-4045-8&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pole-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pole_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pole_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindman2004" class="citation web cs1">Hindman, Steve (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024911/http://www.crosscountryskier.com/training_technique_feb_2004.html">"Poling Principles"</a>. Training & Technique. <i>Cross Country Skier</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosscountryskier.com/training_technique_feb_2004.html">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cross+Country+Skier&rft.atitle=Poling+Principles&rft.date=2004-02&rft.aulast=Hindman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crosscountryskier.com%2Ftraining_technique_feb_2004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindman2008" class="citation web cs1">Hindman, Steve (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017042359/http://www.crosscountryskier.com/magazine/08_dec/technique.htm">"Technique & Training: Three steps to skating"</a>. <i>Cross Country Skier Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosscountryskier.com/magazine/08_dec/technique.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cross+Country+Skier+Magazine&rft.atitle=Technique+%26+Training%3A+Three+steps+to+skating&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Hindman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crosscountryskier.com%2Fmagazine%2F08_dec%2Ftechnique.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crosscountryskitechnique.com/the-early-development-of-skate-skiing/">"Swedish Olympic Champion Recalls the Early Development of Skate Skiing – Cross Country Ski Technique"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219020144/http://crosscountryskitechnique.com/the-early-development-of-skate-skiing/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swedish+Olympic+Champion+Recalls+the+Early+Development+of+Skate+Skiing+%E2%80%93+Cross+Country+Ski+Technique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrosscountryskitechnique.com%2Fthe-early-development-of-skate-skiing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSIA-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSIA_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSIA_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPSIA_Standards_Committee2014" class="citation web cs1">PSIA Standards Committee (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psia-nw.org/wp-content/uploads/PSIA_XC_Standards-2014_FINAL.pdf">"Cross Country Certification Standards 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Professional Ski Instructors of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220555/http://www.psia-nw.org/wp-content/uploads/PSIA_XC_Standards-2014_FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cross+Country+Certification+Standards+2014&rft.pub=Professional+Ski+Instructors+of+America&rft.date=2014-06&rft.au=PSIA+Standards+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psia-nw.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPSIA_XC_Standards-2014_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telemark-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telemark_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabricant1999" class="citation news cs1">Fabricant, Florence (26 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/26/health/the-novice-mastering-the-practical-curtsy-on-skis.html">"The Novice; Mastering the Practical Curtsy, on Skis"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103080909/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/26/health/the-novice-mastering-the-practical-curtsy-on-skis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Novice%3B+Mastering+the+Practical+Curtsy%2C+on+Skis&rft.date=1999-01-26&rft.aulast=Fabricant&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F01%2F26%2Fhealth%2Fthe-novice-mastering-the-practical-curtsy-on-skis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turns-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turns_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindman2003" class="citation web cs1">Hindman, Steve (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023045014/http://www.crosscountryskier.com/training_technique_jan_2003.html">"Going Downhill"</a>. Training & Technique. <i>Cross Country Skier Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosscountryskier.com/training_technique_jan_2003.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cross+Country+Skier+Magazine&rft.atitle=Going+Downhill&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hindman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crosscountryskier.com%2Ftraining_technique_jan_2003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oly-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oly_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/cross-country-skiing-equipment-and-history?tab=history">"Cross Country Skiing Equipment and History"</a>. International Olympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016185653/http://www.olympic.org/cross-country-skiing-equipment-and-history?tab=history">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cross+Country+Skiing+Equipment+and+History&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fcross-country-skiing-equipment-and-history%3Ftab%3Dhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mec-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mec_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mec.ca/AST/ContentPrimary/Learn/Snowsports/SkisBootsAndSkins/NordicSkis.jsp">"Cross Country Skis (Nordic Skis)"</a>. <i>MEC</i>. Mountain Equipment Coop. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813113907/http://www.mec.ca/AST/ContentPrimary/Learn/Snowsports/SkisBootsAndSkins/NordicSkis.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEC&rft.atitle=Cross+Country+Skis+%28Nordic+Skis%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mec.ca%2FAST%2FContentPrimary%2FLearn%2FSnowsports%2FSkisBootsAndSkins%2FNordicSkis.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SnowCountry-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SnowCountry_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1995" class="citation cs2">Woodward, Bob (January 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rEEo8WqmRRsC&q=Cross-country+ski+design&pg=PA127">"Cross Country's Short Story"</a>, <i>Snow Country</i>, <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">127–</span>132, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-758X">0896-758X</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506044107/https://books.google.com/books?id=rEEo8WqmRRsC&pg=PA127&dq=Cross-country+ski+design&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir44ns15PKAhVChhoKHdIWC4kQ6AEIRzAJ#v=onepage&q=Cross-country%20ski%20design&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Snow+Country&rft.atitle=Cross+Country%27s+Short+Story&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=1995-01&rft.issn=0896-758X&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrEEo8WqmRRsC%26q%3DCross-country%2Bski%2Bdesign%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergin-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergin_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin2008" class="citation web cs1">Bergin, Ron (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402051820/http://www.snocountry.com/article.php/20041227133240622">"Back to Basics: A Quick Look at Paste Waxes, Waxless Ski Preparation and Kick Waxing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snocountry.com/article.php/20041227133240622">the original</a> on 2 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+to+Basics%3A+A+Quick+Look+at+Paste+Waxes%2C+Waxless+Ski+Preparation+and+Kick+Waxing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snocountry.com%2Farticle.php%2F20041227133240622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REIAdvice-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-REIAdvice_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecreational_Equipment,_Inc.2015" class="citation web cs1">Recreational Equipment, Inc. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/crosscountry-ski-touring-gear.html">"Cross-Country Ski Gear: How to Choose"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516163933/http://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/crosscountry-ski-touring-gear.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cross-Country+Ski+Gear%3A+How+to+Choose&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Recreational+Equipment%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rei.com%2Flearn%2Fexpert-advice%2Fcrosscountry-ski-touring-gear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.backcountry.com/explore/how-to-pick-the-right-ski-length">"How to choose the right ski length"</a>. <i>Back Country</i>. 2 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023055824/http://www.backcountry.com/explore/how-to-pick-the-right-ski-length">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Back+Country&rft.atitle=How+to+choose+the+right+ski+length&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backcountry.com%2Fexplore%2Fhow-to-pick-the-right-ski-length&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melbye-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melbye_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melbye_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelbye1997" class="citation book cs1">Melbye, Mats (1997). <i>Friluftsliv i vinterfjellet</i>. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-00-42088-4" title="Special:BookSources/82-00-42088-4"><bdi>82-00-42088-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friluftsliv+i+vinterfjellet&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=82-00-42088-4&rft.aulast=Melbye&rft.aufirst=Mats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fis-ski.com/en/international-ski-federation/news-multimedia/news/flourinated-wax-ban-implementation-to-begin-in-the-2021-22-season">"Flourinated Wax Ban implementation to begin in the 2021-22 season"</a>. <i>www.fis-ski.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fis-ski.com&rft.atitle=Flourinated+Wax+Ban+implementation+to+begin+in+the+2021-22+season&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fis-ski.com%2Fen%2Finternational-ski-federation%2Fnews-multimedia%2Fnews%2Fflourinated-wax-ban-implementation-to-begin-in-the-2021-22-season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2011" class="citation web cs1">Harvey, Ian (9 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordicskiracer.com/news.asp?NewsID=5429">"Information on Fluorinated Waxes"</a>. <i>A Michigan Nordic Ski Racer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425075240/http://www.nordicskiracer.com/news.asp?NewsID=5429">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Michigan+Nordic+Ski+Racer&rft.atitle=Information+on+Fluorinated+Waxes&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordicskiracer.com%2Fnews.asp%3FNewsID%3D5429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwix2011" class="citation web cs1">Swix (22 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordicskiracer.com/news.asp?NewsID=5482">"Information on Fluorinated Waxes"</a>. <i>A Michigan Nordic Ski Racer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080020/http://www.nordicskiracer.com/news.asp?NewsID=5482">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Michigan+Nordic+Ski+Racer&rft.atitle=Information+on+Fluorinated+Waxes&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft.au=Swix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordicskiracer.com%2Fnews.asp%3FNewsID%3D5482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhung2020" class="citation web cs1">Jhung, Lisa (5 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outsideonline.com/2419169/how-buy-cross-country-skis">"This Is the Winter to Invest in Cross-Country Skis"</a>. <i>Outside Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outside+Online&rft.atitle=This+Is+the+Winter+to+Invest+in+Cross-Country+Skis&rft.date=2020-12-05&rft.aulast=Jhung&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outsideonline.com%2F2419169%2Fhow-buy-cross-country-skis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boot-binding-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boot-binding_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boot-binding_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDzierzak2008" class="citation web cs1">Dzierzak, Lou (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302164504/http://www.crosscountryskier.com/magazine/08_nov/wild_side.htm">"Cross country skiers venture off track"</a>. On the Wild Side. <i>Cross Country Skier Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosscountryskier.com/magazine/08_nov/wild_side.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cross+Country+Skier+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cross+country+skiers+venture+off+track&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Dzierzak&rft.aufirst=Lou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crosscountryskier.com%2Fmagazine%2F08_nov%2Fwild_side.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aftenposten-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aftenposten_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugge2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brugge, Mette (20 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/innsikt/Skistavens-historie-Hjelpemiddel-og-brakmaker-8288452.html">"Skistavens historie: Hjelpemiddel og bråkmaker"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i> (in Norwegian). Oslo. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223141051/http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/innsikt/Skistavens-historie-Hjelpemiddel-og-brakmaker-8288452.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Skistavens+historie%3A+Hjelpemiddel+og+br%C3%A5kmaker&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft.aulast=Brugge&rft.aufirst=Mette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Ffakta%2Finnsikt%2FSkistavens-historie-Hjelpemiddel-og-brakmaker-8288452.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACross-country+skiing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cross-country_skiing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cross-country skiing">Cross-country skiing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing#Q18544844" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Cross-country skiing">Cross-country skiing</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gqb09bLVdoM">Tutorial on classic style.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUBGWDUM4Ck">Tutorial on skate skiing.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rGOKDjTZEs">Tutorial on the snowplough or wedge turn.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKamE8Zvtuk">Tutorial on the stem or wedge christie turn.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U8jiKghcAg">Tutorial on the Telemark turn.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yRGLRAR7QI">Tutorial on the step turn.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skiing_and_snowboarding489" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skiing_and_snowboarding" title="Template:Skiing and snowboarding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skiing_and_snowboarding" title="Template talk:Skiing and snowboarding"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skiing_and_snowboarding" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skiing and snowboarding"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Skiing_and_snowboarding489" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">Skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_skiing" title="History of skiing">History of skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms" title="Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms">Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_skiing" title="Nordic skiing">Nordic skiing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Cross-country skiing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_cross-country_skiing" title="Paralympic cross-country skiing">Paralympic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">Ski jumping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ski_flying" title="Ski flying">Ski flying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_combined" title="Nordic combined">Nordic combined</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ski_marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski marathon">Ski marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_touring" title="Ski touring">Ski touring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cross-country skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backcountry_skiing" title="Backcountry skiing">Backcountry skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skiing" title="Roller skiing">Roller skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skijoring" title="Skijoring">Skijoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">Alpine skiing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Olympic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slalom_skiing" title="Slalom skiing">Slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_slalom" title="Giant slalom">Giant slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-G" title="Super-G">Super-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)" title="Downhill (ski competition)">Downhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined" title="Alpine skiing combined">Combined</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_skiing" title="Extreme skiing">Extreme skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glade_skiing" title="Glade skiing">Glade skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliskiing" title="Heliskiing">Heliskiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-alpine_skiing" title="Para-alpine skiing">Para-alpine skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skiing" title="Speed skiing">Speed skiing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other skiing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">Biathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_skiing" title="Indoor skiing">Indoor skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_skiing" title="Night skiing">Night skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery#Ski_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">Ski archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_biathlon" title="Para biathlon">Para biathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemark_skiing" title="Telemark skiing">Telemark skiing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">Freestyle skiing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_skiing" title="Aerial skiing">Aerial skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_air" title="Big air">Big air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeriding_(winter_sport)" title="Freeriding (winter sport)">Freeriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeskiing" title="Freeskiing">Freeskiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-pipe_skiing" title="Half-pipe skiing">Half-pipe skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogul_skiing" title="Mogul skiing">Mogul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_ballet" title="Ski ballet">Ski ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_cross" title="Ski cross">Ski cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slopestyle" title="Slopestyle">Slopestyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">Snowboarding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_snowboarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine snowboarding">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backcountry_snowboarding" title="Backcountry snowboarding">Backcountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_air" title="Big air">Big air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeriding_(winter_sport)" title="Freeriding (winter sport)">Freeriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_snowboarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Freestyle snowboarding">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-pipe" title="Half-pipe">Half-pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_snowboard" title="Para snowboard">Para snowboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slopestyle" title="Slopestyle">Slopestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard_cross" title="Snowboard cross">Snowboard cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard_racing" title="Snowboard racing">Snowboard racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technique / learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carved_turn" title="Carved turn">Carved turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_turn" title="Jump turn">Jump turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_turn" title="Parallel turn">Parallel turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivot_turn_(skiing)" title="Pivot turn (skiing)">Pivot turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowplough_turn" title="Snowplough turn">Snowplough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_christie" title="Stem christie">Stem christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_school" title="Ski school">Ski school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_simulator" title="Ski simulator">Ski simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_skiing" title="Skate skiing">Skate skiing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ski_binding" title="Ski binding">Bindings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_boot" title="Ski boot">Boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_helmet" title="Ski helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoski" title="Monoski">Monoski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_pole" title="Ski pole">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_skins" title="Ski skins">Skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">Skis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ski_brands" title="List of ski brands">List of ski brands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard" title="Snowboard">Snowboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_suit" title="Ski suit">Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_wax" title="Ski wax">Wax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">Resort</a> amenities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_ski_slope" title="Dry ski slope">Dry ski slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-pipe" title="Half-pipe">Half-pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superpipe" title="Superpipe">Superpipe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piste" title="Piste">Piste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_area" title="Ski area">Ski area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski tunnel">Ski tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grooming" title="Snow grooming">Snow grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowmaking" title="Snowmaking">Snowmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_trail" title="Cross-country skiing trail">Trail</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ski_lifts13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ski_lift" title="Ski lift">Ski lifts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairlift" title="Chairlift">Chairlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detachable_chairlift" title="Detachable chairlift">detachable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funifor" class="mw-redirect" title="Funifor">Funifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funitel" title="Funitel">Funitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_lift" title="Hybrid lift">Hybrid lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_lift" title="Surface lift">Surface lift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Skiing" title="Category:Skiing">Category:Skiing</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Snowboarding" title="Category:Snowboarding">Category:Snowboarding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human-powered_transport146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Template:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Template talk:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human-powered_transport146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_land_vehicle" title="Human-powered land vehicle">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pedal power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/29er_(bicycle)" title="29er (bicycle)">29er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_bicycles" title="Outline of bicycles">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_trailer" title="Bicycle trailer">Bicycle trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_bike" title="BMX bike">BMX bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boneshaker_(bicycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boneshaker (bicycle)">Boneshaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_bike" title="Cargo bike">Cargo bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="City bicycle">City bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_biking" title="Cold-weather biking">Cold-weather biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_bicycle" title="Cruiser bicycle">Cruiser bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross_bicycle" title="Cyclo-cross bicycle">Cyclo-cross bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_bike" title="Downhill bike">Downhill bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enduro_(mountain_biking)" title="Enduro (mountain biking)">Enduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatbike" title="Fatbike">Fatbike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_bar_road_bike" title="Flat bar road bike">Flat bar road bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_bicycle" title="Folding bicycle">Folding bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling" title="Glossary of cycling">Glossary of cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_bicycle" title="Hybrid bicycle">Hybrid bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike" title="Mountain bike">Mountain bike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27.5_Mountain_bike" class="mw-redirect" title="27.5 Mountain bike">27.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_track_(mountain_biking)" title="Single track (mountain biking)">Singletrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_bike" title="Party bike">Party bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny-farthing" title="Penny-farthing">Penny-farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteur_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Porteur bicycle">Porteur bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prone_bicycle" title="Prone bicycle">Prone bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Quadracycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recumbent_bicycle" title="Recumbent bicycle">Recumbent bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle" title="Road bicycle">Road bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(bicycle)" title="Roadster (bicycle)">Roadster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_bicycle" title="Safety bicycle">Safety bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable" title="Sociable">Sociable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-wheel_bicycle" title="Small-wheel bicycle">Small-wheel bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_bicycle" title="Tandem bicycle">Tandem bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_bicycle" title="Touring bicycle">Touring bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bicycle" title="Track bicycle">Track bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_bike" title="Trailer bike">Trailer bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">Tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle" title="Unicycle">Unicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_bicycle" title="Utility bicycle">Utility bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocar" title="Velocar">Velocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocipede" title="Velocipede">Velocipede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velomobile" title="Velomobile">Velomobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelie_bike" title="Wheelie bike">Wheelie bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_biking" title="Cold-weather biking">Cold-weather biking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_cycle" title="Ice cycle">ice cycle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a> assist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_scooter" title="Motorized scooter">Motorized scooter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treadle power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treadle_bicycle" title="Treadle bicycle">Treadle bicycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_bike" title="Balance bike">Balance bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_horse" title="Dandy horse">Dandy horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Kick scooter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kickbike" title="Kickbike">Kickbike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kicksled" title="Kicksled">Kicksled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakeboard" title="Brakeboard">Brakeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeboard_(skateboard)" title="Freeboard (skateboard)">Freeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeskates" title="Freeskates">Freeskates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboard_(skateboard)" title="Longboard (skateboard)">Longboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">Skateboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcar" title="Handcar">Handcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcycle" title="Handcycle">Handcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobcart" title="Hobcart">Hobcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invalid_carriage" title="Invalid carriage">Invalid carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Row action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_cycle" title="Rowing cycle">Rowing cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pushed/pulled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">Baby transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_chair" title="Bath chair">Bath chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbed_trolley" title="Flatbed trolley">Flatbed trolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_truck" title="Hand truck">Hand truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">Shopping cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_caddy" title="Shopping caddy">Shopping caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairclimber" title="Stairclimber">Stairclimber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretcher" title="Stretcher">Stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_wagon" title="Toy wagon">Toy wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">Wheelbarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carried</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Litter/sedan chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_stretcher" title="Scoop stretcher">Scoop stretcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weight shifting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trikke" title="Trikke">Trikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_stick" title="Pogo stick">Pogo stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_board" title="Caster board">Caster board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeboard" title="Snakeboard">Snakeboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gravity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_racer" title="Gravity racer">Gravity racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_cart" title="Billy cart">Billy cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard" title="Snowboard">Snowboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toboggan" title="Toboggan">Toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_toboggan" title="Summer toboggan">Summer toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_biking" title="Gravity biking">Gravity biking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_watercraft" title="Human-powered watercraft">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddleboarding" title="Paddleboarding">Paddleboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (fixed seat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">Punt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand and foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (sliding seat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (sliding rigger)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocycle" title="Hydrocycle">Hydrocycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_hydrofoil" title="Human-powered hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedalo" title="Pedalo">Pedalo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amphibious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_cycle" title="Amphibious cycle">Amphibious cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_helicopter" title="Human-powered helicopter">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">Ornithopter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-vehicular transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">skates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skates" title="Roller skates">skates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">Stair climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">Stair climbing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snow and ice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crampons" title="Crampons">Crampons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">Ice skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">Ski</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_touring_binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine touring binding">Alpine touring skis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cross-country skis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemark_skiing" title="Telemark skiing">Telemark skis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-powered_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal-powered transport">Animal-powered transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cycling" title="Outline of cycling">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle-_and_human-powered_vehicle_museums" title="List of bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums">Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">Human power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&oldid=1267290729">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&oldid=1267290729</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cross-country_skiing" title="Category:Cross-country skiing">Cross-country skiing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nordic_skiing" title="Category:Nordic skiing">Nordic skiing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text">Articles containing Norwegian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 January 2025, at 12:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cross-country skiing</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>6 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f467697bf-t8684","wgBackendResponseTime":135,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.064","walltime":"1.325","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5411,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":189292,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2384,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":260190,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1135.967 1 -total"," 41.19% 467.934 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.06% 193.834 24 Template:Cite_book"," 12.89% 146.437 33 Template:Cite_web"," 11.51% 130.694 8 Template:Navbox"," 10.73% 121.842 14 Template:Lang"," 9.99% 113.536 1 Template:Skiing"," 7.15% 81.247 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.01% 79.633 2 Template:Sister_project"," 6.83% 77.556 2 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.669","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19662369,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-775cfc968-8dqm2","timestamp":"20250211195545","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cross-country skiing","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-country_skiing","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18544844","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18544844","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-08T22:43:14Z","dateModified":"2025-01-04T12:49:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/86\/Trip_to_Skorafjell_1.jpg","headline":"form of snow skiing"}</script> </body> </html>